Objectives

• To understand the mass relations in chemical

reactions
• To build tables that state mass relations in
chemical reactions
• To answer questions on chemical reactions
using these tables.
 Bellringer
• You need: • 1 egg
• 4 tablespoons flour • 3 tablespoons milk
• 3 tablespoons oil
• 4 tablespoons sugar
• 2 tablespoons cocoa
To make 2 mug cakes….
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO
MAKE 6 MUG CAKES?
 Stoichiometry
• Stoichiometry is the part of chemistry that
studies amounts of substances that are
involved in reactions
 Chemical equations and amounts
Ar(N)=14,0 u
Ar (H)=1,0 u

(g) Mr(N2)=2 . 14,0 u =28.0 u

(g) (g)
Mr (H2)=2. 1,0 u =2,0 u
Mr(NH3)=14,0 +3 .1,0 =17,0 u

Atoms and molecules: One molecule of N2 reacts with

three molecules of H2 and form two molecules of NH3
Moles: One mole of N2 reacts with three
moles of H2 and form two moles of NH3

Mass: 28,0 g N2 react with 6,0 g H2 and

form 34,0 g NH3
 The Steps Involved in Solving Mass-Mass
Stoichiometry Problems
1. Formulate and balance the reaction
2. Change data to moles
3. Use stoichiometric coefficients to connect
data and question
4. Change the moles of the question to the
requested answer.
 EXAMPLE
• Rusting of iron is a process in which iron reacts
with oxygen in the air producing iron (III)
oxide. Calculate the mass of iron (III) oxide
produced when 17 g of iron rust completely.
 Mass problems
m (Fe) =17,0 g
1
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) Ar(Fe)=55,8 u
Ar (O)=16,0 u

Mr(Fe2O3)=2.55,8 +3.16,0=159,6 u→ M(Fe2O3) =159, 6

g/mol
Ar(Fe) = 55, 8 u →M(Fe)=55,8 g/mol
2 17 g Fe ·
1 mol Fe
=0,305 mol Fe
55,8 g Fe
3 2 mol Fe2 O 3
0,305 mol Fe · =0,153 mol Fe 2 O 3
4 mol Fe
4
159 , 6 g Fe 2 O 3
0,153 mol Fe2 O 3 · =24,34 g Fe2 O 3
1 mol Fe 2 O 3
 Mass problems
Determine Fe2O3 mass
WHAT WE WANT TO
KNOW (IRON (III) OXIDE
MASS)

319,2 gg Fe
Fe2O
O3
m
m((Fe2O33)) 17,0 g Fe
Fe 2 3
24,3gg Fe
Fe22O
O33
223,2 gg Fe
Fe

WHAT WE KNOW (IRON

MASS)
 ACTIVITY
• Airbags in cars inflate when sodium azide
NaN3, quickly decomposes in the elements
that make it up, according to the reaction
2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2

How much mass of

sodium azide is
necessary to produce 5
grams of nitrogen?
 What do we need?
2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2 Ar(Na)=22,99 u
Ar (N)=14,01 u

Mr(NaN3)=22,99 +3.14,01=65,02 u→ M(NaN3) =65,02 g/mol

Ar(Na) = 22,99 u →M(Na)=22,99 g
Mr(N2 ) = 2.14,01 = 28,02 u → M(N2 )=28,02 g/mol

Ecuación 2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2(g)

MOLES 2 2 3
MASS 2 .65,02 = 130,04 g 2.22,99=45,98 g 2 .28,02 = 84,06 g
 Cálculos con masas (2)
a) Determinar la masa de NaN3
130,04 g Na N 3
m( Na N 3 ) 5,0 g N 2  7,73 g NaN 3
84,06 g N 2
• When astronauts breath, CO2 is produced and it has to be
removed from the ISS atmosphere. This is made by using
potassium hydroxide that reacts with carbon dioxide to produce
potassium carbonate and water.

How many kg of carbon dioxide can be removed using 1.00 kg of

potassium hydroxide?

• 0.392 kg
• 0.786 kg
• 0.500 kg
• 1.57 kg
 Practise
http://www.scienceiscool.org/stoichiometry/problems.html
http://www.chemteam.info/Stoichiometry/Stoichiometry.html
http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/stoichiometry/stoichiometric
calculations/problems.html
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-
reactions-stoichiome/stoichiometry-ideal/v/stoichiometry
 Volume calculations
• One mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP
(standard temperature and pressure, 273 K
and 105 Pa). This quantity is known as molar
volume of a gas
• When potassium chlorate (solid) decomposes,
potassium chloride (solid) and oxygen (gas)are
formed. What is the volume of oxygen at STP
formed when 1 kg of potasium chloride is
completely decomposed?
 m (KClO3) =1000 g

Example 9 Ar(K)=39,1 u
Ar(Cl)=35,5 u
1 2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) Ar (O)=16,0 u

2
Mr(KClO3)=122,6 u→ M(KClO3) =122,6 g/mole
Mr(KCl) = 74,6 u →M(KCl)=74,6 g g/mole
Mr(O2 ) =32,0 u → M(O2 )=32,0 g/mole VM(O2 ) =22,4 L/mole
Ecuación 2KClO3 → 2Fe2O3(s) + 3O2(g)

3 MOLES 2 2 3
MASS 2.122,6= 245,2 g 2.74,6,0=149,2 g 3.32,0=96,0 g
VOLUME(only gases) 3.22,7 L=68,1 L
 ANSWER
• ¿Volume of O2?
68,1L O2
V (O2 ) 1000g KClO3  277,7 L O2
245,2 g KClO3
 Happy New Year! Bellringer
Given the following reaction, answer Parts A and B.

NaClO3 (s) --> NaCl (s) + O2 (g) [unbalanced]

Part A: 12.00 moles of NaClO3 will produce how many

grams of O2?
Part B: How many grams of NaCl are produced when
80.0 grams of O2 are produced?
 ANSWER
2NaClO3(s) → 2NaCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Mr(NaClO3)=106,5 u→ M(NaClO3) =106,5 g/mole

Mr(NaCl) = 58,5 u →M(NaCl)=58,5 g/mole
Mr(O2 ) =32,0 u → M(O2 )=32,0 g/mole

Equation 2NaClO3 → 2NaCl(s) + 3O 2(g)

MOLES 2 2 3
MASS 2 . 106,5= 213,0 g 2 . 58,5=117,0 g 3. 32,0=96,0 g
VOLUME(only gases) 3.22,7 L=68,1 L
 ANSWER
• Part A

96,0 g O2
m(O2 ) 12.00 moles NaClO3  576,0 g O2
2 moles NaClO3

• Part B
117,0 g NaCl
m( NaCl ) 80,0 g O2  97,5 g NaCl
96,0 g O2
 MOLARITY
• Objectives
– Learn what is molarity and the formula to
calculate molarity.
– Calculate the molar concentration of a solution.
 MOLARITY(M)
• Most of the chemical
reactions happen in an
aqueous solution,because in
this way the amount of
effective colisions.
• Molarity (M) is used in
chemistry to express
concentration of solutions if
chemical reactions are
involved.
 Calculating molarity
• Molarity (M) is the concentration of a solution
expressed as the number of moles of solute
per liter of solution:

• Its units are moles/liter

n
MAGIC TRIANGLE
M V
 Calculating molarity
• To calculate molarity:
1. Calculate the number of moles of solute
present.
2. Calculate the number of liters of solution
present.
3. Divide the number of moles of solute by the
number of liters of solution.
 Practice
• Solute: 3,8 g de NaOH
• Solution volume: 20 mL
• What is the molarity?
STEP 0: Calculate molar mass of solute (using the periodic table)
Molar mass NaOH =40 g/mole
STEP 1: CALCULATE MOLES OF SOLUTE
1 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑒
3,8 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻× =0,095 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑒 𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
40 𝑔
STEP 2. Calculate the number of liters of
solution present. 1𝐿
20 𝑚𝐿 × =0,02 𝐿
1000 𝑚𝐿
STEP 3: Divide the number of moles of solute by the number of liters
of solution

0,095 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑒 𝑠 𝒎 𝒐 𝒍𝒆 𝒔
𝑀= =𝟒,𝟕𝟓
0,02 𝐿 𝑳
 Simulation practice
• Go to http://
phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/concentrati
on
• Choose cobalt (II) nitrate as solute
• Move the salt-shaker
• What is the concentration?
• How much solute did you add?
 SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Many chemical reactions occur in aqueous solutions
because contact among reactives is facilitated and
more effective colisions may happen.
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl ↓ (s)
 Solution stoichiometry
• Calculate the moles of solute reacting by
multiplying the concentration (molarity) by
the volume of solution (Liters)
• Follow the stoichiometric process.
• If necessary, convert the resulting moles of
solute back to molarity by dividing by the total
volume, in liters, of solution used in the
reaction.
 • How many grams of silver chromate will
precipitate when 150 mL of 0.500 M silver
nitrate react with another solution of
potassium chromate?
2 AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
Equation 2 AgNO3 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) → Ag2CrO4(s)+ 2 KNO3(aq)

MOLES 2 1 1 2
MASS 2 . 169,87= 194,19 g 331,73 g 2. 101,10
339,74 g =202,,20 g

CALCULATE MOLES OF REACTIVE SOLUTE

𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑒 𝑠
𝑛 =𝑀× 𝑉 =0,500 ×0,150 𝐿 =0,075 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙 𝑒 𝑠 𝐴𝑔𝑁 𝑂3
𝐿

n 331,73 𝑔 𝐴 𝑔 2 𝐶 𝑟 𝑂4
0,075 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑒 𝑠 𝐴𝑔𝑁 𝑂3 × =12,44 𝑔 𝐴 𝑔 2 𝐶 𝑟 𝑂4
M V 2 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑒 𝑠
• How many mL of 0.280 M barium nitrate are
required to react completely with 25.0 mL of
0.350 M aluminum sulfate, producing barium
sulfate (solid) and aluminum nitrate?
3 Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq)  3 BaSO4(s) + 2 Al(NO3)3(aq)
Equation 3 Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq)  3 BaSO4(s) + 2 Al(NO3)3(aq)
MOLES 3 1 3 2
MASS 3 . 261,34 = 342,15 g 3 . 233,39 g = 2. 213,00 =
784,02 g 700,17 g 426,00 g

CALCULATE MOLES OF REACTIVE SOLUTE

𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑒 𝑠
𝑛 =𝑀× 𝑉=0 ,350 × 0,025 𝐿 =0,00875 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑒 𝑠 Al 2( SO 4 ) 3
𝐿

0,0 08 75 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙 𝑒 𝑠 𝐴 𝑙 2 ¿
n
𝑛 0,02625
M V 𝑉= = =0,09375 𝐿 =93,75 𝑚𝐿 𝐵 𝑎 ¿
𝑀 0,280
• 60.0 mL of 0.322 M potassium iodide are
combined with a solution of lead (II) nitrate
(Pb(NO3)2). How many grams of lead (II)
iodide will precipitate? How many moles of
potassium nitrate (KNO3) will be produced?
• Atomic masses:
• K=39.10; I=126.90; Pb=207.20; N=14.00;
O=16.00