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Pathogens

The document is an assignment for the Environmental Microbiology course at Federal University Dutse, detailing five water-borne pathogens each from the categories of protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. It highlights specific pathogens, their associated diseases, transmission methods, symptoms, and sources of contamination. The assignment emphasizes the importance of understanding these pathogens to prevent waterborne illnesses.

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8 views5 pages

Pathogens

The document is an assignment for the Environmental Microbiology course at Federal University Dutse, detailing five water-borne pathogens each from the categories of protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. It highlights specific pathogens, their associated diseases, transmission methods, symptoms, and sources of contamination. The assignment emphasizes the importance of understanding these pathogens to prevent waterborne illnesses.

Uploaded by

uaminu422
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSE JIGAWA

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND TOXICOLOGY

EMT 435: ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

CLASS ASSIGNMENT

STUDENT ID:

FSC/EMT/22/2005
MUHAMMAD USMAN AMINU

Submitted to:

Dr. Paul
Discuss atleast 5 water-borne pathogen Under each of the following

(a) Bacteria (b) virus (c) protozoa.

Viruses, bacteria, and parasites can enter a water supply unknowingly. All three of these species
are pathogenic, or disease-causing.

1. Protozoa: Protozoa (or protozoans) are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic


organisms, many of which are motile. The life stages of these protozoa play a major role
in their ability to function as pathogens and infect various hosts. Some protozoa have
life stages alternating between proliferative stages (e.g., trophozoites ) and dormant
cysts. As cysts, protozoa can survive harsh conditions, such as exposure to extreme
temperatures or harmful chemicals, or long periods without access to nutrients, water,
or oxygen for a period of time. The ability of protozoa to thrive under extreme
environments contributes to their ability to evade immune system responses, drug
therapies and survive for prolonged periods of time before infection.
a. Giardia lamblia
- Disease: Giardiasis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and malabsorption
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices
b. Cryptosporidium parvm
- Disease: Cryptosporidiosis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and respiratory problems
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices
c. Entamoeba histolytica
- Disease: Amoebiasis
-Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and potentially life-threatening
complications
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices
d. Cyclospora cayetanensis
- Disease: Cyclosporiasis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and fatigue
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices,
as well as contaminated produce
e. Acanthamoeba spp.
- Disease: Acanthamoebiasis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, contact lenses, or direct contact with an infected
person
- Symptoms: Keratitis (eye infection), encephalitis (brain infection), and potentially life-
threatening complications
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices,
as well as contaminated contact lens solution
2. Bacteria: Many illnesses are caused by waterborne bacteria. Testing water for the
quantity and types of bacteria is essential to preventing these illnesses
a. Vibrio cholerae
- Disease:* Cholera
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and life-threatening complications
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices
b. Escherichia coli (E. coli)
- Disease: Urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and hemorrhagic colitis
complications- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an
infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and potentially life-threatening
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices
c. Campylobacter jejuni
- Disease: Campylobacteriosis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected animal
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and potentially life-threatening
complications
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices,
as well as contaminated poultry and dairy products

d. Salmonella spp.
- Disease: Salmonellosis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected animal
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and potentially life-threatening
complications
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices,
as well as contaminated poultry, dairy, and produce products
e. Shigella spp.
- Disease: Shigellosis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and potentially life-threatening
complications
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices

3. Virus: Waterborne viruses are frequently implicated as the cause of water-related


gastrointestinal illness. Waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) are reported each year
and are associated with recreational water (RW), treated drinking water (DW), and
ground water (treated and untreated).
a. Rotavirus
- Disease: Rotavirus gastroenteritis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene
practices
b. Norovirus
- Disease:bNorovirus gastroenteritis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene
practices, as well as contaminated food and surfaces
c. Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
- Disease: Hepatitis A
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and jaundice
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene
practices, as well as contaminated food and surfaces
d. Adenovirus
- Disease: Adenovirus gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, and conjunctivitis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, respiratory symptoms, and
conjunctivitis
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene
practices, as well as contaminated food and surfaces
e. Astrovirus
- Disease: Astrovirus gastroenteritis
- Transmission: Contaminated water, food, or direct contact with an infected person
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever
- Sources: Fecal contamination of water sources, poor sanitation, and hygiene
practices

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