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Physics Notes Class 12 Chapter 11 Dual

Nature of Radiation and Matter
Cathode Rays

Cathode rays are the stream of fast moving electrons. These rays are produced in a discharge
tube at a pressure below 0.01 rom of mercury.

Properties of Cathode Rays

(i) Cathode rays are not electromagnetic rays.

(ii) Cathode rays are deflected by electric field and magnetic field.

(iii) Cathode rays produce heat in metals when they fallon them.

(iv) Cathode rays can pass through thin aluminium or gold foils without puncturing them.

(v) Cathode rays can produce physical and chemical change.

(vi) Cathode ray travel in straight line with high velocity momentum and energy and cast
shadow of objects placed in their path.

(vii) On striking the target of high atomic weight and high melting point, they produce X-rays.

(viii) Cathode rays produce fluorescence and phosphorescence in certain substance and hence
affect photographic plate.

(ix) When any charge particle move in a field where magnetic and electric fields are present,
without any deviation, then

Magnetic force = Electrostatic force

Bev = Ee or v = E / B

(x) Specific charge of cathode rays means the ratio of charge and mass.

(xi) Specific charge of electron was determined by J J Thomson using perpendicular magnetic
and electric field applied on a beam of electrons, at the same place.

(xii) Specific charge of electron e / m = E2 / 2VB2

where, E = electric field, B = magnetic field and V = potential difference applied across ends of
tube.
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(xii) The value of specific charge of an electron is 1.7589 * 1011 C / kg.

(xiv) Millikan measured the charge of an electron through his popular oil drop experiment.

(xv) The charge of the electron as determined by Millikan was found to be 1.602 * 10-19 C.

Positive Rays

Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein. Positive rays are moving positive ions of gas filled
in the discharge tube. The mass of these particles is nearly equal to the mass of the atoms of
gas.

(i) These consist of fast moving positively charged particles.

(ii) These rays are deflected in magnetic and electric fields.

(iii) These rays travel in straight line.

(iv) Speed of positive rays is less than that of cathode rays.

(v) These rays can produce fluorescence and phosphorescence.

Electron Emission

It is the phenomenon of emission of electron from the surface of a metal. The electron emission
can be obtained from the following process

(i) Thermionic

(ii) Photoelectric emission

(iii) Field emission

(iv) Secondary emission

Photon

Photons are the packets of energy emitted by a source of radiation. The energy of each photon
is,

E = hv

Where h is Planck’s constant and v is frequency of radiation.

The rest mass of a photon is zero.

The momentum of a photon p = hv / c = h / λ

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Dynamic or kinetic mass 0f photon m = hv / c2 = h / cλ

where c is speed of light in vacuum and λ is wavelength of radiation. Photons are electrically
neutral.

A body can radiate or absorb energy in whose number multiples of a quantum hv, 2hv, 3hv ….
nhv, where n is positive integer.

Photoelectric Effect

The phenomena of emission of electrons from a metal surface, when radiations of suitable
frequency is incident on it, is called photoelectric effect.

Terms Related to Photoelectric Effect

(i) Work Function(φ) The minimum amount of energy required to eject one electron from a
metal surface, is called its work function.

(ii) Threshold Frequency (vo) The minimum frequency of light which can eject photo electron
from a metal surface is called threshold frequency of that metal.

(iii) Threshold Wavelength (λmax) The maximum wavelength rJ light which can eject photo
electron from a metal surface is called threshold wavelength of that metal.

Relation between work function, threshold frequency and threshold wavelength

φ = hvo = hc / λmax

Laws of Photoelectric Effect

1. For a given metal and frequency of incident light, the photo electric current (the rate of
emission of photoelectrons) is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light.

2. For a given metal. there is a certain minimum frequency, called threshold frequency, below
which there is no emission of photo electrons takes place.
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3. Above threshold frequency the maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons depends upon the
frequency of incident light.

4. The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.

Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation

The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons

(Ek)max = hv – φ = h(v – vo)

where v is frequency of incident light and vo is threshold frequency.

Stopping Potential

The minimum negative potential given to anode plate at which photoelectric current becomes
zero is called stopping potential (Vo).

Maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons

(Ek)max = 1 / 2 mv2max = eVo

Compton Effect

When a monochromatic beam of X – falls on a target containing free electrons. it is scattered.

As a result, the electrons recoil and scattered radiation has wavelength longer than incident one.
This effect is called Compton effect.

(i) λ’ – λ = λ = Compton shift Δλ = h / moc (1 – cos φ) where mo is rest mass of an electron and
c is the speed of light h / moc Compton shift Δλ is maximum, when φ = 180°
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(ii) Kinetic energy of recoil electron

Ek = hc / λ – hc / λ’

(iii) Direction of recoil electron

tan θ = λ sin φ / λ’ – λ cos φ

(iv) Compton wavelength of electron

= h / moc = 0.024 A

(v) Maximum Compton shift

(Δλ)max = 2h / moc 0.0048 A

Matter Waves on de-Broglie Waves

A wave is associated with every moving particle, called matter or de-Broglie wave.

de-Broglie Wavelength

If a particle of mass m is moving with velocity v, then wavelength of de-Broglie wave

associated with it is given by

λ = h / p = h / mv

de-Broglie wavelength of an electron is given by

λ = h / mv = h / √2me V = 12.27 / √V A.
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where, m = mass of electron, e = electronic charge and V = potential difference with which
electron is accelerated.

Davisson and Germer proves the existence of de-Broglie waves associated with an electron in
motion.

Davisson-Germer Experiment

The wave nature of the material particles as predicted by de-Broglie was confirmed by
Davisson and Germer (1927) in united states and by GP Thomson (1928) in scotland.

This experiment verified the wave nature of electron using Ni crystal.

Davisson and Germer found that the intensity of scattered beam of electrons was not the same
but different at different angles of scattering. It is maximum for diffracting angle 50° at 54 V
potential difference.

X-rays

When cathode rays strike on a heavy metal of high melting point. then a very small fraction of
its energy converts in to a new type of waves, called X-rays.

Properties of X-rays

X-rays were discovered by Roentgen.

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(i) X-rays are electromagnetic waves of wavelengths ranging from 0.1 A to 100 A and
frequencies ranging from 1016 Hz to 1018 Hz.

(ii) Soft X-rays have greater wavelength and lower frequency.

(iii) Hard X-rays have lower wavelength and higher frequency.

(iv) X-rays are produced by coolidge tube.

(v) Molybdenum and tungsten provide suitable targets. These elements have large atomic
number and high melting point for the purpose.

(vi) The intensity of X – rays depends on the heating voltage or filament current.

(vii) The kinetic energy of X-ray photons depends upon the voltage applied across the ends of
coolidge tube.

(viii) Energy of X-ray photon is given by E = hv = hc / λ

(ix) If total energy of fast moving electron transfer to X-ray photon, then its energy, eV = hv =
hc / λ

(x) Wavelength of emitted X-rays is given by λ = hc / eV

where, h = Planck’s constant, c = speed of light, e = electronic charge and V = potential

difference applied across the ends of the tube.

(xi) Absorption of X-rays

I = Ioe- μx, where Io = initial intensity of X-rays, I = final intensity of emergent X-rays, x =
thickness of material and μ = absorption coefficient.

Diffraction of X-rays

X-rays can be diffracted by crystals following Bragg’s law. According to which

2d sin θ = n λ

where, n = 1, 2, 3, …, and d = spacing of crystal planes, θ = angle of diffraction.

X-rays Spectrum

The energy spectrum of X-. rays is a line spectrum, containing following series :

(i) K – series When electrons of any higher orbit (n = 2,3,4, … ) jump to first orbit (n = 1) then
K-series of X-rays are produced.
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(ii) L – series When electrons of higher orbit (n = 3, 4, 5, … ) jump to second orbit (n = 2),
then L-series of X-rays are produced.

(iii) M – series When electrons of higher orbit (n = 4,5,6, … )jump to third orbit (n = 3), then
M-series of X-rays are produced.

First lines of these series are called Kα, Lα, Mα. Second lines of these series are called Kβ, Lβ,
Mβ

Moseley’s Law

The frequency of X-ray is given by

V = a (Z – b)2

where a and b are constants and Z is atomic number of element.

Frequency of X-rays

v ∝ Z2
 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

1. The work function of a certain metal is 3.3110−19 J . Then the maximum

kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted by incident radiation of wavelength
0
5000 A is-
1) 2.48 eV 2) 0.41 eV 3) 2.07 eV 4) 0.82 ev
2. An electron beam travels with a velocity of 1.6 x 107 ms–1 perpendicular to
magnetic field of intensity 0.1 T. The radius of the path of the electron beam
(me = 9 x10–31 kg)
1) 9 x 10–5 m 2) 9 x 10–2 m 3) 9 x 10–4 m 4) 9 x 10–3 m
3. The work function of nickel is 5eV. When light of wavelength 2000A0 falls on
it, it emits photoelectrons in the circuit. Then the potential difference
necessary to stop the fastest electrons emitted is (given h=6.67×10-34Js)
1) 1.0V 2) 1.75V 3) 1.2V 4) 0.75V
4. In an experiment on photoelectric emission from a metallic surface,
wavelength of incident light is 2 x 10–7 m and stopping potential is 2.5V. The
threshold frequency of the metal (in Hz) approximately (charge of electron
e = 1.6 x 10–19C, Plank’s constant h = 6.6 x 10–34 JS)
1) 12 x 1015 2) 9x 1015 3) 9 x 1014 4) 12 x 1013
5. A particle of mass 1 x 10–26 kg and charge 1.6 x 10–19C travelling with a
velocity 1.28 x 106 ms–1 along the positive X-axis enters a region in which a
uniform electric field E and a uniform magnetic field of induction B are

present. If E = −102.4103 kˆNC−1 and B = 810−2 ˆj Wbm−2 , the direction of motion

of the particles is
1) Along the positive X-axis 2) Along the negative X-axis
3) At 45° to the positive X-axis 4) At 135° to the positive X-axis
6. Light rays of wavelengths 6000 A° and of photon intensity 39.6 watts/m 2 is
incident on a metal surface. If only one percent of photons incident on the
surface emit photo electrons, then the number of electrons emitted per second
per unit area from the surface will be
[Planck constant = 6.64 x 10-34 J - S; Velocity of light = 3 x 108 ms-1]

1) 12 x 1018 2) 10 x 1018 3) 12 x 1017 4) 12 x 1015

7. Electrons ejected from the surface of a metal, when light of certain frequency
is incident on it, are stopped fully by a retarding potential of 3 volts. Photo
electric effect in this metallic surface begins at a frequency 6 x 1014s-1. The
frequency of the incident light in s-1 is [h=6 x 10-34J-sec; charge on the
electron = 1.6 x 10-19C]
1) 7.5 x 1013 2) 13.5 x 1013 3) 14 x 1014 4) 7.5 x 1015
8. Consider the two following statements A and B and identify the correct choice
given in the answers
A) In photovoltaic cells, the photoelectric current produced is not proportional
to the intensity of incident light.
B) In gas filled photo emissive cells, the velocity of photoelectrons depends on
the wavelength of the incident radiation.
1) Both A and B are true 2) Both A and B are false
3) A is true but B is false 4) A is false but B is true
9. When radiation of wavelength  is incident on a metallic surface, the
stopping potential is 4.8 volts. If the same surface is illuminated with
radiation of double the wavelength, then the stopping potential becomes 1.6
volts. Then the threshold wavelength for the surface is
1)  2)  3)  4) 8 
10. Two photons of energies twice and thrice the work function of a metal are
incident on the metal surface. Then the ratio of maximum velocities of the
photoelectrons emitted in the two cases respectively is
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 4 3 2
11. If  0 is the de Broglie wavelength for a proton accelerated through a
potential difference of 100 V, the de Broglie wavelength for −particle
accelerated through the same potential difference is
0 0
1) 2 2 0 2) 0 3) 4)
2 22 2
12. Photoelectric emission is observed from a metallic surface for frequencies v1
and v2 of the incident light rays (1  2 ) . If the maximum values of kinetic

energy of the photoelectrons emitted in the two cases are in ratio of 1: k, then
the threshold frequency of the metallic surface is

1) k2k−−1
1 2) k1k−−1
2 3) k1k+−1
2
4) 0
13. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron having 80 eV of energy is nearly
(1eV = 1.6x 10–19 J), mass of the electron = 9 x 10–31 kg),
Planck’s constant = 6.6 x 10–34 Js)
1) 140 A° 2) 0.14 A° 3) 14 A° 4) 1.4 A°
14. When a metal surface is illuminated by light of wavelengths 400 nm and 250
nm, the maximum velocities of the photoelectrons ejected are v and 2v
respectively. The work function of the metal is (h = Plank’s constant,
c = velocity of light in air)
1) 2hc106 J 2) 1.5hc106 J 3) hc106 J 4) 0.5hc106 J
15. A photon of energy ‘E’ ejects a photo electron from a metal surface whose
work function is W0. If this electron enters into a uniform magnetic field of
induction ‘B’ in a direction perpendicular to the field and describes a circular
path of radius r, then the radius r is given by (in the usual notation):

2m ( E +W0 ) 2m ( E −W0 ) 2m ( E −W0 )

1) 2) 2m (E −W0 )eB 3) 4)
eB mB Be

16. In Millikan’s oil drop experiment, a charged oil drop of mass 3.2 10−14 kg is
held stationary between two parallel plates 6 mm apart, by applying a
potential difference of 1200V between them. How many electrons does the oil
drop carry? (g=10ms-2)
1) 7 2) 8 3) 9 4) 10
17. An oil drop having a charge was kept between two plates having a potential
difference of 400V is in equilibrium. Now another drop of same oil with same
charge but double the radius is introduced between the plates. Then the
potential difference necessary to keep the drop in equilibrium is
1) 200 V 2) 800 V 3) 1600 V 4) 3200 V
18. The threshold frequency for a certain metal is v0 . When a certain radiation of
frequency 2 v0 is incident on this metal surface the maximum velocity of the
photoelectrons emitted is 2x106 ms–1. If a radiation of frequency 3 v 0 is

incident on the same metal surface the maximum velocity of the

photoelectrons emitted (in ms–1) is
1) 2 106 2) 2 2 106 3) 4 2 106 4) 4 3 106
19. The velocity of the most energetic electron emitted from a metallic surface is
doubled when the frequency ‘ v ’ of the incident radiation is doubled. The
work function of this metal is

1) h 2) h 3) h 4) 2h
4 3 2 3
20. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential
difference. The ratio of the wavelength associated with proton and alpha
particle respectively is
1) 1: 2 2 2) 2: 1 3) 2 2 :1 4) 4: 1
21. The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron and the wavelength of a photon are
the same. The ratio between the energy of that photon and the momentum of
that electron is
1) h 2) C 3) 1/h 4) 1/C
22. A proton is projected with a velocity 107 ms–1 at right angles to a uniform
magnetic field of induction 100mT. The time (in seconds) taken by the proton
to traverse 90° arc is
(Mass of proton= 1.65 x 10–27 kg and charge of proton = 1.6 x 10–19C)
1) 0.81 x 10–7 2) 1.62 x 10–7 3) 2.43 x 10–7 4) 3.24 x 10–7
23. The incident photon involved in the photoelectric effect experiment
1) Completely disappears
2) Comes out with increased frequency
3) Comes out with a decreased frequency
4) Comes out without change in frequency
24. k1 and k2 are the maximum kinetic energies of the photoelectrons emitted
when light of wave length  1  2 respectively are incident on a metacil
surface. If 1 = 32 then
k2 k
1) k1  3 2) k1  2 3) k1 = 3k2 4) k2 = 3k1
3
25. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle moving with a velocity
2.25 x 108 ms-1is equal to the wavelength of photon. The ratio of kinetic
energy of the particle to the energy of the photon is
[velocity of light = 3 x 108 ms-1]
1) 1/8 2) 3/8 3) 5/8 4) 7/8
26. The value of de Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with a speed of
6.6 x 105 ms-1 is approximately
1) 11 Ao 2) 111Ao 3) 211 Ao 4) 311 Ao
27. The maximum wavelength of light that can be used to produce photoelectric
effect on a metal is 250nm. The maximum K.E of the electrons in joule,
emitted from the surface of the metal when a beam of light of wavelength 200
nm is used:
1) 89 .61 x 10-22 2) 69.81 x 10-22 3) 18.96 x 10-20 4) 19.86 x 10-20
28. The work function of Potassium is 2.0 eV. When it is illuminated by light of
wavelength 3300 Ao, photoelectrons are emitted. The stopping potential of
photoelectrons is
1) 0.75 V 2) 1.75 V 3) 2.5 V 4) 3.75 V
29. A positron and a proton are accelerated by the same accelerating potential.
Then the ratio of the associated wavelength of positron and proton will be (M-
mass of proton, m=mass of positron)
M M m m
1) 2) 3) 4)
m m M M
30. The work function of metals A and B are in the ratio 1:2. If light of
frequencies f and 2f are incident on metal surfaces A and B respectively, the
ratio of the maximum kinetic energies of the photo electrons emitted is
1) 1:1 2) 1:2 3) 1:3 4) 1:4
31. The process of photo electric emission depends on
1) Work function of surface 2) Nature of surface
3) Wave length of incident light 4) All of these
32. If the intensity of incident light is made double, then the maximum number of
emitted electrons will become
1) Double 2) Four times 3) Eight times 4) Half
33. The threshold wavelength for photo electric emission from a photo sensitive
surface is 5200 Å. Which out of the following can start photo electric
emission?
1) 10 watt infrared bulb 2) 1 watt infrared bulb
3) 50 watt infrared bulb 4) 50 watt ultraviolet bulb
34. On decreasing the intensity of incident light
1) The photo electric current will increase.
2) The number of photoelectrons emitted will increase.
3) The number of emitted electrons will decrease.
4) All of these.
35. When green light is made incident on a metal, photo electrons are emitted by
it but no photo electrons are obtained by yellow light. If red light is made
incident on that metal then
1) No electrons will be emitted 2) Less electrons will be emitted
3) More electrons will be emitted 4) All of these
36. The threshold frequency for a metal is 1015 Hz. When light of wavelength
4000 Å is made incident on it, them
1) Photo electrons will be emitted from it with zero speed
2) Photoelectric emission will not be started by it
3) Photo electrons will be emitted with speed 105 m/s
4) Photo electrons will be emitted with speed 103 m/s
37. The necessary condition of photo electric emission is
1) h  h0 2) h  h0 3) Ek>h0 4) Ek<h 0
38. If the work function of a metal is 0, then its threshold wavelength will be
1) hc0 2) c0/h 3) h0/c 4) hc/0
39. The photo electric equation is
Ek
1) h = h0 −Ek 2) h = h0 +  3) h = h0 Ek 4) h = h0
+
40. Light of frequency 2.50 is incident on a metal surface of threshold frequency
20. If it s frequency is halved and intensity is made three times then the new
value of photo electric current will be
1) Zero 2) Double 3) Four times 4) Six times
41. In a photo electric cell, the cathode with work function W1 is replaced by
another one with work function W2 (W2 > W1). If the current before this
change is I1 and that after the change in I2 and other circumstances remain
same and if h  >W2, then
1) I1>I2 2) I1<I2 3) I1=I2 4) I1<I2<2I1
42. If the frequency of light incident on metal surface is doubled, then kinetic
energy of emitted electrons will become
1) Doubled 2) Less than double
3) More than double 4) Nothing can be said
43. The work function of a metal is X eV. When light of energy 2X is made
incident on it then the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photo electron will
be
1) 2 eV 2) 2 XeV 3) XeV 4) 3 XeV
44. W1 and W2 are the work functions of two different photo metals (W2 > W1).
The same radiation falls on the two metals separately. i1 and i2 are the photo
currents and K1, K2 are the maximum. K.E of the ejected electrons in these
two cases, then
1) i1 = i2 & K1 > K2 2) i1 > i2 & K1 = K2
3) i1 = i2 & K1 = K2 4) None
45. When light is made incident on a surface then photo electrons are emitted
from it. The kinetic energy of photo electrons
1) Depends on the wavelength of incident light 2) Is same
3) Is more than a certain minimum value 4) None of these
46. The function of photo electric cell is
1) To convert electrical energy into light energy
2) To convert light energy into electrical energy
3) To convert mechanical energy into electric energy
4) To convert ac to dc
47. If the energy of photo is 10 eV and work function is 5 eV then the value of
stopping potential will be
1) 15 V 2) 5 V 3) 2 V 4) 50 V
48. At stopping potential, the photoelectric current becomes
1) Minimum 2) Maximum 3) Zero 4) Infinity
49. When the photo electric cell is kept at a distance r from the light source, the
stopping potential is V. The value of stopping potential, when the distance is
made 3r, will be
1) V 2) 3V 3) 9V 4) 1/9V
50. The mass of electron varies with
1) Its velocity 2) Size of cathode ray tube
3) Variation of g 4) The size of electron
51. The rest mass of a photon is
1)  2) 0 3) h / c 2 4) hc 2

52. Electron behaves like a wave because it

1) Ionizes the gas 2) Is affected by an electric field
3) Is affected by a magnetic field 4) Diffracted by a crystal
53. The graph between the de Broglie wavelength and the momentum of photon
is a
1) Rectangular Hyperbola 2) Circle
3) Parabola 4) Straight Line
54. The wavelength of a proton and a photon are same then
1) Their velocities are same 2) Their moment are equal
3) Their energies are same 4) None
55. The de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle in electric and
magnetic fields are 1 and 2 , then
1) 1 =  2 2) 1   2 3) 1  2 4) None
56. The energy of a photon is E and its momentum is p. The speed of light will be
1) E/p 2) Ep 3) (p/E) 2 4) (E/p) 2
57. De-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron of mass m and accelerated
through a potential difference V is. Then wavelength associated with a
proton of mass M and accelerated through the potential difference V will be
 3) m 4) 2 m
M
1)  m
2) ( )
M

M
M m
58. The relation between the length of circumference of a stable orbit of an atom
and the wavelength of stationary wave associated with the electron will be
1
1) 2r 2) 2r2 3) 2r  4) 2r


59. The curve between current (i) and potential difference (v) for a photo cells
will be

1) 2)

3) 4)

60. The curve between the frequency (  ) and stopping potential (V) in a photo
electric cell will be

1) 2)

3) 4)
61. A graph is drawn between frequency of the incident radiation (on-X axis)
and stopping potential (on Y-axis) then the slope of the straight line indicates
1) he 2) h/e 3) e/h 4) (e-h)
62. The correct curve between the stopping potential (V) and intensity of incident
light (I) is
V0 V0 V0 V0

1) 2) 3) 4)

l l l l

63. The stopping potential (V0) as a function of

V0
A B
frequency of the incident radiation () is plotted for
two different photoelectric surfaces A and B. The
graph shows that work function of A

1) Is greater than that of B 2) Is smaller than that of B
3) Is equal to that of B 4) Cannot be compared from graph.
e
64. A) In Thomson experiment to determine of an electron, when deflection of
m

beam is zero, velocity of electron  = E

B

B) Specific charge of cathode rays is independent of applied voltage, and

material of the gas.
1) Only A is correct 2) Only B is correct
3) A and B are correct 4) A and B are false
65. Of the following
A) Photo cell is also called as magic eye.
B) Photo voltaic cell does not require any external source of emf (i.e. battery)
1) A is true B is false 2) B is true A is false.
3) Both A and B are true 4) Both A and B are false.
66. Of the following
A) Photo multiplier is also called electron multiplier.
B) In photo multiplier dynodes are coated with silver oxide-cesium layer.
1) A is true B is false 2) B is true A is false.
3) Both A and B are true 4) Both A and B are false.
67. Of the following
A) Photo cells are used as counting devices.
B) Photo cells are used in the reproduction of the sound in cinematography.
1) A is true B is false 2) B is true A is false.
3) Both A and B are true 4) Both A and B are false.

68. Of the following

A) de-Broglie waves are electromagnetic waves.
B) de-Broglie waves are produced only when particles are charged.
1) A is true B is false 2) B is true A is false.
3) Both A & B are true 4) Both A & B are false
69. In de-Broglie waves
A) Moving particle is always associated with a wave packet rather than a
wave.
B) Velocity of a wave packet is same as that of the particle.
1) A is true B is false 2) B is true A is false
3) A and B are true. 4) A and B are false.
70. [A]: Matter waves are not electromagnetic waves.
[B]: Electron microscope works on the principle of de-Broglie hypothesis.
1) A is true B is false 2) B is true A is false.
3) Both A and B are true 4) Both A and B are false
71. Statement A: An electron of velocity V and photon of velocity C have same de-
Broglie wave lengths. The ratio of energies of electron and photon is V/2C.
Statement B: The ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths of a photon and an electron

of mass ‘m’ each with energy E is C . 2m

E

1) A is true, B is false 2) A is false, B is true

3) A, B are false 4) A, B are true
72. Match List – I and List – II.
List – I List – II
a) Particle nature of light e) de-Broglie hypothesis
b) Dual nature of matter f) Photo electric effect
c) Millikan’s oil drop experiment g) Electromagnetic waves
d) X – rays h) Quantization of charge

1) a – f, b – e, c – h, d – g 2) a – e, b – f, c – g, d – e
3) a – h, b – g, c – f, d – e 4) a – g, b – c, c – f, d – h
73. Match List – I and List – II.
List – I List – II
a) Photo electric effect e) Rontgen
b) Specific charge of electron f) Hertz
c) Charge of electron g) J.J Thomson
d) X – rays h) Millikan
1) a – g, b – e, c – f, d – h 2) a – f, b – g, c – e, d – h
3) a – f, b – g, c – h, d – e 4) a – h, b – f, c – e, d – g
 Assertion & Reason: In each of the following questions, a statement is given
and a corresponding statement or reason is given just below it. In the
statements, marks the correct answer as
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation
of Assertion.
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion.
3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
4) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
74. [A]: Though light of single frequency is incident on a metal, the energies of
emitted photo electrons are different.
[R]: Due to collision of electron with other atoms in the metal.
75. [A]: In photo emissive cell inert gas is used.
[R]: Inert gas in the cell gives greater current.
76. [A]: Photoelectric effect can only be explained by the particle nature of light
[R]: For every metal there exists a limiting frequency of the incident light
called, threshold frequency, below which electron emission is not possible.
77. [A]: Waves associated with moving particles are called ‘matter waves’.
[R]: de-Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass of the
particles.
78. The work function of a surface of a photosensitive material is 6.2 eV. The
wavelength of the incident radiation for which the stopping potential is 5 V
lies in the
1) Infrared region 2) X-ray region 3) Ultraviolet region 4) Visible region
79. A particle of mass 1 mg has the same wavelength as an electron moving with
a velocity of 3 x 106 ms-1. The velocity of the particle is
1) 3 x 10-31 ms-1 2) 2.7 x 10-21 ms-1 3) 2.7 x 10-18 ms-1 4) 9 x 10-2 ms-1
80. In the phenomenon of electric discharge through gases at low pressure, the
coloured glow in the tube appears as a result of
1) Collisions between the charged particles emitted from the cathode and the
atoms of the gas
2) Collision between different electrons of the atoms of the gas
3) Excitation of electrons in the atoms
4) Collision between the atoms of the gas
81. The number of photo electrons emitted for light at a frequency (higher than
the threshold frequency0 ) is proportional to

1) Threshold Frequency (0 ) 2) Intensity of Light

3) Frequency of Light 4)  −0

82. The figure shows a plot of photo current versus anode potential for a photo
sensitive surface for three different radiations. Which one of the following is a
correct statement?

1) Curves (a) and (b) represent incident radiations of same frequency but
of different intensities.
2) Curves (b) and (c) represent incident radiations of different frequencies
and different intensities.
3) Curves (b) and (c) represent incident radiations of same frequency have same
intensity.
4) Curves (a) and (b) represent incident radiations of different frequencies
and different intensities.
83. Monochromatic light of wavelength 667 nm is produced by a helium neon
laser. The power emitted is 9 mW. The number of photons arriving per sec.
on the average at a target irradiated by this beam is
1) 3 x 1016 2) 9 x 1015 3) 3 x 1019 4) 9 x 1017
 Key

1) 2 2) 3 3) 3 4) 3 5) 1 6) 3 7) 3 8) 4 9) 2 10) 4

11) 3 12) 2 13) 4 14) 1 15) 4 16) 4 17) 4 18) 2 19) 4 20) 3

21) 2 22) 2 23) 1 24) 2 25) 2 26) 1 27) 4 28) 1 29) 4 30) 2

31) 4 32) 1 33) 4 34) 3 35) 1 36) 2 37) 2 38) 4 39) 3 40) 1

41) 3 42) 3 43) 3 44) 1 45) 1 46) 2 47) 2 48) 3 49) 1 50) 1

51) 3 52) 4 53) 1 54) 2 55) 3 56) 1 57) 1 58) 1 59) 2 60) 4

61) 2 62) 2 63) 2 64) 3 65) 3 66) 3 67) 2 68) 4 69) 3 70) 3

71) 4 72) 1 73) 3 74) 1 75) 2 76) 2 77) 2 78) 3 79) 3 80) 1

81) 2 82) 1 83) 1

Hints
1) Ans :2
hc 1
Sol: From photoelectric equation =w mv2
 0 +
2
1 hC
mv2 = −w
 0
2
2) Ans: 3
Sol: Centripetal force = Magnetic force
mv2
=
Bqv
r
mv
r=
Bq
3). Ans: 3
12400
Sol: When wavelength is expressed in A° then E = eV

hc
= 0 + eV0

6.2eV = 5eV + eV0

V0 = 1.2V

4) Ans: 3
hc
Sol: = h
+ ev0

0

5) Ans: 1
Sol : E, B are acting in Z, Ydirections
E
Here gives velocity of charge particle
B
 The charged particle is not deviated

6) Ans: 3
E
Sol: Number of electrons emitted per second per unit area from the surface n =
hc
1240
Photon energy, h = = 2.066eV
600(nm)

I = 39.6 W/m2 = 39.6 J/s/m2

39.6
= eV / s / m2
1.6 10 −19

Photoelectrons emitted/s/m2
39.6 1 1 = 12 1017
=  
1.6 10 −19
2.066 100
7) Ans:3
Sol: According to Einstein’s Photo electric equation,
hv = hv0 + K.E = hv0 + ev0

 v = v + ev0
0 0
h
 v 0= 13.51014 Js−1

8) Ans: 4
Sol. A) According to the laws of photoelectric effect photoelectric current is directly
proportional to intensity of incident light.

9) Ans: 2
Sol From Einstein’s photoelectric equation
: eV0 = h − h0
hc hc hc hc ...............
= −  e  4.8 = − (1)
 0  0
hc hc ...........................................
e 1.6 = − (2)
2 0
Solving (1) and (2) 0 = 4

10) Ans: 4
Sol: From Einstein’s photoelectric equation hv = w + K .E
K = h − W
K1 = 2W −W = W
K2 = 3W −W = 2W
1
But kinetic energy = mv2
2
1 K1 = W = 1
=
2 K2 2W 2
11) Ans: 3
h h h
Sol: de-Broglie wavelength  = = =
p mv 2m ( K.E )
h h h
 = = =
p
p 2m k 2m eV
p p p

h h
 = =
2m k 2  4mp  2eV
 
 = 1  
= 0
p 8 22

12) Ans: 2
Sol: Let the maximum energy of the photoelectrons be x and Kx
x = h1 − h0 = h (1 −0 ) ............................. (1)

k x = h2 − h0 = h (2 −0 ) ........................... . (2)

(2)  = k1 −2

(1) 0
k−1

13) Ans: 4
h
Sol: de-Broglie wavelength  =
2mE

150 150
= = = 1.37A0
 80
14) Ans: 1
hc 1 2................................................................
Sol: = W0 + mv (1)
4000 2
1 
hc = W + 4 mv2 (2)
2500 0  
2
 
1
From (1), mv2 = hc −W
0
2 4000
 Substituting in equation (2)
hc  hc 
=W +4 −W = hc − 3W
0
2500 0
 400
0
 1000
hc = (2hc 106 ) J
W0 =
5000 10−10
15) Ans: 4
1
Sol: E=w mv2
0 +
2
2 (E − w0 )
 v = ............................................................ (1)
m
In the magnetic field,
mv2
Be v =
r
mv .......................................................
r= (2)
Be
Substituting (1) in (2)

2m (E − w0 )
r=
Be

16) Ans: 4
Sol: Under equilibrium
mg = Eq
V 
 mg = (ne)
d
 

n=
mgd
=
(3.210−4 )(10)(610−3 )
Ve (1200)(1.6 10−19 )
 n = 10
17) Ans: 4
v
Sol: F = Eq = mg but E =
d
Vq
= mg
d
Vq 4
=  R3  g
d 3
V  R3

V 1 R 31
=
V 2 R 23

400 R3
= ; V2 = 3200volt
V2 8R3

18) Ans: 2
Sol: K.E1 = h (2v0 ) − hv0 = hv0...................................... (1)

K.E2 = h (3v0 ) − hv0 = 2hv0 ........................................ (2)

Dividing (1) and (2)

1
mv2
2 1 =1
1 2 2
mv
2 2

 V2 = 2V1

V2= 2 2 106 ms−1

19) Ans: 4
1
hv = 0 + mV
2...............................................................................
Sol: (1)
2
1 
h2v =  + mV 2 4 ................................ (2)
0  
2
 
 1
(1) 4  4hv = 40 + 4 mv2
2
1 2
(2)  2hv = 0 + 4 mv
2

Subtracting 2hv = 3   = 2hv

0 0
3

20) Ans: 3
h
Sol: From de-Broglie wavelength  = = h
mv 2meV
h
p 2mpqpV
= = 2 2 :1
 h
2m qV

21) Ans: 2

Sol: e = h
pe
hC
P =
h
EPh
h hC
 =
Pe EPh

EPh
 =C
Pe

22) Ans: 2
Sol: If proton is projected at right angle to the magnetic field it rotates in circular path.
The required centripetal force is supplied by force due to magnetic field.
Bqv
mr 2 = Bqv   =
mr
 mr 2m
T = 2 =
Bqv Bq
T
Time taken to transverse 900 arc is .
4
T  m = 1.6 10−7 s
=
4 2Bq
23) Ans: 1
Sol. As the total incident energy is completely absorbed by the electrons the incident
photon completely disappears.

24) Ans: 2
hc
Sol: From Einstein’s photo electric equation = w + K .E

hc hc X
K = −W = −W = −W
 3
1
3
1 2

hc
K= −W = X −W
2
2
hc
Where X =
2
X
−W X −W
K1
= 3 = 3
K2 X −W X −W
K 1 K
Now x>W Hence 1   K  2
1
K2 3 3

25) Ans: 2
h c
Sol: = = [From de-Broglie wavelength]
p 
cp=h
k p2 p2
= =
h 2mh 2mcp
 p v 2.25108 3
= = = =
2mc 2c 2  3108 8

26) Ans: 1
h h
= = = 6.6310−34
Sol: 

p mv 9.110−31  6.6105
= 1110−10 m = 11A0

27) Ans: 4
12400
Sol: When  is expressed in A° then, W =

1240
W= = 4.96eV
250
1240
h = = 6.20eV
200
K =6.20 – 4.96 = 1.24eV
=1.24 1.6 10−19
= 19.84 10−20 J

28) Ans: 2
Sol:  = 3300 A0 = 330nm
1240
h = = 3.757
330
eV0 = h −W = 3.757 − 2 = 1.757eV

 V0 = 1.757 V
29) Ans: 4
Sol Since both proton and positron have the same charge
h h
proton = =
2mK 2meV
 h  m
positron =  proton =
2meV M
positron

30) Ans: 2
Sol :W1 :W2 = 1: 2

v1 : v2 = 1:2
According to photo – electric equation,
1
mv2 = h − W = hf −1...................................... (1)
1 1 0
2
1
mv2 = h − W = 2hf − 2 = 2 (hf −1)
2 2 0
2
Ratio of kinetic energies = 1:2

78. (3): Work function = 6.2 eV

K.E = eVS = 5e

Total incident energy = 6.2 + 5= 11.2 eV

hc 12400eV 0
= = = 1107 A
E 11.2 eV

This wavelength is in the ultraviolet region.

79. (3)
h
From de-broglie hypothesis  =
mv

80 (1) Collisions of the charged particles with the atoms in the gas The colour of the
glow depends upon the nature of the glass.
Eg : Yellowish green for soda glass grayish blue for lead glass.
81 (2) The number of photoelectrons decide the photocurrent. Assuming that the
number of electrons emitted depends on the number of photons incident, the
number of photoelectrons depend on the intensity of light.

82 (1)

(a) and (b) represent radiations of the same frequency because their kinetic
energies are the same. But saturation photocurrents are different. Therefore
intensities are different.

0
83 (1)  = 6670 A
12400eV A0 12400 −
E of a photon = = 1.6 10 19 J
0
6670 A 6670

Energy emitted per second, power P = 910−3 J

Power P
 Number of Photons incident = =
Energy E
910  6670
−3
16
= = 310
12400 1.6 10 −19