SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

2. Seismic and accidental fire design situation

2.1. General that the structural engineer will detail particular verifica-
In many countries around the world, fire and seismic con- tions with the relevant National Standard.
siderations are becoming increasingly important, as fire
events and earthquakes are causing severe damages to 2.2.1. Combinations of actions for persistent
SEISMIC AND FIRE

buildings and a high number of casualties. Post-installed or transient design situations (fundamental
anchors have to be fit for those extraordinary events as combinations)
they are incorporated in the structural and non-structural
elements of a building, and are used to fix the services For each critical load case, the design values of the
and essential lifelines of a building. effects of actions Ed shall be determined by combining
the values of actions that are considered to occur simul-
Post-installed anchors are assessed based on the valid taneously.
European Assessment Documents (EAD). The different
product behaviour of mechanical, bonded and concrete
screw anchors, is incorporated in their specifically rela-
ted EADs. This relates also to the tests for the assessment
of the product behaviour under accidental loads. In this Effects of actions that cannot exist simultaneously due to
Design Manual, we give information based on the Euro- physical or functional reasons should not be considered
pean guidelines. Information based on American guide- together in combinations of actions. Depending on its
lines would be equivalent. Only post-installed anchors uses and the form and the location of a building, the com-
that are qualified for cracked concrete and seismic appli- binations of actions may be based on not more than two
cations are considered in this chapter. variable actions.

Chapter 9 of the EN 1992-4 provides the requirements The combination factors ψ are given in Annexes of EN
for the design of post-installed fasteners under seismic 1990.
actions. Annex C of the same code provides more
detailed information on the design method and require- Table 1: γG,j & γQ,1 factors for permanent and variable
ments. The design explanations of part 2.5 of this chapter actions
are primarily based on the EN 1992-4 and its annexes. Persistent Permanent Variable
and transient action action
A manufacturer of post-installed anchors is not respon- design
sible for the structural verifications of an anchorage, but situations
should provide information about the relevant and rela-
favourable γG,j = 1.00 γQ,1 = γQ,i = 0
ted topics to design and establish safe anchorage. There-
unfavourable γG,j = 1.35 γQ,1 = γQ,i = 1.50
fore, and as we consider the topic about combination of
actions important, we start here with a short summary.
2.2.2. Combinations of actions for accidental
design situations
2.2. Design values of actions

Combinations of actions for accidental design situations

The design concept and the required verification consi-
should either involve an explicit accidental action Ad
dering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation
(fire or impact), or refer to a situation after an accidental
based on EN 1990 clause 6.4 was briefly explained in
event (Ad = 0).
our previous chapter. This chapter elaborates on the com-
binations of actions as a matter of principle. It is assumed

12
 d

!! = !!! !!,! + !! + !!,! !!,! + !!! !!,! !!,! .

Structural verifications under seismic design situation s and design values
the respective failure modes
Combinations of actions for seismic design situations
Anchor intended for seismic application will need to be tested as per the new ETAG 001
qualification in anchor seismic performance categories C1 and C2 is the complete asses
!! = !!! !!,! + !!" + !!! !!,! !!,! .
1 to 5 for use in cracked and non-cracked concrete (option 1 to 6).
2.2.3. Combinations of actions for seismic 2.3.1. Qualification of anchors for
Qualification
category of anchors for category C1 comprises tests under pulsating tension load
design situations S t r u c t u r a l v eC1
rifications under seismic design situation s and design value
t h eN
Nr e s p e c t i v e f a i l u r e m o d e s

AnchorNNintended
eq for seismic application will need to be tested as per the new ETAG 00
eq

qualification in
N anchor seismic performance categories C1 and C2 is the complete asse
Ni i

1 to 5 for use in cracked and non-cracked concrete (option 1 to 6).

2.3. Structural verifications under seismic N m
Nm
design situations and design values of the !
Qualification of anchors for category C1 comprises tests under pulsating tension load!,!

SEISMIC AND FIRE

anchor resistances for the respective failure 10
n cap
100 cycle
ncycle
N
N 30
modes
min

min N

N eq

Neq =N 0.5 Nu,m,ref ■

Anchors are assessed for their seismic performance and tests under alternating shear load. i

N = 0.375 NNu,m,ref ■

characteristics according to the product relevant EAD. V i m

Nm±V = 0.25 Nu,m,ref ■

!!
Only anchors, which proved their suitability for the use in eq

Nu,m,ref =±V normalized mean tension capacity ca

cracked concrete, are accepted and qualified in seismic N 10 30 100 i
n cycle

for C20/25, Δw = 0.5mm

min

performance categories C1 and/or C2. ±V m

Figure 1: Tests under pulsating tension load

and tests under alternating shear load.
The two seismic performance categories C1/C2 are V 10 30 100 n
VV
min cycle

distinguished by the stringency of the tests, with C2 qua- ±V

±Veq eq
!!,
lification being the more demanding. The recommended ±V±Vi cap
use of the C1/C2 is given in the EN 1992-4.
i

±V m
±Vm

The performance category C1 provides fastener capa-

ncycle
cities in terms of strength (forces), while C2 in terms of VVmin min
10 30 100 n cycle

both strength (forces) and displacements. Both cases Design Manual 2 (15) !!
take into consideration concrete cracking. In the case of ca
C1, the maximum crack width is taken as △w = 0.5 mm
and in C2 as △w = 0.8 mm. For C2, the performance is
assessed with a test where cracks open and close (see
figure 5) in addition.
eq
Design Manual
V = 0.5 Vu,m,ref
■

2 (15)
Vi = 0.375 Vu,m,ref
The following table provides the reader with the qualifi-
■

Vm = 0.25 Vu,m,ref
cation tests for each performance category:
■

Vu,m,ref = normalized mean shear capacity for

C20/25, Δw = 0.5mm
Table 2: Seismic Qualification Tests of Fasteners
C1 Category C2 Category
Figure 2: Tests under alternating shear load
1. Pulsating tension load 1 Tests up to failure
2. Alternating shear loads 2. Pulsating tension load
3. Alternating shear load
4. Crack cycling

13
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

2.3.2. Qualification of anchors for 2.4. Recommended seismic performance

Qualification of anchors for category C2 includes reference tests up to failure at ∆w = 0.8mm , tests under pulsating tension
category C2
load,
categories for anchors

The seismic performance of anchors subjected to seismic

Qualification of anchors for category C2 includes reference tests up to failure at ∆w = 0.8mm , tests under pulsating tension
loading is categorized by the performance categories
SEISMIC AND FIRE

load, !!"# = 0.75 ∙ !!,!,!"#

C1 and C2. Seismic performance category C1 provides
anchor capacities only in terms of resistances at ultimate
!!,!,!"# = normalized mean tension
Qualification of anchors for category C2 includes reference tests up to failure at ∆w =capacity
0.8mm ,for limit
tests understate,
C20/25, pulsatingwhile
∆w = 0.8mmtensionseismic performance category C2 provi-
load, !!"# = 0.75 ∙ !!,!,!"#
des anchor capacities in terms of both resistances at ulti-
mate limit state and displacements at damage limitation
!!,!,!"# = normalized mean tension
Nmax = 0.75 Nu,m,ref ■
state and
capacity for C20/25, ∆w = ultimate
0.8mm limit state. The following tables relate
tests under alternating shear load !!"# = 0.75 ∙ !!,!,!"#
Nu,m,ref = normalized mean tension capacity to the seismic performance categories C1 and C2 to the
Load V/V Crack
forwidth
C20/25, Δw = 0.8mm seismicity level and building importance class. The level
max Anchor load
Crack width Δw
1.0
Displacement assessment !!,!,!"# = normalized mean tension
Figure0.63: Tests under pulsating tension load 0.8
0.8 of seismicity
capacity for C20/25, ∆w = 0.8mm is defined as a function of the product ag ·
!!"# =S, where a is the design ground acceleration on Type A
tests under0.4
alternating shear load
0.85 ∙ !!,!,!"# g
0.2
Load V/V
0 max … …
Anchor load Crack
width Δw ground and S the soil factor both in accordance with EN
-0.2
1.0
Crack width !!,!,!"# = normalized mean shear
-0.4
0.8
-0.6
Displacement assessment
capacity for 1998-1.
C20/25, ∆w = 0.8mm
0.6 0.8
-0.8
tests under 0.4
alternating shear load !!"# = 0.85 ∙ !!,!,!"#
-1.0
0.2
Load V/Vmax 0 … …
Anchor load Crack
width Δw
Table 3: Importance classes for buildings
-0.2
1.0
Crack width Time t !!,!,!"# = normalized mean shear
-0.4
0.8
-0.6
Displacement assessment
0.8
Importance
capacity for C20/25, ∆w = 0.8mm Buildings
0.6
-0.8
as well as-1.0
tests under crack cycling.
0.4 class
!!"# = 0.85 ∙ !!,!,!"#
0.2

I Buildings of minor importance for

… …
0
-0.2
Time t !!,!,!"# = normalized mean shear
public safety, e.g. agricultural buil-
-0.4
-0.6
capacity for C20/25, ∆w = 0.8mm
V -0.8
as well asmax = 0.85 V ■

tests under crack cycling. u,m,ref !!! = 0.4 ∙ !!,!,!"# dings, etc.
-1.0
Vu,m,ref = normalized mean shear capacity !!! = 0.5 ∙ !!,!,!"#
II Ordinary buildings, not belonging in
for C20/25, Δw = 0.8mm Time t
!!,!,!"# = normalized mean shear
the other categories.
Figure 4: Tests under alternating shear load capacity for C20/25, ∆w = 0.8mm
as well as tests under crack cycling. !!! = 0.4 ∙ !!,!,!"#
!!! = 0.5 ∙ !!,!,!"#
III Buildings whose seismic resistance is
of importance in view of the conse-
!!,!,!"# = normalized mean shear
quences associated with a collapse,
capacity for C20/25, ∆w = 0.8mm
!!! = 0.4 ∙ !!,!,!"# e.g. schools, assembly halls, cultural
!!! = 0.5 ∙ !!,!,!"#
Design Manual 3 (15) JoB-130605-001
institutions etc.
!!,!,!"# = normalized mean shear
IV
capacity for C20/25, ∆w = 0.8mm
Buildings whose integrity during
earthquakes is of vital importance
Design Manual 3 (15) JoB-130605-001
for civil protection, e.g. hospitals, fire
stations, power plants, etc.
Nw1 = 0.4 Nu,m,ref
■

Nw2 = 0.5 Nu,m,ref

■

Note: Importance classes I, II, III or IV correspond rough-

Design Manual 3 (15) JoB-130605-001
Nu,m,ref = normalized mean shear capacity ly to consequences classes CC1, CC2, CC3, respectively,
for C20/25, Δw = 0.8mm defined in EN 1990:2002, Annex B.
Figure 5: Tests under crack cycling

14
2.5. Connections between structural elements of primary and/or secondary seismic members

Table 4: Recommended seismic performance categories for fasteners

Seismicity level a Importance class acc. to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.2.5

1 Class ag.Sc I II III IV

SEISMIC AND FIRE

Very low b ag.S ≤ 0.05 g No seismic performance category required
3 low b 0.05 g < ag.S ≤ 0.1 g C1 C1d or C2e C2
4 > low ag.S > 0.1 g C1 C2
a
The values defining the seismicity levels are subject to a National Annex. The recommended values are given here.
b
Definition according to EN 1998-1:2004. 3.2.1.
c
ag = design ground acceleration on type A ground (see EN 1998-1:2004, 3.2.1),
S = soil factor (see EN 1998-1:2004, 3.2.2).
d
C1 for fixing non-structural elements to structures
e
C2 for fixing structural elements to structures

2.6. Design options and criteria is designed for the maximum load that can be transmitted
to the fastening based either on the development of a
In the design of fastenings one of the following options ductile yield mechanism in the attached steel component
shall be satisfied: (see Figure 6) or in the steel base plate (see Figure 7)
a1) Capacity design taking into account material over-strength effects, or on
a2) Elastic design the capacity of a non-yielding attached component or
b) Design with requirements on the ductility of the structural element (see Figure 8). The assumption of a
anchors plastic hinge in the fixture (Figure 7) requires to take into
account specific aspects including e.g. the redistribution
2.6.1. Design without requirements on the of loads to the individual anchors of a group, the redis-
ductility of the anchors. tribution of the loads in the structure and the low cycle
fatigue behaviour of the fixture.
It shall be assumed that anchors are non-dissipative
elements and they are not able to dissipate energy by
means of ductile hysteretic behaviour and that they do Feq
Mpe
not contribute to the overall ductile behaviour of the
structure.
Figure 6: Yielding in
a1) Capacity design attached element

The anchor or group of anchors is designed for the maxi-

mum tension and/or shear load that can be transmitted
to the fastening based on either the development of a
ductile yield mechanism in the fixture or the attached ele- Mpe Feq
ment taking into account strain hardening and material Figure 7: Yielding in
over-strength or the capacity of a non-yielding attached baseplate
element. For both connections between structural ele-
ments of primary and/or secondary seismic members
and attachments of non-structural elements, the fastening

15
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

Fa = horizontal seismic force, acting at the centre of

mass of the non-structural element in the most
Vu Feq
unfavourable direction,
Wa = weight of the element,
Sa = seismic coefficient pertinent to non-structural
SEISMIC AND FIRE

Figure 8: Capacity of elements,

attached element γa = importance factor of the element.
For the following non-structural elements the
importance factor γa shall not be chosen less
a2) Elastic design than 1.5:
- Anchorage of machinery and equipment required
The fastening is designed for the maximum load obtained for life safety systems.
from the design load combinations that include seismic - Tanks and vessels containing toxic or explosive
actions AE,d corresponding to the ultimate limit state (EN substances considered to be hazardous to the
1998-1) assuming an elastic behaviour of the fastening safety of the general public.
and of the structure. Furthermore uncertainties in the In all other cases the importance factor γa of a
model to derive seismic actions on the fastening shall be non-structural element may be assumed γa = 1.0.
taken into account. qa = behaviour factor of the element

The action effects for connections between structural The seismic coefficient may be calculated as follows:
elements of primary and/or secondary seismic members
shall be derived according to EN 1998-1 with a behavi-
our factor q = 1.0. α = ratio of the design ground acceleration on type A
ground, ag, to the acceleration of gravity g,
For attachments of non-structural elements the action S = soil factor,
effects shall be derived with a behaviour factor qa = 1.0 Aa = Amplification factor
for the attached element.

If action effects are derived in accordance with the sim-

plified approach given in EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5, those or taken from Table below if one of the
types with a behaviour factor qa = 1.0 shall be multiplied fundamental vibration periods is not known,
by an amplification factor equal to 1.5. If the action Ta = fundamental vibration period of the non-structural
effects are derived from a more precise model this further element,
amplification may be omitted. T1 = fundamental vibration period of the building
in the relevant direction,
In the design of fastenings for non-structural elements sub- z = height of the non-structural element above the level
jected to seismic actions, any beneficial effects of friction of application of the seismic action,
due to gravity loads should be ignored. H = height of the building from the foundation or from
the top of a rigid basement.
The horizontal effects of the seismic action of non-
structural elements are determined according to Equation The behaviour factor qa and seismic amplification factor
(4.24) of EN 1998-1. Aa may be taken from the following table:

16
Table 5: behaviour factor qa and seismic amplification factor Aa
Type of non-structural element qa Aa

Cantilevering parapets or ornamentations 3.0

Signs and billboards 3.0

1.0
Chimneys, masts and tanks on legs acting as unbraced cantilevers along more than one half of
3.0
their total height

SEISMIC AND FIRE

Hazardous material storage, hazardous fluid piping 3.0
Exterior and interior walls 1.5
Partitions and facades 1.5
Chimneys, masts and tanks on legs acting as unbraced cantilevers along less than one half of
1.5
their total height, or braced or guyed to the structure at or above their centre of mass
Elevators 1.5
Computer access floors, electrical and communication equipment 3.0
2.0
Conveyors 3.0
Anchorage elements for permanent cabinets and book stacks supported by the floor 1.5
Anchorage elements for false (suspended) ceilings and light fixtures 1.5
High pressure piping, fire suppression piping 3.0
Fluid piping for non-hazardous materials 3.0
Computer, communication and storage racks 3.0

b) Design with requirements on the

ductility of the anchors.
that may be expected. It is recommended to use option
The anchor or group of anchors is designed for the b) for the fastening of secondary seismic members. Fur-
design actions including the seismic actions AE,d corre- thermore, unless shear loads acting on the fastening are
sponding to the ultimate limit state (EN 1998-1). The ten- resisted by additional means, additional anchors should
sion steel capacity of the fastening shall be smaller than be provided and designed in accordance with option a1)
the tension capacity governed by concrete related failure or a2).
modes. Sufficient elongation capacity of the anchors is • Only valid for anchor of seismic category C2,
required. The fastening shall not be accounted for energy • Anchor needs to comply with a list of requirements
dissipation in the global structural analysis or in the analy- that to ensure ductility (e.g. stretch length of 8d),
sis of a non-structural element unless proper justification is • Recommended for secondary seismic members and
provided by a non-linear time history (dynamic) analysis non-structural attachments, may not be suitable for
(according to EN 1998-1) and the hysteretic behaviour of primary seismic members (considering possibly large
the anchor is provided by an ETA. This approach is appli- non-recoverable displacements of the anchor),
cable only for the tension component of the load acting • In order to ensure the steel failure, additional checks
on the anchor. must be done (comparison between the concrete and
steel resistance).
Note: Option b) may not be suitable for the fastening of
primary seismic members (EN 1998-1) due to the possi-
ble large non-recoverable displacements of the anchor

17
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

2.6.3. Vertical effects 2.7. Resistances and required verifications

For the design of the anchors in connections between 2.7.1. General provisions
structural elements of primary and/or secondary seismic
members the vertical component of the seismic action • Limited to the anchor configurations of EN 1992-4
SEISMIC AND FIRE

shall be taken into account according to EN 1998-1, • Stand-off installations (grouted or not) are out of
Section 4.3.3.5.2 (2) to (4) if the vertical design ground scope
acceleration avg is greater than 2.5 m/s2. • If the seismic contribution to the design load
combination is ≤ 20% no explicit seismic design is
The vertical effects of the seismic action Fva for non- needed. However, a seismic approved anchor is still
structural elements may be neglected for the fastener required
when the vertical component of the design ground acce- • Cracked concrete must be considered unless proven
leration avg is less than 2.5 m/s2 and the gravity loads are otherwise
transferred through direct bearing of the fixture on the • The maximum value of each action effect (tension and
structure. The determination of the vertical seismic action shear component of forces for an anchor) shall be
effects of non-structural elements for use in a Country considered to act simultaneously if no other more
may be found in its National Annex to this EN. The accurate model is used for the estimation of the
recommended rule is the application of the formula: probable simultaneous value of each action effect
• An annular gap between an anchor and its fixture
should be avoided in seismic design situations. For
fastenings of non-structural elements in minor non-
critical applications an annular gap (diameter df) of
the clearance hole in the fixture not larger than the
value given in EN 1992-4 is allowed. The effect of
the annular gap on the behaviour of fastenings shall
be taken into account
• Loosening of the nut or screw shall be prevented by
appropriate measures

Figure 9: Vertical effects of the seismic action - Example

Key
1 include F Va
2 neglect F Va if aVg ≤ 2.5 m / s2
3 gravity force
4 wall
5 ceiling or floor

18
2.7.2. Required verifications

Table 6: Required verifications

Single Anchor group

Failure mode
anchor
most loaded anchor group
Steel failure NSd,seis ≤ NRd,s,seis N h
≤N h

SEISMIC AND FIRE

Sd,seis Rd,s,seis

Pull-out failure NSd,seis ≤ NRd,p,seis N h

Sd,seis
≤ NRd,p,seis
h
Tension

Combined pull-out and concrete failure1) NSd,seis ≤ NRd,p,seis NgSd,seis ≤ NgRd,p,seis

Concrete cone failure NSd,seis ≤ NRd,c,seis NgSd,seis ≤ NgRd,c,seis
Splitting 3) NSd,seis ≤ NRd,sp,seis NgSd,seis ≤ NgRd,sp,seis
Steel failure, shear load without lever arm2) VSd,seis ≤ VRd,s,seis VSd,seis
h
≤ VRd,s,seis
h
Shear

Concrete pry-out failure VSd,seis ≤ VRd,cp,seis VgSd,seis ≤ VgRd,cp,seis

Concrete edge failure VSd,seis ≤ VRd,c,seis VgSd,seis ≤ VgRd,c,seis
1)
Verificaton for bonded anchors only.
2)
Steel failure for shear loads with lever arm is not covered.
3)
Verification is not required if cracked concrete is assumed and reinforcement resists the splitting forces.

2.7.3. Design Resistance Note: The forces on the anchors are amplified in
presence an annular gap under shear loading
The seismic design resistance Rd,seis (NRd,seis, VRd,seis) of a due to a hammer effect on the anchor. For
fastening is given by: reasons of simplicity this effect is considered only
in the resistance of the fastening. In absence of
information in the ETA the following values
αgap may be used. These values are based on a
limited number of tests.
The characteristic seismic resistance Rk,seis (NRk,seis, VRk,seis)
of a fastening shall be calculated for each failure mode αgap = 1.0 in case of no hole clearance between anchor
and fixture;
= 0.5 in case of connections with hole clearance
according to the following table
where
αgap = reduction factor to take into account inertia
effects due to an annular gap between anchor
and fixture in case of shear loading; given in the
relevant ETA;

19
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

External diameter d or dnom1) [mm] 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30

Diameter df of clearance hole
[mm] 7 9 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 30 33
in fixture
1)
diameter d if bolt bears against fixture; diameter dnom if sleeve bears against the fixture
SEISMIC AND FIRE

aseis = reduction factor to take into account the influence of large cracks and scatter of load displacement curves,
see the following table

Table 7: Reduction factor αeq

Loading Failure mode Single fastener1) Fastener group
Steel failure 1.00 1.00

Concrete cone failure 0.85 0.75

Tension

Pull-out failure 1.00 0.85

Combined pull-out and concrete cone failure (bonded fastener) 1.00 0.85
Concrete splitting failure 1.00 0.85
Concrete blow-out failure 1.00 0.85
Steel failure 1.00 0.85
Shear

Concrete pry-out failure 0.85 0.75

Concrete edge failure 1.00 0.85

1)
This also applies where only one fastener in a group is subjected to tension load.

R0k,seis = basic characteristic seismic resistance for a given failure mode determined as follows:

Failure mode ETA values Calculated value as per

(C1 or C2) EN 1992-4
Steel failure N0Rk,s,seis | γMs,seis
Pull-out failure N0Rk,p,seis | γMp,seis
Tension

Combined pull-out and concrete failure τRk,seis | γMp,seis N0Rk,p,seis

Concrete cone failure γMc,seis N0Rk,c,seis
Splitting γMsp,seis N0Rk,sp,seis
Steel failure, shear load without lever arm V0Rk,s,seis | γMs,seis
Shear

Concrete pry-out failure γMc,seis V0Rk,cp,seis

Concrete edge failure γMc,seis V0Rk,c,seis

20
2.7.4. Displacements
If the anchor displacements δN,Seis(DLS) under tension
The anchor displacement under tensile and shear load at loading and/or δV,Seis(DLS) under shear loading provided
damage limitation state (DLS) shall be limited to a value in the relevant ETA (for anchors qualified for seismic
δN,req(DLS) and δV,req(DLS) to meet requirements regarding performance category C2) are higher than the correspon-
e.g. functionality and assumed support conditions. These ding required values δN,req(DLS) and/or δV,req(DLS), the design
values shall be selected based on the requirements of the resistance may be reduced according to Equations (5.11)

SEISMIC AND FIRE

specific application. When assuming a rigid support in and (5.12) to meet the required displacement limits.
the analysis the designer shall establish the limiting dis-
placement compatible to the requirement for the structural
behaviour.
Note: In a number of cases, the acceptable displace-
ment associated to a rigid support condition is considered
to be in the range of 3 mm.

If deformations (displacements or rotations) are relevant If fastenings and attached elements shall be operational
for the design of the connection (such as, for example, on after an earthquake the relevant displacements have to
secondary seismic members or façade elements) it shall be taken into account.
be demonstrated that these deformations can be accom-
modated by the anchors.

Combined Tension and Shear

Table 8: Required verifications for post-installed fasteners without supplementary reinforcement subjected to a combined
tension and shear load

Failure mode Verification

1 Steel failure of fastener a

If NEd and VEd are different for the individual fasteners of the group,
the interaction shall be verified for all fasteners.

or

2 Failure modes other than steel failure

With NEd / NRd,i ≤ 1 and VEd / VRd,i ≤ 1

The largest value of NEd /NRd,i and VEd /VRd,i for the different failure
modes shall be taken.
a
This verification is not required in case of shear load with lever arm

21
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

Injection anchors

Performance Performance
Anchor type Size Anchor type Size
SEISMIC AND FIRE

C1 C2 C1 C2
WIT-VIZ S M8 WIT-PE 1000 M M8 ✓
M10 ✓ ✓ M10 ✓
M12 ✓ ✓ M12 ✓ ✓
M16 ✓ ✓ M16 ✓ ✓
M20 ✓ ✓ M20 ✓ ✓
M24 ✓ ✓ M24 ✓ ✓
WIT-VIZ A4 M8 M27 ✓
M10 ✓ ✓ M30 ✓
M12 ✓ ✓ WIT-PE 1000 R Ø8 ✓
M16 ✓ ✓ Ø10 ✓
M20 ✓ ✓ Ø12 ✓
M24 ✓ ✓ Ø14 ✓
WIT-UH 300 M M8 ✓ Ø16 ✓
M10 ✓ Ø20 ✓
M12 ✓ ✓ Ø24 ✓
M16 ✓ ✓ Ø25 ✓
M20 ✓ ✓ Ø28 ✓
M24 ✓ ✓ Ø32 ✓
M27 ✓ WIT-VM 250 M M8 ✓
M30 ✓ M10 ✓
WIT-UH 300 R Ø8 ✓ M12 ✓
Ø10 ✓ M16 ✓
Ø12 ✓ M20 ✓
Ø14 ✓ M24 ✓
Ø16 ✓ M27 ✓
Ø20 ✓ M30 ✓
Ø24 ✓ WIT-VM 250 R Ø8 ✓
Ø25 ✓ Ø10 ✓
Ø28 ✓ Ø12 ✓
Ø32 ✓ Ø14 ✓
Ø16 ✓
Ø20 ✓
Ø25 ✓
Ø28 ✓
Ø32 ✓
22
Mechanical anchors

Standard Effective Performance

Anchor type Size
anchorage depth (mm)
C1 C2
W-BS Ø6 55 ✓ ✓1)

SEISMIC AND FIRE

Ø8 65 ✓ ✓1)
Ø10 85 ✓ ✓1)
Ø12 100 ✓ ✓1)
Ø14 115 ✓ ✓1)
W-FAZ/S M8 46 ✓ ✓
M10 60 ✓ ✓
M12 70 ✓ ✓
M16 85 ✓ ✓
M20 100 ✓ ✓
M24 115
M27 125
W-FAZ/A4 M8 46 ✓ ✓
M10 60 ✓ ✓
M12 70 ✓ ✓
M16 85 ✓ ✓
M20 100 ✓ ✓
M24 125
W-HAZ/S 10/M6 76 ✓ ✓
12/M8 100 ✓ ✓
15/M10 110 ✓ ✓
18/M12 130 ✓ 2)
✓2)
24/M16 114 ✓2) ✓2)
24/M16L 150 ✓ 2)
✓2)
28/M20 185 ✓2) ✓2)
32/M24 210 ✓ 2)
✓2)
W-HAZ/A4 12/M8 100 ✓ ✓
15/M10 110 ✓ ✓
18/M12 130 ✓ ✓
24/M16 150 ✓ 2)
✓2)
1) Only for the galvanized version. C2 is not suitable for A4 and HCR
2) Not suitable for W-HAZ-SK

23
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

2.8. Structural verifications under fire exposu- fire exposure are not necessary when using the simplified
re and design values of the anchor resistances design concept.
for the respective failure modes When using the Experimental determination for all
load directions and failure modes the required investi-
In general, the duration of the fire resistance of an- gations are given. The duration of fire resistance of the
SEISMIC AND FIRE

chorages depends mainly on the configuration of the anchor can be determined from the results.
structure itself (base materials, anchorage including the A combination of the design concepts is possible. For
fixture). It is not possible to classify an anchor for its fire example: the duration of the fire resistance for individual
resistance. This evaluation concept includes the behavi- failure modes (e.g. steel failure) can be determined by
our of the anchorage in concrete and the parts outside tests and for other failure modes (e.g. pull-out and con-
the concrete. The influence of the fixation is considered crete failure) the limit values can be determined using the
unfavourable. simplified design method.

The following information is for anchorages in normal

Simplified
weight concrete with a compressive strength of at least Experimental
Design
Determination
C 20/25 and at most C 50/60 used for normal structu- Concept
res under fire exposure. The determination of the duration ✔ ✔
Metal anchors
of the fire resistance is according to the conditions given
Bonded evaluation only
in EN 13501-2 using the "Standard ISO time-temperature
anchors for steel failure special
Curve" (STC). This evaluation can be used as a basis for (special experimental
including a fire resistance class in European Technical experimental determination
Approvals (ETA) for metal anchors for use in cracked con- determination)
crete. The base material (reinforced concrete), in which
the anchor shall be anchored, shall have at least the It can be assumed that for fastening of facade systems,
same duration of fire resistance as the anchorage itself. the load bearing behaviour of the specific screwed in
plastic anchor with a diameter 10 mm and a metal screw
Local spalling is possible at fire attack. To avoid any with a diameter 7 mm and a hef of 50 mm and a plastic
influence of the spalling on the anchorage, the concrete sleeve made of polyamide has a sufficient resistance to
member must be designed according to EN 1992-1-2. fire at least 90 minutes (R90) if the applied load (no
The members shall be made of concrete with quartzite permanent tension load) is ≤ 0.8kN.
additives and have to be protected from direct moisture;
and the moisture content of the concrete has to be like in General provisions:
dry internal conditions respectively. The anchorage depth • Valid for anchors with an European Technical
has to be increased for wet concrete by at least 30 mm Approval (ETA), which can be used in cracked and
compared to the given value in the approval. non-cracked concrete
• The determination covers anchors with a fire attack
2.8.1. Design concepts from one side only. If the fire attack is from more than
one side, the design method may be taken only,
When using the Simplified design concept for all if the edge distance of the anchor is c ≥ 300 mm and
load directions and failure modes the limit values must ≥ 2 hef
be observed (characteristic resistance in ultimate limit • The determination is valid for unprotected anchors
state under fire exposure FRk,fi(t)), which were developed • The characteristic spacing and edge distance for
by general test series and are on the safe side. Tests with anchorages near the edge under fire exposure are
taken as follows scr,N = 2ccr,N = 4hef

24
• γM,fi = 1.0 for steel failure and concrete related failure 2.8.2. Resistance
modes under shear loading. For concrete related 2.8.2.1. Fire resistance capacity in tension
failure modes under tension γM,fi = 1.0 γinst and shear
• NRk,p , N0Rk,c , V0Rk,c characteristic resistances of a
single anchor in cracked concrete C20/25 for The following table provides a summary of the resi-
concrete cone failure under normal temperature stances to fire according to the various failure modes of
fasteners. The overview shows values from the simplified

SEISMIC AND FIRE

design concept, which should be used if no values are
provided in the corresponding European Technical Pro-
duct Specification. The values of the simplified design
concept are considered conservative. For more details on
the resistance equations, please refer to annex D of the
EN 1992-4.

Table 9: Fire resistance under the different failure modes

Experimental
Failure mode Simplified Design Concept
Determination

Steel failure given in ETA

Pull-out failure given in ETA

Tension

Concrete cone failure

Steel failure, shear load

given in ETA
without lever arm

Steel failure, shear load

given in ETA
with lever arm
Shear

Concrete pry-out failure

Concrete edge failure

25
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

Table 10: Characteristic tension strength of an unprotected anchor made of C-steel according to EN 10025 in case of fire
exposure

Fastener bolt /
Embedment depth Characteristic tension strength
thread diameter
SEISMIC AND FIRE

hef σRk,s,fi(t)

mm mm N/mm2
30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min
(R15 to R30) (R45 and R60) (R90) (≤ R120)

∅ 6 / M6 ≥ 30 10 9 7 5
∅ 8 / M8 ≥ 30 10 9 7 5
∅ 10 / M10 ≥ 40 15 13 10 8
≥ ∅ 12 / M12 ≥ 50 20 15 13 10

Table 11: Characteristic tension strength of an unprotected anchor made of at least steel grade A4 according to the
EN ISO 3506 series in case of fire exposure

Fastener bolt /
Embedment depth Characteristic tension strength
thread diameter

hef σRk,s,fi

mm mm N/mm2
30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min
(R15 to R30) (R45 and R60) (R90) (≤ R120)

∅ 6 / M6 ≥ 30 10 9 7 5
∅ 8 / M8 ≥ 30 20 16 12 10
∅ 10 / M10 ≥ 40 25 20 16 14
≥ ∅ 12 / M12 ≥ 50 30 25 20 16

26
2.8.2.2. Required verifications for combined tension and shear loads

Failure mode Verification

Steel failure of fastener a

SEISMIC AND FIRE

1

If NEd and VEd are different for the individual fasteners of the group,
the interaction shall be verified for all fasteners.

or
Failure modes other than steel
2 failure

With NEd / NRd,i ≤ 1 and VEd / VRd,i ≤ 1

The largest value of NEd /NRd,i and VEd /VRd,i for the different failure modes
shall be taken.
a
This verification is not required in case of shear load with lever arm

27
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

Fire loads Bonded Anchors

Max tensile loading (kN)

Effective for specified fire resistance
anchorage time 1) 2) Authority
Anchor type Size
SEISMIC AND FIRE

depth / No.
(mm) R30 R60 R90 R120

WIT-BS Ø10 4.40 3.30 2.30 1.70

Z-21.1-
Ø12 7.30 5.80 4.20 3.40
2075
Ø14 10.30 8.20 5.90 4.80
WIT-VIZ S M8 50 1.04 0.47 - -
M10 60 2.50 1.45 0.39 -
MFPA
M12 80 5.80 3.80 1.81 0.81 Leipzig Nr.
M16 125 7.62 5.81 4.01 3.11 GS 3.2/
18-075-1
M20 170 13.02 9.75 6.48 4.84
M24 170 13.02 9.75 6.48 4.84
WIT-VIZ A4 M8 50 1.04 0.47 - -
M10 60 2.50 1.45 0.39 -
MFPA
M12 80 5.80 3.80 1.81 0.81 Leipzig Nr.
M16 125 7.62 5.81 4.01 3.11 GS 3.2/
18-075-1
M20 170 13.02 9.75 6.48 4.84
M24 170 13.02 9.75 6.48 4.84
WIT-UH 300 M 3)
M8 80 0.71 0.56 0.41 0.32
M10 90 1.42 1.11 0.79 0.61
M12 110 3.03 2.28 1.60 1.18
Ingenieur-
M16 125 5.65 4.24 2.98 2.20 büro Thiele
M20 170 8.82 6.62 4.66 3.43 21807de
9.12.2018
M24 210 12.71 9.53 6.71 4.94
M27 240 16.52 12.39 8.72 6.43
M30 270 20.20 15.15 10.66 7.85
WIT-PE 1000 M 3) M8 80 1.10 0.88 0.33 0.00
M10 90 1.74 1.39 0.65 0.00
M12 110 3.03 2.28 1.60 0.88
Ingenieur-
M16 125 5.65 4.24 2.77 1.54 büro Thiele
M20 170 8.82 6.62 4.66 3.43 22022e
14.05.2020
M24 210 12.71 9.53 6.71 4.94
M27 240 16.52 12.39 8.72 6.43
M30 270 20.20 15.15 10.66 7.85

28
 Max tensile loading (kN)
Effective for specified fire resistance
anchorage time 1) 2) Authority
Anchor type Size
depth / No.
(mm) R30 R60 R90 R120

WIT-VM 250 M 4) M8 ≥ 80 1.60 1.10 0.60 0.30

SEISMIC AND FIRE

M10 ≥ 90 2.60 1.80 0.90 0.50
Technische
M12 ≥ 110 3.40 2.60 1.80 0.50
Universität
M16 ≥ 125 6.20 4.80 3.40 2.70 Kaiserslau-
tern Project
M20 ≥ 170 9.80 7.50 5.30 4.20 Number EBB
170019_
M24 ≥ 210 14.00 10.80 7.60 6.00
6de
M27 ≥ 250 18.30 14.10 9.90 7.90

M30 ≥ 280 22.30 17.20 12.10 9.60

1)
All values are for reinforced concrete as base material of strength classes from C20/25 to C50/60
2)
Data valid for steel failure. See approval for other failure modes
3)
Values are for standard effective anchorage depths values in cracked concrete. Check the fire test report for the complete list of values
4)
Values are for non-cracked concrete

29
 SEISMIC AND FIRE CONSIDERATIONS

Fire loads Mechanical Anchors

Max tensile loading (kN)

Effective for specified fire resistance
anchorage time 1) 2) Authority
Anchor type Size
SEISMIC AND FIRE

depth / No.
(mm) R30 R60 R90 R120

W-BS 31 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40

Ø6
44 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40
35 2.40 1.70 1.10 0.70
Ø8 43 2.40 1.70 1.10 0.70
52 2.40 1.70 1.10 0.70
43 4.40 3.30 2.30 1.70
Ø10 60 4.40 3.30 2.30 1.70 ETA-
68 4.40 3.30 2.30 1.70 16/0043
50 7.30 5.80 4.20 3.40
Ø12 67 7.30 5.80 4.20 3.40
80 7.30 5.80 4.20 3.40
58 10.30 8.20 5.90 4.80
Ø14 79 10.30 8.20 5.90 4.80
92 10.30 8.20 5.90 4.80
W-FAZ/S M8 46 1.50 1.10 0.80 0.70
M10 60 2.60 1.90 1.40 1.20
M12 70 4.10 3.00 2.40 2.20
ETA-
M16 85 7.70 5.60 4.40 4.00
99/0011
M20 100 9.40 8.20 6.90 6.30
M24 115 13.60 11.80 10.00 9.10
M27 125 17.60 15.30 13.00 11.80
W-FAZ/A4 M8 46 3.80 2.90 2.00 1.60
M10 60 6.90 5.30 3.60 2.80
ETA-
M12 70 12.70 9.40 6.10 4.50 99/0011 of
M16 85 23.70 17.60 11.50 8.40 2 October
2018
M20 100 33.50 25.00 16.40 12.10
M24 125 48.20 35.90 23.60 17.40

30
 Max tensile loading (kN)
Effective for specified fire resistance
ancho- time 1) 2) Authority
Anchor type Size rage
/ No.
depth
(mm) R30 R60 R90 R120

W-HAZ/S 10/M6 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40

12/M8 1.90 1.50 1.00 0.80

SEISMIC AND FIRE

15/M10 4.30 3.20 2.10 1.50
18/M12 6.30 4.60 3.00 2.00 ETA-02-
24/M16 11.60 8.60 5.00 3.10 0031
24/M16L 11.60 8.60 5.00 3.10
28/M20 18.30 13.50 7.70 4.90
32/M24 26.30 19.50 12.60 9.20
W-HAZ/A4 12/M8 6.10 4.40 2.60 1.80
15/M10 10.20 7.30 4.30 2.80 ETA-02-
18/M12 15.70 11.10 6.40 4.10 0031
24/M16 29.20 20.60 12.00 7.70
W-FA/S M6/40 0.90 0.50 0.30 0.25
M8 1.40 0.80 0.50 0.40 IBMB
M10 2.20 1.20 0.80 0.60 Braun-
schweig
M12 3.20 1.80 1.20 0.90 7260/
M16 6.00 3.40 2.20 1.70 2018
M20 10.00 5.25 3.60 2.75
W-FA/A4 M6/40 0.90 0.50 0.30 0.25
W-FA/HCR M8 2.30 1.70 1.40 1.30 IBMB
M10 3.60 2.60 2.20 2.00 Braun-
schweig
M12 5.20 3.80 3.20 2.90 3067/
M16 9.70 7.00 6.00 5.40 2013
M20 15.00 10.20 8.20 7.00
W-ED/S M6 1.70 0.70 0.40 0.30
M8x30 1.70 0.70 0.40 0.30
IBMB
M8x40 3.00 1.50 0.80 0.60 Braun-
M10 4.70 2.40 1.30 1.00 schweig
M12 6.90 2.40 1.30 1.00 3067/
2013
M16 12.50 5.60 3.50 2.50
M20 18.00 8.50 5.50 4.40
W-ED/A4 M6 1.70 0.70 0.40 0.30
M8x30 1.70 0.70 0.40 0.30
IBMB
M8x40 3.00 1.50 0.80 0.60 Braun-
M10 4.70 2.40 1.30 1.00 schweig
M12 6.90 2.40 1.30 1.00 3067/
2013
M16 12.50 5.60 3.50 2.50
M20 18.00 8.50 5.50 4.40
1)
All values are for reinforced concrete as base material of strength classes from C20/25 to C50/60
2)
Data valid for steel failure. See approval for other failure modes

31