PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION

1.0 Types of Accidents

Based on severity of injury, accidents are major, minor or near miss
type. The combination of injury and property damage gives four types of
accident as follows:

1. Injury and property damage (major).

2. Injury and not property damage (major or minor).

3. Property damage and not injury (major or minor)

4. No property damage and no injury (near miss).

Based on causation, they are of five types:

1. Psychological causes such as inexperience, not motivated for
safety, worry, emotional, wrong attitudes etc.

2. Physiological causes such as age, sex, body-build, poor hearing.

vision, strength etc.
3. Physical causes - such as heavy workload, long working hours, no
rest, unhealthy work environment, work at height, depth or in
confined space, falling load etc.

4. Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, Radiation causes such as

unguarded machinery, defective equipment, noise, vibration,
obstructed pathway, sharp edge, electric shock, static electricity,
chemical, poison, toxic gas, acid, fire, explosion, radiation etc.
5 Environnent causes - weather effects, heat, cold, humidity, air,
wind, rain, tide, lightening etc.
Causes of type No 1and 2 give rise to unsafe action while No.3to 5 give
rise to unsafe conditions.

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Safety Management
2.0 Fundamentals of Accident Prevention:

As explained by Heinrich, accident prevention is both, science and art. I

represents control of performance of man, machine and physical
environment.

The word 'control' includes prevention as well as correction if unsafe

conditions and actions. Prevention is the first or initial part of 'control'

which if practiced, subsequent control for consequence or effect may not

be needed. Thus accident control is a vital factor in every industry, which
if ignored or practiced unskillfully, leads to needless human suffering and
business bankruptcy.

The accident-prevention task requires both, the short term approach

(direct control of personal performance and environment) and the long
must be
tern approach of instruction, training and education. This task
performed

before an accident and injury occur. Subsequent efforts after accidents

are alsO necessary.

Thus accident prevention may be defined as an integrated programme, a

acts and
series of co-ordinated activities, directed to the control of unsafe
unsafe conditions and based on knowledge, attitude and ability for safety.
It aims to serve industry, country and humanity.

Five basic or fundamental steps for accident prevention (Safe and efficient
production), Suggested by H. W. Heinrich, are:

1. Organization.
2. Fact finding.
3. Analysis of the facts found.
4.
Selection of remedy and
5. Application of the remedy.

Sixth step of 'Monitoring' (i.e. measurement of result, assessment .E

comparison with legal criteria or standard, feedback and further
improvement) is also suggested. Such review is necessary after all safety
programmes.

|5 Application of remedy
4 Selection of remedy
Analysis
2 Fact finding
1 Organization

2.1 Organization

The safety organization, management or at least the planned procedure,

which it represents, is the vehicle, the mechanism by means of which

interest is kept alive and the safety programme is designed, directed and
controlled. The actual work of prevention is done by safety director or
manager, safety officer and the line and staff supervisors with the active
support of top management.
Budgetary
Safety is not only astaff function but it is a line function also.
beginning.
provision (cost allocation) for safety should be made from very
department only. Safety is not a
Here organization does not mean safety
of organization
function of one department only. All the members
and play their role for
(including all departments) have to contribute
safety.
accident prevention and firm
Basic philosophy and safety policy for
necessary.
determination of the top management are utmost
safety.
Organization also includes single person working for

2.2 Fact Finding

potential hazards (facts) is derived from

The knowledge of probable or
safety audits, observations, review or records,
Surveys, inspections,
inquiry, investigation andjudgment.
caused and
include the past, prevent and future facts which have
Facts
Safety Management
37
 which can cause accidents. Past causes can be known by
records' and inguiry. Future (hidden) causes can be known by 'accident
KAZAN, safety audit, inspection etc. HAZOP,
The term "hazard" is synonymous with the phrase "direct and
accident cause" i.e. the unsafe personal act and/or unsafe proximate
mechanical, electrical, chemical, environmental condition without physical,
which n0
accident can occur.

Personal hazards (unsafe acts) are violations of commonly accepted safety

rules, practices and procedures. Mechanical hazards (unsafe
conditions)
are of four groups: Static, kinetic, electrical and
chemical (includine
radioactive or nuclear).
Heinrich classifies main causes of accident as under:

Accident

Preventable
Unpreventable
Cause (direct or contributory)

Unsafe act
Unsafe Condition
Error
Mechanical
Ignorance
Physical
Deliberate
Chemical

Environmental
Underlying cause human fault
The proximate cause is the
was closest in time or nearest in 'efficiency' rather than whether
not.

There are some general

heads or categories under
acts may be grouped. For which more spe
devices inoperative" can be example, the general head "Making saley
sub-itemized
as:

38
Safety Management
 1. Removing guards.

2. Tampering with adjustment of guard including making interlock

guard inoperative.

3. Beatingor cheating the guard.

4. Failing to report defects etc.

Two types of main facts unsafe acts and unsafe conditions - are
discussed below.

(1) Unsafe Acts

Unsafe act is a human action resulting in accident or injury to him, others,

environment or all.

Some reasons of unsafe acts are as under:

1. Improper Attitude willful disregard, reckless, lazy, careless,

jealous,
disloyal, non cooperative, fearful, oversensitive, egoist,
absentminded, excitable, obsession, phobia,
impatient,
inconsiderate, intolerant, mentally unsuited and other psychological
reasons.

Insufficiently informed or trained

2. Lack of knowledge or skill or trust -
inexperienced
misunderstands, not convinced of need, indecision,
etc.

il,
3. Physically Unsuited Due to hearing, sight, age, sex, height,
intoxication, physically handicapped
allergic, slow reaction, crippled,
and other physiological reasons.
layout
4. Physical Conditions Space, light, ventilation, heat,
equipment, procedures,
or arrangement, materials, tools,
etc. make it awkward, difficult,
company policy, routing
embarrassing or impossible to follow safe-practice
inconvenient,
rules.

Safety Management
39
Unsafe act should be noticed as early as possible and removed just after
is noticed. Purpose should be of renoving injury, to
recurrence and not to punish any individual.
prevent
Workers should be properly observed for their unsafe act by seeing their
selection and use of -

1. Position of their standing and working.

2. Tools and equipment including hand tools, power tools, lifting toos.
PPE, FFE etc.

3. Method or procedure adopted by them.

4, Trafficand driving rules.

Position and working should not be in dangerous conditions. Tools and

equipment should be of correct size and type, should be used correctly
and in right condition. Procedure or method should be safe and adequate.
Where safety work permit to required, it must be explained and followed
correctly. Driving should be safe or defensive and traffic rules must be
followed. Drivers of vehicles of hazardous goods should have undergone
specific training.

After seeing an unsafe act, observer's (e.g. supervisor or safety officer)

attitude should be to 'talk with' the worker and not to 'talk to' the worker.
This means to call or advise the worker politely, ask him
why he is doing
so or not using required tool, equipment,
procedure etc, hear his
explanation, try to understand him and then explain him the 'underlying9
hazard' and make him convinced about 'unsafe act'
and to correct it as
per safety requirement.

(2) Unsafe Conditions

Unsafe condition is created by an

unsafe act of a person or act or Gou
any agency or due to
failure or weakening of any
situation, condition or system. material, strucu

40 Safety Management
Observance of unsafe conditions includes many areas such as poor
lighting, poor layout, wrong design, unguarded machine, ventilation,
housekeeping, floors, platforms, handrails, toe guards, machine guards,
tanks, vessels and pipelines, safety fittings and devices, electrical hazards,
fire prone condition, gaseous and dust exposures, noise, vibration, heat or
atomic radiation, loading, unloading and transportation etc.
Such unsafe conditions are ue to non-provision, non-maintenance, poor
maintenance, poor-supervision, lack of training, improper design and
layout of plant & machinery, poor lighting, poor ventilation, absence of
guards and safety devices, failure of safety devices, equipment or tools,
unsafe structure, poor housekeeping, fire-prone area, sources of ignition,
static electricity, slippery floor, high noise, vibration, radiation etc.

Observation for unsafe working conditions should include basic techniques

of look, listen, smell and feel (LLSF) to detect unusual condition of
situation,, position, noise vibration, odour, temperature, pressure, out of
control etc.

2.3 Facts from Accident Reports

Form No.21, 21 Aand 29, under the Gujarat Factories Rules and AnneX
13 under the Electricity Rules prescribe some facts for accident reporting
which should be referred for information.

Facts should include 'past facts' of accidents already happened and 'future
facts' of possible accidents based on various hazard identification
techniques such as Hazop, Hazan, risk assessment, Fault Tree Analysis
(FTA), Event Tree Analysis (ETA) etc.

2.4 Analysis of the Facts

The third step to accident prevention is analysis of the facts found. This is
defined as the work of drawing conclusions from assembled data. The
hazards are here named, identified and classified or analysed. Such work
is done by (a) analysis of past experience (b) Survey and inspection (c)
Judgement and experience plus enquiry. Identify the direct causes, sub

41 Safety Management
 CC

cause, underlying major causes, types of accident, operations, tools and

equipment, obstacles, frequency, severity, location, occupation etc., and
classify them.

The supervisor's report of accident investigation is the basis of all

of past and present accidents. It is the most important, difficult and
analysis
skilful
task requiring good knowledge and experience. Decide very carefully
which is the unsafe act, which is the unsafe condition, which is me that
proximate and the accident is due to any one or their combination and :
which sequence. From facts, witnesses and rational judgement find renl.
to all these questions and repot properly for real accident reporting and
true causation study.

Twelve steps (safety officers' procedure)to analyze the causes of

accidents are as follows:

1. Obtain the supervisor's report of the accident containing the details

given above.
2. Obtain statutory accident report form.
3. Obtain the injured person's report.
4. Obtain the reports of witnesses any.
5. Obtain the doctor's report on injury.
6. Investigate the acident.
7. Record all evidences and facts.
8. Tabulate the essential facts of the accident
past accidents.
together with the similar
9. Study all the facts.
10. Analyze accident causes in
details. Such analysis will classify causes
as defective or no guard,
poor lighting, poor ventilation, no satety
devices, no use of PPE, acidents fatal or
wise, day or night wise, age wise nonfatal, male or female
etc.
11. Arrange the causes in order of
12. Find and importance or priority of compliance.
record reasons of existence of
those causes.
After finding potential,
hazards, cross analysis of records must be
select most made
important hazards or targets. existence of
hazards must be found for Reasons for
correction.
42 Safety Management
2.5 Selection of Remedy

When it is analyzed to indicate which is the proximate or main cause that

needs to be corrected then it suggests the fourth step of selection of
remedy for the named (analyzed) hazards. Four basic remedies are as
under:

1. Engineering Controls: Guarding of machine and tools, isolation of

hazards, revision of procedures and processes, good illumination,
ventilation, colour and colour contrast, substitution of safer materials
and tools, replacement, reduction, repair and a variety of
mechanical, physical and chemical remedial measures.

2. Instruction,Training, Persuasion and Appeal: Regular training as well

as instruction, reinstruction, persuasion, appeal, notice, posters,
supervision and motivation.

3. Personnel adjustment: Selection and placement with regard to the

requirement of the job and the physical and mental suitability of the
worker, medical examination, treatment, advice and PPE.

4. Discipline: Mild admonition, expression of disappointment, fair

insistence, statement of past record, transfer to other work and
penalties.

In the process of selecting an effective remedy, 'Engineering Control'

takes the first place and discipline as the last resort. Select the most
effective and urgent remedy first and then precede priority wise.

2.6 Application of the Remedy

The final step in accident prevention is application of the selected remedy.

If machines, tools, vessels, equipment, structures, procedures etc. are
unsafe, they must be guarded, replaced, revised or otherwise made
mechanically safe or accident free. This is management's responsibility.
The safety officer/engineer will guide and the supervisors see to it that the
necessary work is done.

43 Safety Management
 If the personal performance is unsafe, enployees must be
instructed, trained, cautioned, persuaded, convinced and appealed f.
selected,
improvemnent. Certain cases require proper placement, other medical.
psychological treatment or advice. n rare cases and as a last
some form of disciplinary action may be needed.
resort,
Application of selected safety measures should be immediate and lone
term, Existing unsafe conditions and actions should be corrected at on
while at the same time long-term programmes should be started to
include procedures and techniques devised to anticipate and prevent
situations of a similar nature.

Application of remedy is the dynamic part of accident prevention. Unless

the remedy is successfully applied, all prior steps are of no use and
wasted.

(1) Ways &Means of Application of Remedy:

Asafety engineer or officer applies the following ways:

1. Prepares, presents and applies recommendations, suggestions,

summaries and plans.
2. Establishes a safety organization.
3. Gets support of management and supervisory staff in applying the
remedies.

4. Creates enthusiasm and co-operation up and down the line.

5. Satisfies himself by seeing the successful working of the remedies
applied.

He will apply in chronological order the four basic remedies. Engineering

controls call for designing, buying and building, installing and maintaining
guards, safety devices and safety equipment. The persuasion and appeal
remedy requires teaching, training, appeal, instruction, persuasion et.
He must have ability to overcome obstacles in applying
remedies. He
should identity the obstacles as a person, attitude, condition o
circumstances.

44 Safety Management
Constant follow up action through safety administration is necessary.
petection and placement of physically impaired workers should be carried
out carefully and effectively. In a typical one-marn plant the employer
himself has to carry out all such functions single-handedly. All ernployees
are expected to work safely. Responsibility should be fixed and distributed
for quick compliance. Asupervisor or foreman is the key-man for such
pupose.

Machine -accidents are controlled by effective engineering revision.

But many accidents take place in material handling for which two highly
sUCcessful methods may be employed, (i) One lies in the study and
improvement of methods and procedures to the end that some safer and
better way or equipment may be found to conduct any particular
operation than that in use. (i) Secondly, it is most useful to utilize the
proper degree of supervision - from the chief executives down to the
foreman - that will result in the observance and correction of unsafe
material handling practices on the part of the workers before injuries
OCCur.

(2) Creating and Maintaining Interest:

The second basic remedy of persuasion, appeal, instruction and training

requires vast efforts. The practice of creating and maintaining interest for
accident prevention applies to employers as well as employees.
Group interest of employees is created and maintained by the safety
organization which includes moral and educational effect or accident
investigation, publicity, posting and distribution of educational literature,
safety films and slides, contests, prizes, awards, meetings and
inspirational talks.

Individual interest of employees is created and maintained by an appeal

to personal characteristics listed below:
1 Self-preservation (Fear of personal injury) Featuring the injury by
figures, posters, notices, meetings, oral discussion, lectures, films
and slides are useful to maintain the strongest and commonest
human instinct of self-preservation or self-protection.

45
Safety Management
 ior
Personal and material gain (Desire for reward) Bonus, salar,
increase, vacation with pay, days off, trips, personal gifts, requisits
assignments of work, banquets, picnics and participation in safet
activities prove useful in this regard.

3. Loyalty (Desire to co-operate) Effect of accident by the employeee

on supervisor's record, on employer's overhead cost, on quality of
product, on fellow employees and on company's prestige must be
brought to the notice of individual to create and maintain their sense
of loyalty to the employer.
4 Responsibility (Recognition of obligation) The sense of responsibility
both to self and to others, is created by assignments and analogy of
observance of safety rules.

5 Pride (Self satisfaction and desire for price) Pride increases ability to
work. Praise exhibits, awards and insignia, differentiation of workers
having outstanding safety record by giving them special hat/dress.
reward etc., are useful in this regard.

6. Conformity (Comparison with standards or good examples) Some

methods of appeal are: Standards (Safe practice rules, codes,
procedures etc), comparison, system and regularly, leadership of
good example in safe conduct, ridicule, etc.

7. Rivalry (Desire to complete) Man is a highly competitive animal and

creates better results when competing with other than when working
alone. For this, provide opportunity, set up objectives and determine
method of measurement.

8. Leadership (Desire to be outstanding) The desire for leadership S

strong in many persons which may be used to advantage in safey
work. Such persons should be given additional responsibility
safety work and promotion etc.

9. Logic (Special ability to reason) Some persons have special abily

see both sides of a question and to arive at conclusions that d

Safety Management
46
 logical and just. Such persons should be used in safety work. Afew
methods of appeal to logic are basic philosophy of accident causation
and prevention, providing data relating to accident frequency,
severity, types and causes of accidents and remedial measures.

10. Humanity (Desire to serve others) Humanitarianism is a widely

spread human instinct and strong appeal to everybody for safe
performance. Safety is termed as human engineering on this ground
where human is expected to be at centre. We havetofit the unfitto
survive.

(3) Education

All accident-prevention work is basically educational. Well-trained and

careful men may avoid injury on dangerous work and untrained and
careless men may be injured under the safest possible conditions.

Safety education is meant to include meetings and talks, personal

contacts with authorities or teachers, use of bulletins, posters, lectures
and reading materials, slides and films, computers, first-aid instructions
and any oral or written instructions for avoiding hazards and cultivating
safe methods of doing work.

Some of the most commonly used educational procedures are listed

below:

1. Regular safety coaching class for workers. Hazards, safety

precautions, safety measures, safety duties and procedures should
be explained in their own language.
2. Periodical safety class for supervisors, managers and top executives
for co-ordinated efforts from all.
3
Safety meeting,conference, seminar, exhibition etc.
4
Publicity-Safety posters, slogans, maxims, notices, bulletins, pay
pocket-inserts, stickers, slides, films, house magazine etc.
5. Safety books, pamphlets, periodicals etc.
6
Safety contests, essays etc.
7
Safety plays and similar programmes.

47 Safety Nanagement
8. Preparation of safety codes, standards etc.
9. Use of loyalemployees in setting a good example.
10. Safety message on work orders, computers, correspondence etc.
11. Featuring specific safe-practice rules.
12. Investigation of accidents and explaining their analysis of
unsafe
actions, unsafe conditions and their remedial measures.
13. Conducting training programmes.
14. Sending persons to outside safety courses
15. Specific programmes as per our own need and nature of work
16. Conducting short-term safety course for all employees in rotation
Basic philosophy of accident prevention is required at the root of any
safety management. Monitoring is a feedback mechanism, it tells us how
we are doing, what progress we are making. It dictates additional needs,
we then collect additional data, analyze it, select additional remedies,.
apply them, monitor and so on.
3. Five 'E' s Accident Prevention

Safety or accident prevention can be achieved by the following

five methods:

1. Education &Training (To prevent unsafe acts)

This has long-term and permanent effect. This is the most powerful
remedy for unsafe act of the workers. It helps in finding out unsafe
conditions also. The workers' safety training programmes should include
(a) Understanding of specific hazards of their plant, process, bulding
etc.

(b) Safety rules and safe procedures

(c) Training for specialized or difficult job
(d) Job safety analysis and
(e) Safety instructions for variety of jobs.

48 Safety Management
2. Engineering controls (to prevent unsafe conditions)
Poor illumination and ventilation, unguarded machinery, mechanical,
electrical, physical and chemical hazards, dangerous location or situation
etc., are unsafe conditions which can be eliminated in the design stage or
subsequent engineering revision and controls. This is the first and most
effective remedy.

Some engineering controls are - substitution of less hazardous material,

machine, method, process, vessel etc. risk reduction, process
modification, isolation, segregation, guarding, fencing, barricading,
enclosure, dilution, safe design, failsafe device and safety devices
including alarms, trips, safety valve, NRV, PRV, FFE, etc.
3. Enforcement (of safety rules)

All statutory safety provisions should be followed for our own safety and
safety of others. Self initiation for full compliance is necessary, otherwise
government authorities may take action. In addition, other safety rules for
our plant should also be framed and followed. Willful neglect or disobey of
safety rules or orders should be dealt with strictly.
Enforcement mneasures include new law, amendment in old law,
company safety rules, implementation and legal action.
4. Enthusiasm (to maintain interest)

Like a catalyst it adds to safety awareness and motivation. It should come

from the top management to the lowest worker. It will keep the workers
safety conscious. It can be developed and maintained by proper safety
attitude, competition, prizes, awards, publicity, incentives etc.
This includes motivation and participation in safety programmes.
5. Example setting (to lead for safety)

The top executives, managers and supervisors should set an example to

others by the self-enforcement of safety rules. Then others will follow
them. This is a chain reaction to increase and maintain safety.

49 Safety Management
Conclusion

It takes a minute to wite to safety rule

It takes an hour to hold a safety meeting
It takes a week to plan a safety programme
It tak es amonth to put allto operation
It takes a lifetime to make a work safe
But !!
It takes a fraction of a second to
Destroy it with one Accident.

SAFETY BY GOOD HOUSE KEEPING

FIVE STEPS OF JAPANESE 5S
For accident prevention by good House Keeping
I SOFT - SEIRI
Methods Benefits
Meaning
This means > First decided wh at is Your useful floor is
distinguishing or sort necessary and what saved.
out between 'wanted' is unne cessary items
and 'unwanted items' youshould not only Your searching time of
check t he floor but tools, materials, and
at place of work and
removal of unwanted also shelves, papers is reduced.
items lockers, storehouse,
stairs, roofs, notice You have better flow of
boards, etc. work
> Put a red tag on
unnecessary items Your inventory cost of
unnecessary items is
and keep them in a reduced
separate area
Discard or throw
those items which
have not been used
in the past one year
Things used once in
6 to 12 mo nths may
be stored at a
distance from work
station

Things used more

than once a month
should be available
at acentral point in
the workplace

50
SafetyManagement
lie ng
Things used houly /
everyday / once a
week shoukibe eat
the wotk station of
may be worn by of
kept in the pocke tof
your worker there
SET-IN-ORDER-SEITON
> If necessary. You take things out
Arranging items in and keep things back
reassign spaces,
nner that
SUch a ma racks, cabinets, etc. easily
to use
they are easy
Decide the right You make lesser
Labellingthem so that places for mistakes
to find everything
they are easy
and put back You reduce searching
Put all materials and
equipment at a time
place for
This means a place alkocated to
everything (necessary) them with proper Your work environment
and everything in its label or signalization becomes safe
place. No more
homeless items. Use alerts or
indications for out
of - stock situations

Use floor paint

marking todefine
working area, path,
entrance/exit, safety
equipment.
cartrolley
locations,etc.
Use standard colour
coding for pipelines
for steam, water,
gas, drainage, etc.
Use display
cautions, messages,
instructions at
proper place at
proper height and
written clearty
III SHINE - SELSO Your work piace
Divide the total area
Trus means removing Decomes hos of dut
in zones and
dift strain, fith, soot
afd dust from the work alkocate
afea responsibility for
quality
cleaning for each
Ttus incudes cleang Your equpm
and cale for equipment Decxse on cleanng
ard taati es and aiso

Safety Hanage
inspecting them for points, oder of prolonged and
abnomalities In a cleaning. type of breakdowns will tbe
way t also incudes cleaning. cleaning less.
primany maintenance aid required, etc. Creates a pleasant
of equipment environment.
Display cleaning
schedule
Note Cleaning is not Prevents accidents
polishing. etc. to make During cleaning look
the piece of equipment for defective
more beautiful - i conditions (lo0se
looks after its condition bolts, vi brations,
and fitness for use excessive sound,
high temperature,
fallen tools, etc.)
and solve the
problem.
Allocate space for
storage of cleaning
aids and
consumables for
cleaning.
IV STANDARDIZE - SIEKESTU
This callfor Document Your activities will be
systematizing the procedures and simplified.
above 4S practices. guidelines for
This means ensuring sorting,set in order You willhave
that whatever and shine consistency in the work
cleanliness and Make a checklist fo r practices.
orderliness is achieved each section and
should be maintained. train your pe ople in
You willavoid
mistakes.
using them
This requires that you
shouid develop a work Carry out periodic With better visual and
structure that wilI evaluation by using transparency
Support the new the above check list. management work
practices and turn Use visual efficiency willimprove
thern into habits. The management to act
proposes of
quickly, for example
standardzation is to putting / using
make sure that
everyone in the Open and shut
Gonpany follows the directional labels
same procedure, the on switches, etc.
Sarne narnes of items Temperature and
the sare size of safety labels
Signalzation / floor
|Zone labels on
marking, shapes,
Coiours, etc measuring metres
Standardze also helps (normalzone,
to do the right thing danger zone,etc.)
the ight way everY OK or hold marks

52
Safety Management
time. on product
Put transparency
control

Make transparent
cOvers of drawers
Put inspection
windows in the
metal covers
Use location maps
with emergency
exists, f ire
fighting
equipment, etc.

V sUSTAIN - SHITSUKE
Sustain als o means Create awareness Promotes habit for
Discipline'. It denotes and publicize the complying with
your commitment to system . For workplace rules and
maintain orderliness example develop 5S procedures.
and to practice first 3S News, 5S Posters,
as a way of life. This 5S Slogans, 5S Day, Creates healthy
also requires that your etc. atmosphere and a
employees show Create a structure of good work place.
positive interest and how and when 5S
overcome resistance to Helps you to develop
activities will be
change. implemented tem work.

> Formulate guidelines Provides you with data

for audit for improving 5S.
evaluation of 5S
implementation
Provide
management
support by providing
resources and
leadership
Reward and
recognize best
performers

ttkkkkk k** ******

Q.1
Explain following terminology
1 Accident
2 Incident
3 Near miss
4 Error

53 Safety Management