EE340: Electromagnetic Waves & Applications

Transmission Lines
Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun

Spring 2025

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

1
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

2
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Reading Materials

Ulaby’s: Section 2.1

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

3
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

What is the Overall Problem?

2-1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 63

Zg
A B
+
~ Sending-end Receiving-end
Vg Transmission line ZL
port port
−
A' B'
Generator circuit Load circuit

Figure 2-1 A transmission line is a two-port network connecting a generator circuit at the sending end to a load at the receiving end.

Two port network

2-1 General Considerations !g and an
generator circuit is represented by a voltage phasor V
At the generator, we only need itsZTh
impedance ˊ
. evenin g equivalent
The load circuit, or simply the load, may be a transmitting
circuit
In most electrical engineering curricula, the study of electro- antenna in the case of radar, a computer terminal operating in
the receiving mode, the input terminals of an amplifier, or any
magnetics is preceded by one or more courses on electrical
The load could be anything: output circuit whose input terminals can be represented by an
antenna,
circuits. In this book, we use this background to build a logic gate, resistor, ...
equivalent load impedance Z . L
bridge between circuit theory and electromagnetic theory. The
etc.
bridge is provided by transmission lines, which is the topic
of this chapter. By modeling transmission lines in the form of 2-1.1 The Role of Wavelength
equivalent circuits, we can use Kirchhoff’s voltage and cur-
In low-frequency circuits, circuit elements usually are inter-
Why did we start with transmission
rent laws to develop wave equations whose solutions provide line theory?
connected using simple wires. In the circuit shown in Fig. 2-2,
an understanding of wave propagation, standing waves, and for example, the generator is connected to a simple RC load
power transfer. Familiarity with these concepts facilitates the via a pair of wires. In view of our definition in the preceding
presentation of material in later chapters. paragraphs of what constitutes a transmission line, we pose
Although the notion of transmission lines may encompass the question: Is the pair of wires between terminals AA! and
all structures and media that serve to transfer energy or terminals BB! a transmission line? If so, under what set of
information
©Dr. between
Mohammad two points,
Alhassoun including nerve fibers in the
([email protected])
4
circumstances should we explicitly
Last updated treat 23,
on January the 2025
pair of wires
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Examples of Transmission Lines

2-1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 65

Metal Metal w
2b
2a d
h
D
Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing Dielectric spacing
(a) Coaxial line (b) Two-wire line (c) Parallel-plate line

Metal strip conductor Metal

Metal w

h
Metal ground plane
Dielectric spacing Metal ground plane Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing
(d) Strip line (e) Microstrip line (f) Coplanar waveguide

TEM Transmission Lines

Metal

Concentric
dielectric
layers

(g) Rectangular waveguide (h) Optical fiber

Higher-Order Transmission Lines

©Dr. MohammadFigure
Alhassoun
5
2-4 A([email protected]) Last updated
few examples of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) and higher-order on January
transmission lines.23, 2025
ding nerve fibers in the circumstances should we explicitly treat the pair of wiresEE340: EM Waves & Apps
t support the propaga- as a transmission line as opposed to ignoring their presence
his chapter focuses on altogether and treating the circuit as only an RC load connected
Why do
magnetic signals. Such study Transmission Lines?
to a generator V!g ? The answer to the first question is: Yes,
wires, coaxial cables
to TV sets or Consider
digital the following circuit
printed on microwave
ing light waves for the A i B
is a two-port network, + +
minals, as illustrated in + R
nding end, is connected Vg VAA' Transmission line VBB'
he other port, the line’s
− C
The source connected
d may be any circuit − −
a radar transmitter, an A' B'
erating in transmission l
can be represented by a
consistingLet
of a us
genera-
ask theFigure 2-2 Generator
following connected to an RC circuit through a
questions:
resistance Rg , as shown transmission line of length l.
1 Is the
urrent (ac) signals, the pair of wires between AA’ and BB’ a transmission
line? (Yes)
2 If yes, under which condition should we treat it as a
transmission line as opposed to ignoring its presence? (The
length of the line compared to the wavelength)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

6
 circumstances should we explicitly treat the pair of wires
d solids that support the propaga- as a transmission line as opposed to ignoring their presence
e waves, this chapter focuses on altogether and treating the circuit as only an RC load connected EE340: EM Waves & Apps
de electromagnetic signals. Such
to a generator V!g ? The answer to the first question is: Yes,
Why do study Transmission Lines? Case Study
telephone wires, coaxial cables
information to TV sets or digital
microstrips printed on microwave
fibers carrying light waves for the A i B
high rates.
ission line is a two-port network, + +
of two terminals, as illustrated in + R
he line’s sending end, is connected Vg VAA' Transmission line VBB'
enerator). The other port, the line’s
− C
d to a load. The source connected
sending end may be any circuit − −
ge, such as a radar transmitter, an A' B'
erminal operating in transmission l
a dc source can be represented by a
ator circuit consisting of a genera- Figure 2-2 Generator connected to an RC circuit through a
Assume a sinusoidal
transmission line ofsource
a generator resistance Rg , as shown length l.
lternating-current (ac) signals, the
VAA′ = Vg (t) = V0 cos ωt = V0 cos 2πft

Assume the wave travels at the speed of light, c.

The expression of the wave at the load is then
VBB ′ = VAA′ (t−ℓ/c) = V0 cos [ω(t − ℓ/c)] = V0 cos (ωt − ϕ0 )
ωℓ 2πf ℓ
ϕ0 = =
c c

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

7
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Why do study Transmission Lines? Case Study

Consider what happened when t = 0
 
2πf ℓ
VAA′ = V0 , VBB ′ = VAA′ (0 − ℓ/c) = V0 cos
c

%
Case ℓ f VAA′ VBB ′
Diff

1 5 cm 1 KHz V0

2 20 km 1 KHz V0

3 5 cm 1.5 GHz V0

The key factor is

2πf ℓ
ϕ0 =
c
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
8
 t support the propaga- as a transmission line as opposed to ignoring their presence
his chapter focuses on altogether and treating the circuit as only an RC load connectedEE340: EM Waves & Apps
magnetic signals. Such
to a generator V!g ? The answer to the first question is: Yes,
Condition
wires, coaxial cables
to TV sets or digital
for Considering Transmission Line Effects
printed on microwave
ing light waves for the A i B
is a two-port network, + +
minals, as illustrated in + R
nding end, is connected Vg VAA' Transmission line VBB'
he other port, the line’s
− C
The source connected
d may be any circuit − −
a radar transmitter, an A' B'
erating in transmission l
can be represented by a
consisting of a genera- Figure 2-2 Generator connected to an RC circuit through a
resistance Rg , as shown transmission line of length l.
Condition
urrent (ac) signals, the
for Considering TL Effects
When ℓ/λ ≥ 0.01, transmission line effects should be
considered!
We also need to account for the reflected wave from the load to
the generator.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

9
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Power Loss in Transmission Lines

66
Power loss is another issue in transmission lines.
CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES
Consider coaxial cables
Magnetic field lines
Electric field lines

Rg

+
Vg RL
Coaxial line
−
Generator Load
Cross section

Figure 2-5 In a coaxial line, the electric field is in the radial direction between the inner and outer conductors, and the magnetic field
forms circles around the inner conductor. The coaxial line is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line because both the electric
Losses can occur because of:
and magnetic fields are orthogonal to the direction of propagation between the generator and the load.
1 The dielectric medium is not perfect dielectric (What should
be σ for a perfect dielectric?
Only TEM-mode transmission lines are treated in this chap-
)
Thus, Fig. 2-6(a) may represent a coaxial line, a two-wire line,
ter. This is because2theyThe conductor
are more commonly usedis not a perfect
in practice, conductor
or any other TEM line. (What should be σ
and fortunately, less mathematical rigor is required for treating Drawing again on our familiarity with electronic circuits,
for a perfect conductor?
them than is required for lines that support higher-order modes. )
when we analyze a circuit containing a transistor, we mimic
We start our treatment by representing the transmission line the functionality of the transistor by an equivalent circuit com-
in terms of a lumped-element circuit model, and then we posed of sources, resistors, and capacitors. We apply the same
apply Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws to derive a pair of approach to the transmission line by orienting the line along
equations governing their behavior, known as the telegrapher’s the z direction, subdividing it into differential sections each
equations.
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun
By combining ([email protected])
these equations, we obtain wave of length ∆z (Fig.Last
2-6(b)), and then
updated representing
on January each section
23, 2025
10
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Dispersion in Transmission Lines

CHAPTER
dispersion is another issue in2 transmission
TRANSMISSION
lines.LINES
Consider a rectangular pulse
line. The
determine
ssion line
quency f Dispersionless line
will see
h l to the
nsmission
e load at
al in time, Short dispersive line

(2.1)

e that the
d of light, Long dispersive line
terminals
cross AA! Figure 2-3 A dispersionless line does not distort signals 11
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected])
mic losses Last updated on January 23, 2025
one or more courses on electrical output circuit whose input terminals can be represented by an
use this background to build a equivalent load impedance ZL . EE340: EM Waves & Apps
ry and electromagnetic theory. The
smission lines, which is the topic
Summary of 2-1.1
Transmission Line Effects
The Role of Wavelength
g transmission lines in the form of
use Kirchhoff’s voltage and cur- In low-frequency circuits, circuit elements usually are inter-
equations whose solutions provide connected using simple wires. In the circuit shown in Fig. 2-2,
propagation, standing waves, and
Phase change due to the length of the transmission line.
1 facilitates the
with these concepts
for example, the generator is connected to a simple RC load
via a pair of wires. In view of our definition in the preceding
ater chapters. paragraphs of what constitutes a transmission line, we pose
ransmission lines Power loss, which increases with the increase in frequency.
2 may encompass
the question: Is the pair of wires between terminals AA! and
that serve to transfer energy or terminals BB! a transmission line? If so, under what set of
Dispersion, which is problematic for wideband signals
oints, including3nerve fibers in the circumstances should we explicitly treat the pair of wires
d solids that support the propaga- as a transmission line as opposed to ignoring their presence
e waves, this chapter focuses on altogether and treating the circuit as only an RC load connected
de electromagnetic signals. Such Can we apply KCL to the following circuit?
to a generator V!g ? The answer to the first question is: Yes,
telephone wires, coaxial cables
information to TV sets or digital
microstrips printed on microwave
fibers carrying light waves for the A i B
high rates.
ission line is a two-port network, + +
of two terminals, as illustrated in + R
he line’s sending end, is connected Vg VAA' Transmission line VBB'
enerator). The other port, the line’s
− C
d to a load. The source connected
sending end may be any circuit − −
ge, such as a radar transmitter, an A' B'
erminal operating in transmission l
a dc source can be represented by a
ator circuit consisting of a genera- Figure 2-2 Generator connected to an RC circuit through a
a generator resistance Rg , as shown transmission line of length l.
lternating-current (ac) signals, the

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

12
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

13
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Reading Materials

Ulaby’s: Section 2.2

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

14
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Important Note

A transmission-line will be represented by a parallel-wire

2-2
configuration regardless of its type and shape.
LUMPED-ELEMENT MODEL 67

(a) Parallel-wire representation

∆z ∆z ∆z ∆z

The methods we learned so far to solve circuits are using KVL

and KCL, how to apply KVL and KCL here?
(b) Differential sections each ∆z long

R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z

G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

15
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Steps for Modeling Transmission Lines

1 Divide a long transmission line into small segments

(differential length)
2-2 LUMPED-ELEMENT MODEL 67

(a) Parallel-wire representation

∆z ∆z ∆z ∆z

(b) Differential sections each ∆z long

R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z

Can we apply KVL and KCL?

G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z

∆z ∆z ∆z ∆z
(c) Each section is represented by an equivalent
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Lastcircuit
updated on January 23, 2025
16
2-2 LUMPED-ELEMENT MODEL EE340: EM Waves & Apps
67

Steps for Modeling Transmission Lines

2 Find the equivalent circuit model of each segment

(a) Parallel-wire representation

∆z ∆z ∆z ∆z

(b) Differential sections each ∆z long

R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z

G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z

∆z ∆z ∆z ∆z
(c) Each section is represented by an equivalent circuit

Figure 2-6 Regardless of its cross-sectional shape, a TEM transmission line is represented by the parallel-wire configuration shown in
part (a). To obtain equations relating voltages and currents, the line is subdivided into small differential sections in part (b), each of which
is then represented by an equivalent circuit in part (c).

each of these lines, the expressions are functions of two sets 17

! The pertinent
Last constitutive
updated on parameters
January 23, apply
2025 to all three
of©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected])
parameters: (1) geometric parameters defining the cross-
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lumped-Element Circuit Model

(b) Differential sections each ∆z long

R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z

G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z G' ∆z C' ∆z

∆z ∆z ∆z ∆z
(c) Each section is represented by an equivalent circuit

Figure 2-6 Regardless

′ of its cross-sectional shape, a TEM transmission line is represented by the parallel-wire configuration shown in
R : The combined resistance of both conductors per unit
part (a). To obtain equations relating voltages and currents, the line is subdivided into small differential sections in part (b), each of which
is then represented by an equivalent circuit in part (c).
length, in Ω/m
L′ : The combined inductance of both conductors per unit
each of these lines, the expressions are functions of two sets
length, inparameters
H/m defining the cross- ! The pertinent constitutive parameters apply to all three
of parameters: (1) geometric
lines and consist of two groups:
sectional dimensions
′ of the given line and (2) the electromag-
G :parameters
netic constitutive The conductance of the insulation
of the conducting and insulating medium between the
(1) µc and σc are the magnetic permeability and electri-
materials. The pertinent geometric parameters are: cal S/m
conductivity of the conductors, and
two conductors per unit length, in
′ : The The capacitance of the (2) twoε , µ , and σ are the electrical permittivity, magnetic
conductors per unit
• Coaxial lineC(Fig. 2-4(a)): permeability, and electrical conductivity of the insu-
length, F /mm lation material separating them. "
a = outer radius of innerin
conductor,
b = inner radius of outer conductor, m
Appendix B contains tabulated values for these constitutive
• Two-wire line (Fig. 2-4(b)): parameters for various materials. For the purposes of this chap-
18
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last
ter, we need not updated
concern on January
ourselves with 23, 2025
the derivations leading
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Computing the Lumped-Element Parameters

The computation of the lumped element parameters

depends
2-1 on:
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 65
1 Geometric parameters of the line cross section.
Metal Metal w
2b
2a d
h
D
Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing Dielectric spacing
(a) Coaxial line (b) Two-wire line (c) Parallel-plate line

2 The electromagnetic constitutive parameters Metal

Metal strip conductor of the
Metal
conductors and insulator w
µc and σc for the conductors h
Metal ground plane
µ, ϵ and σ for the insulators
Dielectric spacing Metal ground plane Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing
(d) Strip line (e) Microstrip line (f) Coplanar waveguide

TEM Transmission Lines

Metal
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
19
Concentric
 2πε πε εw EE340:
C! & ' ( F/m EM Waves & Apps
ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h

Case Study: Coaxial Cable

Notes: (1) Refer to Fig. 2-4 for definitions of dimensions. (2) µ , ε , and σ pertain to the insulating
'
material between the conductors. (3) Rs =
′: & ( π f µc /σc . (4) µc and σc pertain to the conductors.
The Resistance
(5) If (D/d)2R
# 1,
'
then ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 ≈ ln(2D/d).

The line resistance accounts for

the combined resistance of both
explain the lumped-element model, consider a small section of
conductors
a coaxial line, as shown in(inner and
Fig. 2-7. The line outer)
consists of inner Conductors
and outer conductors of radii a and b separated by a material (µc, σc)
with permittivity ε , permeability µ  σ . The
, and conductivity b
two metal conductors are made
ity σc and permeability
1 1with conductiv-
′ µ . Rsof a material
R =c +
!
2π a b a
Resistance R
R is the surface resistance
When as voltage source is connected across the terminals Insulating material
connected to the two conductors at the sending end of the line, (ε, µ, σ)
r
currents flow through the conductors, primarily along the outer
surface of the inner conductor and the inner surface of the outer
πf µ c
conductor. The line resistance R! accounts for the combined
R = s
σ
resistance per unit length of the inner and outer conductors.
c Figure 2-7 Cross section of a coaxial line with inner conductor
The expression for R! is derived in Chapter 7 and is given by of radius a and outer conductor of radius b. The conductors
Eq. (7.96) as have magnetic permeability µc and conductivity σc , and the
Important Noe
! " spacing material between the conductors has permittivity ε ,
Rs 1 1 permeability µ , and conductivity σ .
R! = + (coax line) (Ω/m), (2.5)
For a perfect conductor (i.e, σ = ∞) or a high conductivity
2π a b c
material (f µ /σ ) ≪ 1, R → 0; thus, R ′ → 0
c thec surface resistance
where Rs , which represents s of the
conductors, is given by Eq. (7.92a) as
) ! For a perfect conductor with σc = ∞ or a high-
π f µc conductivity material such that ( f µc /σc ) % 1, 20
Rs
Rs =
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun (Ω). (2.6)
([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
σ approaches zero, and so does R! . "
 ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h
EE340: EM Waves & Apps
2πε πε εw
C! & ' ( F/m
Case Study: Coaxial Cable ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h

'dimensions. (2) µ , ε , and σ pertain to the insulating

Notes: (1) Refer to Fig. 2-4 for definitions of
material between the conductors.
& (3) Rs = π f µc(/σc . (4) µc and σc pertain to the conductors.
'
(5) If (D/d)2 # 1, then ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 ≈ ln(2D/d).

The Inductance L′ :
explain the lumped-element model, consider a small section of
a coaxial line, as shown in Fig. 2-7. The line consists of inner Conductors
The inductance of both
and outer conductors of radii a and b separated by a material (µc, σc)
with permittivity ε , permeability µ , and conductivity σ . The b
conductors (inner and outer)
two metal conductors are made of a material with conductiv-
ity σc and permeability µc .
 
Resistance R! ′ µ b a
L = ln
2π
When a voltage source is connected a the terminals
across Insulating material
connected to the two conductors at the sending end of the line, (ε, µ, σ)
currents flow through the conductors, primarily along the outer
surface of the inner conductor and the inner surface of the outer
conductor. The line resistance R! accounts for the combined
resistance per unit length of the inner and outer conductors. Figure 2-7 Cross section of a coaxial line with inner conductor
The expression for R! is derived in Chapter 7 and is given by of radius a and outer conductor of radius b. The conductors
Eq. (7.96) as have magnetic permeability µc and conductivity σc , and the
! " spacing material between the conductors has permittivity ε ,
Rs 1 1 permeability µ , and conductivity σ .
R! = + (coax line) (Ω/m), (2.5)
2π a b

where Rs , which represents the surface resistance of the

conductors, is given by Eq. (7.92a) as
) ([email protected]) ! For a perfect conductor with σc = ∞ or a high- 21
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun Last updated on January 23, 2025
π f µc conductivity material such that ( f µc /σc ) % 1, Rs
 2πε πε εw
C! & ' ( F/m
ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Case Study: Coaxial

material between Cable
the conductors.
&
'dimensions. (2) µ , ε , and σ pertain to the insulating
Notes: (1) Refer to Fig. 2-4 for definitions of
(3) R = π f µ(/σ . (4) µ and σ pertain to the conductors.
s c c c c
'
(5) If (D/d)2 # 1, then ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 ≈ ln(2D/d).

The Conductance G ′ :
The conductance accounts for
explain the lumped-element model, consider a small section of
a coaxial line, as shown in Fig. 2-7. The line consists of inner
(conduction) current flow
and outer conductors of radii a and b separated by a material
Conductors
(µc, σc)
with permittivity ε , permeability µ , and conductivity σ . The
between inner and outer b
two metal conductors are made of a material with conductiv-
conductors
ity σc and permeability µc .

Resistance R! a
′ 2πσ
When a voltage source Gis =  across
connected  the terminals Insulating material
b end of the line,
connected to the two conductors at the sending (ε, µ, σ)
ln
currents flow through the conductors, primarily along the outer
a surface of the outer
surface of the inner conductor and the inner
conductor. The line resistance R! accounts for the combined
resistance per unit length of the inner and outer conductors. Figure 2-7 Cross section of a coaxial line with inner conductor
The expression for R! is derived in Chapter 7 and is given by of radius a and outer conductor of radius b. The conductors
Important Ntoe
Eq. (7.96) as have magnetic permeability µc and conductivity σc , and the
spacing material between the conductors has permittivity ε ,
! "
Rs 1 1 permeability
′ µ , and conductivity σ .
R! = + (coax line) (Ω/m),
For a perfect dielectric, σ = 0; thus, G = 0 (2.5)
2π a b

where Rs , which represents the surface resistance of the

conductors, is given by Eq. (7.92a) as
) ! For a perfect conductor with σc = ∞ or a high-
π f µc conductivity material such that ( f µc /σc ) % 1, Rs
Rs = (Ω). (2.6)
σc approaches zero, and so does R! . " 22
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
 '
ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h
EE340: EM Waves & Apps
2πε πε εw
C! & ( F/m
Case Study: Coaxial Cable
'
ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h

'dimensions. (2) µ , ε , and σ pertain to the insulating

Notes: (1) Refer to Fig. 2-4 for definitions of
material between the conductors.
& (3) Rs = π f µc(/σc . (4) µc and σc pertain to the conductors.
'
2
(5) If (D/d) # 1, then ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 ≈ ln(2D/d).

The Capacitance C ′ :
explain the lumped-element model, consider a small section of
a coaxial line, as shown in Fig. 2-7. The line consists of inner Conductors
The capacitance is
and outer conductors of radii a and b separated by a material (µc, σc)
with permittivity ε , permeability µ , and conductivity σ . The b
two metal conductors are made of a material with conductiv-
ity σc and permeability µc . 2πϵ
C′ =  
Resistance R ! b a
ln
When a voltage source is connected acrossa the terminals
connected to the two conductors at the sending end of the line,
Insulating material
(ε, µ, σ)
currents flow through the conductors, primarily along the outer
surface of the inner conductor and the inner surface of the outer
conductor. The line resistance R! accounts for the combined
resistance per unit length of the inner and outer conductors. Figure 2-7 Cross section of a coaxial line with inner conductor
The expression for R! is derived in Chapter 7 and is given by of radius a and outer conductor of radius b. The conductors
Eq. (7.96) as have magnetic permeability µc and conductivity σc , and the
! " spacing material between the conductors has permittivity ε ,
Rs 1 1 permeability µ , and conductivity σ .
R! = + (coax line) (Ω/m), (2.5)
2π a b

where Rs , which represents the surface resistance of the

conductors, is given by Eq. (7.92a) as
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ) ([email protected]) ! For aLast
perfect conductor
updated 23,σ2025
with
on January
23
c = ∞ or a high-
π fµ
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Useful Relations in All TEM Transmission Lines

1
L′ C ′ = µϵ =
up2

G′ σ
=
C′ ϵ

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

24
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Summary of the Lumped-Element Parameters

2-1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 65

Metal Metal w
2b
2a d CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LIN
h
D
Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing Dielectric spacing
(a) Coaxial line (b) Two-wire! line (c) Parallel-plate line
Table 2-1 Transmission-line parameters R , L , ! G! , and C ! for three types of lines.
Metal strip conductor Metal
Parameter
Metal Coaxial Two-Wire Parallel-Plate Unit
! " w
Rs 1 1 2Rs 2Rs
R! + Ω/m
2π a b πd h w
Metal ground plane
# Metal$ground plane %
µ spacing
Dielectric µ µh
Dielectric spacing
L! ln(b/a) ln Dielectric (D/d)2 − 1
(D/d) +spacing H/m
2π π w
(d) Strip line (e) Microstrip line (f) Coplanar waveguide
2πσ πσ σw
G! TEM
& Transmission
' Lines
( S/m
ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h
Metal
2πε πε εw
C! & ' ( Concentric F/m
ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h
dielectric
layers

Notes: (1) Refer to Fig. 2-4 for definitions

(g) Rectangular 'dimensions. (2) µ
waveguideof (h), εOptical
, and σfiber
pertain to the insulating
material between the conductors. (3) Rs = πTransmission
& Higher-Order f µc(/σc . (4) µLines
c and σc pertain to the conductors.
'
(5) If (D/d)2 # 1, then ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 ≈ ln(2D/d).
Figure 2-4 A few examples of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) and higher-order transmission lines.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

25
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 1: Problem 2.1 pp. 137

A two-wire copper transmission line is embedded in a dielectric

material with ϵr = 2.6 and σ = 2 × 10−6 S/m. Its wires are
separated by 3 cm and their radii are 1 mm each.
1 Calculate the line parameters R ′ , L′ , G ′ , and C ′ at 2 GHz.
2 Compare your results with those based on CD Module

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

26
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 1: Problem 2.1 pp. 137

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

27
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 1: Problem 2.1 pp. 137

Link to Module 2.1 (click here)
72 CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

Module 2.1 Two-Wire Line The input data specifies the geometric and electric parameters of a two-wire transmission
line. The output includes the calculated values for the line parameters, characteristic impedance Z0 , and attenuation and phase
constants, as well as plots of Z0 as a function of d and D.

to why one of the ratios is the negative of the other. The directional rule, reversing the direction of propagation requires
explanation, which is available in more detail in Chapter 7, reversal of the direction (or polarity) of I relative to V . Hence,
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun
is based on([email protected])
a directional rule that specifies the relationships V0− /I0− = −V0+ /I0+ . Last updated on January 23, 2025
28
between the directions of the electric and magnetic fields of a In terms of Z0 , Eq. (2.27) can be cast in the form
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

29
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Reading Materials

Ulaby’s: Section 2.3

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

30
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Finding the Voltage and Current in Transmission Line

70 C
Let us work with the lumped-element circuit model
Except for the las
Node Node interest is in sinusoida
N i(z, t) N+1 i(z + ∆z, t)
make use of the phaso
+ +
R' ∆z L' ∆z as outlined in Section
υ(

υ(z, t) G' ∆z C' ∆z υ(z + ∆z, t) i(

where V ˜ a
# (z) and I(z)
i(z,t), respectively, e
Upon substituting Eqs
− −
∆z (2.16), and utilizing th
in the time domain is
Figure 2-8 Equivalent circuit of a two-conductor transmission phasor domain, we ob
line of differential
Let us apply KVL and length
KCL ∆z.
dV# (z)
− = (R!
dz
(N + 1), located at the right end of the section. Application of ˜
d I(z)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law accounts for the voltage drop across − = (G!
dz
the series resistance R ∆z and inductance L ∆z:
! !
31
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025(telegrapher’s e
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Finding the Voltage and Current in Transmission Line

70
Applying KVL CHAPTER 2

Except for the last section o

Node Node interest is in sinusoidal steady-sta
N i(z, t) N+1 i(z + ∆z, t)
make use of the phasor represent
+ +
R' ∆z L' ∆z as outlined in Section 1-7. Thus,
υ (z,t) = Re[V

υ(z, t) G' ∆z C' ∆z υ(z + ∆z, t) i(z,t) = Re[I

where V ˜ are the phas
# (z) and I(z)
i(z,t), respectively, each of whi
Upon substituting Eqs. (2.17a) an
− −
∆z (2.16), and utilizing the property
in the time domain is equivalent
Figure 2-8 Equivalent circuit of a two-conductor transmission phasor domain, we obtain the fol
line of differential length ∆z.
dV# (z) ˜
− = (R! + jω L! ) I(z
dz
(N + 1), located at the right end of the section. Application of ˜
d I(z)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law accounts for the voltage drop across − = (G! + jω C ! ) V#
dz
the series resistance R! ∆z and inductance L! ∆z:
(telegrapher’s equations i
∂ i(z,t)
υ (z,t) − R! ∆z i(z,t) − L! ∆z − υ (z + ∆z,t) = 0. (2.12)
∂t
Upon dividing all terms by ∆z and rearranging them, we obtain 2-4 Wave Propagatio
! "
υ (z + ∆z, t) − υ (z,t)
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) ∂ i(z,t) Line 32
− = R! i(z,t) + L! Last updated on January 23, 2025
. (2.13)
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Finding the Voltage and Current in Transmission Line

70
Applying KCL CHAPTER 2

Except for the last section o

Node Node interest is in sinusoidal steady-sta
N i(z, t) N+1 i(z + ∆z, t)
make use of the phasor represent
+ +
R' ∆z L' ∆z as outlined in Section 1-7. Thus,
υ (z,t) = Re[V

υ(z, t) G' ∆z C' ∆z υ(z + ∆z, t) i(z,t) = Re[I

where V ˜ are the phas
# (z) and I(z)
i(z,t), respectively, each of whi
Upon substituting Eqs. (2.17a) an
− −
∆z (2.16), and utilizing the property
in the time domain is equivalent
Figure 2-8 Equivalent circuit of a two-conductor transmission phasor domain, we obtain the fol
line of differential length ∆z.
dV# (z) ˜
− = (R! + jω L! ) I(z
dz
(N + 1), located at the right end of the section. Application of ˜
d I(z)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law accounts for the voltage drop across − = (G! + jω C ! ) V#
dz
the series resistance R! ∆z and inductance L! ∆z:
(telegrapher’s equations i
∂ i(z,t)
υ (z,t) − R! ∆z i(z,t) − L! ∆z − υ (z + ∆z,t) = 0. (2.12)
∂t
Upon dividing all terms by ∆z and rearranging them, we obtain 2-4 Wave Propagatio
! "
υ (z + ∆z, t) − υ (z,t)
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) ∂ i(z,t) Line 33
− = R! i(z,t) + L! Last updated on January 23, 2025
. (2.13)
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Telegrapher’s Equations

Telegrapher’s Equations
 
∂v (z, t) ′ ′ ∂i(z, t)
= − R i(z, t) + L
∂z ∂t
 
∂i(z, t) ′ ′ ∂v (z, t)
= − G v (z, t) + C
∂z ∂t

These are partial differential equations.

We don’t know how to solve them!
Let us consider a simple case

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

34
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Telegrapher’s Equations For Time-Harmonic Waves

Assume we have a sinusoidal source in the steady-state

condition.
We can use phasor transform

v (z, t) = ℜ{Ve (z)e jωt }

i(z, t) = ℜ{Ie(z)e jωt }

Ve (z) and Ie(z) are the phasor transforms of v (z, t) and

i(z, t), respectively.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

35
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Telegrapher’s Equations For Time-Harmonic Waves

Telegrapher’s Equations For Time-Harmonic Waves

d Ve (z)
= −(R ′ + jωL′ )Ie(z)
dz
d Ie(z)
= −(G ′ + jωC ′ )Ve (z)
dz

These are ordinary differential equations!

You studied how to solve them in Math 208

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

36
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

37
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Reading Materials

Ulaby’s: Section 2.4

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

38
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Decoupling the Equations

Looking into the telegrapher’s equations

d Ve (z)
= −(R ′ + jωL′ )Ie(z)
dz

d Ie(z)
= −(G ′ + jωC ′ )Ve (z)
dz

The voltage and current are coupled!

You need to decouple them to solve for individual one
To do so, you need to differentiate both sides with respect
to z

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

39
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Voltage Wave and Current Wave Equations

Voltage Wave Equation

d 2 Ve (z)
− γ 2 Ve (z) = 0
dz 2

Current Wave Equation

d 2 Ie(z)
− γ 2 Ie(z) = 0
dz 2

p
γ= (R ′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

40
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Wave Parameters
1 Complex propagation Constant
p
γ = (R ′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ ) = α + jβ

2 Attenuation constant (Np/m)

p
α = ℜ{γ} = ℜ{ (R ′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )}

3 Phase constant (rad/m)

p
β = ℑ{γ} = ℑ{ (R ′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )}

Both α and β are positive

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

41
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Solution to the Wave Equation

The solution to the voltage wave equation
d 2 Ve (z)
− γ 2 Ve (z) = 0
dz 2
is
Ve (z) = V0+ e −γz + V0− e γz
| {z } | {z }
+z direction −z direction

The solution to the current wave equation

d 2 Ie(z)
− γ 2 Ie(z) = 0
dz 2
is
Ie(z) = I0+ e −γz + I0− e γz
| {z } | {z }
+z direction −z direction

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

42
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

SSION LINE
Incident and Reflected Waves 71

Consider the circuit shown below.

nd (2.18b) in
Zg
+ (V0+, I0+)e−γz Incident wave
Vg ZL
− (V0−, I0−)eγz Reflected wave
(2.23)
z

Figure
The wave 2-9 In general,
propagating in the +z direction
a transmission is support
line can the incident
two
traveling waves: an incident wave (with voltage and current
nd (2.23) are wave on the load+ +
amplitudes (V0 , I0 )) traveling along the +z direction (towards
vely, and γ is The wave propagating in the −z direction is the reflected
the load) and a reflected wave (with (V0− , I0− )) traveling along
transmission wave thefrom the load
−z direction (towards the source).
attenuation
Observation
n imaginary
with units
Theof presence of incident and reflected waves yields standing
In their present
waves in addition form, the
to travelling solutions given by Eqs. (2.26a)
wave.
(2.24) and (2.26b) contain four unknowns: the wave amplitudes
(V0+ , I0+ ) of the +z propagating wave and (V0− , I0− ) of the
−z propagating wave. We can easily relate the current wave 43
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected])
+ − +
Last updated on January 23, 2025
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Relating the Voltage Wave to the Current Wave

Recall the total voltage and current waves
Ve (z) = V + e −γz + V − e γz
0 0

Ie(z) = I0+ e −γz + I0− e γz

We have four unknowns { V0+ , V0− , I0+ , and I0− }

Let us reduce it two unknowns by defining the
characteristic impedance, Z0 , as follows
s
V0+ V0− ′
R + jωL ′ R ′ + jωL′
Z0 = + = − − = =
I0 I0 γ G ′ + jωC ′

The current wave becomes

V+ V−
Ie(z) = 0 e −γz − 0 e γz
Z0 Z0

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

44
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Parameters Characterizing Transmission Lines

1 Complex propagation Constant
p
γ = (R ′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ ) = α + jβ

2 Attenuation constant (Np/m)

p
α = ℜ{γ} = ℜ{ (R ′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )}

3 Phase constant (rad/m)

p
β = ℑ{γ} = ℑ{ (R ′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )}

4 Characteristic Impedance (Ω)

s
R ′ + jωL′
Z0 =
G ′ + jωC ′

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

45
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Time-domain Solution: Voltage Wave

Why did we use phasor transform?
Note that V0+ and V0− are in general complex quantities.
Thus,
+ −
V0+ = |V0+ |e jϕ , V0− = |V0− |e jϕ
The time domain is then

v (z, t) = ℜ{Ve (z)e jωt }

= ℜ{V0+ e −γz e jωt + V0− e γz e jωt }

+
= ℜ{|V0+ |e jϕ e −(α+jβ)z e jωt +
−
|V0− |e jϕ e (α+jβ)z e jωt }

v (z, t) = |V0+ |e −αz cos (ωt − βz + ϕ+ )+|V0− |e αz cos (ωt + βz + ϕ− )

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

46
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Time-domain Solution: Current Wave

In the case of current, we have to divide the voltage by the
Z0
Note that Z0 is in general complex
Thus,
Z0 = |Z0 |e jϕz
The time domain is then

i(z, t) = ℜ{Ie(z)e jωt }

V0+ −γz jωt V0− γz jωt
= ℜ{ e e − e e }
Z0 Z0
|V + | +
= ℜ{ 0 e jϕ e −jϕz e −(α+jβ)z e jωt +
|Z0 |
|V0− | jϕ− −jϕz (α+jβ)z jωt
e e e e }
|Z0 |

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

47
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Time-domain Solution: Current Wave

The time domain current is then

i(z, t) = ℜ{Ie(z)e jωt }

V0+ −γz jωt V0− γz jωt
= ℜ{ e e − e e }
Z0 Z0
|V + | +
= ℜ{ 0 e jϕ e −jϕz e −(α+jβ)z e jωt +
|Z0 |
|V0− | jϕ− −jϕz (α+jβ)z jωt
e e e e }
|Z0 |

|V0+ | −αz |V − |
i(z, t) = e cos (ωt − βz + ϕ+ − ϕz )+ 0 e αz cos (ωt + βz + ϕ− − ϕz )
|Z0 | |Z0 |

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

48
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 2: Example 2.1 pp 74-75

An air line is a transmission line in which air separates the two

conductors, which renders G ′ = 0 because σ = 0. In addition,
assume that the conductors are made of a material with high
conductivity so that R ′ ≈ 0. For an air line with a characteristic
impedance of 50 Ω and a phase constant of 20 rad/m at 700
MHz, find the line inductance L′ and the line capacitance C ′ .

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

49
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 2: Example 2.1 pp 74-75

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

50
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

51
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Reading Materials

Ulaby’s: Section 2.6

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

52
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lossless Transmission Lines

Transmission lines can be characterized using two
quantities, (γ and Z0 )
Of interest to us is a transmission line that is lossless.
Recall that transmission line losses are caused by
conductor losses (captured by R ′ ) and dielectric losses
(captured by G ′ )
Conditions for Lossless Transmission Lines
If the following conditions are satisfied

R ′ ≪ ωL′ , G ′ ≪ ωC ′

Then, we can set

R′ = G ′ ≈ 0

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

53
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Implications of Lossless Transmission Lines

Parameters of Lossless Transmission Lines
α=0
√ √
β = ω L′ C ′ = ω µϵ
r
L′
Z0 =
C′
1 1
up = √ =√
L′ C ′ µϵ

In the materials we cover in this chapter, µ = µ0 .

Therefore,
1 1 c
up = √ =√ √ =√
µ0 ϵr ϵ0 µ0 ϵ0 ϵr ϵr

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

54
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Wave Propagation in Material Media

Often, we encounter waves propagating in material media
We have three parameters associated with wave
propagation
1 Frequency (f )
2 Phase velocity (up )
3 Wavelength (λ)
The relation between them is as follows
up = λf
However, inside a medium, the wave propagates at a
speed lower than that of free space.
In all cases, the frequency is constant.
Therefore, the wavelength has to be reduced. Thus,
c λ0
up = √ , λ = √
ϵr ϵr
where λ0 is the free-space wavelength
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
55
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Dispersion of a Lossless Transmission Line

A lossless transmission line is not dispersive.

A lossy transmission line can be non-dispersive if the
following condition is satisfied:

R′ G′
=
L′ C′

Important Note
A lossless transmission line is not dispersive; however, a
non-dispersive line is not necessarily lossless.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

56
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Voltage Reflection Coefficient: Problem Setup

Consider the following lossless transmission line in a
2-6 THE LOSSLESS TRANSMISSION LINE: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
circuit
is the normalized load impedance.
~
Ii problems, we can streamline the
Transmission line normalizing all impedances in the
Zg + + ~
IL impedance Z0 . Normalized impeda
+ case letters.
~ ~ ~ In view of Eq. (2.28), the ratio of
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
−
I0− V−
− − = − 0+ =
I0+ V0
Generator Load
z
z = −l z=0
d ! We note that whereas the ratio
d=l d=0 is equal to Γ, the ratio of the cur
to −Γ. "
Figure 2-12 Transmission line of length l connected on one
end to a generator circuit and on the other end to a load ZL . The The coefficient Γ is gove
Notice here load
the reference
is located point
at z = 0, and the z = 0areisat zmoved
generator terminals = −l. toreflection
the load.
the normalized load impedance zL .
Coordinate d is defined as d = −z. Z0 of a lossless line is a real numbe
The transmission line is lossless, γ = jβ a complex quantity, as in the case
Let us write the expressions for the voltage andexample, currentfor which ZL = R + jω L.
V+ V− complex and given by
I˜L = I(z=0)
! = 0
− 0
. (2.56b)
Z0 Z0
Γ = |Γ|e jθ
Using these expressions in Eq. (2.55), we obtain
" +
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) # Last updated on January 23, 2025
57
V +V− where |Γ| is the magnitude of Γ and
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Voltage Reflection Coefficient:

2-6 THE Problem
LOSSLESS TRANSMISSION Setup
LINE: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

is the normalized load impedance. In many transmis

~
Ii problems, we can streamline the necessary compu
Transmission line normalizing all impedances in the circuit to the char
Zg + + ~
IL impedance Z0 . Normalized impedances are denoted
+ case letters.
~ ~ ~ In view of Eq. (2.28), the ratio of the current ampl
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
−
I0− V−
− − = − 0+ = −Γ.
I0+ V0
Generator Load
z
z = −l z=0
d ! We note that whereas the ratio of the voltage amp
d=l d=0 is equal to Γ, the ratio of the current amplitudes i
to −Γ. "
Figure 2-12 Transmission line of length l connected on one
end to a generator circuit and on the other end to a load ZL . The The reflection coefficient Γ is governed by a single p
load is located at z = 0, and the generator terminals are at z = −l. the normalized load impedance zL . As indicated by E
Coordinate d is defined as d = −z.
Ve (z) =
Z0 of a lossless line is a real number. However, ZL is i
V0+ e −jβz + V0− e jβz a complex quantity, as in the case of a series RL ci
| {z } V +
V0−
| {z } example, for which ZL = R + jω L. Hence, in general
complex and given by
I˜L = I(z=0)
! = 0
− . (2.56b)
Incident Voltage
Z0 Z0Reflected Voltage
Γ = |Γ|e jθr ,
Using these expressions
+ in Eq. (2.55), we obtain
V0 −jβz V0+ jβz
Ie(z) =
" #
eZ = VV +− VV −Z .L
+
e(2.57)
0
+
−
0
− 0
where |Γ| is the magnitude of Γ and θr is its phase an
that |Γ| ≤ 1.
Z0 Z0 0 0
| {z } −
Solving for V gives
0
| {z } ! A load is said to be matched to a transmission
Incident Current
"
Z −Z
# Reflected Current
ZL = Z0 because then there will be no reflection
V0− =
L 0
V0+ . (2.58) load (Γ = 0 and V0− = 0). "
ZL + Z0

On the other hand, when the load is an open circuit (

! The ratio of the amplitudes of the reflected and incident Γ = 1 and V0− = V0+ , and when it is a short circuit
voltage waves at the load is known as the voltage reflec- Γ = −1 and V0− = −V0+ (Table 2-3).
tion coefficient Γ. "
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
58
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Voltage Reflection Coefficient: Voltage at Generator

V0+ −jβz V0+ jβz

Ve (z) = V + e −jβz + V0− e jβz , Ie(z) = e − e
| 0 {z } | {z } Z0 Z0
Incident Voltage Reflected Voltage
| {z } | {z }
Incident Current Reflected Current
2-6 THE LOSSLESS TRANSMISSION LINE: GENERAL CONS

is
At the generator, z = −ℓ, ~
Ii
Transmission line
pr
Zg ~ no
thus + + IL im
+ ca
~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Z0 VL
Ve (−ℓ) = V0+ e jβℓ + V0− e −jβℓ
ZL
−
− −
V+ V− Generator Load
Ie(−ℓ) = 0 e jβℓ − 0 e −jβℓ z = −l z=0
z
Z0 Z0 d
d=l d=0

Figure 2-12 Transmission line of length l connected on one

end to a generator circuit and on the other end to a load ZL . The T
load is located at z = 0, and the generator terminals are at z = −l. th
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected])
Coordinate d is defined as d = −z.
Last updated on January 23, 2025
59 Z0
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Voltage Reflection Coefficient: Voltage at Load

V0+ −jβz V0+ jβz

Ve (z) = V + e −jβz + V0− e jβz , Ie(z) = e − e
| 0 {z } | {z } Z Z
Incident Voltage Reflected Voltage
| 0 {z } | 0{z }
Incident Current Reflected Current

At the load, z = 0; thus, 2-6 THE LOSSLESS TRANSMISSION LINE: GENERAL CONS

is
Ve (0) = Ve (z) = V0+ + V0− ~
Ii pr
Transmission line no
Zg + + ~
IL im
V+ V− + ca
Ie(0) = 0 − 0 ~
Vg
~
Vi Z0
~
VL ZL
Z0 Z0 −
− −
We also know from Ohm’s Generator Load
z
law that z = −l z=0
VeL d
ZL = d=l d=0
IeL Figure 2-12 Transmission line of length l connected on one
end to a generator circuit and on the other end to a load ZL . The T
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) load is locatedLast
at z = 0, and the
ongenerator
Januaryterminals
23, 2025are at z = −l.
60
updated th
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Voltage Reflection Coefficient: Voltage at Load

At the load, z = 0, we have
Ve (0) = Ve (z) = V + + V − 0 0
V+ V−
Ie(0) = 0 − 0
Z0 Z0

We also know from Ohm’s law that

 + 
VeL V0+ + V0− V0 + V0−
ZL = = + = Z0
IeL V0 V0− V0+ − V0−
−
Z0 Z0
Solving for V0−
 
ZL − Z0
V0− = V0+ = ΓV0+
ZL + Z0

Γ is known as Voltage Reflection Coefficient

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
61
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

More About the Voltage Reflection Coefficient

Γ is in general a complex and written in the following form
Γ = |Γ|e jθr

|Γ| is the magnitude of the reflection coefficient, which

satisfies (for most of the cases)
|Γ| ≤ 1

θr is the phase angle, which will be restricted to

−π ≤ θr ≤ π.
The current reflection coefficient is defined as follows
I0− V0−
= − = −Γ
I0+ V0+

A transmission line is said to be matched if Γ = 0, which

results when Z0 = ZL
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
62
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

More About the Voltage Reflection Coefficient

82 CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES
The load is usually called the transmission line termination
Table 2-3 Magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient for various types of loads. The normalized load impedance
zL = ZL /Z0 = (R + jX)/Z0 = r + jx, where r = R/Z0 and x = X/Z0 are the real and imaginary parts of zL , respectively.

Reflection Coefficient Γ = |Γ|e jθr

Load |Γ| θr
! "1/2 # $ # $
(r − 1)2 + x2 x x
Z0 ZL = (r + jx)Z0 tan−1 − tan−1
(r + 1)2 + x2 r−1 r+1

Z0 Z0 0 (no reflection) irrelevant

Z0 (short) 1 ±180◦ (phase opposition)

Z0 (open) 1 0 (in-phase)

Z0 jX = jω L 1 ±180◦ − 2 tan−1 x

−j
Z0 jX = 1 ±180◦ − 2 tan−1 x
ωC

We won’t consider the normalized impedance as it is

From Eq. (2.59), the voltage reflection coefficient is
relevant
Transmissionto
line Section
A 2.10, which we won’t cover.
zL − 1
Γ=
RL 50 Ω zL + 1
0 = 100 Ω ([email protected])
©Dr. MohammadZAlhassoun Last updated
63
0.5 −on January
j1.59 − 1 23, 2025
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 3: Example 2.3 pp. 81

A 100 Ω transmission line is connected to a load consisting of a

50 Ω resistor in series with a 10 pF capacitor. Find the
reflection coefficient at the load for a 100 MHz signal.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

64
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 3: Example 2.3 pp. 81

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

65
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Standing Waves
Since we have two waves traveling in opposite directions
and at the same frequency, there will be some constructive
and destructive interference.
To study this, let’s write the total voltage in transmission
line using the definition of the reflection coefficient.
That is, V0− = ΓV0+ . Thus,
 
Ve (z) = V0+ e −jβz + Γe jβz

To characterize the standing wave behavior of a

transmission line, we need to focus on the magnitude of
the total voltage.
That is,
q
|V (z)| = + Ve (z)Ve ∗ (z) = |Ve (z)Ve ∗ (z)|1/2
e

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

66
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Standing Waves: Voltage Magnitude

 + −jβz
 
 1/2
|Ve (z)| = V0 e + Γe jβz · V0+∗ e jβz + Γ∗ e −jβz

1/2
= |V0+ | 1 + |Γ|2 + |Γ| e j(2βz+θr ) + e −j(2βz+θr )
 1/2
= |V0+ | 1 + |Γ|2 + 2|Γ| cos (2βz + θr )

Let us define everything relative to the distance from the

load, d. That is, z = −d.
In this case,
 1/2
|Ve (d)| = |V0+ | 1 + |Γ|2 + 2|Γ| cos (2βd − θr )

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

67
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Standing Waves: Voltage Magnitude

 1/2
Ve (d)|
|2-6 THE |V0+ | 1 +TRANSMISSION
= LOSSLESS |Γ|2 + 2|Γ| cosLINE:
(2βd GENERAL
− θr ) CONSIDERATION

is the normaliz
~
Ii problems, we
Transmission line normalizing all
Zg + + ~
IL impedance Z0 .
+ case letters.
~ ~ ~ In view of E
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
−
− −
Generator Load
z
z = −l z=0
d ! We note th
d=l d=0 is equal to Γ
to −Γ. "
Figure 2-12 Transmission line of length l connected on one
end to a generator circuit and on the other end to a load ZL . The The reflection
load is([email protected])
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun located at z = 0, and the generator terminals are atonz = −l. 23, 2025 68 c
Last updated January the normalized
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Standing Waves: Current Magnitude

Similarly, we can derive the current standing wave using

V+  
Ie(z) = 0 e −jβz − Γe jβz
Z0

The result is
|V0+ |  1/2
|Ie(d)| = 1 + |Γ|2 − 2|Γ| cos (2βd − θr )
Z0

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

69
 84 EE340: EM Waves & Apps CH

Plot of Voltage and Current Standing Wave

~
Voltage |V(d)|
min max
~ 1.4 V Matched line
|V|max 1.2
1.0
d
~ 0.8 λ 3λ
|V|min 0.6 4
0.4
0.2
d 0
λ 3λ λ dmin λ dmax Short-circuited lin
4 2 4
~
(a) |V(d)| versus d
~
|I(z)|
Current d
~ 30 mA
|I|max 25 λ 3λ
4
20
~
|I|min 15 (b) ZL
max min 10
5 Open-circuited lin
d 0 λ/2
λ 3λ λ λ
4 2 4
~
(b) |I(d)| versus d
d
˜
Figure 2-14 Standing-wave pattern for (a) |V! (d)| and (b) |I(d)| λ 70
3λ
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
for a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance 4
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Deep Investigation of the Voltage Standing Wave

84 CH
 1/2
|Ve (d)| = |V0+ | 1 + |Γ|2 + 2|Γ| cos (2βd − θr )
~
Voltage |V(d)|
min max
~ 1.4 V Matched line
|V|max 1.2
1.0
d
~ 0.8 λ 3λ
|V|min 0.6 4
0.4
0.2
d 0
λ 3λ λ dmin λ dmax Short-circuited lin
4 2 4
~
(a) |V(d)| versus d
~
|I(z)|
1 occurs when (2βd − θr ) = 30
The maximumCurrent 2nπ.
mA
(Why?)d
~
2 |I|max occurs when (2βd − θr ) = (2n
The minimum λ
25 + 1)π. (Why?)
3λ
4
20
3 The repetition
~ period of the standing wave
15
is λ/2. (Why?) (b) ZL
|I|min
4 The spacing between the maximum
max and
min minimum
10 is λ/4
Open-circuited lin
5
d 0 λ/2
λ 3λ λ λ
4
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) 2 4 Last updated on January 23, 2025
71
~
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Deep Investigation of the Voltage Standing Wave

84 CH
 1/2
|Ve (d)| = |V0+ | 1 + |Γ|2 + 2|Γ| cos (2βd − θr )
~
Voltage |V(d)|
min max
~ 1.4 V Matched line
|V|max 1.2
1.0
d
~ 0.8 λ 3λ
|V|min 0.6 4
0.4
0.2
d 0
λ 3λ λ dmin λ dmax Short-circuited lin
4 2 4
~
(a) |V(d)| versus d
~
|I(z)|
5 The location of the maximum voltage corresponds
Current
30 mA
tod the
~ λ 3λ
location of the minimum current and vice 25
|I|max versa. (Why?) 4
20
6 The standing
~ wave plots represents the amplitude
15
of the (b) ZL
|I|min
wave at the point. In time domain,
max the
min wave
10 will oscillate
Open-circuited lin
5
with that damplitude. 0 λ/2
λ 3λ λ λ
4
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) 2 4 Last updated on January 23, 2025
72
~
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Interesting Way to Look at Standing Waves: AM Modulation

Let us start with the definition of total voltage
 1/2 jϕ (z)
Ve (z) = |Ve (z)|e jϕVe (z) = |V0+ | 1 + |Γ|2 + 2|Γ| cos (2βz + θr ) e Ve

The time-domain voltage is

v (z, t) = |Ve (z)| cos (ωt + ϕVe (z))

 1/2
v (z, t) = 1 + |Γ|2 + 2|Γ| cos (2βz + θr ) cos (ωt + ϕVe (z))
v (z, t) = A(z) cos (ωt + ϕVe (z))

This is an amplitude modulated (AM) signal but in space!

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

73
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Visual Inspection of Standing Waves

86 Link to Module 2.4 (click here)
CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

Module 2.4 Transmission Line Simulator Upon specifying the requisite input data—including the load impedance
at d = 0 and the generator voltage and impedance at d = l, this module provides a wealth of output information about the
voltage and current waveforms along the transmission line. You can view plots of the standing-wave patterns for voltage and
current, the time and spatial variations of the instantaneous voltage υ (d,t) and current i(d,t), and other related quantities.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

74
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps
CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES
Voltage Standing Waves for Some Loads
~ ~
|V(d)| |V(d)|
min max
1.4 V Matched line
|V0+|
1.2
1.0
d
0.8 λ 3λ λ λ 0
0.6 4 2 4
0.4
0.2 (a) ZL = Z0
0
λ dmin λ dmax Short-circuited line ~
2 4 |V(d)|
~ λ/2
V(d)| versus d 2|V0+|
~
|I(z)|
d
30 mA
λ 3λ λ λ 0
25
4 2 4
20
15 (b) ZL = 0 (short circuit)
max min 10
5 Open-circuited line ~
|V(d)|
0 λ/2
λ λ 2|V0+|
2 4
~
I(d)| versus d
d
˜
ve pattern for (a) |V! (d)| and (b) |I(d)| λ 3λ λ λ 0
n line of characteristic impedance 4 2 4
a load with a reflection coefficient (c) ZL = (open circuit)
8

de of the incident wave |V0+ | = 1 V.

= |V! |max /|V! |min = 1.3/0.7 = 1.86.
Figure 2-15 Voltage standing-wave patterns for (a) a matched 75
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated
load, (b) a short-circuited line, and (c) an open-circuited line. on January 23, 2025
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

Related to the reflection coefficient, we can define a

quantity called, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
Mathematically,

|Ve |max |V + |(1 + |Γ|) 1 + |Γ|

VSWR = S = = 0+ =
e
|V |min V0 |(1 − |Γ|) 1 − |Γ|

Note that
1≤S <∞

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

76
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 4: Example 2.5 pp. 86

A 50 Ω transmission line is terminated in a load with

ZL = (100 + j50) Ω. Find the voltage reflection coefficient and
the voltage-standing wave ratio.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

77
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Locations of the Maxima

Recall that the maximum voltage magnitude is
|Ve (dmax )| = |V + |(1 + |Γ|)
0
which occurs when
2βdmax − θr = 2nπ

Therefore, the locations of the maxima are

(
θr + 2nπ θr λ λ n = 1, 2, . . . if θr < 0
dmax = = +n ,
2β 4π 2 n = 0, 1, 2, . . . if θr ≥ 0

The first maximum is located at


 θr λ λ

 + , if θr < 0
 4π 2
dmax,first =


 θr λ ,

if θr ≥ 0
4π
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
78
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Locations of the Minima

Recall that the minimum voltage magnitude is
|Ve (dmin )| = |V + |(1 − |Γ|)
0
which occurs when
2βdmin − θr = (2n + 1)π

Therefore, the locations of the minima are

θr + (2n + 1)π θr λ λ
dmin = = + (2n + 1)
2β 4π 4

The first minimum is located at


 λ λ

d + , if dmax,first <
 max,first 4 4
dmin,first =



d λ λ
max,first − , if dmax,first ≥
4 4
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
79
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 4: Example 2.6 pp. 87

A slotted-line probe is an instrument used to measure the
unknown impedance of a load, ZL . A coaxial slotted line
contains a narrow longitudinal slit in the outer conductor. A
small probe inserted in the slit can be used to sample the
magnitude of the electric field and, hence, the magnitude |Ve (d)|
of the voltage on the line. By moving the probe along the length
of the slotted line, it is possible to measure |V |max and |V |min
and the distances
2-7 WAVE from the load
IMPEDANCE OFat which
THE theyLINE
LOSSLESS occur. Use of
S = |V |max /|V |min , provides the voltage standing-wave ratio S.
Hence,
Sliding probe
To detector Γ = |Γ|e jθ
Probe tip Slit

Solving Eq. (2.59) f

" #
Zg 1+Γ
~+ ZL = Z0 =
Vg ZL 1−Γ
− 40 cm 30 cm 20 cm 10 cm

Figure 2-16 Slotted coaxial

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) line (Example 2-6). on January 23, 2025
Last updated
80 If
Exercise 2-12:
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise
2-74: WAVE
Example 2.6 pp.
IMPEDANCE OF87
THE LOSSLESS LINE

Hence,
Sliding probe
To detector Γ = |Γ
Probe tip Slit

Solving Eq. (2.5

"
Zg 1+Γ
~+ ZL = Z0
Vg ZL 1−Γ
− 40 cm 30 cm 20 cm 10 cm

Figure 2-16 Slotted coaxial line (Example 2-6). Exercise 2-12

Measurements with a Z = 50 Ω slotted line terminated in anlocations of t
to the load.
unknown load impedance determined that S = 3. The distance
between successive voltage minima Answer: dma
Example 2-6: Measuring ZL was found to be 30 cm, and
the first voltage minimum was located at 12 cm from the load.
Exercise 2-1
Determine the load probe
A slotted-line impedance ZL . used to measure the un-
is an instrument load impedan
known impedance of a load, ZL . A coaxial slotted line contains (a) the reflect
a narrow longitudinal slit in the outer conductor. A small probe wave ratio S,
inserted in the slit can be used to sample the magnitude of the the locations
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun field and, hence, the magnitude |V!Last
electric ([email protected]) of theonvoltage
(d)|updated January 23, 2025
81
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 4: Example 2.6 pp. 87

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

82
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 4: Example 2.6 pp. 87

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

83
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

84
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Reading Materials

Ulaby’s: Section 2.7

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

85
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Phase-Shifted Reflection Coefficient

Recall that the reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio
of the reflected voltage over the incident voltage at the
load (i.e., z = 0)
That is,
V − e jβ(0) V−
Γ = +0 −jβ(0) = 0+
V0 e V0

We can generalize the reflection coefficient to be

calculated at any point in the line.
At z = −d, the reflection coefficient is
V0− e jβ(−d)
Γd = = Γe −j2βd
V0+ e −jβ(−d)

Γd is the phase-shifted version of Γ.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

86
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Phase-Shifted Reflection Coefficient

At z = −d, the reflection coefficient is

V0− e jβ(−d)
Γd = = Γe −j2βd
V0+ e −jβ(−d)

Γd is the phase-shifted version of Γ.

Observation
Moving along the lossless transmission line will change only
the phase of the reflection coefficient. The magnitude,
however, will be constant.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

87
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Input Impedance
At any point (z = −d) in the line, the impedance is
1 + Γd ZL + jZ0 tan βd
88 Z (d) = Z0 = Z0 CH
1 − Γd Z0 + jZL tan βd

A B C ~
Zg Ii A
+ Zg
~ Z(d ) Z0 ZL +
Vg
A′ B′ C′ +
− ~ ~
Vg Vi Zi
d=l d 0 −
(a) Actual circuit −
Generator
z=
A B d=
Zg
+
~ Z(d )
Vg ~
A′ Ii A
− B′
Zg
+
(b) Equivalent circuit
+
~
Figure
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun 2-17 The segment to the right of terminals
([email protected]) BB! canon
Last updated
Vg
beJanuary 23, 2025 88 V~
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

88
Input Impedance CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

Vei
A B C ~

+
Zg 1 + Γℓ Ii A Transmission line
~ Zin = = Z 0 Z
Zg
+ + ~
IL
Vg
A′
IeiZ(d ) 1−
B′
0 Γ
ℓ
C′
ZL
+
− ~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Zin Z0 VL ZL
d=l L
Z + jZ d 0
tan βℓ
0 −
Zin = Z 0 Actual circuit
(a)
Z0 + jZL tan βℓ − A′ −
Generator Load
z = −l z=0
A B d=l d=0
g Z
How
~
+ to derive it? Is it constant?
Vg Z(d ) ~
A′ Ii A
− B′
Zg
+
(b) Equivalent circuit
+
~ ~
Figure 2-17 The segment to the right of terminals BB! can be Vg Vi Zin
replaced with a discrete impedance equal to the wave impedance −
Z(d).
− A′

Figure 2-18 At the generator end, the terminated transmission

! Z(d) is the ratio of the total voltage (incident- and line can be replaced with the input impedance of the line Zin .
reflected-wave voltages) to the total current at any
point d on the line, in contrast with the characteris-
tic impedance of the line Z0 , which relates the volt- − jβ l 89
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Lasteupdated onβJanuary
= cos β l, 2025
l − j sin23, (2.78b)
age and current of each of the two waves individually
 A B C ~
g Ii AEE340:Transmission
EM Waves & Apps lin
Zg
+
Incident
Z(d ) Voltage
Z0 ZL
+
A′ B′ C′ ~ ~
Looking into the expression of theVg voltage, Vi Zin Z0
 
d=l d 0e + −jβz − jβz
(a) Actual circuit
V (z) = V0 e + Γe
− A′
The only missing part is V0+ .
Generator
z = −l
To compute it, let us use the input impedance.
A B d=l
g From circuit theory,
Z(d )
Veg Zin ~
Ii
A′ Vei =B′Iei Zin = A
Zg + Zin Zg
+
(b) Equivalent circuit
+
~ ~
he segment From transmission
to the right of terminals line
BB!
can be Vg Vi Zin
discrete impedance
theory equal to the wave impedance −
  − A′
Vei = Ve (−ℓ) = V0+ e jβℓ + Γe −jβℓ
Figure 2-18 At the generator end, the termina
ratio©Dr.
of Mohammad
the totalAlhassoun
voltage (incident- and
([email protected]) line canLast
be updated
replaced with the
on January input impedance
23, 2025
90 o
 (a) Actual circuit − A′
EE340: EM Waves & Apps
Generator
Incident Voltage z = −l
A B d=l
g From circuit theory,
Z(d )
Veg Zin ~
Ii
A′ Vei =B′Iei Zin = A
Zg + Zin Zg
+
(b) Equivalent circuit
+
~ ~
he segment From transmission
to the right of terminals BBline
! can be Vg Vi Zin
discrete impedance
theory equal to the wave impedance −
  − A′
Vei = Ve (−ℓ) = V0+ e jβℓ + Γe −jβℓ
Figure 2-18 At the generator end, the termina
ratio of the total voltage (incident- and line can be replaced with the input impedance o
The two quantities
voltages) to the total current at any must be equal.
e line, in contrast
Thus, with the characteris- !
of the line Z0 , which relates the volt- eg Zin 
+ V 1 e− jβ l = cos β l − j sin β l,
nt of each of the two waves V0individually
=
= −V0− /I0− ). " Zg + Zin e jβℓ + Γe −jβℓ
Eq. (2.76) can be written in terms of the
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected])
impedance zL as on January 23, 2025
Last updated
91
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Incident Voltage

! 
Veg Zin 1
V0+ =
Zg + Zin e jβℓ + Γe −jβℓ

Another useful formula (not in your textbook)

Z0
V0+ = Veg e −jβℓ
Z0 (1 + Γe −j2βℓ ) + Zg (1 − Γe −j2βℓ )

Note that V0+ is the incident voltage at the load!

Also, The incident voltage depends on the load. How?

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

92
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 5: Example 2.7 pp. 89

A 1.05 GHz generator circuit with series impedance Zg = 10 Ω

and voltage source given by

vg (t) = 10 sin (ωt + 30◦ )

is connected to a load ZL = (100 + j50) Ω through a 50 Ω, 67 cm

long lossless transmission line. The phase velocity of the line is
0.7c, where c is the velocity of the light in a vacuum. Find v (d, t)
and i(d, t) on the line.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

93
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 5: Example 2.7 pp. 89

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

94
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 5: Example 2.7 pp. 89

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

95
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Visual Inspection of Terminated Transmission Line

90 Link to Module 2.5 (click here) CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

Module 2.5 Wave and Input Impedance The wave impedance, Z(d) = V! (d)/I(d), ! exhibits a cyclical pattern as a
function of position along the line. This module displays plots of the real and imaginary parts of Z(d), specifies the locations
of the voltage maximum and minimum nearest to the load, and provides other related information.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

96
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

97
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Reading Materials

Ulaby’s: Section 2.8

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

98
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Overview

Let us consider special cases of transmission line

1 Short-circuited line

2 Open-circuited line

3 Line of length nλ/2

4 Line of length λ/4

5 Matched line

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

99
 2-8 SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Short-Circuited Line
Zsc
sc
Zin Z0 Short
circuit
The volta
d be for a
l (a) 0 contrast,
~ varies as
Vsc(d)
In this case, ZL = 0 and a functio
2jV0+ Denoti
ZL − Z0 0 − ZVoltage 1 + |Γ| 1 + | − 1| line of le
= 1
0
Γ= = = −1, S = =∞
ZL + Z0 0 + Z0 1 − |Γ| 1 − | − 1|

d
The voltage and current are 0
λ "λ  λ λ
Ve (ℓ) = V40+ e jβℓ −
2 e −jβℓ 4= 2jV + sin βℓ
0
!1 A plot of
e V0+  jβℓ (b)
−jβℓ
 2V +
0 short-circ
I (ℓ) = e +e = cos βℓ
Z0 Z0 I~sc(d) Z0 is equival
λ /2, it is
2V0+
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected])
In gen
100
1
Last updated on January 23, 2025
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps
2-8 SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE
Short-Circuited Line
Zsc
sc
Zin Z0 Short
circuit
The volta
d be for a
l (a) 0 contrast,
~ varies as
Vsc(d)
a functio
The input impedance is 2jV0+ Denoti
Voltage 1 line of le
0 + jZ0 tan βℓ
Zin = Z0 = jZ0 tan βℓ
Z0 + j0 tan βℓ
d 0
λ "λ λ λ
The input impedance
4 is purely
2 reactive.
4
Note that the input impedance can be positive !1
(inductor) or
(b) A plot of
negative (capacitor) depending on the length of the line (ℓ)short-circ
~ is equival
Isc(d) Z0
λ /2, it is
2V0+ 101
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025 In gen
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps Zsc
Zinsc Z0 Short

Short-Circuited Line d
circuit
The volt
be for a
l (a) 0 contrast,
~ varies as
Vsc(d)
Let us make the following 2jV0+
a functio
Denot
observations: Voltage 1 line of le

At the load, the voltage is d

λ "λ λ λ
0
4 2 4
zero and the current is
(b)
!1 A plot o
maximum. This agrees ~
short-circ
is equiva
Isc(d) Z0
with what we studied in 2V0+
λ /2, it is
In gen
1 an arbitra
circuit theory Current and an im

At a distance λ/4 from the d

λ "λ λ λ
0

4 2 4 In the ca
load, the voltage is !1 dance is p
(c) inductive
maximum and the current Zinsc
whose im

is zero. This shows that a Impedance

jZ0
or
short-circuited line
becomes an open circuit if l
λ "λ λ λ
0 The mini
dance Zis
4 2 4
the line length is λ/4. Leq is

(d)

Figure 2-19 Transmission line terminated in a short circuit: (a) Similarly

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) schematicLast
representation,
updated(b)on
normalized
Januaryvoltage on the line, (c)
23, 2025
102
in which
capacitan
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps Zsc
Zinsc Z0 Short

Short-Circuited Line d
circuit
The volt
be for a
l (a) 0 contrast,
~ varies as
Vsc(d)
a functio
2jV0+
Let us make the following Voltage 1
Denot
line of le
observations:
d 0
The input impedance is λ "λ
4
λ
2
λ
4

purely reactive. (b)

!1 A plot o
short-circ
~ is equiva
The input impedance can Isc(d)
2V0+
Z0
λ /2, it is
In gen
be an inductive or Current
1 an arbitra
and an im
capacitive depending on d 0
λ "λ λ λ
the line length. This 4 2 4 In the ca
dance is p
suggests that a line (c)
!1
inductive
whose im
Zinsc
terminated with a short jZ0
circuit can be used to Impedance
or

synthesize an inductor or a l 0
λ λ The mini
λ "λ
capacitor. 4 2 4 dance Zis
Leq is

(d)

Figure 2-19 Transmission line terminated in a short circuit: (a) Similarly

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) schematicLast
representation,
updated(b)on
normalized
Januaryvoltage on the line, (c)
23, 2025
103
in which
capacitan
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps
2-8 SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE
Synthesizing an Inductor Using Short-Circuited Line
V!sc (d)
Zsc (d) =
sc Short I!sc (d)
Zin Z0
circuit
The voltage V !sc (d) is
d be for a short circuit
l (a) 0 contrast, the current
~ varies as cos β d. Both
Vsc(d)
a function of d.
If tan βℓ ≥ 0, we have 2jV0+ Denoting Zinsc as th
1 line
Voltage Z0 tan βℓ of length l,
Zin = jZ0 tan βℓ = jωLeq =⇒ Leq =
ω
Once we have
d the desired Lλeq , we can
λ
compute
0 the needed Zinsc
λ "λ
length to get desired4 inductance.
2 Thus,
4
  !1
A plot of Zinsc / jZ0 ve
1 −1 ωLeq
(b)
ℓ = tan short-circuited line, if
β Z0 ~
Isc(d) Z0 is equivalent to that of
λ /2, it is equivalent to
2V0+
Important Note 1
In general, the inpu
an arbitrary load has a
The value of the synthesized inductance
Current is true at only single
and an imaginary part
frequency! d 0
λ "λ λ λ
Last updated on January 23,In the case of 104
the sho
4
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) 2 4 2025
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps
2-8 SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE
Synthesizing a Capacitor Using Short-Circuited Line
V!sc (d)
Zsc (d) =
sc Short I!sc (d)
Zin Z0
circuit
The voltage V !sc (d) is
d be for a short circuit
l (a) 0 contrast, the current
~ varies as cos β d. Both
Vsc(d)
a function of d.
If tan βℓ ≤ 0, we have 2jV0+ Denoting Zinsc as th
Voltage 1 line of length l,
1 1
Zin = jZ0 tan βℓ = =⇒ Ceq = −
d
jωCeq Z
0 0
ω tan βℓ
Zinsc
λ "λ λ λ
4 2 4
Once we have the desired Ceq , we can compute the needed
!1 A plot of Zinsc / jZ0 ve
length to get desired capacitance.
(b) Thus, short-circuited line, if
  ~
I (d) Z is equivalent to that of
1 1 sc 0
λ /2, it is equivalent to
ℓ= π − tan−1 2V0+
In general, the inpu
β ωCeq Z0 1
an arbitrary load has a
Current and an imaginary part
d 0
λ "λ λ λ
4
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) 2 4 Last updated on January 23,In the
2025 case of 105
the sho
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 6: Example 2.8 pp. 92

Choose the length of a shorted 50 Ω lossless transmission line

such that its input impedance at 2.25 GHz is identical to that of
a capacitor with capacitance Ceq = 4 pF. The wave velocity on
the line is 0.75 c.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

106
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 6: Example 2.8 pp. 92

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

107
 2-8 SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINEEE340: EM Waves & Apps
Open-Circuited Line
gives

Zinoc Z0

d and th
(a) l 0
~
Voc(d)
In this case, ZL = ∞ and
2V0+
ZL − Z0 ∞ − Z0 1 + |Γ| 11+ |1|
Γ= = = 1, Voltage
S= = =∞
ZL + Z0 ∞ + Z0 1 − |Γ| 1 − |1|

The voltage
d and current are 0 Becau
(b) e λ 3λ λ  λ functio
V (ℓ) = V0+4 e jβℓ +2e −jβℓ =4 2V0+ cos βℓ provid

V+   2jV + −1
Ie(ℓ) = 0 e jβℓ − e −jβℓ = 0
sin βℓ Exa
Z0 Z0 ~
Ioc(d) Z0
Current 2jV0+
108
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
1 Find Z
 2-8 SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINEEE340: EM Waves & Apps
Open-Circuited Line
gives

Zinoc Z0

d and th
(a) l 0
~
Voc(d)
The input impedance is 2V0+
1
∞ + jZ0 tan
Voltage
βℓ
Zin = Z0 = −jZ0 cot βℓ
Z0 + j∞ tan βℓ
d 0 Becau
λ
3λ
(b) impedance λ λ functio
The input 4 is purely
2 reactive.
4 provid
Note that the input impedance can be positive (inductor)
−1 or
negative (capacitor) depending on the length of the line (ℓ)
~ Exa
Ioc(d) Z0
Current 2jV0+ 109
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025
 EE340: EM Waves & Appsgives

Zinoc
Open-Circuited Line
Z0

d and the
(a) l 0
Let us make the following ~
Voc(d)
2V0+
observations: Voltage 1

At the load, the voltage is d 0 Because

λ 3λ λ λ function
maximum and the current (b)
4 2 4 provide

is zero. This agrees with −1

~ Exam
what we studied in circuit Current
Ioc(d) Z0
2jV0+
Find Z0
theory 1
whose i
termina
At a distance λ/4 from the d 0 termina
know th
(c) λ 3λ λ λ
load, the voltage is zero 4 2 4
Solutio
−1
and the current is Z
Zinoc
maximum. This shows that Impedance jZ0 ta

an open-circuited line
Since l
becomes a short circuit if l
(d) λ 3λ λ λ
0 6π radi
quadran
4 2 4
the line length is λ/4. solution
howeve
integer
Figure 2-21 Transmission line terminated in an open circuit:
(a) schematic representation, (b) normalized voltage on the line,
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) (c) normalized current, and (d) normalized input impedance.
Last updated on January 23, 2025
110
 EE340: EM Waves & Appsgives

Zinoc
Open-Circuited Line
Z0

d and the
(a) l 0
~
Voc(d)
Let us make the following 2V0+
1
observations: Voltage

d 0 Because
The input impedance is (b) λ 3λ λ λ function
4 2 4 provide
purely reactive. −1
Exam
The input impedance can ~
Ioc(d) Z0
Current 2jV0+
be an inductive or 1 Find Z0
whose i
capacitive depending on termina
termina
d 0
the line length. This (c) λ 3λ
4
λ
2
λ
4
know th
Solutio
suggests that a line −1
Z
terminated with an open Zinoc
Impedance jZ0 ta
circuit can be used to
synthesize an inductor or a Since l
l 0 6π radi
λ λ
capacitor. (d) λ 3λ
4 2 4
quadran
solution
howeve
integer
Figure 2-21 Transmission line terminated in an open circuit:
(a) schematic representation, (b) normalized voltage on the line,
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) (c) normalized current, and (d) normalized input impedance.
Last updated on January 23, 2025
111
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

One Application of Open- and Short-Circuited Line

Open- and short-circuited line can be used to measure the
characteristic impedance of the line and its propagation
constant.
This can be done by
1 Terminate the transmission line with an open circuit, and
measure the impedance at ℓ.
2 Terminate the transmission line with a short circuit, and
measure the impedance at the same ℓ.
The characteristic impedance is
q
Z0 = Zinsc Zinoc

The phase constant is

s
−Zinsc λ
tan βℓ = , ℓ≤
Zinoc 2

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

112
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 7: Example 2.9 pp. 93

Find Z0 and β of a 57-cm long lossless transmission line whose

impedance was measured as Zinsc = j40.42 Ω when terminated in
a short circuit and as Zinoc = −j121.24 Ω when terminated in an
open circuit. From other measurements, we know that the line
is between 3 and 3.25 wavelength long.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

113
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 7: Example 2.9 pp. 93

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

114
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lines of Length ℓ = nλ/2

If ℓ = nλ/2, we have

tan βℓ = tan nπ = 0

Therefore, the input impedance is

ZL + jZ0 (0)
Zin = Z0 = ZL
Z0 + jZL (0)

Observation
A transmission line of length λ/2 or nλ/2 does not change the
input impedance.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

115
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Quarter-Wavelength Transformer

If ℓ = λ/4, we have

tan βℓ = tan π/2 = ∞

Therefore, the input impedance is

ZL + jZ0 (∞) Z2
Zin = Z0 = 0
Z0 + jZL (∞) ZL

This fact can be used for impedance matching.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

116
 2
Z02
Zin = , EE340:Concept
EM WavesQuestion
& Apps 2
ZL of an infinitely long l
Quarter-Wavelength Transformer
Concept Question 2
Feedline A lossless line is indu
λ/4 transformer circuit, will it be ind
terminated in an open
Z01 = 50 Ω Zin Z02 ZL = 100 Ω
Exercise 2-14: A 5
an insulating materia
A' in an open circuit, h
λ/4 input impedance to b
50 MHz?
Figure 2-22 is
The input impedance Configuration for Example 2-10.
Answer: l = 9.92 cm
2
Z02
Zin =
ZL

In order to have no reflection at the input, we need to set

the reflection coefficient to be zero. That is,
Zin − Z01
Γ= = 0 =⇒ Zin = Z01
Zin − Z01

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

117
 feedline. Thus, Zin = 50 Ω. From Eq. (2.97),
2
Z02 EE340: EM Waves & Apps
Zin = , Concept Question 2-13: Wha
ZL of an infinitely long line?
Quarter-Wavelength Transformer
Concept Question 2-14: If th
Feedline A lossless line is inductive when
λ/4 transformer circuit, will it be inductive or ca
terminated in an open circuit?
Z01 = 50 Ω Zin Z02 ZL = 100 Ω
Exercise 2-14: A 50 Ω lossles
an insulating material with εr =
A' in an open circuit, how long sh
λ/4 input impedance to be equivalen
50 MHz?
Figure 2-22 Configuration for Example 2-10.
Answer: l = 9.92 cm. (See EM
.)
Zin − Z01
Γ= = 0 =⇒ Zin = Z01
Zin − Z01

Therefore, the λ/4 segment must have a characteristic

impedance of p
Z02 = ZL Z01

Observation
The previous analysis is valid if ZL is real

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

118
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 8: Example 2.10 pp. 94

A 50 Ω lossless transmission line is to be matched to a resistive

load impedance with ZL = 100 Ω via a quarter-wave section.
Find the required characteristic impedance of the quarter-wave
transformer.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

119
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Matched Transmission Line

A transmission line is matched if Z0 = ZL .

In this case, the reflection coefficient is 0 (i.e., Γ = 0)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

120
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Summary of Transmission Line Properties

2-8 SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE 95

Table 2-4 Properties of standing waves on a lossless transmission line.

Voltage maximum |V! |max = |V0+ |[1 + |Γ|]

Voltage minimum |V! |min = |V + |[1 − |Γ|]
0

θr λ nλ
Positions of voltage maxima (also dmax = + , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
positions of current minima) 4π 2


 θλ
 r ,
 if 0 ≤ θr ≤ π
Position of first maximum (also position of dmax = 4π

 θr λ + λ , if − π ≤ θr ≤ 0
first current minimum) 

4π 2

θr λ (2n + 1)λ
Positions of voltage minima (also positions dmin = + , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
of current maxima) 4π 4
& '
λ θr
Position of first minimum (also position of dmin = 1+
first current maximum) 4 π
& ' & '
zL + j tan β l 1 + Γl
Input impedance Zin = Z0 = Z0
1 + jzL tan β l 1 − Γl
Positions at which Zin is real at voltage maxima and minima
& '
1 + |Γ|
Zin at voltage maxima Zin = Z0
1 − |Γ|
& '
1 − |Γ|
Zin at voltage minima Zin = Z0
1 + |Γ|
Zin of short-circuited line sc = jZ tan β l
Zin 0

Zin of open-circuited line oc = − jZ cot β l

Zin 0

Zin of line of length l = nλ /2 Zin = ZL , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Zin of line of length l = λ /4 + nλ /2 Zin = Z02 /ZL , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Zin of matched line Zin = Z0

|V0+ | = amplitude of incident wave; Γ = |Γ|e jθr with −π < θr < π ; θr in radians; Γl = Γe− j2β l .

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

121
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

122
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Reading Materials

Ulaby’s: Section 2.9

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

123
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Instantaneous Power Vs. Average Power

The instantaneous power is usually meaningless from a
practical perspective.
Thus, let us focus on the average power.
Recall that  
Ve (z) = V0+ e −jβz + Γe jβz

V+  
Ie(z) = 0 e −jβz − Γe jβz
Z0

Also, from the phasor analysis, we know that the average

power is
1
Pav = ℜ{Ve · Ie∗ }
2

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

124
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Average Total Power

1
Pav = ℜ{Ve · Ie∗ }
2
 
1 + −jβz jβz

V0+∗ jβz ∗ −jβz


= ℜ V0 e + Γe e −Γ e
2 Z0
 +2 
1 |V0 | 2 −2jβd ∗ 2jβd


= ℜ 1 − |Γ| + Γe −Γ e
2 Z0
 +2 
1 |V0 | 2 −2jβd


= ℜ 1 − |Γ| + 2jℑ{Γe }
2 Z0
|V0+ |2

= 1 − |Γ|2
2Z0

i − Pr
= Pav av

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

125
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Average Power in Transmission Line

Average Power in (lossless) Transmission Line
i r |V0+ |2

Pav = Pav − Pav = 1 − |Γ|2
2Z0

Average Incident Power in (lossless) Transmission Line

i |V0+ |2
Pav =
2Z0

Average Reflected Power in (lossless) Transmission Line

r |V0+ |2
Pav = |Γ|2
2Z0

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

126
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Comments on Average Power in Transmission Line

In your textbook, the average total power is defined as
i r |V0+ |2

Pav = Pav + Pav = 1 − |Γ|2
2Z0

Using your textbook definition, the reflected power is

negative and equal to
r |V0+ |2
Pav = −|Γ|2
2Z0

The negative sign indicates that the power is delivered by

the load!
Your textbook definition is too ”philosophical” and I don’t
like that, so we will stick to the definition in the previous
slide!

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

127
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Comments on Average Power in Transmission Line

i r |V0+ |2

Pav = Pav − Pav = 1 − |Γ|2
2Z0

The average power is constant and independent on the

location.
The reflected power is always less than or equal to the
incident power.
What happens when we have an open circuit load?

Important Note
The average power we have here is the average power
delivered to the load.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

128
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Exercise 8: Exercise 2.17 pp. 99

For a 50 Ω lossless transmission line terminated in a load

impedance ZL = (100 + j50) Ω, determine the fraction of the
average incident power reflected by the load.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

129
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Lecture Outlines
1 Overview
2 Lumped-Element Model
3 Transmission Line Equations
4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
5 The Lossless Transmission Line: General Consideration
6 Wave Impedance of the Lossless Transmission Line
7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
9 Extra Topics (Not Included in Exams)

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

130
 be absorbed by the food, but not escape to the power carried by an EM wave can penetrate into
layer). Whereas microwaves are readily absorbed by standard household items.
outside. "
water, fats, and sugars, they can penetrate through material. Approximately 95% of the microwave ene
most ceramics, glass, or plastics without loss of energy,
thereby imparting little or no heat to those materials.
EE340:
incident upon a EM Waves
material & Apps
is absorbed by the surf
Microwave Absorption layer of thickness 3δp . Figure TF3-1 displays calcula
spectra of δp for pure water and two materials w
Oven Operation A microwave is an electromagnetic wave whose fre- different water contents.
Microwave Oven
To generate high-power microwaves (∼ 700 watts), the
microwave oven uses a magnetron tube (Fig. TF3-2),
If the oven door is made of a glass panel, a metal

to ensure the necessary shielding; microwaves

quency lies in the 300 MHz–300 GHz range (see
screen or a layer of conductive mesh is attached to it
cannot When a material containing water is exposed
Fig. 1-16).
to microwaves, the water molecule reacts by rotating
! The frequency most commonly used in microwav
which requires the application of a voltage on the order pass through the metal screen if the mesh width is much ovens is 2.45 GHz. The magnitude of δs at 2.45 GH
of 4000 volts. The typical household voltage of 115 volts smaller than the wavelength of the microwaveitself
(λ ≈ in
12 order
cm to align its own electric dipole along the
varies beween ∼ 2 cm for pure water and 8 cm for
is increased to the required voltage level through a high- at 2.5 GHz). In the chamber, the microwave direction
energyof the oscillating electric field of the microwave.
voltage transformer. The microwave energy generated establishes a standing-wave pattern, whichThe leads to anvibration motion creates heat in the material, material with a water content of only 20%. "
rapid
by the magnetron is transferred into a cooking chamber uneven distribution. This is mitigated by using a rotating
resulting in the conversion of microwave energy into
designed to contain the microwaves within it through the metal stirrer that disperses the microwave energy to
use of metal surfaces and safety Interlock switches. different parts of the chamber. thermal energy. The absorption coefficient of water, α ( f ), This is a practical range for cooking food in a microw
exhibits a microwave spectrum that depends on the tem- oven; at much lower frequencies, the food is not a go
perature of the water and the concentration of dissolved absorber of energy (in addition to the fact that the des

50
T = 20 ◦C
Metal screen
Magnetron
40

Stirrer

Penetration Depth δp (cm)

95% of energy

678
30 3δp
Interlock switch absorbed in
Chocolate bar
this layer

20
4,000 V Food with 20% water

Microwave oven frequency (2.45 GHz)

10
115 V Food
with 50
% wat
er
Pure water
0
High-voltage transformer 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency (GHz)
Figure TF3-2 Microwave oven cavity.

Figure TF3-1 Penetration depth as a function of frequency (1–5 GHz) for pure water and two foods with different water contents.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

131
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Microstrip Line 75

Conducting
strip (μc , σc)
Dielectric
insulator
10−11 (F/m) (ε, μ, σ)
w
F/m).
h

× 10−7 (H/m)
nH/m).
Conducting ground plane (μc , σc)
ed provides a
(a) Longitudinal view

ollowing line
H/m), G′ = 0,
E
Hz, determine
e constant β ,
teristic impe-
(b) Cross-sectional view with E and B field lines
(Np/m), (b)
× 108 (m/s),

ine
ation on printed
common inter-
wave circuits. It
per (or another
trate overlaying (c) Microwave circuit
e of charges of
ces gives rise to Figure 2-10 Microstrip line: (a) longitudinal view, (b)
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun
cross-sectional view, ([email protected])
and (c) circuit example. (Courtesy of Last updated on January 23, 2025
132
). Also, the flow
Prof. Gabriel Rebeiz, U. California at San Diego.)
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Microstrip Line
2-5 THE LOSSLESS MICROSTRIP LINE 77

Link to Module 2.3 (click here)

Module 2.3 Lossless Microstrip Line The output panel lists the values of the transmission line parameters and displays
the variation of Z0 and εeff with h and w.

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun

133
α = 0 ([email protected])
(because R′ = G′ = 0), (2.41e) Lasta updated
analyze a circuit containing on January
microstrip transmission line. 23,
To 2025
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Transient in Transmission Lines

Rg t=0
Transmission line
(2.144)
+
Vg Z0 RL
presents a dc volt- −
on at t = 0 and
second component, z
ge of amplitude
126 −V0 z=0 CHAPTER
z=l 2 TRANSMISSION LINES
hat way indefinitely.
um V1 (t) + V2 (t) is (a) Transmission-line circuit
V(z, T/2) V(z, 3T/2) V(z, 5T/2)
zero for t < 0 and (V1+ + V1− + V2+)
(V1+ + V1−) + −
terms of two step Rg I1+ (V1 + V1 )
(V1+) (V1+)
ent behaviorV of the V V
+
rposition of Vtwo
1
+ dc + V1+ V1+ V2+ = ΓGV1−
ools for describing Vg V1+ ZV01− = ΓLV1+
ction, we can apply − z z z
ents of the pulse0 and l/2 l 0 − l/2 l 0 l/2 l
to V (t). (a) V(z) at t = T/2 = 3T/2 at t = 0+
(b) V(z) at tcircuit (c) V(z) at t = 5T/2
(b) Equivalent

ep FunctionI(z, T/2) Figure 2-42 At tI(z, 0+ , immediately after closingI(z,the

= 3T/2) switch
5T/2)
in the circuit in part (a), the circuit can be represented by the
sts of a generator, R+ L equivalent
= 2Z0 , circuit Rgin = part4Z + 0 ,This
I1− =Γ L I=
+
1/3, Γg+instant
= 0.6
(I1(b). isLbecause from that
−Γ 1
series resistance Rg , (I1 ) and until a reflection is received
)
(I1 + I1− + I2+) (I + + I −)
(I1 + I1back
+ −
) from the load +the generator 1 1
e of length I1 l and
+
circuit
©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun “sees” only
+
I1 an impedance Z .
([email protected]) 0
I1 134
I I Last updated
I on January 23, 2025
 EE340: EM Waves & Apps

Transient in Transmission Lines: Demo

Click on the following videos (Line length is 2 m):

1 1st Video: Z0 = 50 Ω, Zg = 300 Ω, ZL = 300 Ω
2 2nd Video: Z0 = 50 Ω, Zg = 0 Ω, ZL = 1000 Ω
3 3rd Video: Z0 = 50 Ω, Zg = 50 Ω, ZL = 500 Ω

©Dr. Mohammad Alhassoun ([email protected]) Last updated on January 23, 2025

135