Fluid-Mechanics-and-Hydraulics
Fluid-Mechanics-and-Hydraulics
from (@)
YY
296 = 15+ 0.59h
= 236m
Problem 2-36
In the figure shown, determine
the height f of water and the
‘gage reading at A when the
absolute pressure at B is 290
kPa,60 SHAPTERTWo Fun
Frinciples of Hydrostatics EMYDRAULICS
Solution
Suntup absolute pressure head
from B to 2in meters of water;
a 0.7(13.6)-h= a
$B -952-h=
he2203m
700 mm
Summup absolute pressure head from B to A in meters of water;
78 07036) +07~ Fa
Y Y
-95240.7— Pa
A smsa7- fe
P4=2085 kPa abe
Problem 2-37 To
In the figure shown, the atmospheric
Pressure is 101 kPa, the gage
reading at is 40 kPa, and the vapor
Pressure of alcohol is 12 kPa
absolute, Compute x-+ y,
Solution
‘Sum-up absolute pressure head from
1 to 2in meters of water;
PL yog)= 22
7 209-7
$4101 gg 12
‘981 sar
y=id6rm
et
CHAPTER TWO.
VUID MECHANICS Principles of Hydrostatics
a 1DRAULICS
ap pressure (gage) head from 1 to 4in meters of water;
PL + 50.9) +1300.9)-1303.6)= me
Y
2 +09x-1651-0
981
x=B8lm
Then a+ y= 28.42 m
problem 2-38
Wor the manometer setup shown,
‘Solution
x4068=y+17
x-y=102m > Eq. (1)
Sum-up pressure head from A to B
in meters of water;
PA. x.0.68(0.85)+ y= 2B.
Y Y
PA PB ayy +0578 > Eq.)
YY
Substitute x - y= 1.02 in Eq, (1) to Bq. Q):
Pa. PB 10240578
1 7
PA PB 21508
981
pa~pa= 15.68 kPa
6t62 CHAPTER TWO
Principles of Hydrostaties
Problem 2-39
A differential manometer is
attached to a pipe as shown.
Calculate the pressure
difference between points A
and B.
Sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water;
fa = 0.9) - 0113.6) + 0.1(0.9) + (0.9) = 2B
7
Pa
1
PA-PE Lam
om he
Pan pe 12.46 kPa
- a = 0.1136) -010.9)
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS:
FLUID MECHANICS
4 HYDRAULICS
Problem 2 40
In the figure shown, the
letlection of mercury is initially
250 mm, If the pressure at A is
cased by 40 kPa, while
aintaining the pressure at B
constant, what will be the new
ercury deflection?
Figure (a)
CHAPTERTWO
Principles of Hydrostatics
Figure (b)
In Figure g, sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water;
2A 06-025136) +025+ 21 2B
Y
Pa | PS 21.65 mof water
Y 7cuarten two no
64 Sites areas AD MECHANICS
In Figure b, pa’ = pa + 40
Sum-up pressure head from A’ to B in meters of water;
PA (06-)-(0.25 + 291964 295 +2)= Be
1
me 06+ 2-34-2724 +235 4x= 2B
Y
bay A = 26
Y oat 1,65 - 25.2 7
Pa
1
1.65 = 25.2.x- 2.423
x= 0.162. m = 162 mam
- PB 22524-2423 But 24 . Pe 165
y ror
New mercury deflection = 250 + 2x = 250-+ 2(162)
New mercury deflection = 574 mm
Problem 2- 41,
In the figure shown, determine the difference in pressure between points A
a
FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERTWO ge
4. HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics
Solution
‘Sum-up pressute head from A to B in meters of water;
oa +0.2{0.88) - 0.09(13.6) - 0:31(0.82) + 0.25 -0.1(0.0012) = oe
Fa BB 210528 mot water
PA~ pa 9.81(1.0523) = 10.32 KPa
voblem 2 - 42 (CE Board)
Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep in the ocean is the point
where an air bubble, upon reaching the surface, has six times its volume than
it had at the bottom?
Solution
Applying Boyle's Law
{assuming isothermal condition)
TV = pa]
pr= 1013+ 981(L.03)1
pi= 1013+ 10.104
‘ev
a= 1013+0=1013
Yynov
(101.3 + 10.104) = 101.3 6 ¥)
10.104 k= 101.36) - 101.3
hs 50.13 m ;6 CHAPTER TWO
FLUID MECHANICS
Principtes of Hydrostaties
& HYDRAULICS
Problem 2- 43
A vertical tube, 3 m long, with one end closed is inserted vertically, with the
open end down, into a tank of water to such a depth that an open manometer
Connected to the upper end of the tube reads 150 mim of mercury. Neglecting
vapor pressure and assuming normal conditions, how far is the lower end of
the tube below the water surface in the tank?
Sol
Applying Boyle's Law:
Y= paV2
Before the tube was inserted;
Absolute pressure of air inside, pr = 101.3
Volume of air inside, Vi = 34
When the tube was inserted;
Absolute pressure of air inside, pz = 101.3 + 9.81(13.6(0.15)
Absolute pressure of ait inside, pa = 121 31 kPa
Volume of air inside the tube, Vi= (3- yA
{Viz pa Val
1013 4) =12131[@-y)4]
3-y=2505
¥=0495 m
From the manometer shown;
Po= Yulin
= 81x 13.6)(0.15)
pr 200124 kPa
CHAPTER TWO.
PLUID MECHANICS ip nTeR NWO
‘A. HYDRAULICS
hinee the pressure in air inside the tube is uniform,
then pr = po = 20.0124 kPa
Pe™ Yo ht
20.0124 = 981k; h=2.04m
Then: x=h+y=2.04 + 0.495
22535 m
Problem 2-44 ji
sti ji indi igh, has a nec
A bottle consisting of a cylinder 15 cm in diameter and 25 cm high, has
which is 5 cmt diameter and 25.cm long. The bottle is inserted vertically in
water, with the open end down, such that the neck is completely filled with
water, Find the depth to which the open end is submerged. Assume normal
baromtetric pressure and neglect vapor pressure.
Solution
Applying Boyle's Law
nVi=pVs
Before the bottle was inserted:
Volume of air:
Vix | C5) (25) + $F C5)
Vi = 4,908.74 cm?
Absolute pressure in air:
pr 101.325
When the bottle is inserted:
Volume of air:
Va $05? (25)
V_=44179 cm?
Prescure in air:
peo 101325 +981 h
Vi= pV
bh 101 325¢4, 90878) = (101.325 + 9.81 1)(4417.9)
101.325 + 9.82 k= 112.58
k= 1.5m
xe ht 25=26.15 em
67 \68- P FLUID MECHANICS
inciples of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS
rics
Problem 2-45
{Bicycle tice is inflated at sea level, where the atmospheric pressure is 101.3
KPa and the temperature is 21 °C, to 445 kPa, Assuming the tire does not
orpand, what is the gage pressure within the tire on the top of a mountain
where the altitude is 6,000 m, atmospheric pressure is 47.22 KPaa, and the
temperature is 5 °C,
Solution
Atsea level:
Absolute pressure of air, Pi= 101.3 + 445
Absolute pressure, ju = = 546.3 Pan
Volume of air, ¥; = V.
Absolute temperature of air. T= 21 + 273 = 204°K
On the top of the mountain:
Absolute pressure of air, p= 47.22 + p
Since the tire did not expand. volume of air, V2 = V
Absolute temperature of air, Ti = 5+ 273 = 278 °K
py
t 7 Ty 1
SA6.3(V) _ (47.22-+ pw
284 278
47.224 p= 51657
P= 469.35 kPa
UID MECHANICS
CHAFTERTWO gg
A HYDRAULICS
Principles of Hydrostatics
{Supplementary Problems
Problem 2 ~ 46 . ,
‘A weather report indicates the barometric pressure is 28.54 inches of mercury.
pounds per square inch?
What is the atmospheric pressure in Pera Arts: 14.02 psi
Problem 2-47 7
The tube shown is filled with oil. Determine the pressure heads at B and Cin
meters of water.
Problem 2-48,
For the tank shown in the figure, compute the pressure at points B, C, D, and E
in kPa. the unit weight of air.
Me Neti Ans. po =4.9; pe po = 4.9; pe = 21.6470 _ principles ot terete
035m —
020m 4
Problem 2-50
A glass 12.cm tall filled with water is inverted. The bottom. i
. is
the pressure at the closed end? Barometric pressure is 101.325 ie Wratis
Ans: 100.15 kPaa
Problem 2-52
In Figure 13, in which fluid will a pressure of 700 kPa first be achieved?
Ans: glycerin
Bes 90a
FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERTWO 7g
‘4 HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostaties
fe evoRAUE CS
Prablem 2-52
‘A cylindrical tank contains water at a height of 55 mm, as shown. Inside is a
vall open cylindrical tank containing cleaning fluid (s.g. = 0.8) at a height h.
The pressure pp = 13.4 kPa gage and pic = 13.42 kPa gage. Assume the cleaning
fluid is prevented from moving to the top of the tank. Use unit weight of
water = 9.79 KN/a. {@) Determine the pressure ps in kPa, (b) the value of hin
tm, and (6) the value of y in millimeters.
‘Ans: {a) 12.88; (B) 10.2; (c) 101
Problem 2 53
A differential manometer shown is measuring the difference in pressure two
water pipes, The indicating liquid is mercury (specific gravity = 13.6), Inis 675
mm, hua is 225 min, and hy is 300 mm. What is the pressure differential
between the two pipes. A ie
ns: 89.2272 « CHAPTERTWO FLUID MECHANICS. TUnD MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE 7-3
Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS 4 HYDRAULICS ‘Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
Problem 2-54
A force of 460 N is exerted on lever AB as shown. The end B is connected toa ¢ ha ter 3
piston which fits into a cylinder having a diameter of 60 mm. What force Fo
acts on the larger piston, if the volume between C and D is filled with water?
Ans: 15.83 KN
Total Hydrostatic Force
on Surfaces
TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES
1 the pressure over a plane area is uniform, as in the case of a horizontal
surface submerged in a liquid or a plane surface inside a gas chamber, the
(otal hydrostatic Force (or total pressure) is given by:
L FepA a1
Problem 2-55. where p is the uniform pressure and A is the area.
An open tube open tube is attached to a tank as shown. If water rises to a ancl i
height of 800 mum in the tube, what are the pressures pa and po of the air above Jn the case of an inclined or vertical plane submerged in a liquid, the total
water? Neglect capillary effects in the tube. pressure can be found by the following formula:
Ans: pa = 3.92 KPa; ps = 4.90 kPa guid surface $
Figure 3 = 1; Forces on an incined plane74 «CHAPTER THREE
FLUID MECHANICS
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
&: HYDRAULICS
Consider the plane surface shown inclined at an angle @ with the horizontal
To get the total force F, consider a differential clement of atea dA. ‘Since thas