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123
Editors Guruswami Ravichandran
Arun Shukla Department of Aeronautics
Department of Mechanical & Mechanical Engineering
Engineering & Applied Mechanics California Institute of Technology
University of Rhode Island Pasadena, CA 91125
Kingston, RI 02881 [email protected]
[email protected]
Dynamic behavior of materials and structures is the study of materials and structures
subjected to impact or impulse loading with wide-ranging applications in marine,
automotive, aircraft, and space structures. The scientific understanding of the defor-
mation and failure of materials under dynamic loading is essential in the design of
structures and mitigating the effects of impact and impulse loading for protection of
civil and defense structures. This book is a collection of papers by leading authori-
ties of the field who provide detailed and comprehensive view of the subject related
to theory, computational simulation, and experiment. Recent advances in the study
of materials and structures under dynamic loading are highlighted and presented in
the context of the developments which have led to these advances.
The book contains 12 chapters dealing with a broad range of topics in the dy-
namic response of materials and structures including metals, ceramics, polymers,
soft matter, composites, and sandwich structures. The dynamic loading regimes
considered include impact and impulse loading due to blast and shocks. The ma-
terial response is evaluated over a range of stress and deformation states including
shear, pressure, uniaxial strain/compression/tension, and 3D stress states. The as-
pects of damage evolution under dynamic loading conditions have been addressed
in great detail in several of the chapters both experimentally and through numerical
simulations.
The first part of the book (Chaps. 1–3) deal with failure of materials including
metals, soft matter, and ceramics under various well-controlled dynamic loading
conditions imposed in the laboratory. These experimental studies are essential for
establishing the three-dimensional constitutive and failure criteria over a wide range
of strain rates (103 –106 s1 /. These chapters provide new insights concerning the
mechanics and mechanisms of dynamic failure in materials at very high strain rates.
They also present experimental techniques for studying failure under highly transient
loading using novel specimen design and instrumentation. Chapters 4 and 5 on
composite materials explore the failure of fiber reinforced polymeric materials over
a wide range of confinements and strain rates. Unique loading configurations enable
the exploration of material behavior over a wide range of stress states. The effect of
stress state and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of composites is presented.
The chapters (6–10) dealing with impulse loading provide a comprehensive overview
of the effects associated with underwater explosions and blast loading. The effect of
v
vi Preface
Kingston, RI A. Shukla
Pasadena, CA G. Ravichandran
Arlington, VA Y.D.S. Rajapakse
Contents
vii
viii Contents
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .407
Contributors
xiii
xiv Contributors
Abstract Soft materials, such as elastomers, foams, gels, and biological tissues,
possess low stiffness, yield strength, and wave speeds. These characteristics pose
challenges in experiment design to obtain the dynamic properties of soft materials
at high rates of loading. The low wave speeds delay the stress equilibrium in the
specimen. Low strength and stiffness require highly sensitive load detection system.
Low strength also makes inertia effects significant. This chapter illustrates these
challenges as they are encountered in high-rate experiments using Kolsky bars. Ex-
perimental solutions designed to overcome these difficulties are then introduced and
demonstrated.
Keywords Soft materials High strain-rates Split Hopkinson bar Pulse shaping
Dynamic equilibrium High-rate responses
1.1 Introduction
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*****
"Voinhan minä sen… ja… mutta sano… kuka Marja täti se on?"
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*****
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tuskat ja semmoisen ahdistuksen, että maailma oikein musteni
hänen silmissään. Hän kiljasi sitte kohti kurkkuaan:
"Tule tänne!"
"Itsestäsi! Valehtelet!"
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