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 Precalculus: Functions and Graphs © 2012, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Twelfth Edition
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 T O T H E M E M O R Y O F E A R L W. S W O K O W S K I

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 Contents

List of Graphing Calculator Topics xi

Preface xiii

CHAPTER 1 TOPICS FROM ALGEBRA 1

1.1 Real Numbers 2
1.2 Exponents and Radicals 16
1.3 Algebraic Expressions 27
1.4 Equations 41
1.5 Complex Numbers 57
1.6 Inequalities 64
Chapter 1 Review Exercises 75
Chapter 1 Discussion Exercises 77
Chapter 1 Test 79

CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS 81

2.1 Rectangular Coordinate Systems 82
2.2 Graphs of Equations 89
2.3 Lines 104
2.4 Definition of Function 120
2.5 Graphs of Functions 136
2.6 Quadratic Functions 151
2.7 Operations on Functions 165
Chapter 2 Review Exercises 174
Chapter 2 Discussion Exercises 180
Chapter 2 Test 181

vi
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 Contents vii

CHAPTER 3 POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 183

3.1 Polynomial Functions of Degree Greater Than 2 184
3.2 Properties of Division 194
3.3 Zeros of Polynomials 201
3.4 Complex and Rational Zeros of Polynomials 213
3.5 Rational Functions 221
3.6 Variation 236
Chapter 3 Review Exercises 244
Chapter 3 Discussion Exercises 246
Chapter 3 Test 247

CHAPTER 4 INVERSE, EXPONENTIAL, AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 249

4.1 Inverse Functions 250
4.2 Exponential Functions 261
4.3 The Natural Exponential Function 274
4.4 Logarithmic Functions 283
4.5 Properties of Logarithms 297
4.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 305
Chapter 4 Review Exercises 316
Chapter 4 Discussion Exercises 319
Chapter 4 Test 322

CHAPTER 5 THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 323

5.1 Angles 324
5.2 Trigonometric Functions of Angles 334
5.3 Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers 349
5.4 Values of the Trigonometric Functions 366
5.5 Trigonometric Graphs 373
5.6 Additional Trigonometric Graphs 386
5.7 Applied Problems 393
Chapter 5 Review Exercises 405
Chapter 5 Discussion Exercises 411
Chapter 5 Test 412

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viii Contents

CHAPTER 6 ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY 415

6.1 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 416
6.2 Trigonometric Equations 422
6.3 The Addition and Subtraction Formulas 436
6.4 Multiple-Angle Formulas 446
6.5 Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas 455
6.6 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions 460
Chapter 6 Review Exercises 475
Chapter 6 Discussion Exercises 477
Chapter 6 Test 479

CHAPTER 7 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY 481

7.1 The Law of Sines 482
7.2 The Law of Cosines 491
7.3 Vectors 500
7.4 The Dot Product 514
7.5 Trigonometric Form for Complex Numbers 524
7.6 De Moivre’s Theorem and nth Roots of Complex Numbers 530
Chapter 7 Review Exercises 535
Chapter 7 Discussion Exercises 538
Chapter 7 Test 540

CHAPTER 8 SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 543

8.1 Systems of Equations 544
8.2 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables 553
8.3 Systems of Inequalities 562
8.4 Linear Programming 569
8.5 Systems of Linear Equations in More Than Two Variables 577
8.6 The Algebra of Matrices 592
8.7 The Inverse of a Matrix 601
8.8 Determinants 607

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 Contents ix

8.9 Properties of Determinants 613

8.10 Partial Fractions 621
Chapter 8 Review Exercises 627
Chapter 8 Discussion Exercises 630
Chapter 8 Test 632

CHAPTER 9 SEQUENCES, SERIES, AND PROBABILITY 635

9.1 Infinite Sequences and Summation Notation 636
9.2 Arithmetic Sequences 649
9.3 Geometric Sequences 656
9.4 Mathematical Induction 666
9.5 The Binomial Theorem 672
9.6 Permutations 680
9.7 Distinguishable Permutations and Combinations 687
9.8 Probability 694
Chapter 9 Review Exercises 709
Chapter 9 Discussion Exercises 711
Chapter 9 Test 713

C H A P T E R 10 TOPICS FROM ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 715

10.1 Parabolas 716
10.2 Ellipses 725
10.3 Hyperbolas 738
10.4 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations 749
10.5 Polar Coordinates 762
10.6 Polar Equations of Conics 776
Chapter 10 Review Exercises 782
Chapter 10 Discussion Exercises 784
Chapter 10 Test 786

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x Contents

Appendixes 789
I Common Graphs and Their Equations 790
II A Summary of Graph Transformations 792
III Graphs of Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses 794
IV Values of the Trigonometric Functions of Special Angles
on a Unit Circle 796

Answers to Selected Exercises A1

Index A85

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 List of Graphing Calculator Topics

There are many other places where a graphing calculator is used—these are
the ones that include specific keystrokes.

CHAPTER 1 TOPICS FROM ALGEBRA

Storing Values and Evaluating Expressions 4
Reciprocals 6
Subtraction and Negatives 6
Testing Inequalities and the Trichotomy Law 8
Absolute Value 10
Scientific Form 13
Exponential Notation 16
Principal nth Root 20
Rational Exponents 24
Checking a Factoring Result 32
Finding the LCM 34
Adding Fractions 34
Creating a Table 35
Checking Equations 47
Complex Number Operations 60
Complex Number Operations 61

CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

Plotting Points, Finding a Midpoint 86
Graphing an Equation, Finding x- and y-intercepts 93
Estimating Points of Intersection of Graphs 99
Estimating Points of Intersection of Graphs 100
Finding a Line of Best Fit (Regression Line) 114
Representing Rational Exponents, Finding Functional Values 130
Graphing a Piecewise-defined Function 142
Finding a Maximum (or Minimum) Value 156

CHAPTER 4 INVERSE, EXPONENTIAL, AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Graphing the Inverse of a Function 257

CHAPTER 5 THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Converting Radian Measure to Degree Measure 328
Converting Radian Measure to Degree Measure 329

xi
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xii List of Graphing Calculator Topics

CHAPTER 6 ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY

Approximating the Solutions of a Trigonometric Equation 429

CHAPTER 7 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

Adding Two Vectors 506
Finding a Dot Product 514
Complex Number Operations 526
Finding a Root of a Complex Number 533

CHAPTER 8 SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Graphing an Inequality 566
Entering a Matrix 585
Solving a System Using the Reduced Row Echelon Form 585
Multiplying Matrices 597
Finding an Inverse of a Matrix 604
Finding a Determinant of a Matrix 610

CHAPTER 9 SEQUENCES, SERIES, AND PROBABILITY

Generating a Sequence 637
Graphing a Sequence 638
Generating a Recursively Defined Sequence 639
Finding the Sum of a Sequence 641
Finding the Terms of a Sequence of Partial Sums 643
Using the TI-83/4 Plus Sequence Mode 645
Calculating Factorials 674
Calculating Permutations 685
Calculating Combinations 691

CHAPTER 10 TOPICS FROM ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Graphing an Ellipse 731
Sketching Graphs in Parametric Mode 752
Polar to Rectangular Conversion 765
Rectangular to Polar Conversion 766
Graphing a Polar Equation 768

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 Preface

The twelfth edition of Precalculus: Functions and Graphs includes over

650 new exercises and 11 new examples, many of these resulting from
suggestions of users and reviewers of the eleventh edition. Including changed
exercises, nearly 22% of the exercises are different. All have been incorporated
without sacrificing the mathematical soundness that has been paramount to the
success of this text.
A new feature of the text is the Chapter Tests, which include straight-
forward questions that are representative of previously asked questions as well
as concept questions unique to the chapter test.
The inclusion of graphing calculator examples and inserts, which feature
specific color-coded keystrokes and screens for the TI-83/4 Plus, has proven to
give added VALUE to the text for students—especially those who are working
with a graphing calculator for the first time. It also gives professors more
flexibility in terms of the way they approach a solution. The design of the
text makes the technology inserts easily identifiable, and they are listed in a
separate table of contents to make looking them up easier.
Below is a brief overview of the chapters, followed by a short description
of the College Algebra course that I teach at Anoka-Ramsey Community
College and then a list of the general features of the text.

Overview
CHAPTER 1 This chapter contains a summary of some basic algebra topics. Students
should be familiar with much of this material, but also challenged by some of
the exercises that prepare them for calculus. Graphing calculator operations
are introduced and used to verify algebraic operations. Equations and inequal-
ities are solved algebraically and numerically in this chapter with technology
support; they will be solved graphically in subsequent chapters. Students will
extend their knowledge of these topics; for example, they have worked with
the quadratic formula, but will be asked to relate it to factoring and work with
coefficients that are not real numbers (see Examples 6 and 7 in Section 1.4).

CHAPTER 2 Two-dimensional graphs and functions are introduced in this chapter. Specific
graphing calculator directions are given for most of the basic graphing fea-
tures, such as finding zeros and points of intersection, as well as some of
the more difficult topics, such as finding a regression model and graphing
a piecewise-defined function. A favorite example of mine, Example 10 in
Section 2.5, is a topical application (taxes) that relates tables, formulas, and
graphs. Arrow notation, previously introduced in Section 3.5, has been moved
to Section 2.2 and is referred to more often.

CHAPTER 3 This chapter begins with a discussion of polynomial functions and some
polynomial theory. A thorough treatment of rational functions is given in
Section 3.5. This is followed by a section on variation, which includes graphs
of simple polynomial and rational functions.

xiii
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xiv Pre face

CHAPTER 4 Inverse functions is the first topic of discussion, followed by several sections
that deal with exponential and logarithmic functions. There is a new example
on finding the inverse of a rational function (see Example 4 in Section 4.1).

CHAPTER 5 Angles is the first topic in this chapter. Next, the trigonometric functions are
introduced using a right triangle approach and then defined in terms of a unit
circle. Basic trigonometric identities appear throughout the chapter. The chap-
ter concludes with sections on trigonometric graphs and applied problems.

CHAPTER 6 This chapter consists mostly of trigonometric identities, formulas, and equa-
tions. The last section contains definitions, properties, and applications of the
inverse trigonometric functions.

CHAPTER 7 The law of sines and the law of cosines are used to solve oblique triangles.
Vectors are then introduced and used in applications. The last two sections
relate the trigonometric functions and complex numbers.

CHAPTER 8 Systems of inequalities and linear programming immediately follow solving

systems by substitution and elimination. Next, matrices are introduced and
used to solve systems. This chapter concludes with a discussion of determi-
nants and partial fractions.

CHAPTER 9 This chapter begins with a discussion of sequences, and substantial technology
support has been included. The formulas for the nth term of arithmetic and
geometric sequences have been generalized to find the nth term using any
term, not just the first. Mathematical induction and the binomial theorem are
next, followed by counting topics. The last section is about probability and
includes topics such as odds and expected value. My favorite new example
introduces a new type of probability problem, and the solution can be applied
to many similar problems (see Example 9 in Section 9.8).

CHAPTER 10 Sections on the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola begin this chapter. Two dif-
ferent ways of representing functions are given in the next sections on para-
metric equations and polar coordinates. Nearly 100 new exercises have been
added.

My Course
At Anoka-Ramsey Community College in Coon Rapids, Minnesota, College
Algebra I is a one-semester 3-credit course. For students intending to take
Calculus, this course is followed by a one-semester 4-credit course, College
Algebra II and Trigonometry. This course also serves as a terminal math
course for many students.
The sections covered in College Algebra I are
2.1–2.7, 3.1, 3.5 (part), 3.6, 4.1–4.6, 8.1–8.4, 9.1–9.3, and 9.5–9.8.
Chapter 1 is used as review material in some classes, and the remaining
sections are taught in the following course. A graphing calculator is required
in some sections and optional in others.

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 Pre face xv

Features
A Separate List of Graphing Calculator Topics On pages xi and xii, there is a
list of graphing calculator topics for quick reference.

Illustrations Brief demonstrations of the use of definitions, laws, and

theorems are provided in the form of illustrations.

Charts Charts give students easy access to summaries of properties, laws,

graphs, relationships, and definitions. These charts often contain simple
illustrations of the concepts that are being introduced.

Examples Titled for easy reference, all examples provide detailed solutions
of problems similar to those that appear in exercise sets. Many examples
include graphs, charts, or tables to help the student understand procedures
and solutions.

Step-by-Step Explanations In order to help students follow them more

easily, many of the solutions in examples contain step-by-step explanations.

Discussion Exercises Each chapter ends with several exercises that are suitable
for small-group discussions. These exercises range from easy to difficult and
from theoretical to application-oriented.

Checks The solutions to some examples are explicitly checked, to remind stu-
dents to verify that their solutions satisfy the conditions of the problems.

Graphing Calculator Examples Wherever appropriate, examples requiring the

use of a graphing utility have been added to the text. These are designated by
a calculator icon (shown to the left) and illustrated with a figure reproduced
from a graphing calculator screen.

Graphing Calculator Inserts In addition to the graphing calculator examples,

these inserts are included to highlight some of the capabilities of graphing cal-
culators and/or illustrate their use in performing the operations under
discussion. See, for example, “Using the TI-83/4 Plus Sequence Mode” in
Section 9.1.

Graphing Calculator Exercises Exercises specifically designed to be solved

with a graphing utility are included in appropriate sections. These exercises are
also designated by a calculator icon (shown to the left).

Applications To arouse student interest and to help students relate the exer-
cises to current real-life situations, applied exercises have been titled. Many
professors have indicated that the applications constitute one of the strongest
features of the text.

Exercises Exercise sets begin with routine drill problems and gradually
progress to more difficult problems. An ample number of exercises contain
graphs and tabular data; others require the student to find a mathematical
model for the given data. Many of the new exercises require the student to
understand the conceptual relationship of an equation and its graph.

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