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 ▼ Contents vii

Appendix A: Measurement Precision, Significant Appendix D: Estimation of Daily Clear-Sky

Figures, and Unit and Equation Conversion 531 Incident Solar Radiation 571
A.1 Measurement Precision and D.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation 571
Significant Figures 531 D.2 Clear-Sky Radiation on a
A.2 Unit Conversion 532 Horizontal Surface 575
A.3 Conversion of Dimensionally D.3 Radiation on a Sloping Surface 577
Inhomogeneous Equations 537
Appendix E: Stream-Gauging Methods
Appendix B: Water as a Substance 539 for Short-Term Studies 579
B.1 Structure of Water 539 E.1 Selection of
B.2 Properties of Water 544 Measurement Location 580
E.2 Volumetric Gauging 580
Appendix C: Statistical Concepts Useful
in Hydrology 549 E.3 Velocity-Area Method 580
C.1 Random Variables, E.4 Dilution Gauging 585
Populations, and Samples 549 E.5 Gauging with Portable Weirs
C.2 Probability 549 and Flumes 586
C.3 Probability Distributions 550 E.6 Stage Measurement 589
C.4 The Normal Distribution 555 Appendix F: Hydrologic Simulation
C.5 Time Series, Exceedence Modeling 595
Probability, and Return Period 556 F.1 What Is a Simulation Model? 595
C.6 Covariance, Correlation, F.2 Purposes of Simulation Models 596
and Autocorrelation 556 F.3 Types of Simulation Models 597
C.7 Data Analysis: Hypothesis Tests 559 F.4 The Modeling Process 600
C.8 Data Analysis: Display and F.5 Model Evaluation 602
Preliminary Assessment 560 F.6 Final Words of Caution 604
C.9 Data Analysis: Identifying
Candidate Probability Distributions 562 Appendix G: Development of
Scientific Hydrology 607
C.10 Data Analysis: Estimating Parameters
of Probability Distributions 565
C.11 Data Analysis: Sampling Error 566 References 611
▼ NOTE 570 Index 635
….
 Preface

The goal of Physical Hydrology is to develop an un- ity; in understanding the connections among hydrol-
derstanding of the conceptual basis of the science of ogy, climate, ecosystems, soils, and geology; in
hydrology and to introduce the quantitative relations understanding the nature and limitations of simula-
that implement that understanding in addressing sci- tion models; and in developing new statistical tech-
entific and water-resources-management questions. niques appropriate to the quantity and quality of
Previous editions apparently fulfilled a need for a hydrologic data.
comprehensive text in hydrology for upper-level un- It has been a daunting challenge to incorporate
dergraduates and graduate students, and I have been this progress in the third edition, and one that can be,
pleased with its reception by colleagues and students. at best, only partially met. In this attempt I have, in
At the time of the first edition (1992), hydrology addition to making essential updates, made major
was still in the process of establishing itself as a dis- changes in the organization and scope of the book:
tinct discipline with vital insights to fundamental Former chapters 1–9 and portions of some appendices
and practical environmental problems (Eagleson et have been substantially reorganized into 10 chapters
al. 1991), and the book was intended as a contribu- within three major sections, plus seven appendices, as
tion to that process. By the time of the second edition described below.
(2002), much progress had been made in that regard,
and my primary goals in revising Physical Hydrology
were to incorporate significant advances in hydro- Part I: Introduction
logic science, to provide an explicit connection of Chapter 1: Hydrology: Basic Concepts
that science to hydrologic modeling, and to make
and Challenges
more complete and useful the treatment of the rela-
tion between scientific hydrology and water-re- This chapter is a greatly expanded and much
sources management. more substantive introduction to hydrologic science
Hydrology is now well established as a distinct that now includes dimensions and units, properties
geoscience and, in the decade-plus since the second of water, characteristics of hydrologic variables (in-
edition, there has been what seems to be exponential cluding nonstationarity), and uncertainty in hydrol-
progress in the field. Much of this progress (which ogy, as well as hydrologic systems and conservation
has been published in many dozens of different jour- equations. The chapter concludes with an applica-
nals) is due to improvements in the ability to observe tion of many of the basic concepts in a case study ex-
hydrologic variables and to assimilate and analyze ploring the prediction of watershed runoff.
large areally distributed data sets. But there has also
been significant conceptual progress in understand-
Chapter 2: The Global Context: Climate,
ing the ways in which the physics of micro-level pro- Hydrology, and the Critical Zone
cesses relate (or don’t relate) to the larger scales As in the previous edition, chapter 2 provides an
dictated by hydrologic questions and data availabil- overview of the global aspects of the hydrologic cycle

ix
x Preface

and its interactions with climate, soils, and major bi-

omes. In addition to describing the basic features of Part III: Water Movement
global water and energy balances, this chapter incor- on the Land
porates many of the advances in these areas, particu-
larly the role of teleconnections. It includes a Chapter 7: Principles of Subsurface Flow
detailed survey of the observational evidence for re- This chapter provides the essential physics for
cent changes in hydroclimate and an analytical ex- understanding infiltration, ground-water flow, and
ploration of the impact of climate change on runoff. runoff generation covered in the following chapters.
It introduces the material properties of porous media
Part II: Surface-Atmosphere Water and provides a more unified development of Darcy’s
law and the general equations of saturated and un-
and Energy Exchange saturated subsurface flow than in the second edition.
Capillarity is now discussed here as a basis for un-
Chapter 3: Principles and Processes derstanding water movement in the unsaturated
This chapter provides the basic physical con- zone. The moisture-characteristic and conductivity-
cepts for understanding precipitation, snowmelt, and characteristic curves, their analytic approximations,
evapotranspiration, which are covered in the follow- and their relations to soil texture are presented here
ing three chapters. It introduces relevant gas laws in more detail than in the previous edition.
and the characterization of atmospheric water vapor,
and describes the processes of precipitation forma- Chapter 8: Infiltration and Water
tion and evaporation. The detailed treatment of tur- Movement in Soils
bulent diffusion in the lower atmosphere, which was This chapter retains the treatment of the second
formerly in an appendix, is now incorporated here. edition, including water conditions in soils, qualita-
tive and expanded quantitative descriptions of the in-
Chapter 4: Precipitation filtration process, the measurement of infiltration,
The scope of this chapter is essentially the same infiltration over areas (now including scaling ap-
as in the second edition, with updated treatments of proaches), and redistribution of soil moisture.
the meteorology, measurement, areal estimation,
and climatology of precipitation. Chapter 9: Ground Water in the
Hydrologic Cycle
Chapter 5: Snow and Snowmelt
As in the second edition, this chapter focuses on
This chapter also retains the scope of the previous basic relations of regional ground-water flow to to-
editions, covering the hydrologic importance, material pography, geology, and climate and the connections
characteristics, measurement, and distribution of snow, between ground water and surface water in lakes,
as well as the physics and modeling of snowmelt. streams, and the ocean. The ground-water balance
and approaches to estimating its components remain
Chapter 6: Evapotranspiration a central focus, and the discussion of base-flow sepa-
This chapter now occupies a more logical place ration has been expanded to include the base-flow in-
in the sequence of topics, while retaining the basic dex. As before, the chapter concludes with an
treatment of the second edition. After reviewing the introductory treatment of well hydraulics as a basis
basic physics and classification of evaporative pro- for understanding the effects of ground-water devel-
cesses, it develops the basic approaches to estimating opment on regional hydrology and the concept of
evaporation from water surfaces, bare soil, plants “safe yield.”
(interception and transpiration), and land surfaces,
including the concepts of potential and reference-
crop evapotranspiration.
 ▼ Preface xi

Chapter 10: Runoff Generation and 2 of the second edition. It now concludes with an ex-
Streamflow panded presentation of quantitative criteria used for
model calibration and validation (formerly treated in
The contents of this chapter are essentially the
appendix C).
same as in the second edition, but they have been re-
Appendix G: Development of Scientific Hydrology is
organized to provide a more logical treatment. The
an extensively revised overview of the history of sci-
chapter begins with a description of the watershed
entific hydrology that concluded chapter 1 of the sec-
and its stream network and introduces the basic fea-
ond edition.
tures of streamflow hydrographs and the geologic,
topographic, meteorologic, and antecedent condi-
tions that affect their shape. There is an expanded Other New Features
and updated discussion of chemical and isotopic
end-member analysis for identification of runoff • Each chapter is accompanied by a number of exer-
sources. The effects of channel processes on runoff cises. These have been revised to emphasize analy-
characteristics are introduced. As in the second edi- ses using material and data obtained from the
tion, the chapter concludes with an overview of con- World Wide Web and exploration of the local hy-
ceptual rainfall-runoff models, including unit drologic environment.
hydrographs and an updated treatment of the curve- • The disk accompanying the text has been revised,
number approach. and in addition to providing Excel programs (includ-
ing incident solar radiation, snowmelt, evapotranspi-
ration, and infiltration) to use in conjunction with
Appendices the exercises, it includes some longer explorations of
Appendix A: Measurement Precision, Significant Fig- lake water balances and the use of simulation model-
ures, and Unit and Equation Conversion is as in the sec- ing in exploring watershed hydrologic processes.
ond edition, except that the discussion of dimensions • SI units are now used exclusively.
has been moved to chapter 1. This appendix now in- • In keeping with the goal of providing an entrée to
cludes a table that can be used to make virtually any the literature of the field, this edition continues the
unit conversion that may arise in hydrology. practice of supporting its discussion with extensive
Appendix B: Water as a Substance is also similar to reference citations, in the style of a journal article
that in the second edition, but the introduction to rather than that of most textbooks. In this revision,
some of water’s unusual properties is also now incor- over 400 new reference citations have been added,
porated in chapter 1. The appendix now includes an and they now total over 1,100.
introduction to stable water isotopes and their use in
• Chapter 10 of the second edition of Physical Hydrol-
hydrologic analysis.
Appendix C: Statistical Concepts Useful in Hydrology ogy provided much valuable material on water-re-
covers essentially the same material as in the second sources management. Although an extensive
edition, except that (1) there is an expanded discus- discussion of this topic was not included in the
sion of regional frequency analysis and (2) the dis- third edition, most of the second edition chapter
cussion of model evaluation has been moved to 10 has been made available as an additional re-
appendix F. The tables and boxes for this appendix source for students and instructors on the CD that
are included on the disk accompanying the text. accompanies the text.
Appendix D: Estimation of Daily Clear-Sky Incident • The detailed discussions of the way various hydro-
Solar Radiation is a revised and streamlined version logic processes are simulated in the BROOK
of appendix E of the second edition. Material in the model have been dropped. Though the space pre-
former appendix D (Water and Energy in the Atmo- viously devoted to describing the BROOK model
sphere) is now incorporated in chapter 3. as a window on simulation modeling had a justifi-
Appendix E: Stream-Gauging Methods for Short- able purpose, omitting it seemed wise because (1)
Term Studies is essentially the same as appendix F of the model was not in widespread use and (2) there
the second edition. are many available models, and each instructor
Appendix F: Hydrologic Simulation Modeling is a re- likely has her/his own preference that she/he may
vised version of material that was covered in chapter wish to use in conjunction with the text.
xii Preface

Acknowledgments Richard Vogel, W. Breck Bowden, James R. Wallis,

Barry Keim, Mark Person, and C. Anthony Federer.
Don Rosso, my editor at Waveland Press, first
Diane Evans of Waveland Press has worked tire-
suggested that I undertake a third edition and has
lessly to identify incorrect cross-references, missing
guided the process from the beginning. Extensive dis-
literature citations, inconsistent symbols, and other
cussions with Richard H. Cuenca of Oregon State
editorial errors. I’ve corrected those, but am respon-
University and J. Matthew Davis of the University of
sible for any that remain.
New Hampshire, as well as the comments of three
I am eternally grateful to Francis R. Hall, who
anonymous reviewers of the complete text, had a ma-
was my mentor at UNH and did much to educate
jor influence on shaping the book’s re-organization.
me about the science of hydrology and guide me
My thanks go again to all those who helped with
through some of the pitfalls of academia. And, as
reviews of all or parts of previous editions: J. M. Har-
with previous editions, I could not have completed
bor, R. L. A. Adams, W. A. Bothner, C. V. Evans, S.
this work without the love, support, and editorial as-
E. Frolking, F. R. Hall, R. C. Harriss, S. L. Hartley, E.
sistance of my wife, Dr. Jane Van Zandt.
Linder, D. S. L. Lawrence, M. A. Person, G. A. Zie-
linski, Marc Parlange, David Huntley, Benjamin S.
S. Lawrence Dingman
Levy, Guido D. Salvucci, Kaye L. Brubaker, Michael
Eastham, Massachusetts
E. Campana, David L. Brown, Richard Kattleman,
Richard H. Hawkins, James Buttle, David Tarboton,
 Part I
Introduction

1
….
 1

Hydrology
Basic Concepts and Challenges

and water that constitute the land phase of the cycle.

1.1 Definition and Scope Figure 1.4 (on p. 6) gives a quantitative sense of the
of Hydrology range of time and space scales in the domain of hy-
drologic science.
Hydrology is the geoscience that describes and
Figure 1.5 (on p. 6) shows the position of hydro-
predicts the occurrence and circulation of the earth’s
logic science in the spectrum from basic sciences to
fresh water. The principal focus of hydrology includes:
water-resource management. Hydrology is an inher-
• the distribution and movement of water substance ently interdisciplinary geoscience, built upon the ba-
on and under the earth’s land surfaces, including sic sciences of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and
its exchanges with the atmosphere; biology, and upon its sister geosciences. Much of the
• its physical and chemical interactions with earth motivation for answering hydrologic questions has
materials; and and will continue to come from the practical need to
• the biological processes and human activities that manage water resources and water-related hazards.
affect its movement, distribution, and quality. Thus, hydrologic science is the basis for hydrologic
engineering and, along with economics and related
The circulation of water on land occurs in the
social sciences, for water-resources management.
context of the global hydrologic cycle, which in-
cludes the spatial and temporal variations of water
substance in the oceanic and atmospheric as well as 1.2 Approach and Scope
the terrestrial compartments of the global water sys- of This Book
tem (figure 1.1). Thus, the study of the global hydro-
logic cycle is included in the scope of hydrology This text has three principal themes:
(Eagleson et al. 1991). The hydrologic cycle is a cen- 1. The basic physical concepts underlying the sci-
tral component of the earth’s climate system at all ence of hydrology and the major conceptual and
scales, from local to global (Peixoto and Oort 1992). practical challenges facing it (chapters 1, 3, and 7).
Figure 1.2 shows the major storage components 2. The global scope of hydrologic science, including
and flows of the global hydrologic cycle, and figure its relation to global climate, soils, and vegetation
1.3 (on p. 5) shows the storages and flows of energy (chapter 2).

3
4 Part I: Introduction

Atmosphere

Ocean to land
Water vapor transport

Land
Precipitation

Ocean
Precipitation Evaporation, transpiration

Vegetation
Ocean Land
Evaporation Percolation
Rivers
Lakes
Ocean
Surface flow
Soil moisture
Ocean
Ground-water flow Permafrost
Ground water

Figure 1.1 Pictorial representation of the global hydrological cycle [Trenberth et al. (2007). Estimates of the
global water budget and its annual cycle using observational and model data. Journal of Hydrometeorology
8:758–769, reproduced with permission of American Meteorological Society].

Figure 1.2 The principal

storages (boxes) and path-
ways (arrows) of water in the
global hydrologic cycle.
 Chapter 1 ▼ Hydrology: Basic Concepts and Challenges 5

3. The land phase of the hydrologic cycle (chapters representations of physical hydrologic processes and
4–6 and 8–10, which proceed more or less sequen- (2) approaches to the measurement of the quantities
tially through the processes shown in figure 1.3). and rates of flow of water and energy involved in
A series of appendices supplement the main those processes. Chapter 3 introduces the basic physi-
themes, including: (A) dimensions, units, and nu- cal principles underlying the processes of precipita-
merical precision; (B) properties of water; (C) statis- tion formation, snowmelt, and evapotranspiration,
tical concepts; (D) computation of clear-sky solar which are covered in chapters 4–6. Chapter 7 intro-
radiation; (E) stream-gauging methods; (F) hydro- duces the basic physical principles underlying the
logic modeling; and (G) the history of hydrology. movement of water in the subsurface, which are the
The treatments in chapters 3–10 draw on your foundation for understanding soil-water, ground-wa-
knowledge of basic science (mostly physics, but also ter, and runoff processes discussed in chapters 8–10.
chemistry, geology, and biology) and mathematics to The material covered in this text constitutes the
develop a sound intuitive and quantitative sense of foundation of physical hydrology; the advances in
the way in which water moves through the land phase the science that come in the next decades—in under-
of the hydrologic cycle. In doing this we focus on (1) standing watershed response to rain and snowmelt,
relatively simple but conceptually sound quantitative in forecasting the hydrologic effects of land-use and

Evapotranspiration Precipitation

Snow Rain

Interception loss Canopy interception storage

Throughfall and stemflow

Snowpack

Snowmelt

Surface detention
Energy
Infiltration

Transpiration Soil moisture Overland flow

Percolation Capillary rise

Ground-
water Ground water
Figure 1.3 The prin- inflow
cipal storages (boxes) Ground-water flow
and pathways
(arrows) of water in Streams and lakes
Evaporation
the land phase of the
hydrologic cycle. The Channel flow
heavy dashed line
represents the bound-
ary of a watershed or
other region. Runoff
6 Part I: Introduction

Figure 1.4 Range of

space and time scales
of hydrologic pro-
cesses (Eagleson et al.,
Opportunities in the
Hydrologic Sciences ©
1991 by the US National
Academy of Sciences.
Reprinted with permis-
sion of the National
Academy Press).

Figure 1.5 Hydrologic science in the hierarchy from

basic sciences to water-resources management
[adapted from Eagleson et al. (1991)].
 Chapter 1 ▼ Hydrology: Basic Concepts and Challenges 7

climatic change over a range of spatial scales, in un-

derstanding and predicting water chemistry, and in Table 1.1 Summary of Basic Laws of Classical
other areas—will be built upon this foundation. Physics Most Often Applied in Hydrologic Analyses.
Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed.
1.3 Physical Quantities and Laws Newton’s Laws of Motion
Hydrology is a quantitative geophysical science 1. The momentum of a body remains constant unless a net
and, although it is not a fundamental science in the force acts upon the body (= conservation of momentum).
sense that physics and chemistry are, its basic con- 2. The rate of change of momentum of a body is
cepts are founded on physical laws. Hydrological re- proportional to the net force acting on the body, and is
lationships are usually expressed most usefully and in the same direction as the net force (force equals mass
times acceleration).
concisely as mathematical relations among hydro-
3. For every net force acting on a body, there is a
logic quantities, and familiarity with mathematics at
corresponding force of the same magnitude exerted by
least through calculus is required to understand and the body in the opposite direction.
express hydrological concepts. In many practical and
Laws of Thermodynamics
scientific problems, the essential mathematical rela-
1. Energy is neither created nor destroyed (= conservation
tions involve statistical concepts, which are often of energy).
somewhat theoretical and abstract; the basic statisti- 2. No process is possible in which the sole result is the
cal concepts frequently applied in hydrology are absorption of heat and its complete conversion into work.
summarized in appendix C. Fick’s First Law of Diffusion
In this chapter we distill concepts from physics, A diffusing substance moves from where its concentration
statistics, and mathematics that are so frequently ap- is larger to where its concentration is smaller at a rate that is
plied in hydrology that they can be considered basic proportional to the spatial gradient of concentration.
hydrological concepts. In doing this, we will encounter
a number of basic challenges that hydrologists face in
pursuing their science. These problems arise because ment;1 their dimensional quality is expressed in
of the scale and complexity of hydrologic processes, terms of the fundamental physical dimensions force
difficulties of measurement (important quantities like [F] or mass [M], length [L], time [T], and tempera-
evapotranspiration and ground-water flow are largely ture [Θ].
unobservable), and temporal changes (past and future)
in boundary conditions.
The basic quantitative relations of physical hy- The fundamental dimensional character of
drology are derived from fundamental laws of classi- measured quantities can be expressed as
cal physics, particularly those listed in table 1.1. [Ma Lb Tc Θd] or [Fe Lf Tg Θh], where the
Derivations of hydrologic relations begin with a exponents a, b, ... , h are integers or
statement of the appropriate fundamental law(s) in ratios of integers.
mathematical form, with boundary and initial condi-
tions appropriate to the situation under study, and
The choice of whether to use force or mass is a
are carried out by using mathematical operations (al-
matter of convenience. Dimensions expressed in one
gebra and calculus). This is the approach that we will
system are converted to the other system via New-
usually follow in the discussions of hydrologic pro-
ton’s second law of motion:
cesses in this text.
[F] = [M L T−2]; (1.1a)
1.4 Dimensions and Units [M] = [F L−1 T2]. (1.1b)
The dimensions of energy are [F L] or [M L2
1.4.1 Dimensions
T−2].2Some physical relations will be clearer if we
Quantities determined by measuring take on a use [E] to designate the dimensions of energy; thus
value corresponding to a point on the real number we define
scale that is the ratio of the magnitude of the quan-
tity to the magnitude of a standard unit of measure- [E] ≡ [M L2 T−2] = [F L]. (1.2)
8 Part I: Introduction

1.4.3 Dimensional Properties of Equations

Quantities obtained by counting, or as the ratio
of measurable quantities with identical The two most important rules to incorporate
dimensions, are dimensionless; their into your thinking are:
dimensional character is denoted as [1]. 1. An equation that completely and correctly de-
scribes a physical relation has the same dimen-
sions on both sides of the equal sign, i.e., it is
Quantities obtained as logarithmic, exponential, and dimensionally homogeneous.
trigonometric functions are also dimensionless.3
Table A.2 gives the dimensional character of 2. In equations, the dimensions and units of quanti-
quantities commonly encountered in hydrology. Those ties are subject to the same mathematical opera-
with dimensions involving length only are classed as tions as the numerical magnitudes.
geometric (angle is included here also), those involv- A corollary of this latter rule is that only quantities
ing length and time or time only are kinematic, those with identical dimensional quality can be added or
involving mass or force are dynamic, and those involv- subtracted.
ing temperature are thermal (latent heat is included While there are no exceptions to the require-
here also). ment of dimensional homogeneity, there are some
important qualifications:
1.4.2 Units • Dimensional homogeneity is a necessary but not a
Units are the arbitrary standards in which the sufficient requirement for correctly and completely
magnitudes of quantities are expressed. When we describing a physical relation.
give the units of a quantity, we are expressing the ra- • Equations that are not dimensionally homoge-
tio of its magnitude to the magnitude of an arbitrary neous can be very useful approximations of physi-
standard with the same fundamental dimension (ex- cal relationships.
cept, as noted, in the common temperature scales, This latter situation arises because the magni-
where an additive term is also involved). tudes of hydrologic quantities are commonly deter-
mined by the complex interaction of many factors,
The Système International (SI) is the and it is often virtually impossible to formulate the
international standard for all branches of physically correct equation or to measure all the rele-
vant independent variables. Thus, hydrologists are
science; it will be used throughout this text.
often forced to develop and rely on relatively simple
empirical equations (i.e., equations based on ob-
Hydrologists also encounter the centimeter-gram- served relations between measured quantities) that
second (cgs) system, which was an earlier version of may be dimensionally inhomogeneous. Often, such
the SI system. The British, or common, system is equations are developed via the statistical process of
still the official measurement system of the United regression analysis. Finally, it is important to recog-
States, and so appears in reports of government nize that
agencies such as the US National Weather Service
(NWS) and the US Geological Survey (USGS).
Largely because of the United States’ retention Equations can be dimensionally homogeneous
of the British system, hydrologists commonly find it but not unitarily homogeneous. (However, all
necessary to convert from one set of units to another; unitarily homogeneous equations are of course
rules for doing this are given in appendix A. dimensionally homogeneous.)

This situation can arise because each system of units

It’s important to observe unit conversion rules
includes “superfluous” units, such as miles (= 5,280
carefully to avoid egregious and
ft), kilometers (= 1,000 m), acres (= 43,560 ft2), hect-
embarrassing mistakes!
ares (= 104 m2), liters (= 10−3 m3), etc.
As noted, dimensionally and/or unitarily inho-
mogeneous empirical equations are frequently en-
countered in hydrology. Because of this:
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It was all along of old Squire, they said; and the coachman, for
the first and only time in his career, delayed his departure for some
minutes after the horses had been watered, in order to listen to the
story. A few days after Lord Godolphin's flying visit, Squire Berkeley
had fenced in a piece of land which time out of mind had been
regarded as part of the village common. Old Gaffer Minshull, whose
memory went back fifty years, was called up to tell how in the year
'53, just before Christmas, the then parson had held a prayer-
meeting on that very spot to celebrate the making of Noll Crum'ell
Lord Protector; he remembered it well, for it lasted five hours, and
old Jenny Bates fainted on the ground and took to her bed from that
day.
"Ay, 'twas a holy spot, an' Squire med ha' feared to touch un, as
the old ancient folk feared to lay hands on the Lord's holy ark; but,
bless 'ee, Squire bean't afeard o' nothen, nay, not o' the still small
voice pa'son do zay be inside on us all."
When the ground was fenced in the good parson was disposed
to carry the matter to law. But though he had already won one case
(a matter of right of way) in the courts, the only result was that the
squire had carried it to appeal, trusting in the power of the purse.
The angry villagers therefore determined to take the law into their
own hands. Without consulting the rector, they assembled one
evening towards the end of October, and hastening in a body to the
disputed space, began to make short work of the new fencing. But
the squire had got wind of their intention, by some witchcraft of his
own, they believed: he soon appeared on the scene at the head of a
gang of his own men. There was a fight; heads were broken, and
the squire's party were getting badly mauled when the rector
suddenly arrived and rushed between the combatants.
"Ay, poor pa'son, I zee un now, I do," said Gaffer Minshull
feelingly, "goen headlong into the rout wi' all his petticoats flyen! A
fine upstanden man was pa'son, as ought to ha' been a man o' war.
A' stood in the eye of Squire, an' Squire opened on un, gave tongue
to a deal o' hot an' scorchen words, a' did. But pa'son took no heed
to'n, not he: he spoke up fair an' softly to Squire's men, and wi' that
way o' his a' made 'em feel all fashly like; a' had a won'erful way wi'
'n, had pa'son; an' they made off wi' their broken heads, they did;
an' Squire was left a-frothen an' cussen as he were a heathen
Frenchman or Turk. Ah, poor pa'son! Such a fine sperit as he had,
his frame were not built for 't; wi' my own aged eyes I seed un go
blue at the lips, and a' put his hand on his bosom, a' did, an' seemed
as if all the breath was blowed out of his mortal body; and a' went
home-along a stricken soul, and two days arter his weak heart
busted, an' young pa'son had no feyther—ay, poor soul, no feyther,
an' my boy Sherebiah be nigh varty-vour, and here I be. 'Tis strange
ways Them above has wi' poor weak mortals—strange ways, ay
sure!"
Mr. Berkeley took advantage of the rector's death to pay off old
scores. The legal actions which Mr. Rochester had taken, on behalf
of his flock, collapsed for want of further funds; he had already
seriously impoverished himself by his open-hearted generosity; and
when the squire came down on the dead man's estate for the law
costs, Harry found that, after all debts were paid, he was possessed
of some twenty guineas in all wherewith to start life.
His project of going to Oxford was necessarily abandoned. He
was at a loss to find a career. Educated by his father with a view to
entering the Church, he was fairly well grounded in classics and
mathematics, and had in addition a good acquaintance with French,
and a great stock of English poetry; but his knowledge was not
marketable. He was too young for a tutor's place, and had no
influence to back him; friendless and homeless, he was at his wits'
end.
 Then one day he bethought him of Lord Godolphin's promise. It
had been frank and apparently sincere. My lord, it was true, had
spoken of a country benefice when Harry's Oxford days were over;
but Harry reflected that the slight service he had rendered was not
likely to appear greater with the lapse of time, while his need was
actual and urgent. Why not take the Lord Treasurer at his word,
journey to London, and put his case before the man who, in all the
kingdom, was the most able to help him if he would?
He mentioned the matter to Gaffer Minshull, rather expecting
that the sturdy veteran would pour cold water on his idea. To his
surprise the old man urged him to carry it out, and overbore the
objections which every high-spirited lad, even in those days of
patronage, must have had to soliciting favours from the great. His
eagerness was partially explained to Harry when the old fellow
added a suggestion of his own. He was seriously concerned about
his boy Sherebiah. In spite of strict injunctions to have nothing to do
with the expedition against the squire's fencing, Sherebiah, man of
peace as he was, had been attracted to the scene as a moth to a
candle. At first he had watched events from a distance, among other
interested spectators; but when he saw the fight at its beginning go
against the villagers, owing to the superior training of the squire's
men, many of whom were old soldiers, he could contain himself no
longer. At the head of the waverers he dashed into the affray, and
set such an example of valour that it would have gone hardly with
the enemy but for the opportune arrival of the rector.
From that moment Sherebiah was a marked man. Whatever
reasons the father had for fearing Mr. Berkeley were strengthened
when it became evident that the squire had marked and would
resent the son's action. Sherebiah had been doing no good in the
village since he suddenly returned to it, from no one knew where, a
few years before. His father was anxious that he should go away for
a time, at least until the squire's anger had cooled. He welcomed the
opportunity afforded by the approaching departure of Harry.
"Let un goo wi' 'ee," he said. "'Tis a knowen boy, handy, with a
head full o' wise things he's larned in the world. He'd be proud to
sarve 'ee, ay, that he would."
"But, gaffer, I can't afford a servant. Twenty guineas are all I
have, and I know not what may happen. If Lord Godolphin fails me,
my money will soon be gone, and then there'll be two poor fellows
instead of one."
"Never fear. I bean't afeard for 'ee. And what does the Book
say? Why, 'twas the holy King David as said it hisself: 'Once I were
young,' says he, 'and now I be old; but never ha' I knowed the
righteous forsaken, nor his seed a-beggen bread neither.' That's
what he said, and he knowed a thing or two, so he did."
"Perhaps he didn't know everything, gaffer. Well, you're set on
it, I see. Sherry would certainly be better out of the squire's way; so
he can come with me, and as soon as I find something to do he had
better look for employment, and London ought to be a good place
for that."
Thus it happened that, on this November morning, the two
passengers who had booked places in the Salisbury coach for
London were Harry Rochester and Sherebiah Minshull.
The story took a long time in the telling in the parlour of the
inn, and Giles Appleyard was somewhat perturbed when he saw by
the big clock in the corner that his departure was overdue. He
drained his tankard, wiped his mouth with the back of his hand, and
went out, calling loudly to the passengers to take their places. Harry
shook hands all round; every man had something to say to him that
was intended to be pleasant and encouraging, but was in many
cases the reverse. His heart was full as he thought of leaving the
good folk among whom he had lived and whose kindly feeling for
him was so evident. When, last of all, Mistress Joplady flung her
arms round his neck and hugged him to her ample bosom, and then
wiped her eyes with the corner of her apron, he felt a lump in his
throat, and was glad to escape and mount to his place on the roof of
the coach.
"All right, Bill?" shouted the coachman over his shoulder.
"Ay."
"Let goo, ostler."
And gathering up the reins he cracked his whip, and with a
clatter and rumble the heavy vehicle, amid a volley of cheers,
lurched forward on the way to London.
The journey of nearly seventy miles was not likely to be
pleasant. The stage-coaches of those days were large and clumsy
structures, with hard springs. The inside passengers were jolted and
jostled; the outside passengers had no proper seats, but found what
sitting room they could among the packages and bundles. On this
morning, there was only one other passenger on the roof of the
coach, a stout broad-faced man dressed in brown clothes much like
Sherebiah's. He had retained his seat during the scene of farewell,
and sat solemnly munching a thick sausage, scanning the crowd out
of shrewd little twinkling eyes that seemed a size too small for the
other features. When his sausage was finished, he filled a huge pipe
and sat puffing in stolid silence.
For some time after the coach started, no word was spoken by
the three passengers. Harry was wrapt in his thoughts, brooding
over the past, dreaming about the future. Sherebiah had lit his pipe
as soon as he was settled, and smoked on contentedly, stealing a
glance every now and then at the broad figure separated from him
by a large travelling trunk. He seemed to find some amusement in
these occasional peeps at his neighbour, who by and by returned his
glance.
"Mizzly mornen," said Sherebiah, with a nod.
"Zo," grunted the other. His eyes were resting on Sherebiah's
pipe.
"Tobacco be a great comfort," said the latter, noting the look.
"Master Harry there, he bean't come to 't yet; true, 'tis not for babes
an' sucklens; but I took to 'bacca when Susan wouldn't take me, and
'tis better nor any wife."
"Where you get dat pipe?" asked the stranger, in a slow
pleasant voice with a foreign accent.
"This pipe! Why, over in Amesbury; see, 'tis marked wi' the
gauntlet, sure token of a Amesbury pipe, an' there's no better in the
land. Why med 'ee axe such a feelen question, now?"
"Once I zaw a pipe like it, wid de mark on it—de gauntlet, you
zay."
"Oh! I say, master, what part o' the land med 'ee hail from? Your
tongue makes me think 'ee med be a Dutchman, though I wouldn't
say so to your face."
 The man looked at his interrogator without replying. He stuffed
the tobacco down into his pipe with a fat forefinger which exactly
fitted the bowl.
"You know Amsterdam, my vrient?" he said.
"Ha' been there, mynheer; so 'tis Amsterdam you hail from!
Well, I ha' been in wuss places. Ay, ha' seed summat o' the world, I
have, and I knowed 'ee by your cut for a Dutchman."
There was silence again for a space. Both the men sat smoking,
heedless of all things around them. They finished their pipes at the
same moment, and, moved by a mutual impulse, each handed his
pouch to the other.
"Virginia," said Sherebiah laconically.
"Ah! Barbados," returned the other. "My name, Jan Grootz."
"And it becomes 'ee," said Sherebiah. "Now mine bean't so good
a match; 'tis over long for one o' my inches, and over proud for a
man so meek: Sherebiah Stand-up-and-bless Minshull in the church
book, but plain Sherry to them as I takes to, like young pa'son
there."
Harry was roused from his reverie at hearing himself mentioned.
He looked for the first time at his fellow-passenger, who at that
moment lifted his podgy right hand and pointed to a windmill in full
sail a little distance from the road.
"Ay sure, minds 'ee of home; your country's full of mills, to be
sure. Mebbe you be a miller, now?"
The Dutchman waited to blow a great cloud from his mouth
before he answered.
"A sailor," he said; "but I have mills."
 "A skipper," rejoined Sherry, looking over his costume. "'Tis not
for me to say, but to mortal eye you be more like a varmer.—'Tis a
skipper from Holland," he added, including Harry in the
conversation, "that has a mill or two to his name and smokes 'bacca
out o' Barbados."
"Jan Grootz," said the Dutchman.
Harry acknowledged the introduction, and remarked on the
slowness of their progress over the rough road. On this Mynheer
Grootz volunteered the remark that, having come all the way from
Bristol, he would be glad when the journey was ended. By degrees
he became still more communicative; and when the coach pulled up
at Basingstoke for the mid-day meal, Harry had learnt that the
Dutchman had been to Bristol to inspect a vessel of which he was
part-owner, and which had come most fortunately to port after being
first knocked about by a French privateer, then badly damaged by a
storm. It was to the storm that she owed her escape from the
Frenchman, and to her captain's seamanship her escape from the
storm. Grootz was particularly gratified at her safe arrival, for she
represented a large amount not only to him personally, but to others
who could ill afford to lose on a venture upon which he had
persuaded them to embark.
When the journey was resumed, the conversation became still
more friendly. Harry liked the look of the Dutchman. His broad face
with its wide nose and little eyes was not handsome, but its
expression inspired confidence; and the careful slowness of his
speech, and his habit of pointing with his forefinger when he wished
to be emphatic, were a little amusing. He asked no questions, but
Harry by and by found himself explaining his own position and
relating the events that had led to it, and told him of his projected
visit to Lord Godolphin. At this up came the forefinger.
"Ah, my young vrient, you are de son of a minister: ver' well:
you know de good Book: ver' well: 'Put not your drust in princes;' de
words are drue. I tell you dis; besides my mills and my ships, I do
oder dings; I supply food for de men and horses of de English and
Dutch armies; and I have met princes; yes—I, Jan Grootz. I tell you
dis; wid a good honest merchant of London or of Amsterdam, I care
not, man knows where he stand; his foot is on de solid rock; but wid
dukes and grand-dukes and oder princes—ah! man tread a
quicksand. Dey promise, but do dey pay? You are good boy, I dink;
mind you, I do not say I know, for outside do not always speak
drue; de apple may be red, and all de time a maggot at core. I tell
you dis; seven year ago I make contract over hay wid young captain
of Bavarian Elector; it was in Namur campaign; he look good, he
speak good, I am well content; but donder! my hay I lose, and 3242
thalers 3 groschen beside. Dis den I tell you; avoid arms and de law,
drive some honest trade: zo you respect yourself, and oder people
dey respect you. You owe noding; nobody owe you; you are a man."
Ever since the departure from Basingstoke, Sherebiah, sitting
just behind Harry, had taken no part in the conversation, but
appeared to find something curiously interesting in the road behind,
for after once or twice looking over his shoulder he at last faced
round altogether, and sat with his back to the horses. Just as the
Dutchman finished his speech—the longest to which he had yet
given utterance, and one that his slow delivery lengthened beyond
its natural extent—Sherebiah turned round, tapped Harry on the
shoulder, and in a low tone said:
 "Summat's i' the wind."
"What do you mean, Sherry?"
"Wind yourself about and look down the road behind."
"Well, I see nothing—stay, there's a horseman just topping the
hill, a good mile behind us: what of that?"
"Why, 'tis like this. He always is a mile behind: that's where 'tis.
I seed him afore we come to Basingstoke; but he didn't come to the
inn to eat his vittles, not he. I seed him again when we was a mile
this side o' Basingstoke; what had he been doen, then, while we eat
and drank? We stop, he falls behind; when we trot, he trots; 'tis as if
he were a bob at th' end of a line, never nearer never vurther."
"You think we are being followed?"
"That's what I do think, sure enough."
"A highwayman?"
"Mebbe, mebbe not; most like not, for 'tis not dark enough, and
he's always in sight."
"Perhaps he thinks he can't be seen."
"Not reckonen on the height of the coach roof? But I seed him,
I did, two hours an' more agoo."
"Why should he follow the coach, I wonder? He may belong to
someone inside."
"Mebbe, mebbe not; 'tis curious anyways."
"Well, the fellow is clearly dogging the coach; if your curiosity
troubles you, suppose you slip off a mile before we reach the next
post-house and try to get a nearer look at him as he passes? You
can catch up the coach while they change horses."
"Ay, I will, sure. We be nigh the river now; over the bridge and
we come to Hounslow heath, a fearsome place for highwaymen. We
change at the Bull and Gate, then run straight into Lun'on: oh, I
know the road."
It was late in the afternoon by the time the coach reached the
inn where the last change of the journey was made. Ten minutes
before, Sherebiah nimbly slipped down, crept through a gap in the
hedge, and waited for the pursuer to appear. Presently he heard the
clatter of hoofs; the sound grew louder, but all at once began to
diminish. Scrambling back into the road, he was just in time to see
the horseman strike off at full speed along a by-road to his left,
which led, as Sherebiah knew, to London by a course only a mile or
two longer than the main highway. The man must evidently have
changed his horse somewhere on the road, and could only have
taken the detour in a desire to arrive in London ahead of the coach.
Sherebiah stared long and earnestly at the retreating figure. He
frowned and looked puzzled as he set off to overtake the coach. The
driver was mounting the box as he came up.
"Well, what do you make of it?" asked Harry.
"He be gone off by a side road," replied Sherebiah.
"So your curiosity is not to be satisfied after all?"
"Well, he rid away hard to the left, wi' his back towards me, an'
'tis growen duskish, an' nowt but a owl could see clear."
But when Sherebiah clambered to his place he wore a sober
look which did not escape the clear little eyes of Jan Grootz, who
silently extended his pouch to him. Sherebiah refilled and puffed
away, every now and then removing the pipe from his mouth and
staring contemplatively at the bowl.
 CHAPTER V
A Message from the Squire

The Old White Hart—A Letter for the Captain—Visions—Aglionby gives Instructions
—The Watch—Half-Truths—Ways and Means—Hard Thinking

Sherebiah sat very silent for the rest of the journey. The coach jolted
on rapidly towards the great city: passed the market-gardens of
Hammersmith, the open fields of Kensington, along Piccadilly, where
the first street-lamps shed a dim oily light, through Holborn, at last
pulling up at the Angel and Crown in Threadneedle Street. It was
past nine o'clock, dull and murky, and few people were about. But a
small crowd was gathered at the door of the inn to meet the coach,
and Sherebiah, as he shouldered the luggage and moved towards
the door, shot a keen but unobtrusive glance at the faces of the
men. His movements were somewhat too slow for Harry, who, eager
to ease his limbs after a whole day's stiffness and discomfort,
entered the hostelry first. All at once Sherebiah quickened his step,
hastened into the lobby, set the luggage down at the foot of the
stairs, and then, making a mumbled excuse to Harry, slipped out
behind one of the inn servants, and looked narrowly at the
diminishing crowd. He was just in time to see a man, whom he had
already noticed on the outskirts of the group, saunter away in the
direction of London Bridge. Appearances are deceptive, and
Sherebiah was not sure that he was right, but he thought the man
bore a resemblance to the rider whom he had seen following the
coach, and of whom he had caught one nearer glimpse as he turned
into the by-road. He followed the man, stepping as quietly as his
heavy shoes allowed, accommodating his pace to that of the man in
front, and taking advantage of the shadow afforded by the
penthouse fronts of the closed shops. The man quickened his steps
as he approached the bridge. Sherebiah pursued him at a discreet
distance over the narrow roadway, beneath the rickety four-story
houses that towered above the bridge over almost its entire length,
through Traitor's Gate, and on into Southwark. The man went along
one narrow street, and at last passed under a low archway. Walking
even more stealthily, Sherebiah still followed, and found himself in
the spacious yard of the Old White Hart Inn. This famous three-
storied hostelry was built about three sides of a square. Along two
sides of the upper story ran a balustraded gallery, with wooden
pillars supporting the sloping roof. All was quiet. Sherebiah, keeping
in the shadow of the arch, peeped round and saw the man he
followed standing at the door waiting for an answer to his summons
at the bell, which hung on the outer wall under a gabled cover. After
a little time the door opened and the porter appeared.
"Be Cap'n Aglionby within?" said the man.
"Ay, and abed and asleep. What do you want wi' him?"
"I want to see un."
"A pretty time o' night! House was shut up an hour ago—no
business doin' these hard times. Why didn't you come sooner?"
"A good reason, 'cause I be only just come to Lun'on. I has a
message for Cap'n Aglionby."
 "Well, needs must, I s'pose," grumbled the servant. "I'll go up
and wake the captain, and be cursed horrible for my pains. Who
shall I say wants him?"
"Tell un a friend from the country."
The porter went into the inn, and soon reappeared in the gallery
at the top of the house, where he tapped at the door of one of the
bedrooms opening from it. He tapped once, twice, thrice, and
received no answer; then to his fourth knock came a response the
tone of which, though not the words, could be heard in the yard
below. A colloquy ensued, of which only the share of the inn servant
was distinctly audible to Sherebiah.
"A man from the country, Cap'n, to see you."
Mumble from within.
"So I told him, but here he bides."
More mumbling.
"Didn't tell me his name; a man from the country was all he
said, and I knows no more."
The answering mumble was of higher and impatient mood.
Then the man came slowly downstairs, grumbling under his breath
all the way.
"You're to go up," he said to the stranger. "'Tis number thirty-
two. And fine tantrums he be in, waked out of sleep; as if I ain't
waked out of sleep or kept from it day and night, and all year long."
The man entered the inn after the servant, and began to
ascend. Sherebiah meanwhile, looking around, had espied another
stairway at the opposite angle of the courtyard. Darting across on
tiptoe, he mounted quickly, quietly, and reached the gallery above in
time to see the messenger disappear into the captain's room. He
hurried along, and, relying on the porter's complaint of the paucity
of business, he opened the door of the adjacent room and slipped
in, leaving the door ajar. Through the thin partition he heard the
murmur of voices in the next room, but could not catch a word
distinctly. In a few moments, however, there was a crash as of a
chair being overthrown, followed by a torrent of execrations from
the captain. Then the door of the next room opened, and Aglionby
came out on to the gallery accompanied by his visitor.
"Hang you and the squire too!" said the angry warrior. "The
tinder's wet, and I can't light my candle. Give me the letter and I'll
read it by the light of the lantern yonder, and catch my death o' cold
withal."
Shrinking back into the darkness of his room, Sherebiah caught
sight of Captain Aglionby as he passed the half-open door on his
way to the single lantern that feebly lit up the gallery. He had pulled
on his breeches and stockings, but for the rest was in night attire.
The lantern swung from a hook at the corner of the gallery, three
rooms beyond that into which Sherebiah had ventured. Standing
beneath it, the captain broke the seal of the letter given him by the
visitor, and read rapidly under his breath. The reading finished, he
stuffed the paper into his pocket and chuckled.
"Stap me, he begs and prays me now!" he exclaimed. "See,
Jock, tell me what ye know of this. Ye ha'n't read the letter, ha' ye?
By the Lord Harry, I'll slit—"
"Nay, nay, Cap'n," interrupted the man; "I know nought o' the
letter. I'll tell 'ee how it all come about. I was openen the gate for
Squire, when—"
"Speak lower, man; your brazen throat'll wake the house."
 "I was openen the gate for Squire," resumed the fellow in a
lower tone, which was, however, still audible to Sherebiah's straining
ears, "when who should come by but young master popinjay
dressed all in his black. He never bobbed to Squire, not he; never so
much as cast eyes on un; but when Squire saw the young swaggerer
he stopped still as a stone, and looked after un dazed like. Then he
put his arm on the gate, a' did, and leant heavy on it, thinken mortal
hard; 'twas a matter o' five minutes afore he lifted his head again,
and never seed I a stranger look on any man's face than I seed then
on Squire's. A' jumped when his eyes fell on me; 'What be staren at,
fool?' says he, in one of his rages. 'Shall I run for doctor?' says I;
'you do look mortal bad.' 'Nay,' says he, ''tis nothen; a little
faintness; 'twill pass.' I touched my cap, as becomes me, and Squire
went into park and shut gate behind un. But a' hadn't walked more
nor three steps when a' stops, swings about, and 'Jock!' says he,
'order post-horses for Hungerford road to-morrer. And come up to
hall inside of an hour; I shall ha' a job for 'ee.'
"Well, I went up to hall after I'd ordered horses, and Squire give
me this letter. 'You'll ride to Lun'on to-morrer, and take this letter to
Cap'n Aglionby at White Hart, South'ark. And you'll tell the cap'n
where young Master Rochester be stayen.' 'How'll I know that,
Squire?' says I. 'Pon that he burst into one of his terr'ble rages
again. 'How, fool!' says he; 'why, keep the coach in sight, and see
that 'ee make no mistake.' So here I be, Cap'n, and young Master
Rochester he's at Angel and Crown in Threadneedle Street."
"Thank 'ee, Jock; I know the house. And is the young springald
alone?"
"Not he; has Sherry Minshull with un, a-carryen his belongens."
 "Zounds and thunder! did Sherry see you?"
"No, i' feck; I kept too far from coach to be seen for sarten, and
at Angel and Crown Sherry was too heavy laden to spy me."
"Well for you, well for you! Jock, you'll come and take up your
quarters here; there's plenty of room. I'll tell 'em to gi' ye a bed."
"What about the horse, Cap'n? I left un at Angel and Crown."
"Let him bide till morning; then you can bring him here too."
"But Squire, Cap'n,—won't he expect us back, me and horse?"
"Not he; 'tis here written; I'm to keep you if there's any work for
you, and odzooks! I'll ha' some work for you, never fear. Jock, if your
story has made you as dry as it has made me you're main thirsty; go
down and bring up beer for two, and a lighted candle. I'll ring and
wake that rascal by the time you get to the foot of the stairs."
The man went down by the way he had come, and the captain
returned to his room. As soon as the coast was clear, Sherebiah
slipped out into the gallery, carrying his shoes to avoid noise, ran
down the outer staircase, stood for a few moments at the foot to
make sure that all was safe, then darted across the yard and out at
the gate. The street was quite deserted, and Sherebiah, secure from
molestation, walked slowly along towards London Bridge, deep in
thought. His friend Harry had been followed to London at the orders
of the squire; what was the meaning of that? Surely Mr. Berkeley did
not intend to wreak vengeance on the son for the baffled opposition
of the father? What had Captain Aglionby to do with the matter?
Rumour the omniscient had informed the village that the captain's
departure had been occasioned by a violent quarrel with the squire;
yet it was plain that the squire knew the captain's whereabouts and
was enlisting his aid in some project. Sherebiah wished that he could
get a sight of Mr. Berkeley's letter; he was puzzled to account for the
old man's shock as Harry passed the gate; but try as he might to
piece these strange circumstances together, all his cogitation
suggested no clue.
So absorbed was he, so mechanical his movements, that he
started convulsively when, just as he had passed through Traitor's
Gate, a man stepped suddenly before him from a narrow entry and
bade him stop in the Queen's name. Looking up, he saw that his
way was barred by a corpulent constable in cocked hat and laced
coat, with a staff two feet longer than himself, and half a dozen
ancient and decrepit watchmen with lanterns and staves.
"Stand!" cried the constable. "Give an account of yourself."
Sherebiah took his measure.
"Not so, neither, master constable. Out o' my way; 'tis a late
hour, and I ought to be abed."
He made to move on, but the constable stood full in his path,
and the watchmen grouped themselves behind their superior.
"You may be a villain for aught I know," said the constable, "or
even a vagrom or thief. Why abroad at this hour o' night?"
"I'm as sober as a judge," replied Sherebiah, "and neither thief
nor vagrom. Stand aside, master constable."
"Well, 'tis dry and thirsty work watching o' nights, and there be
seven of us, and a shilling don't go far in these war times; we'll take
a shilling to let ye pass; eh, men?"
The watchmen mumbled assent. Sherebiah laughed.
"A shilling? 'Tis a free country, master constable, and a sober
countryman don't carry shillings to buy what's his. And seems to me,
so it does, as ye've had drink enough a'ready; out o' my way, I say!"
 "Arrest him, men!" cried the constable, angry at being
disappointed of his expected tip.
The words were scarcely out of his mouth when with sudden
energy Sherebiah threw himself against him, at the same time
placing a leg behind his knee. As the constable fell, Sherebiah
dashed at the watchmen, toppled two of them over, their fall being
accompanied by the crash of their lanterns, scattered the rest, and
ran rapidly across the bridge. This unexpected onset from one whom
they had taken for a simple and timid country bumpkin was too
much for the watch. They made no attempt to pursue the fugitive,
but returned surly and crestfallen to their lair.
"Where on earth have you been, Sherry?" asked Harry, as his
man re-entered the inn.
"Payen a visit to a cousin o' mine, Master Harry. And I was nigh
put in lock-up, I was. Was stopped by the watch, but I toppled un
over, I did. I'm a man o' peace."
"If you are let alone," said Harry, laughing. "I feared some harm
had happened to you. Our Dutch friend tells me London is an ill
place at night for a stranger."
"Ay, and by day too, Master Harry," rejoined Sherebiah
earnestly. "If I med make so bold, I'd say, get 'ee to-morrow a good
cane,—none of your little small amber-tipt fancies as fine gentlemen
swing in their dainty fingers, but a stout length of oak or birch, fit to
crack a pate."
"I have a sword, Sherry, and can use it, thanks to you."
"Ay, but 'tis not always easy to draw a sword in time in a street
brawl, and there be light-fingered gentry as can coax a sword from
the scabbard and the wearer none the wiser till it be too late. Be it
your poor feyther's sword you ha' brought, sir?"
"Yes, the silver-hilted one; I showed it you once, Sherry."
"Well, 'tis right for a gentleman to wear a sword, though I
marvel, I do, at a holy man o' peace like pa'son haven such a deadly
piece o' furniture."
"Ay, and I've often wondered how a man of peace like yourself
is able to handle a sword so well. You made a swordsman of me,
Sherry; how did you become one yourself?"
"Ah, sir, 'tis a many things a man o' peace has to know in the
way o' dressens. I believe in peace with a cudgel in your hand.
Them as wants peace be most like to get it an they be ready for
war."
"You remind me of what Master Butler says:

'There's but the twinkling of a star

Betwixt the man of peace and war'.

But the hour is late, Sherry, and I must be up betimes in the

morning, for my visit to Lord Godolphin."
"You bean't gwine to see the high lard to-morrer, sir? Better larn
to find your way about this tangle o' busy streets first. 'Tis as easy
as sucken eggs to lose your way."
"I have made up my mind to go to-morrow. You see, I must
lose no time. I have only twenty guineas, as you know, and by to-
morrow two of those will be gone. And I sha'n't rest till I have tried
my luck. Good-night, Sherry! Wake me at seven."
 Left to himself, Sherebiah ordered a pint of small beer, and sat
for an hour longer, ruminating, with knit brows and compressed lips.
More than once he got up and walked round the deal table, stopping
to take a pull at the tankard, heaving a sigh, then going on again.
He was disquieted. The sudden discovery that the squire's animosity
was pursuing Harry no less perplexed than disturbed him. Harry and
Mr. Berkeley had never met at close quarters; there had been no
intercourse between hall and parsonage. A personal cause of offence
was, as it seemed to Sherebiah, out of the question; yet it was
strange that the squire's hatred of the father should extend to the
son. At length, muttering "No one can tell what's what with the likes
o' old Squire," Sherebiah brought his big fist down on to the table
with a bang that made the pewter jump and rattle, and fetched the
drawer from his place in the bar.
"What d'ye lack?" said the man.
"Nothen, sonny, nothen. 'Tis a way o' mine to hit out when I be
a-thinken, a bold way for a man o' peace, true. Bacon at half arter
seven, drawer,—and we be country eaters, mind 'ee. Good-night!"

CHAPTER VI
My Lord Marlborough makes a Note

London Streets—A Chair!—A Great Man's Portals—An Effort of Memory—Patronage

—Marlborough—A Step in the Peerage—A Memorandum—A Friend in London—A
Dinner at Locket's—Mr. Colley Cibber—Great Expectations—A Thick Stick—
Prevarication
Harry was awake long before Sherebiah tapped at his door next
morning. His projected visit to Lord Godolphin gave him some
concern. He had no tremors of shyness at the thought of meeting
the Lord Treasurer; but, ignorant as he was of London ways, he
knew not how to time his visit, and could hope for no counsel on
that point from Sherebiah. He was too much excited to do justice to
the crisp rashers which were placed before him at the breakfast-
table, and felt little disposed to converse with Jan Grootz the
Dutchman opposite. Sherebiah had taken upon himself to wait at
table, but, as a privileged servitor, did not think it unbecoming to
throw in a word here and there. He gave Grootz his views on the
price of oats and the policy of King Louis of France with equal
assurance.
"Know ye where de lord live?" asked the Dutchman suddenly.
Harry had forgotten that he had mentioned his errand to his
fellow-passenger, and for the moment repented his confidence.
Before he could reply, Grootz went on:
"He live over against the Queen's Wood Yard, by Thames-side,
leading to Scotland Yard. My vrient John Evelyn built de house. I
have been dere."
"Oh!" exclaimed Harry. "Then can you tell me the best time to
visit him?"
"Ja! De best time, it is ten o'clock, before he go to de palace. He
rise late; he has many visitors; I zee him myself in his dressing-gown
before his zervant have curled his wig, and I wait my turn two hours.
And when you zee him, you zall lose no time; he like man to speak
out, mark you."
 The Dutchman spoke very slowly, not interrupting his meal, and
wagging his fat finger as he concluded.
"And how shall I go? Shall I walk?"
"I' feck, no," said Sherebiah from behind. "The night have been
rainy, and the streets be mushed wi' mud; you'd be spattered from
head to heel, Master Harry. Nay; you med walk as far as the
Exchange and buy 'ee a pair o' gloves there for seemliness, and then
get your shoes brushed by one o' the blackguards at the corner.
Then you can take a chair; 'tis a shilling a mile, and easier goen nor
the hackneys, for the chairmen walk on the pavement, and you
won't get jolted nor splashed so bad."
"Ja, and I tell you dis," added the Dutchman. "Short poles, and
short men; zo, dey take not zo much room, and if dey upzet you,
why, you do not fall zo much."
"Ay, and don't let 'em chouse 'ee out o' more than their due,"
said Sherebiah. "I know they men. If they think a man be up from
country, they look at un and then at the shilling, up and down, and
miscall un wi' such brazen tongues that he'll pay anything to save his
ears. A shilling a mile, Master Harry, no more."
"Zo! De counsel is good. But I give you a better: go not at all.
Lords! I tell you dis before: an honest merchant is worth two, dree,
no man zay how many lords; and de Book zay, 'Put not your drust in
princes'. Still, I wish you good luck, my young vrient, Jan Grootz;
zo!"
He squeezed Harry's hand in his own great fist, and then,
having demolished his mountain of food, filled his pipe and set forth
for the Custom House on Thames bank. Two hours later, Harry left
the inn under Sherebiah's guidance, and for the first time in his life
trod the streets of London. Filled though his mind was with the
approaching interview, which might mean so much to him, he was
yet able to take an interest in the strange scenes that opened before
his inexperienced eyes: the brilliant shops, each with its sign of
painted copper, pewter, or wood hanging from iron branches; the
taverns and coffee-houses, already crowded with people eager to
hear and discuss the news, and perhaps to get a peep at the
morning's Courant; the court and porticoes of the Royal Exchange,
to which merchants were flocking; the crowds of money-dealers in
Change Alley, looking for clients. He went up to the gallery on the
first floor of the Exchange, and bought a pair of gloves from a neat
and pretty girl at one of the booths; then strolled along, admiring
the rich and dazzling display of silks and jewellery which a few hours
later would attract all the fine ladies in town.
Descending to the street again, he passed up Cheapside and
through St. Paul's Churchyard, down Ludgate Hill and through
Ludgate, where he beheld impaled on stakes a row of hideous heads
of traitors, one of which, Sherebiah told him with indignation, was
that of Noll Crum'ell. Then skirting the Fleet Ditch, once navigable,
but now a noisome slimy sewer, he came into Fleet Street, through
Temple Bar to the Strand, and at length arrived at Charing Cross,
where he was nearly overturned by a hasty chair-man, whose "By
your leave!" was not yet familiar to his ears. At Charing Cross stood
a number of boys with boxes before them on the pavement, and
cries of "Clean your shoes!" "London fucus!" "Best Spanish blacking!"
came in eager competing tones. Sherebiah selected one whose
stand was in front of a barber's shop.
 "Here's the blackguard for 'ee, Master Harry," he said. "He'll
shine your shoes while barber shaves my stubble. A penny; no
more."
When the shoes were polished and the stubble mown,
Sherebiah called up a couple of chairmen who were sitting on their
poles near by.
"Do 'ee know my Lord Godolphin's noble house?" he asked.
"Ay; servant, sir."
"Well then, carry my young master to that very house, and see
'ee don't jolt 'n, or drop 'n, or let 'n get splashed. 'Tis under a mile,
Master Harry," he whispered at parting.
Harry would rather have walked. The men took what care they
could, but the press of people was so great that they had to dodge
at every few steps, and their fare gripped the seat to prevent himself
from being knocked against first one side, then the other, of the
conveyance. At the corner of Whitehall, as they turned into Scotland
Yard, a passing dray splashed up a shower of liquid mud, and Harry
felt a moist dab upon his nose. Fortunately the spot was soon
removed with his handkerchief; and when, after crossing by the
Charcoal House and through the Wood Yard, the chairmen at length
set him down at the door of Godolphin's house, he would have felt
no anxiety about his personal appearance, if he had been sufficiently
self-conscious to think about it. He had put on his best coat, silk
stockings, and buckle shoes; at his side he wore the sword about
which he had spoken to Sherebiah. He sprang alertly up the steps,
and looked about him with a keen quick gaze that bespoke a definite
purpose.
 The great entrance-hall was thronged. Servants, officers,
government officials, men about town, stood in groups or moved
here and there in pursuit of their several objects of business or
pleasure. No one appeared to remark the presence of the new-
comer, who walked quietly through the throng towards the broad
staircase. At the foot a gorgeously-dressed flunkey was standing, to
whom one or two gentlemen had already applied for information. As
Harry was about to address him, his attention was attracted by a
woolly-pated wide-grinning black boy, who at that moment ran down
the stairs. He carried a silver tray, on which a cup and jug of fine
porcelain jingled as he ran.
"Done, Sambo?" asked the tall flunkey at the stair-foot.
"Yussir!" replied the boy with a white grin. "My lord jolly dis
mornin; oh yes; drink him chocolate without one cuss. Gwine to
begin work now; oh yes."
"Can I see the Lord Godolphin?" asked Harry, stepping up to the
servant as Sambo disappeared.
The man gave Harry a stare, but answered respectfully: "My
lord's levee is over, sir. The nigger brings down the tray when the
last visitor has gone."
"I have come specially to see my lord, and——"
"Have you an appointment, sir?"
"I think if you will take my name to my lord he will see me."
Harry spoke quietly; he was determined not to be turned from
his purpose by mere formality or red tape. The man eyeing him saw
nothing but self-possession and confidence in his air.
"My lord is now engaged with his correspondence," he said. "He
does not brook interruption."
 "My name is Harry Rochester; I will answer for it that you will
do no wrong in acquainting his lordship."
After a moment's hesitation the man beckoned to a fellow-
servant, and gave him Harry's message. He went upstairs, and
returning in a few minutes said:
"What is your business with my lord, sir? His lordship does not
remember your name."
There was the suggestion of a sneer in the man's voice. With
hardly a perceptible pause Harry replied:
"Tell his lordship I am from Winton St. Mary, at his invitation."
A faint smile curled the lips of the two flunkeys. The second
again mounted the stairs. When he descended, his face wore its
usual expression of deference and respect.
"Be so good as to wait upon his lordship," he said, and led the
way.
In a few minutes Harry found himself, hat in hand, making his
bow to Lord Godolphin in a large wainscoted apartment. Four large
candles burnt upon the mantel-piece, daylight being kept out by the
heavy curtains on either side of the narrow window. A huge log fire
filled the chimney-place; beyond it stood a broad table littered with
papers, which at that moment a young man was sorting by the light
of a shaded candle. Lord Godolphin was in dressing-gown and
slippers.
"Well, sir?" he said.
"My name is Rochester, my lord."
"I am aware of that. I do not recall it. Well?"
My lord's tone was cold and uninviting.
 "Your lordship will permit me to mention a little incident on the
Roman road by Sir Godfrey Fanshawe's park, when——"
"Stay, I remember now. You are the lad they called the young
parson, eh? I have a poor head for names. When my man spoke of
Winton St. Mary I supposed you might be a messenger from the
gentleman who entertained us there."
Now that Harry was actually face to face with the Lord
Treasurer, he felt some diffidence in opening the subject of his visit.
My lord, in spite of his deshabille, seemed far less approachable than
he had been on the old Roman road. Then he was the country
sportsman; now he was the chief minister of the Queen.
"Your shouting friend with the scriptural name—how is he?" he
asked in a somewhat more cordial tone.
"He is well, my lord; he is with me in London."
"And your father: has he won his case against the squire? I
heard something of him at Sir Godfrey Fanshawe's, I think."
"My father is dead, my lord."
"Indeed! Pray accept my condolences. And now, tell me what
brings you here."
"Your lordship may remember, after the scene with the
highwaymen——"
"Yes, yes; you did me a service, you and your man; what then?"
"It was but a slight service, my lord; I do not presume on it; but
you were so good as to say that if, at some future time, I should find
myself in need of assistance, I was to come to your lordship."
"Why, I did speak of a country parsonage, I believe. But you,"—
he smiled—"why, I really may not venture to set you up in a cure of
souls. You have to take your degrees yet."
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