.

REPORT #2

MATHEMATICS 103

SECOND SEMESTER

S.Y: 2024-2025

Subsets of a Line & Angles:

Midpoint, Bisector, Midpoint
Postulate, and Angle Bisector
Postulate

January 30, 2025

Submitted by:

Jenie Rose L. Bongan

(EDM2A)

Submitted to:

PROF. DONNELL C. CERENO

Subsets of a Lines and Angles

Midpoint

Is the point where the segment bisected is called the midpoint; the midpoint
cuts the segment into two congruent parts.

Endpoints

A M B
Midpoint

Figure 1.

A point of a segment is a midpoint if and only if, divides the segment into two
congruent segments. M is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑀𝐵
𝐴𝐵 if and only if 𝐴𝑀 ̅̅̅̅̅.

Postulate 1

Every line segment has a single midpoint, which divides the segment into
two equal parts.

Theorem 1

If the midpoints of two sides of a triangle are connected, then the resulting line
segment will be parallel to the third side and have half of its length. The
midpoint theorem generalizes to the intercept theorem, where rather than using
midpoints, both sides are partitioned in the same ratio.
 Figure 2. Theorem 1

Proof:
THE MIDPOINT FORMULA

Figure 3. The Midpoint Formula

The midpoint M of the line segment with endpoints A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1) and B (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is
calculated as in the figure 2.

Note:
a) The 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of the midpoint is the average of the 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 from the given
points. That means add the 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 then divide by 2.
b) The 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of the midpoint is the average of the 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 from the given
points. That means add the 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 then divide by 2.

Example 1: Using the Midpoint Formula

Find the midpoint of the line segment joined by the endpoints (–3,3) and (5,3).
 Therefore, the midpoint of the horizontal line
segment is (1,3).

Here are the points plotted in the Cartesian plane, together with the calculated value
of the midpoint.

Figure 4.

Bisect
To bisect is to divide a geometric figure into two parts that are the same size and
shape.

Figure 5.
 Bisector

Bisecting a Line Segment

This construction locates two points that lie on the perpendicular bisector of
the given segment and connects them to cut the segment into two segments of equal
length.

Given ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵, place the point of the compass a 𝐴, and open the compass until the pencil
is on 𝐵. Scribe an arc above and below ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵.
The opening of the compass only needs to be more than halfway from 𝐴 to 𝐵, but
setting it to the length of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 is convenient.
Place the point of the compass at 𝐵 and open to put the pencil on 𝐴. Scribe an arc
above and below.
Label the intersection of the two arcs 𝑃 and 𝑄. Draw 𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ . The point where 𝑃𝑄
̅̅̅̅
intersects ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ bisects ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵. 𝑃𝑄 𝐴𝐵.

Figure 6.

Bisecting an Angle
This construction first scribes an arc to locate a point on each side equidistant
from the vertex. Then it finds a point in the interior of the angle that is equidistant from
those starting points. Connecting it to the vertex divides the angles into two angles of
equal size.
 Given ∠𝑉, place the point of the compass at 𝑉, open to any convenient setting, and
scribe an arc that crosses both sides of the angle. Label the intersections 𝐴 and 𝐵.
Move the compass point to 𝐴, and open until the pencil is on 𝐵. Scribe an arc in the
interior of the angle.
Move the compass point to 𝐵, and open until the pencil is on 𝐴. Scribe an arc in the
interior of the angle. Label the intersection of the two arcs 𝑄.
Ray ̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑄 bisects ∠𝐴𝑉𝐵

Figure 7.

ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM

Says that an angle bisector of a triangle divides/splits the opposite side of the
triangle into two elements such that they are proportional to the other two sides of the
triangle. Or you can understand this as, by the application of the angle bisector
theorem, the opposite side of a triangle will be divided into two proportional parts to
the triangle’s other two sides.
Here, for the triangle 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶, the line 𝐶𝐷 is the bisector for the angle 𝐶. Thus
according to the theorem;

Figure 8.
Angle Bisector Theorem Formula
As per the statement, we can say that the internal or external bisector of an angle in a
triangle divides or splits the opposite side internally or externally in the ratio of
the corresponding angles and sides having the angle.
For the diagram below in the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 is the bisector, then the angle bisector
𝑩𝑫 𝑨𝑩
theorem formula is; =
𝑫𝑪 𝑨𝑪

𝑩𝑫 𝑨𝑩
=
𝑫𝑪 𝑨𝑪

Figure 9.

ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM PROOF

The angle bisector of a triangle divides the opposite side in such a way that the ratio
of the two line segments is proportional to the ratio of the other two sides.
Let’s prove this statement.
Given: Let us consider 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶, in which 𝐴𝐷 is the angle bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶, which
meets 𝐵𝐶 at point 𝐷.
𝑩𝑫 𝑨𝑩
To prove: =
𝑫𝑪 𝑨𝑪
Construction: Draw a ray 𝐶𝐸 parallel to 𝐷𝐴. Extend 𝐵𝐴 such that it intersects 𝐶𝐸 at
𝐸.

Figure 10.
Since 𝐶𝐸||𝐷𝐴, 𝐴𝐶 acts as the transversal.
∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐸 (alternate interior angles) …(1)
∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 (corresponding angles) …(2)
As we know that 𝐴𝐷 is the angle bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶,
∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 …(3)
From (1), (2) and (3), we have
∠𝐴𝐶𝐸 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 this implies that 𝛥𝐴𝐶𝐸 is an isosceles triangle.
Therefore, opposite sides of equal angles are equal.
Thus for 𝛥𝐴𝐶𝐸, we can write,
𝐴𝐸 = 𝐴𝐶 …(4)
Now, in 𝛥𝐵𝐶𝐸 we have, 𝐶𝐸||𝐷𝐴.
By triangle proportionality theorem, a line parallel to one side of a triangle intersects
the other two sides of the triangle, then the line divides these two sides proportionally.
𝐵𝐷𝐷𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐸 …(5)
From equation (4) we have 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐴𝐶, 𝑠o on replacing 𝐴𝐸 by 𝐴𝐶 in equation (5), we get
𝐵𝐷𝐷𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐶
Hence, the angle bisector theorem is proved.

TYPES OF ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM

As of now, we know what is angle bisector theorem through its definition. Let us
understand the two different types of angle bisector theorems.
o Interior Angle Bisector Theorem
o Exterior Angle Bisector Theorem

INTERIOR ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM

The internal angle bisector in the given triangle divides the opposite side internally in
the ratio of the sides including the vertical angle.
Consider the below image, here for the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 is the internal bisector that
meets 𝐵𝐶 at 𝐷 and internally bisects the ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶. We will discuss the proof in the
coming header.

Figure 11.

EXTERIOR ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM

The external angle bisector in the given triangle splits the opposite side externally in
the ratio of the sides holding the angle.
Consider the below image, here for the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 is the external bisector of the
angle 𝐵𝐴𝐶 which meets 𝐵𝐶 at point 𝐷. We will discuss the proof below.

Figure 12.

Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem

The converse of the angle bisector theorem states that if the interior point of an angle
of a triangle is equidistant from the two sides (arms) of a triangle, then that point lies
on the angle bisector of the angle.
 Figure 13.

𝐷 is a point in the interior of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶.

If the perpendicular distances 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐷𝐶 are equal then, the line 𝐴𝐷 is the angle
bisector of angle ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶.
If 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷, then ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷.

Figure 14.
References:

Alfred S. Posamentier: Advanced Euclidean Geometry: Excursions for Students and

Teachers. Springer, 2002, pp. 3-4. Retrieved January 25, 2024 from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_bisector_theorem

Clapham, Christopher; Nicholson, James (2009). The concise Oxford dictionary of

mathematics: clear definitions of even the most complex mathematical terms and
concepts. Oxford paperback reference (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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Khurma, M. (2020). Midpoint. CueMath. Retrieved January 31, 2023, from

https://www.cuemath.com/geometry/midpoint/

Khurma, M. (2020). Angle Bisector. CueMath. Retrieved January 31,

2023, from https://www.cuemath.com/geometry/angle-bisector/

Lagumbay, JP (2015). Subsets of a line & Different Kinds of Angles. Retrieved January
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Raveendran, B. (2020). Midpoint Theorem. BYJUS. Retrieved January

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