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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 vi        CONTENTS
●

From Cultural Emphasis to Ethnosemantics 24

Ethnosemantics as a Field Method 25
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 2.1

Speaking “Computer” 26
●● Using the Tools 2.1

Language on the Job 28

From Ethnosemantics to Prototype Theory 28
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 2.2

Shahula sha M anyao 30

LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY 31
Linguistic Relativity and Cultural Emphasis 32
Challenging Linguistic Relativity: The Search for Universals 33

THE INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE ON CULTURE 35

Testing Linguistic Determinism 37
Relative Space and Absolute Space: New Evidence
for Linguistic Determinism 38
●● Using the Tools 2.2

Up and Down 40
Experiencing Linguistic Determinism 41

LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND THOUGHT 43

What Categories Tell You about the Mind 43
Categories and Metaphors 43
Metaphors and Frames: Framing Metaphors, Framing Debates 44
●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 2.1

Shifting Frames, Challenging Ideologies 46

Summary 47
Key Terms 48
Student Activities 48

Chapter 3
• THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE 50
In the Field, Comoro Islands, October 1967 50

SOUNDS 51
PHONOLOGY 51

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 CONTENTS       vii ●

●● Cross-Language Miscommunication 3.1

Thai Li(m) 54
Phonetics 54
Phonetic Charts and Symbols 57
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 3.1

Grandfathers and Turtles 59

●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 3.2

Learning the Czech

●● Using the Tools 3.1

Sun and Moon Consonants in A rabic 63

●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 3.2

Big Hello 66
Beyond Phonetic Charts: Suprasegmentals and Diacritics 67
●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 3.3

Horses and Dog Poop 68

Phonemics 70
●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 3.4

Hot and Bitter Chocolate 73

BEYOND PHONOLOGY: PROSODY 78

Voice Quality and Intonation 79
●● Using the Tools 3.2

Prosody to the R escue 80

Vocal Gestures and Ideophones 81
Speech Substitutes: Drum and Whistle Languages 81

ETICS AND EMICS 82

Summary 83
Key Terms 84
Student Activities 85

Chapter 4
• WORDS AND SENTENCES 86
In the Field, U Zlatého Zvonu, Praha, February 2001 86

In the Field, U Zlatého Zvonu, Praha, April 2001 86

●● Cross-Language Miscommunication 4.1
News of the World 89

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 viii        CONTENTS
●

MORPHOLOGY 91
●● Using the Tools 4.1
Beer and Morphology 91
Morphological Analysis 93
How Morphemes Are Arranged 97
Allomorphs 100
●● Using the Tools 4.2

A rabic Words for ‘The’ 102

SYNTAX 103
Syntactic Analysis 103
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 4.1

I H ave a 105
How Syntactic Units Are Arranged 110
Ambiguities and Other Difficulties 111
Kinds of Grammars 112
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 4.2

Your Office Needs Swept 113

Summary 118
Key Terms 119
Student Activities 119

Chapter 5
• SILENT LANGUAGES 120
In the Field, Iowa City, IA, July 2004 120

SIGN LANGUAGE 121

The History of American Sign Language 122
American Sign Language Structure 123
Manually Coded Sign Languages 125
●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 5.1

A ll You Hearing People 126

Describing and Analyzing Signs 127
Change and Variation in Sign Languages 130
Ideologies of Signing 131
●● Doing Linguistic A nthropology 5.1
Variation in Sign 132

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 CONTENTS       ix ●

Using the Tools 5.1

●●

A Deaf A dvantage 134

Does Modality Matter? 135

In the Field, Comoro Islands, September 1967 136

GESTURES AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 137

Encountering Nonverbal Systems 138
Smell, Taste, and Touch as Nonverbal Systems 140
Proxemics 141
●● Using the Tools 5.2

The Touch 142

●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 5.2

Down the H all 144

Kinesics 147
Gestures 147
●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 5.3

Thanks for the Help? 149

Gestures across Cultures 149
Facial Expressions and Eye Contact 151
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 5.2

A nalyzing a Wink 152

Observing and Using Kinesics and Proxemics 152
Simple Gesture Systems 153
Complex Gesture Systems 154
Summary 155
Key Terms 156
Student Activities 157

Chapter 6
• LANGUAGE IN ACTION  158
In the Field, K ansas State University, Manhattan, K ansas,
Early 1990s 158

USING LANGUAGE: CULTURE, ETHNICITY,

GENDER, STATUS, AND STYLE 159
●● Cross-Language Miscommunication 6.1
Corn Pudding 161

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 x        CONTENTS
●

●● Cross-Language Miscommunication 6.2

Ukrainian No 162

COMPETENCE WITH LANGUAGES 164

Linguistic Competence: Ideal Speakers and Listeners 164
Communicative Competence: Real People Using
Real Language 166
Communicative Competence and Symbolic Capital:
Language and Power 167
Linguistic Communities and Speech Communities 168
Communities of Practice 169

THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION:

AN APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING
LANGUAGE IN ACTION 170
●● Using the Tools 6.1

I Noticed the Seed Stitch 171

Doing an Ethnography of Communication:
Analyzing Communicative Competence 172
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G: An Acronym to Guide Research 172
●● Using the Tools 6.2

Bargaining in Mexico 176

OTHER APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING

LANGUAGE IN ACTION 187
Conversation Analysis 187
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 6.1

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G in the Classroom 188

Discourse Analysis 189
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 6.2

So, Tell Us a Little Bit about Yourself 190

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION:
ISSUES AND IDEOLOGIES 191
When Things “Go Wrong”: Cultural Miscues as “Rich Points” 192
Using Linguistic Anthropology to Develop
Communicative Competence 192
Analyzing Rich Points 193
Summary 196
Key Terms 197
Student Activities 198

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 CONTENTS       xi ●

Chapter 7
• WRITING AND LITERACY 199
In the Field, Tororo, Uganda, August 1967 199

WRITING AND SYMBOLISM 200

Cross-Language Miscommunication 7.1
●●

R eading across Cultures 202

WHAT IS WRITING? 203

HOW DOES WRITING WORK? 203

Pictographic “Writing” 206
Rebus Writing 206
Logographic Writing 208
●● Using the Tools 7.1

R eading Smiles 210

Syllabic Writing 211
Logosyllabic Writing 214
Alphabetic Writing 216
Khipus: A Special Case 217
Issues of Classification 218

DECODING A WRITING SYSTEM 219

●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 7.1

Writing Shinzwani 222

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE WRITING? 223

Having Writing 223
Words onto Paper 224
●● Using the Tools 7.2

Lost in Slovakia 226

LITERACY AND LITERACIES 226

Literacy as Technology 228
Literacy as Practice 228
Literacy and Orality 230
Literacy and Permanence 233
Literacy and Linguistic Awareness 235
Literacy Practices and Ideologies: The Ethnography of Reading 235

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 xii        CONTENTS
●

●● Cross-Language Miscommunication 7.2

Photographic Truths 236

LITERACY AND POWER: THE IMPORTANCE

OF IDEOLOGY 238
Ideologies of Access: Who Should Read? 239
Ideologies of Colonialism: Denying Literacy, Imposing Literacy 240
Ideology and Orthography: Spelling “Correctly” 241
Issues of Reform: Changing Spellings, Reforming Scripts 242

WAYS OF READING, WAYS OF WRITING 244

Linear versus Multimodal Reading and Writing 245
Public versus Private Reading and Writing 246
Summary 248
Key Terms 250
Student Activities 250

Chapter 8
• HOW AND WHEN IS LANGUAGE POSSIBLE? 251
In the Field, Comoro Islands, July 1982 251

HOW IS LANGUAGE POSSIBLE? 252

Theories about Language Beginnings 253
The Evolution of Language: One Complex Organ
or a Complex Set of Traits 254
A Four-Field Approach 255
Defining Language 256

THE DESIGN FEATURES OF LANGUAGE 257

Productivity, Displacement, Traditional Transmission,
and Duality of Patterning 260
Design Features and the Emergence of Language 262

PRIMATE COMMUNICATION 263

Sign Language and Lexigrams 264
Bonobos 265

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 CONTENTS       xiii ●

CHILDREN AND LANGUAGE 266

Theories about Language in Children 267
Ethnographies of Language Learning 270
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 8.1

Experimenting with Intonation 271

WHEN IS LANGUAGE POSSIBLE? 272

Language and the Brain 273
Language and the Human Vocal Apparatus 279

HOW AND WHEN IS LANGUAGE POSSIBLE?

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 281
Summary 284
Key Terms 286
Student Activities 286

Chapter 9
• CHANGE AND CHOICE 287
In the Field, Manhattan, K ansas, July 1974 287

Bellingham, WA 2016 287

HOW (AND WHY) LANGUAGES CHANGE 290

External Change 291
Internal Change 293
●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 9.1

Losing Shinzwani 299

THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE CHANGE 299

From Language to Dialect 300
From Dialect to Language 302
Examples of Language Change 304
Language Change and Language Families 306

LANGUAGES IN CONTACT: PIDGINS AND CREOLES 316

Defining Pidgins and Creoles 317
Classifying Pidgin and Creole Languages 319
Ideology, Politics, and Education 322

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 xiv        CONTENTS
●

●● Using the Tools 9.1

Black English in California Schools 324
●● Cross-Language Miscommunication 9.2
A xing an Interview 325

IDEOLOGY AND CHOICE 326

Bilingualism 326
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 9.1

Non-Accommodating Bilingualism in Ukraine 330

Diglossia 330
Codeswitching 332
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 9.2

R eading Mock Spanish in a Children’s Book 334

Mock Languages 334
Official Languages 336
Summary 337
Key Terms 339
Student Activities 340

Chapter 10
• AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF LANGUAGE 341
In the Field, K ansas State University, September 1989 341

DOING LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY 342

Everyday Applications 343
●● Using the Tools 10.1

The Language of Internet Scams 344

Cross-Cultural Applications 345

WORKING WITH LANGUAGE COMMUNITIES 346

Language Extinction, Language Revitalization 346
●● Doing L inguistic A nthropology 10.1

Language R evitalization in Oklahoma 347

●● Cross -L anguage M iscommunication 10.1

Globish versus English? 348

Translating Languages, Translating Cultures 350

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 CONTENTS       xv ●

REVEALING RACIST AND SEXIST LANGUAGE 351

Bias in Grammar 351
●● Using the Tools 10.2

Translating in Court: Beyond “Simple” 352

Bias in Words 354
Bias in Discourse 355

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY 357

●●Doing Linguistic A nthropology 10.2
Language and Identity in Corsica 358
Summary 360
Key Terms 361
Student Activities 361
Glossary  362
References  380
Index  389

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 TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES

• TABLES
3.1 Scaled-down phonetic chart for consonants 57
3.2 Scaled-down vowel chart 64
9.1 Examples of the Great English Vowel Shift 306
9.2 Proto-Polynesian consonants 311
9.3 Proto-Polynesian vowels 311

• FIGURES
1.1 Linguistic anthropology is fieldwork-based. Here Pine is
learning to transplant paddy rice in Thailand. 7
1.2 Language and culture are inseparable. Here Ottenheimer
becomes part of a cooking group in the Comoro Islands. 11
2.1 Comparison of word ranges for English hand and arm
versus Russian ruka 21
2.2 Words for different varieties of fish reveal an important
emphasis in Taiwanese cuisine. 23
2.3 Two mental maps for dandelions 25
2.4 Shinzwani speaker Nounou Affane helps anthropologist
Martin Ottenheimer to learn the correct names for varieties
of bananas and papayas. 27
2.5 Different words, different frames: looting and finding 47
3.1 Diagram of the speech organs. See the workbook/reader
for a more detailed diagram. 56
3.2 Section of the International Phonetic Alphabet showing
basic (pulmonic) consonants. See the workbook/reader
for the complete IPA chart. 60
3.3 Section of the International Phonetic Alphabet showing
vowels. See the workbook/reader for the complete IPA
chart. 64
3.4 Section of the International Phonetic Alphabet showing
diacritics. See the workbook/reader for the complete IPA
chart. 69
4.1 Kinds of morphemes: roots, stems, bases, and affixes 96
4.2 Tree diagram for Time flies like an arrow. 116
4.3 Two tree diagrams for Fruit flies like a banana. 116
xvi

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 TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES       xvii ●

5.1 Hand-shape (dez) phonemes: a. fist-hand (A shape);

b. flat-hand (B shape); c. cupped-hand (C shape);
d. index-hand (D shape) 129
5.2 Minimal pairs in ASL: a. apple; b. candy 129
5.3 Variation in Sign:
a. English-influenced will or future; b. ASL finish;
c. pastor responding to question in classroom 133
5.4 American proxemics (distances measured in feet) 143
5.5 Close personal space at a women’s musical event in the
Comoro Islands 144
6.1 This grandfather encourages his granddaughter to become a
participant in the conversation. 174
7.1 International symbol for women’s bathroom 199
7.2 The gold-anodized plaque carried by Pioneer 10, designed
by Carl Sagan, cofounder of the Planetary Society; Frank
Drake, now chairman of the board of the SETI Institute;
and artist Linda Salzman Sagan 201
7.3 Historical development of the Chinese character for
‘horse’ 208
7.4 Historical development of the cuneiform symbol for
‘star/heaven/sky-god’ 209
7.5 Some Chinese logographs 211
7.6 Some Mayan logographs 211
7.7 Cherokee syllabary designed by Sequoyah in 1821 213
7.8 Hiragana syllabary 213
7.9 Katakana syllabary 214
7.10 Old Assyrian (1920–1840 BCE) cuneiform clay tablets and
envelopes from Kayseri, Turkey 215
7.11 Different ways to write ‘Pakal’: a. logographic;
b. logosyllabic; c. syllabic 216
7.12 An Inka khipu 217
7.13 Reading Comorian 224
7.14 Lost in Slovakia: a. the intersection on the map; b. the
intersection on the ground 227
7.15 Learning Lahu literacy in Sunday school 232
7.16 Interacting through reading 238
7.17 Older Ukrainian script displayed on a church in L’viv,
western Ukraine 243
8.1 Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas 277
8.2 Chimpanzee, adult human, and infant human vocal tracts
compared 280
9.1 The Great English Vowel Shift 305

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 xviii         TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES
●

• BOXES
Cross-Language Miscommunication
1.1 Showing Up Early 8
2.1 Shifting Frames, Challenging Ideologies 46
3.1 Thai Li(m) 54
3.2 Big Hello 66
3.3 Horses and Dog Poop 68
3.4 Hot and Bitter Chocolate 73
4.1 News of the World 89
5.1 All You Hearing People 126
5.2 Down the Hall 144
5.3 Thanks for the Help? 149
6.1 Corn Pudding 161
6.2 Ukrainian No 162
7.1 Reading across Cultures 202
7.2 Photographic Truths 236
9.1 Losing Shinzwani 299
9.2 Axing an Interview 325
10.1 Globish versus English? 348

Doing Linguistic Anthropology

1.1 Ethics in Linguistic Anthropology 12
1.2 An Ethical Dilemma 13
2.1 Speaking “Computer” 26
2.2 Shahula sha Manyao 30
3.1 Grandfathers and Turtles 59
3.2 Learning the Czech 62
4.1 I Have a ____ 105
4.2 Your Office Needs Swept 113
5.1 Variation in Sign 132
5.2 Analyzing a Wink 152
6.1 S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G in the Classroom 188
6.2 So, Tell Us a Little Bit about Yourself 190
7.1 Writing Shinzwani 222
8.1 Experimenting with Intonation 271
9.1 Non-Accommodating Bilingualism in Ukraine 330
9.2 Reading Mock Spanish in a Children’s Book 334
10.1 Language Revitalization in Oklahoma 347
10.2 Language and Identity in Corsica 358

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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 TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES       xix ●

Using the Tools

2.1 Language on the Job 28
2.2 Up and Down 40
3.1 Sun and Moon Consonants in Arabic 63
3.2 Prosody to the Rescue 80
4.1 Beer and Morphology 91
4.2 Arabic Words for ‘The’ 102
5.1 A Deaf Advantage 134
5.2 The Touch 142
6.1 I Noticed the Seed Stitch 171
6.2 Bargaining in Mexico 176
7.1 Reading Smiles 210
7.2 Lost in Slovakia 226
9.1 Black English in California Schools 324
10.1 The Language of Internet Scams 344
10.2 Translating in Court: Beyond “Simple” 352

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 PREFACE

• PURPOSE OF THE BOOK

The Anthropology of Language is a unique package consisting of a text,
a workbook/reader, and a set of applied projects, designed to make the
intersection of linguistics and anthropology accessible and interesting
to undergraduate students. It is an entry-level introduction to the
field of linguistic anthropology that should appeal to students from a
wide variety of fields and at a wide variety of levels, from first-years to
seniors. The package is based on our decades of experience teaching
introductory courses in linguistic anthropology, Ottenheimer at Kansas
State University and Pine at Western Washington University, Pacific
Lutheran University, and Shoreline Community College. The textbook
is designed to introduce basic concepts as succinctly as possible. The
workbook/reader and the various guided projects challenge students to
think critically about basic concepts and guide them to practical ways
of applying their new knowledge to everyday situations. Projects and
exercises are doable, enjoyable, and sufficiently challenging to keep
student interest high. Our idea is to get students to actively apply the
concepts to their everyday lives as effectively—and as early—as possible.
Weblinks throughout the core text and the workbook/reader provide
jumping-off points for students to find additional articles and sites of
interest. The entire package provides a comprehensive user-friendly
introduction to linguistic anthropology for undergraduates.

Organization of the Package

All of the components of the package (text, workbook/reader, guided
projects, and weblinks) are carefully coordinated. The text points to the
workbook/reader, and vice versa. Both point to the guided projects, in
which students can test their skills by working on specific semester-long
projects such as working with conversation partners or creating new
languages. Both include numerous weblinks where students can find
additional examples to assist in their learning. Sidebars in the core text
give additional examples of practical uses of linguistic anthropology.
For instructors adopting the package there is an Instructors’ Companion
Website with access to a test bank of questions, a set of PowerPoint slides

xx

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 PREFACE       xxi ●

for lectures, and an Instructor’s Manual with guidelines for teaching the
materials and grading the workbook exercises.

Organization of the Text

The textbook serves as the primary jumping-off point for the entire
package. The textbook provides a brief, readable introduction to linguistic
anthropology, stressing the kinds of questions that anthropologists ask
about language and the kinds of questions that students find interesting
with regard to language. It covers all four fields of anthropology—
physical anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic
anthropology—and includes the applied dimension of anthropology
as well. It teaches basic descriptive/structural and transformational/
generative approaches to describing and analyzing languages and shows
how to apply these approaches to everyday situations. Each chapter
points students to additional exercises in the workbook/reader; each
chapter also includes useful weblinks for students to explore. Additional
readings are suggested in the Instructor’s Manual. Core chapters are
bookended by brief introductory and concluding chapters designed to
pique student interest at the start and to reward their completion at the
end. The final chapter reminds students that they can apply the insights
and tools of linguistic anthropology on a daily basis.

Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics

The chapters and sections on phonology, morphology/syntax, and
semantics in both spoken and signed language have been written so
that they may be taken in any order. We know that some instructors
prefer to begin with syntax and work “down,” whereas others (includ-
ing both of us) prefer to begin with phonology and work “up.” Some
instructors like to preface all the technical material with semantics;
others prefer to conclude with semantics. When Ottenheimer first
learned linguistic anthropology, the instructor started in the middle
with morphology, then progressed to semantics, then phonology,
and finally finished with syntax. When Pine learned it, the instruc-
tor started with language and culture, then moved to phonology and
“worked up” to syntax. Each approach has its advantages and disadvan-
tages, and each is probably more “intuitive” for some students and less
so for others. As both of us teach the course, we begin with semantics
and then progress to phonology, morphology, and syntax, primarily
because the language creating project works best this way but also be-
cause semantics seems to be the most accessible and interesting to stu-
dents, particularly when it is introduced in the context of language and
culture. Although sign languages are now discussed in every chapter,
there is a separate chapter focusing on Sign as well, where we discuss

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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xxii        PREFACE
●

the phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse elements of Sign

all together so that instructors can focus on these important issues.
Instructors should feel free to take the chapters in any order. Each has
been written as an independent unit.

Gender, Ethnicity, Ideology, and Power

As with sign languages, special care has been taken to include issues
of gender, ethnicity, language ideology, and power throughout the
text. In addition, several chapters address these issues directly,
making them the focus of the discussion. We find that infusing
gender, ethnicity, ideology, and power into the materials throughout
the semester helps students to appreciate the importance of staying
aware of these issues. Still, it is also important to focus on each area
separately in order to explore it fully, so we have done both. This is
true as well for issues of identity, colonialism, language prejudice,
language death, indexicality, framing, signed language, and so on.
Each of these issues is addressed in its place in the book, but each
is infused throughout the book as well. This enables instructors to
keep all these issues continually relevant to the study of linguistic
anthropology rather than compartmentalizing them into discrete
sections and then abandoning them for the rest of the semester.

Sign Language
In this edition, as in the previous one, we discuss sign language through-
out the work as well as foregrounding it in a chapter of its own. The
chapters on phonology and morphology/syntax come first, presenting
examples from both spoken and signed languages, thus encouraging
instructors to emphasize the structural and analytic similarities and
differences between these modalities. The chapter on signed languages
follows immediately, adding greater depth to students’ understand-
ing of signed communication, its history, and issues concerning Deaf
communities. The chapter also includes a short section on nonverbal
communication in order to clarify the important differences between
sign languages and gesture systems. Because special care has been
taken to include discussions of sign language throughout the book, we
can keep reminding students that sign language is indeed language and
deserves to be studied as such.

Language Play, Language Origins, and Language Acquisition/Learning

Grouping these three subjects together helps students to appreciate
the complex connections between them. Pine in particular emphasizes
the link between playfulness and language learning when teaching her
introductory courses, reminding students that humans can and do find
learning language an enjoyable experience and encouraging them to

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 PREFACE       xxiii ●

see having fun with projects as a productive approach. Many reviewers

feel that this grouping of topics is a significant strength of the book. It
helps students to think more constructively about the various sides of
the debate over whether language is innately programmed or learned
in speech communities. The key question of exactly how and when lan-
guage began still cannot be answered with any certainty, but Chapter 8
brings much of the latest research to bear in helping students to think
about the possibilities. This is one of the areas in which information
from all four subfields of anthropology is tightly interwoven, and it is
one of the chapters that most engages students with a primary focus on
archaeology or physical anthropology.

Variation, Change, and Choice

Most texts treat each of these subjects separately, with the result that
students get a disconnected sense of the important questions hidden
in these three areas. In fact, the three are very complexly intertwined,
and at an introductory level it seems more important to help students
see the interconnections than to separate the three into three separate
chapters. This is another decision that reviewers of this book have
strongly supported. Chapter 9, “Change and Choice,” although longer
than most of the others, takes care to continually interweave the vari-
ous themes of language change and language choice, of standards
and dialects, of power and prejudice, and of language ideology and
language loyalty so that students come away from the chapter with
an enhanced understanding of the power and value of language and
the importance of expressing identity through language. The question
of language endangerment is also introduced in this chapter, but it
gets special focus in the concluding chapter, where specific examples
are provided and revitalization efforts are explored. The chapter on
Change and Choice should be spread out over two weeks, if possible.
Although it can be scheduled as if it were two chapters, this combined
approach makes it easier to keep the concepts and their connections
alive for the students.

Special Features of the Book

“In the Field” Chapter Openers
Each chapter includes as least one vignette about fieldwork. Most of
these are from Ottenheimer’s field experiences, some are from Pine’s.
Designed to capture readers’ attention, the vignettes introduce aspects
of linguistic anthropology in an unusually engaging way, piquing stu-
dent curiosity and setting the stage for the material to come. Personal
stories help the students relate to linguistic anthropologists as “real”
people. Chapters and sections refer back to the material in the vignettes

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
when it is properly conducted. It can be understood, therefore, why
the conductor of the fire-escape, who had saved many lives,
enraged at the act of Hal Vivian, shouted so vehemently to him to
return.
He knew by many instances that such a proceeding as that of
which the youth was guilty, while it imperilled the rescue of those
sought to be saved, added to the number he was called upon to
preserve. His own life was always in jeopardy in the performance of
his duty, to which he was quite equal, and it was vexing to find
another placing himself in peril without occasion for it, and, in all
probability, doing far more harm than good.
Quick as he was in his chase after Hal, he failed to reach him
before he was at the window, where clustered the affrighted girls.
Ere he could clutch hold of him, Hal sprang on the window-sill, and
was the next instant in the room.
He was recognised immediately by those whom he came to
deliver.
Flora, as she saw Hal’s form upon the edge of the window, and
witnessed him bound into the room, uttered a cry of joy.
As the light from the street flashed upon his animated excited
countenance, her heart received upon it the impression of a face it
was not likely to permit easily to be effaced.
“Heaven reward you, Mr. Vivian!” she exclaimed, hysterically, “you
have come to save us.”
“Or perish with you!” he replied, excitedly, “for I will not leave the
room until you are all safely down.”
“God bless you! God bless you!” sobbed Lotte Clinton, who, as
white as death, was trembling like an aspen.
“Now then, young fellow,” cried the conductor, putting his head
into the window, “since you are here, you must make yourself
useful, and be as cool as a cowcumber. Recollect, we ain’t here to
spend a week. Shut that door; look sharp, or you’ll all be stifled in a
minute.”
No sooner commanded than done.
At the same instant the clattering of horses’ feet at full gallop over
the ringing stones, the heavy rumble of whirling wheels, the rattling
cheers of a mob which was fast growing into a multitude, announced
the arrival of the first practicable fire-engine.
By this time Lotte was placed within the cradle of the fire-escape,
and was safely lowered down to those beneath.
A roar of gratification burst from the lips of the spectators as they
beheld one added to the list of the saved.
Hal watched until Lotte was lifted out of the escape, and then he
turned to Flora, to request her to be in readiness to take her place in
the little life-boat.
It must be understood that these operations were performed with
the utmost rapidity consistent with safety. The room was more than
half filled by a dense smoke when Hal entered; and, although the
door was since closed, it had streamed in through crannies and
chinks so as to fill it—the open window rather holding it in the room
than suffering it to escape.
When Lotte and her companion, the conductor of the fire-escape
departed, the atmosphere had become heated and stifling. It was
also so thick that scarcely a thing a foot off could be distinguished.
Hal’s astonishment and alarm can be imagined when, on the return
of the cradle, he spoke to Flora and received no answer.
But a moment past and she was at his elbow; she was now gone
—he could not see her—he called to her, but received no reply. He
felt about the room, but he was nearly suffocated, without
succeeding in finding her. He heard the roaring of the flames
beneath him: the smoke grew each moment thicker and denser:
large drops of perspiration poured from him: instinctively he
cowered to the floor and spread his hands in all directions, afraid to
open his mouth for fear of being stifled.
The conductor of the fire-escape now poked his head into the
window, and shouted for the pair to save their lives while they had a
chance, but he received no answer.
He leaped into the room, and threw himself on the floor, groping
about upon his hands and knees. He uttered a shrill cry, but met
with no response. He persevered as long as he could breathe, but
without meeting the bodies of either the youth or the maiden.
It was his impression that, overpowered by the smoke they had
sunk senseless upon the floor, but he could nowhere find them, and
at last mystified, and all but suffocated, he was compelled to retreat
to the window.
The fire was at the door of the room, shooting its long forks of
flame into the old wood of which it was composed, and with such
intense heat, that it was quickly one mass of flame, and sputtering
sparks.
With a heavy heart, the conductor got out of the room, on to his
machine, and he was barely upon it, when a long blast of flame
followed him with the speed of lightning, and darted out of both
windows, cracking and smashing the fragile glass panes, causing
them to fly in all directions, playing fantastically over, and wreathing
up the architraves of the windows, lighting up as it did so the excited
faces of the swaying, yelling mob below.
The conductor slid down the escape, and communicated the
appalling intelligence, that in the burning rooms above were two
miserable young creatures who, by the time he was relating the
occurrence, had become shapeless, blackened, charred masses of
human clay.
 The scene had now grown intensely exciting; more engines had
arrived, and hundreds of persons were added to those already
assembled. A body of policemen were employed in forcing the
turbulent crowd back, so as to give the firemen room for their
exertions. The street was turned into a river, and the fire brigade—
accoutred like the heavy dragoons of a former period—were plashing
through the muddy stream, getting their engines into working order
with the systematic, and, as it appeared to the anxious gazers, the
rather apathetic regularity of organised action.
Frantic occupiers of adjoining houses were flinging out their
furniture—their little all, and that uninsured. The beds and chairs,
tables and drawers, formed, as they were brought, or thrown, hastily
into the streets, a motley jumble—some of them being borne away
by active parties, never more to be returned to the original owner.
“Two persons burned to death!” was a cry which ran through the
crowd, and was again and again re-echoed by the individuals of
which it was formed, a thrill of horror accompanying it wherever it
went.
An explosion, and up shot a body of flame into the air, attended
by a shower of sparks, fragments of burning wood, and flaming
articles, the volumes of smoke, of gold and rose-blush tint rolling
away, painfully contrasting with the violet-hued heavens.
The roof was gone!
A brilliant glare was thrown over all objects, far and near, making
the place around as light as day.
Lo! a sudden and tremendous cry burst from the agitated
multitude, pressing, crowding, and crushing upon the foot and
roadways.
“There! there!—look there!” burst from a thousand throats, and as
many hands pointed to a particular spot.
 The adjoining house to Wilton’s—now a burning mass—had a tall,
irregular, but pointed roof, as though two rooms had been built
above the old roof of much less dimensions than those beneath, at
the smallest possible cost, and with an utter disregard of
architectural rule.
Up the jagged side of this slanting erection a human figure was
observed climbing slowly, his arm encircling a form all in white. His
position was terrifyingly dangerous—the least slip, and he, together
with his burden, would be precipitated into the burning ruins, still
roaring, spluttering, and flaming below him.
He lay almost flat upon his face on the rough tiles, his right hand
grasping the carved edge of the angle of the roof. Gradually he
worked his hand upwards, and by a tremendous exertion of
strength, he drew himself and his companion up a foot at each
movement. It was desperate labour—a fearful struggle with death. It
seemed to those who gazed upon him a mere impossibility that he
could save himself and the girl whom he still clutched round the
waist.
On he went slowly, the bright flames lighting him in his task, but
reducing his strength by the intense heat they threw out. He
succeeded in getting one leg across the angle of the roof, but in
doing so he slipped back at least two feet.
A shriek of horror burst from the crowd, and rose up in the air like
a death-wail.
The youth did not yet despair, but with desperate exertion he
arrested his descent with his knees.
He paused but a moment, and renewed his efforts to ascend,
using his knees now to enable him to maintain his position on the
roof, while he elevated his body so as to extend his reach until he
obtained a hold higher than before, that he might thus ultimately
gain a place of comparative safety.
 It was Hal Vivian who was with Flora Wilton in this frightful
situation. He had crawled in search of her into an adjoining
apartment to that which he had entered from the street. She had
hurried thither to save something to which she knew her father
attached great importance, but, overpowered by the smoke, she
had, after securing it, fallen senseless.
Hal fortunately found her as soon as he got into the room, and the
reflection from the fire below enabled him just to see the window.
He tore it open, and saw that the parapet adjoined the roof of the
next house.
He sprang on to it, and commenced the perilous task of
endeavouring to escape a horrible death, and of saving, with his
own, a life he esteemed far more valuable.
The falling roof of the house he had just quitted, when it sank
with its dreadful crash, was within an ace of taking him with it. It
was a fearful moment, but he surmounted it, and attempted to
proceed at the instant the crowd caught sight of him. He heard not
their cry, saw nothing, thought not of aught but the endeavour to
reach a place of safety with her. He strained every nerve and sinew
to accomplish his object, but human endurance, though backed by
the urgings and influence of a strong will, has its limits.
He now reached that point when, with sickening dismay, he found
his strength failing him, and although his firmness and determination
were unshaken, his power to go on was departing. To slacken his
tenacious hold was to be hurled into the yawning gulph of fire
behind him. He knew this well; that knowledge had as yet sustained
him, and he clung to the roof still with desperation, resolved,
notwithstanding the quivering of his fingers, the agonising aching of
the arm which supported Flora, and the trembling of his knees, to
continue to the last his exertions to save the maiden, or to pass out
of life with her.
 Slowly rising up, as before, he made a clutch at the top of the
roof, and caught it, but he found that, beyond drawing himself and
the form of the senseless girl a little higher, he could do no more. It
required an effort of unusual strength to reach the summit, where
he believed he could remain safe until rescued, and that effort
exhausted nature was incapable of making. Nay, he felt that he
could but a few minutes longer cling there, and if some Heaven-sent
aid did not reach him, his almost superhuman exertions would have
been made in vain.
He remained motionless, trying to recover his spent breath, and,
while in this position, the hoarse cries of the people thronging in the
streets reached his ears, and seemed to rouse him from his slowly
approaching listless inanition. He breathed a prayer; a thought what
Flora yet might be to him, and what that great world, of which he
had yet seen so little, might have in store for him, flashed through
his brain. The effect upon him was like the sound of a trumpet to the
soldier at the moment of some fearful charge, in which death is the
alternative of glory.
He drew himself upwards, struggling with the obstacles which
seemed to try and force him backwards, and, almost with a scream
upon his lips, he found himself oscillating upon the spot he had with
such trying exertion sought to reach, exhausted, and unable to make
another effort.
A shadow fell upon him; he turned his feeble eyes upon the
occasion of it, and saw one of the fire brigade, who, having laid a
short ladder against the side of the roof, had mounted it and
reached him.
Behind this man rose up the helmet of a second fireman, closely
following his comrade in his work of mercy.
Hal knew at a glance that Flora and himself were saved. He no
longer strove to continue the battle with fate, and did not attempt to
resist the embrace of insensibility as he felt the grip of the fireman
upon his collar, and heard undistinguishable words fall from him
greeting him.
 CHAPTER VI.—THE NOBLE GUESTS.
“You have deserted me; where am I now?
Not in your heart, while care weighs on your
brow;
No, no! you have dismissed me, and I go
From your breast houseless; ay, ay, it must be
so,”
He answered.
—John Keats.

M
r. Grahame, though greatly agitated at the sudden
appearance and abrupt disappearance of Nathan Gomer,
at a moment of such dread importance, did not make any
comment upon it to Mr. Chewkle. He felt unequal to such a task, and
perhaps, too, he thought that it would be better not to suppose that
the strange little moneyed man had either observed or suspected
any foul play in the act he must have seen in commission. So he
folded his arms, and remained silent, assuming the aspect of
profound meditation.
Mr. Chewkle, finding the coast clear of the small enemy, would
have given free vent to the feelings which were turbulent and in
turmoil within him, but Mr. Grahame repressed the very first
outbreak.
“Pray be silent on the matter,” he observed, hastily, as if aroused
suddenly from a fit of abstraction, “our speculations upon the
situation are worth nothing, and may lead us astray if suffered to
have the rein. Keep what you know safely locked within your own
breast. Trust the key in my keeping alone. Your reward shall not
certainly be less than your expectations. Mr. Gomer doubtless saw
me affixing a signature to a deed, and would presume it to be my
own; he could not imagine the truth; and therefore, though startled
at the moment, I do not, upon reflection, see any occasion for
alarm. Let me see you again in a few days, my good friend, and in
the meantime endeavour to suggest a mode of bringing that
wretchedly obstinate old man, Wilton, to reason.”
Mr. Grahame rang a hand-bell sharply, and Whelks instantly was in
the room. Mr. Chewkle “had a thing to say,” which had strong
reference to an immediate pecuniary supply; but Mr. Grahame did
not afford him the opportunity, for he addressed Whelks as he
entered, and bade him escort Mr. Chewkle to the door. He tendered
a finger to the commission agent as a parting salute, honoured him
with a stiff bow, and retired promptly to the further end of the
library.
“This way if you please!” exclaimed Whelks to Chewkle, as with
head erect and shoulders back, he, with the stateliness of a Tartar
soldier in an Astley’s drama, marched out of the room.
Mr. Chewkle glanced at Mr. Grahame and at Whelks; he had a
pressing occasion for a few pounds; but though he had quite made
up his mind to ask for and have a sum, and indeed in a private self-
communion on his way thither that morning, he had composed the
conversation which was to take place between himself and Mr.
Grahame, and which was to terminate in a princely act of
munificence towards him on the part of the latter personage, he
found himself sneaking out, treading tip-toe on the shadow of
Whelks, without having uttered a word or having obtained a penny.
The princely act of munificence did not come off upon this
occasion, but he promised himself that before long it should; and,
ere he was out of the house, he had flung his friendship for
Grahame to the winds, and had carved for himself an antagonistic
attitude, in which he played the part of one who, having in his
possession a dreadful secret, by which the safety of another is
compromised, makes money by it frequently.
 As the door closed upon him, Mr. Grahame turned a fitful gaze in
that direction, and quickly, but silently, turned the key in the lock.
Then he paced up and down the library, almost convulsed by a
fierce, mental struggle. He pressed his burning palm upon his aching
forehead, and muttered rapidly and wildly—
“It must be done now; there is no escape—no escape—none—
retreat is utterly impossible, and the advance must be swift, or, in
spite of crime, utter crushing ruin must be the result. No; there is no
stopping now. That forgery is useless, worthless, while he lives to
prove it what it is. But how dispose of him without having any
apparent connection with his death? Let me see! I must have no
accomplice. I already have one too many; he will be a thorn in my
side, I can see that; but there is time enough to think of the plan by
which I shall get rid of him. But this Wilton; he must die, and that
immediately. Yes, he must die! he must die! or I perish! but how to
kill him—how? how?”
He threw himself in his chair, and racked his brain for a device by
which to accomplish his devilish purpose without compromising
himself. But as he did so, the magnitude of the crime he proposed to
effect was not lost upon him. He felt that his face was livid, his
hands cold and clammy, while drops of icy sweat trickled from his
temples on to his cheek bones. His teeth, too, chattered, and his
limbs trembled, as though he had been suddenly nipped by a frost.
Some hours elapsed before his torturing reverie terminated—even
then he had only an indistinct notion of the course which he
calculated upon, as the best to be adopted. The vulgar modes of
knife or poison, he foresaw could not be employed by him, because
he would have to be connected, however remotely, with the deed;
and how to accomplish his design without the aid of one or the
other, was a problem harder for him to work out than the most
difficult in the “first four books” to an indifferent mathematician.
 He certainly hit upon a scheme, but he was not sure that it would
accomplish the object in view. There was not, however, time to
project a plan, requiring consummate skill in its details, and rare
ability to execute. Need was driving, and the ground was such as the
devil must cover without the option of a choice; and he made up his
mind to act at once, for he required immediately the funds which the
successful execution of his infamous purpose would place at his
disposal.
As if to sustain him in the resolution he had formed, he was
aroused by the arrival of Whelks at the library door, who, when it
was opened, informed him that his son had just returned home,
accompanied by the Duke of St. Allborne, and the Honorable Lester
Vane, and that they awaited him in the drawing-room.
Dismissing Whelks with a message to the effect that he would
immediately join them, he hastened to his dressing-room, to
obliterate all traces of the mental struggle he had for so many hours
endured, and, making a slight alteration in his attire, he descended,

With solemn step and slow,

to welcome his son’s guests upon their arrival from college.

He found, on entering the gorgeously furnished apartment, his
wife and daughters entertaining the new arrivals after the manner of
the House—always excepting Evangeline, who sat back in a window
recess, as if she had no business there.
A few words of stately congratulation and welcome from Mr.
Grahame, and the whole party returned to the position which it
occupied when he entered.
The keen eye of Mr. Grahame ran over the forms of the two young
men who were thus introduced into his family for the first time, and
naturally the young Duke was the first to attract his attention.
 He was tall—over six feet, and stout with his height. He was fair,
with round blue eyes, a small mouth, and no whiskers upon his
cheeks or moustache upon his upper lip, or the sign of a hair in the
vicinity.
His hands and feet were small, but there was a bulky, plethoric
character about his frame, and his legs had an ungraceful leaning to
knock-kneeism.
The tone of his voice was rich and not unmusical; but, like many
members of the aristocracy, his tongue refused to have anything to
do with the letter r, and, as a not unusual consequence, he used
words containing that letter more frequently than did persons who
could sound it like the roll of a drumstick upon a kettle-drum.
He was dressed elegantly. The jewellery he wore, though spare in
quantity, was superb in material, and super-eminently costly.
The Honorable Lester Vane was of an entirely different stamp; and
could, perhaps, have better sustained the character of a duke than
his friend. Standing about five feet ten, he was remarkably well-
formed and erect, and seemed to be at least six feet high. He was
dark; and, though not a military man, wore a handsomely-shaped
and trimmed moustache: his features were regular and well-shaped:
his eyes were a very dark blue, and shaded by long black eyelashes:
his hair and whiskers being of the same hue as the latter. His hands
were white and small, and his feet were equally neat in their
proportions. He was dressed with consummate taste and care, and
of all men was calculated to attract the notice of women.
Malcolm Grahame, short in stature, was a rather ugly likeness of
his sister Margaret, possessing all her pride, but not enough of her
studied coldness to prevent it becoming vulgar arrogance. He was
rather overdressed, too; and, altogether, presented a remarkable
contrast to his college companions. It was soon perceptible that he
toadied them, and that they both held him at no very flattering
height in their estimation.
 Why, then, did they accompany him home? An answer to that
question might have been found in the glances bestowed by both
the young men on the beautiful Helen Grahame, who, conscious of
her own charms, received the homage of their eyes as simply her
due. They were both, very shortly after their introduction, aware
that she interpreted their looks of admiration, rather steadfastly
bestowed—that they did not surprise nor did they abash her—nay,
when, to show her power, she flashed those brilliant orbs upon them
by turns, with a clear, steadfast gaze, they were fain to let their
eyelids fall, to screen their unsteady eyes from the direct, unfaltering
look she bent upon them.
Both regarded her in the light of a prize worth having, though
each looked on the achievement from a different point of view. One
seriously hoped to win it without the formulary of the wedding ring—
the other with that aid, but with the addition also of a golden store.
Helen Grahame was unquestionably beautiful. The heightened
colour of her cheek, the sparkling dancing of her brilliant eye, as she
observed the impression her personal attractions had made upon the
two young highborn men, greatly enhanced that beauty, which
excited admiration even when in repose. It kept them at her side,
and engrossed the largest share of their attention.
With a woman’s quickness of perception, Helen saw that she
should soon have both these men suitors for her favour, sighing at
her feet for her love. The gracefully fashioned form of Lester Vane
pleased her eye and taste—the ducal coronet of his bulky friend
roused her ambition and dazzled her; and she foresaw that she
should be perplexed, when, as she instinctively knew would be the
case, both wooed her, which to prefer. It was something to have a
handsome “Honorable” for a husband—but to be a duchess!—ah!
Why at the moment did she sigh so sharply?—why did a spasm
run through her frame, and make her clutch convulsively at a chair
for support? Was it that this momentary pang reminded her that in
neither decision would her heart be enlisted, or that there was
another and more grave consideration which rendered such a
speculation a forbidden subject?
After the common-places which usually attend an introduction, Mr.
Grahame suggested that the guests should be shown to their
respective rooms, where they might remove the traces of their
journey, and prepare their toilet for dinner, to be served at half-past
eight—a suggestion which was somewhat readily accepted, and
appeared to be grateful to all parties.
The Duke and the Honorable Lester Vane had heard Malcolm
Grahame boast of his beautiful sister Helen and his proud sister Meg.
They had availed themselves of his apparently unlimited command
of money, and they considered that his family were enormously
wealthy, but vulgar and common-place. When Malcolm invited them
home to spend a week with him, at his “place” in London, they both,
having “places” of their own in the great city, looked upon the
invitation as a good joke, and accepted it in the same spirit. They
each resolved to add to the favours they had bestowed upon him, by
permitting him always to pay, by borrowing his money in return for
their company, and by running off with the pretty sister, of whom he
spoke so enthusiastically. They had even entered into a bet with
each other as to which would prove successful.
They were, however, not a little surprised to find the Grahames
living in a style of elegant luxury, and the members of it displaying a
pride of bearing not even surpassed by the ineffably proud Somerset
himself, whose wife—a Percy—never attempted the liberty of kissing
him. They were equally posed to find the pretty sister a brilliant
beauty, who could only be approached with deference and humility;
who was not to be gained with a glance of passion, or won by the
pretended asseverations of a love having no existence.
Lester Vane saw his course at once. His income was narrow, and
during his father’s life would not be increased by inheritances or
bequests from any branch of his family, near or remote. To gain a
beautiful wife, with an enormous dowry, was precisely the means by
which he purposed elevating himself to wealth, and within a few
minutes after his introduction to Helen, he abandoned his criminal
project, and took up the matrimonial one. He formed the
determination, too, of thwarting, promptly and effectually, the Duke’s
designs, without appearing to do so, until he was sure of the lady,
because he knew not when and how he might require his interest
and service.
The young Duke was quite thrown out, too, by what was
presented to his astonished eyes. Malcolm Grahame, after all, was
not the parvenu he had fancied him to be, and his sister, instead of
being merely a pretty, silly girl, was one to grace a throne. His was
not a nature easily to abandon a resolution once formed, and he
thought of Helen as a mistress with a gratified emotion not to be
described. A passion for her was at once raised in his heart. He, too,
remembering his bet with Lester Vane, made his resolutions in
respect to the intentions of his friend, but as his own in that
particular remained unchanged, he decided upon preserving silence
respecting it for the present.
Both the young men were therefore glad to escape to their rooms,
to recover their surprise on finding themselves in an atmosphere
they had not expected, and in contact with persons differing
materially from the conceptions they had formed of them. They were
anxious to reflect upon their line of conduct during their stay, and
having well considered the path to choose, to follow it out.
The two girls and their mother were glad of an opportunity of
comparing notes and devising plans, to be carried out so long as
their guests remained.
Mr. Grahame seemed to be in a dream, glad to be away from
everybody, yet hating to be alone.
A brilliant dinner was served at the appointed hour. As there was
no point of resemblance in the characters of those present, save in
those of Margaret Grahame and her mother, the conversation was
certainly not monotonous. It afforded, however, an opportunity for
those interested in such a task to observe and mentally comment
upon their companions, and to draw conclusions to be treasured up
for future use.
The Duke of St. Allborne was placed on the right hand of Mr.
Grahame, the Honorable Lester Vane on the right of Mrs. Grahame,
the Duke enjoyed the pleasure of having the fair Helen as his right
hand neighbour, and Lester Vane was honoured with the company of
Margaret, for which he was not disposed to be especially grateful.
Evangeline faced her brother Malcolm, and thus arranged they
proceeded to discuss the various courses, to partake of the choicest
wines, to converse, and to gaze upon each other.
The last item was by no means the least important. The Duke did
his best to engross the conversation of Helen, and to keep his round
light blue eyes settled upon her, which she affected only to observe
now and then by accident. Then a scarcely perceptible smile turned
the corners of her mouth.
The deep blue eyes of Lester Vane rarely left her face, even when
he was addressed by others. As often as she turned hers in his
direction, which, with a motive, she did occasionally, she perceived
his earnest, dreamy gaze fixed upon her. Twice or thrice it made her
shudder, she knew not why. It was fixed, expressive, teeming with
passion, but, if it possessed fascination, it was that of the serpent.
Insensibly, every now and then her eyes wandered towards his, and
settled for a moment upon them, each was conscious of the effect
they were creating, and when Helen averted hers, a strange dread
thrilled through her frame.
Now, although the beautiful face of this girl absorbed so much of
Vane’s gaze, he was not ignorant of the fact that there was another
face possessing great claims to loveliness at the table.
At first the timid reserve of Evangeline had caused him to pass her
over unnoticed, but now that she sat almost opposite to him, he
could not fail to notice her.
She was attired in a dinner dress of pale blue and silver, and,
being very fair, looked charming. Her gentleness and quietness
prevented her attracting much attention. To the Duke she was mixed
up with the lights, the plate, and Malcolm Grahame, but the eye of
Vane marked her down.
“I must fall in with her when she is alone,” he thought; “early in
the morning or in byeways. She can be made, I am sure, to believe
and to keep a secret, at any self-sacrifice.”
Once more his eye fell upon Helen, who was turning her dark,
bright eyes upon the Duke, and electrifying him with her beauty,
while she confused him by the smartness of her sallies.
“I will have her,” mused Lester Vane. “It may be a task surrounded
with almost insuperable difficulties, but I will have her.”
Margaret Claverhouse Grahame divided her attentions between
her plate and the young Duke. She had estimated Lester Vane at
pretty much his value, and therefore did not trouble her head any
more about him. She fastened her gray eyes upon the Duke as often
as her dinner would admit, and she came to the same conclusion
respecting him that Lester Vane had with her sister Helen.
“He must be mine. He is fat and awkward,” she thought, “but he is
a duke, and I am born to bear the rank of a duchess.”
On the period appointed by etiquette for the ladies to retire
arriving, the young ladies, led by Mrs. Grahame, quitted the
apartment, to leave the gentlemen to their wine. They were now on
much more familiar terms with each other, and, as the ladies retired,
the Duke rising with the gentlemen, said to Helen—
“Weally, Miss Gwahame, I gwow evwy day moah and moah
convinced that the wegulation which dwove the ladies fwom our
society, though only faw a time, was absolutely bawbawous; and the
pwesent fashion which pwescwibes a limit to the sepawation, an
intwo-duction of the most admiwable kind. Believe me, I shall, with
all wespect to my hospitable host, count the minutes until we join
you in the dwawing woom.”
“And I!” exclaimed Lester Vane, in a tone of voice which compelled
Helen to turn towards him; their eyes met—again she felt a strange,
thrilling dread pass over her frame; she turned her eyes away.
“I am grateful!” she responded with a bow, and hastily quitted the
room with her mother and sisters.
She did not enter the drawing-room, but ran into her own
dressing-room, and, throwing herself in a chair, buried her face in a
handkerchief.
She gave way to a passionate burst of tears; presently she drew
from her bosom a small note, broke the seal, and perused its
contents many times, and then she crushed it in her hand.
“How inopportune!” she exclaimed, in a vexed tone; “any night
but this; still the terms are so peremptory; what is to be done?” She
looked at her watch. “It is the hour,” she said; “what if I let it pass
by, and go not? we part then to meet no more—no, no, that must
not be—oh, fickle heart, to what fate will you drive me!”
At this moment her maid entered the room, and she hastily
secreted the note. She mused for a second, and then she said—
“Chayter, give me a shawl; I will walk in the garden; my head
aches.”
“It is very dark, miss,” returned the girl, “and the air is getting
cold. It will be dangerous to your health to walk there now.”
“Give me a shawl, Chayter,” cried Helen, impatiently. “It is my
pleasure to walk there—my brain burns.”
The girl knew it was useless to remonstrate further, and handed
her a thick shawl, which she threw hastily over her head, and left
the room. In a moment she returned, and said—
“Chayter, that dress I bade you alter this morning, you may keep.”
“Oh thank you, miss,” exclaimed the girl, joyfully, for it was a rich
one.
“And, Chayter, remain here until you see me. Remember that if I
am sent for, to say that I am lying upon my couch for a few minutes,
and do not wish to be disturbed.”
“Yes, miss.”
“Do not mention a word to any one that I have gone to the
garden.”
“Not to a soul, miss.”
“There’s a good girl; I will reward you on my return.”
As she concluded, she hastened down the private staircase.
“She’s got a sweetheart, I’ll swear!” murmured Chayter
reflectively. “I’ll find that out, see if I don’t that will be many a dress
in my way.”
Helen hurried on tiptoe until she reached one of the parlours
which had a window opening on to the lawn. She passed out thence,
closing the window silently after her.
She kept upon the lawn, in the shadow of the house, for a short
distance, and then pursuing a winding path, did not pause until she
reached a small thicket of trees planted on the banks of a tongue of
land curving the ornamental waters.
Here she stood still for a moment, and then she coughed thrice. A
voice whispered, “Helen!” and she clapped her hand. The next
instant there issued from the thicket a young man, who immediately
placed himself at her side.
 “I feared you would not come, dearest!” he said, in a low tone.
“Oh, Hugh!” she answered; “it was indeed a task difficult to
execute, but you so earnestly wished me to meet you that I am
here.”
“It is shameful of me to doubt you, Helen, after the proofs of
affection which you have bestowed upon me, yet I know the full
value of my prize, and I so fear to lose it.”
“And you still love me, Hugh?” she asked, thoughtfully.
“Love you!—oh, Helen! why do you ask that terrible question?
Have I changed in look, in word, in thought, in act?” he exclaimed,
earnestly.
“No!” she said, “oh, no! yet do you not think a time may come
when your love for me will be diverted to another?”
“Helen!”
“Can you not, Hugh, imagine a time when one fairer, less exacting,
more gentle, than myself, may win from me that love you say I now
alone possess?”
“Helen, this language affrights me—I do not understand it!” he
exclaimed, in a tone of surprise; and then added, passionately,
“surely it is not for you to hazard such a terrible supposition! I love
you, Helen—I have sworn it! I shall never change, never swerve
from that adoration, that idolatry, with which I worship you. Oh! we
are about to part for a time, Helen, and is this a moment to raise
such doubts?”
She remained silent.
He pressed his clenched hand upon his heart, and said, with deep
emotion—
“Helen, I repeat, we are about to part: you cannot have met me
to tell me that the love you have declared for me, the love which you
have proved, and which I have, oh! so fondly, so dearly cherished,
has faded suddenly away at a moment, and you wish that the
separation commencing now should last for ever? You dare not do
it!”
“Oh! no, no, Hugh, no!” she cried earnestly.
“Helen!” he ejaculated, in low but deep tones, as though his very
existence depended upon her answer, “you have, as I believe,
proved to me that you loved me; you love me still, do you not?”
“Oh! yes, yes, Hugh,” she returned, with fervour, “I do, indeed,
Hugh, love you with my whole soul.”
She sank upon his breast, and he pressed his lips to hers,
passionately.
At this instant there was the sound of a footstep upon the gravel
path.
She sprang from his embrace.
“For Heaven’s sake, be silent!” she whispered.
She turned her eyes in the direction of the advancing footsteps,
and saw, approaching the spot where she stood with her companion,
the Honorable Lester Vane.
 CHAPTER VII.—LOVE AWAKENING.
Oh, love! no habitant of earth thou art—
An unseen seraph, we believe in thee,
A faith, whose martyrs are the broken
heart,
But never yet hath seen, nor e’er shall see
The naked eye, thy form, as it should be;
The mind hath made thee, as it peopled
heaven,
Even with its own desiring phantasy,
And to a thought such shape and image
given,
As haunts, the unquench’d soul—parch’d,
wearied, wrung, and riven.
-Childe Harold.

A
sudden involuntary effort of the memory had nearly cost
Flora Wilton her life.
In that dreadful moment, when the house in which she
had for years resided was a prey to the raging flames, when her own
escape—owing to the fearful rapidity with which the fire gained
ascendancy—was a question of doubt, she had remembered a
packet of papers, which her father had given into her charge, with
injunctions to preserve it, even at the hazard of her life.
It had been placed by herself in a spot, which though secret, was
yet of easy access. To obtain it would be but the act of a minute; the
fire-escape conductor had yet to return to convey her from the
burning house, to the street below; and she made the attempt
simultaneously with the conception of the thought.