Software Verification

PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000

REVISION NO.: 0

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005

T-SECTION MEMBER UNDER COMBINED COMPRESSION, BENDING, AND SHEAR

EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Compression, moment, and shear capacities and demand/capacity ratio are calculated for
T section at mid-span as shown below. It is simply supported with a length of 1.0 meter.

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Dead: 𝑃𝑃 = 1000 𝑁𝑁, 𝑀𝑀1 = 3,000,000 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑀𝑀2 = 500,000 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

TECHNICAL FEATURES TESTED

 Axial compressive strength
 Major moment strength
 Shear strength
 Demand/Capacity ratio.

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 1

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

COMPUTER FILE: EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD EX005

Applicable Programs
 SAP2000

RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated.

CONCLUSION
The results show exact match with independent results.

Benchmarks: SAP2000

Percent
Output Parameter Program Independent Difference
Axial - Flexural buckling
91838 91853 0.02%
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑁𝑁)

Axial – Torsional-Flexural buckling

16096 16092 0.02%
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑁𝑁)

Axial – Local & Distortional Buckling

114939 114940 0.00%
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑁𝑁)

Flexure – Lateral-Torsional Buckling

5728005 5728005 0.00%
𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
Flexure – Local & Distortional
Buckling 5958202 5958190 0.00%
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
Shear
96628 96628 0.00%
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑁𝑁)

D/C Ratio 0.704 0.704 0.00%

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 2

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: 𝐸𝐸 = 210,000 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐺𝐺 = 80,770 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 350 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Section: ℎ = 120 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑏 = 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑟𝑟 = 3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

→ ℎ𝑝𝑝 = ℎ − 𝑡𝑡/2 = 120 − 2/2 = 119 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
→ 𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 = 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑡𝑡/2 = 50 − 2/2 = 49 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Check for the effect of rounding of the corners:
𝑟𝑟 3
= = 1.5 < 5 → 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑡𝑡 2
𝑟𝑟 3
= = 0.06 < 0.1 → 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 49

Therefore, the effect of rounding of the corners can be neglected in calculation of section
properties:
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 672 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 )
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 1053224.4 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 166649.6 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )
𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦 = 39.6 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧 = 15.75 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑐𝑐 = 24990 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 )
𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑡𝑡 = 13704.2 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 )
𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 896 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )
𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 = 0.0 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚6 )
𝑦𝑦0 = 0.0 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑧𝑧0 = 42.15 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

Member: 𝐾𝐾𝑦𝑦 = 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧 = 𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇 = 1.0 for a pinned-pinned condition

𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 = 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑇𝑇 = 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 1.0

Loadings: Dead: 𝑃𝑃 = 1000 𝑁𝑁, 𝑀𝑀1 = 3,000,000 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑀𝑀2 = 500,000 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Required strengths: for the section in the middle

𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 1.0𝐷𝐷 = 1.0 × 1000 = 1000 (𝑁𝑁)
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 1.0𝐷𝐷 = 1250000 (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 1.0𝐷𝐷 = 3500 (𝑁𝑁)

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 3

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

Member Compression Capacity: the compression capacity is calculated considering the limit
states of global buckling, and local buckling. Distortional buckling is not considered as there is no
lip stiffener.
1. Local buckling:
The effective width method is utilized to calculate the nominal axial strength in consideration
of local buckling with the compressive stress of 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 350 (𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ).

Check for the applicability of the method as the following conditions are satisfied:
𝑏𝑏 50
= = 25 < 50 → 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑡𝑡 2
ℎ 120
= = 30 < 500 → 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
2𝑡𝑡 2 × 2

As the section is subjected to uniform compression and both flanges are considered outstand
unstiffened elements:
𝜓𝜓 = 1
𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎 = 0.43
235 235
𝜀𝜀 = � =� = 0.8194
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 [𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
2 350
𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 /𝑡𝑡 49/2
𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 = = = 1.6055 > 0.748
28.4𝜀𝜀�𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎 28.4 × 0.8194√0.43
𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 − 0.188 1.6055 − 0.188
𝜌𝜌 = = = 0.55 ≤ 1.0
𝜆𝜆2̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 1.60552
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 = 0.55 × 49 = 26.95 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

The web is considered an outstand unstiffened element under uniform compression:

𝜓𝜓 = 1
𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎 = 0.43
ℎ𝑝𝑝 /(2𝑡𝑡) 119/4
𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 = = = 1.95 > 0.748
28.4𝜀𝜀�𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎 28.4 × 0.8194√0.43
𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 − 0.188 1.95 − 0.188
𝜌𝜌 = = = 0.463 ≤ 1.0
𝜆𝜆2̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 1.952
ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝜌𝜌ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 0.463 × 119 = 55.15 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 2𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2 × 2 × 55.15 + 2 × 2 × 26.95 = 328.4 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 )
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 328.4 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) < 672 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) = 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 328.4 × 350
→ 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = = 114940 (𝑁𝑁)
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0 1.0

Because the section is symmetric about z-z axis, its effective properties are also symmetric
about z-z axis, resulting in 𝑒𝑒𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 0 → Δ𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 4

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

ℎ𝑝𝑝 119
∑𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 2𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝 2 2 × 2 × 119
2 = 42.146 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑦𝑦� = = =
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 672
ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 55.15
∑𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖 2𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 2 2 × 2 × 55.15 ×
2 = 18.523 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑦𝑦�𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = =
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 328.4
𝑒𝑒𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑧𝑧̅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑧𝑧̅ = 18.523 − 42.146 = −23.623 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
Δ𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 1200 × (−23.613) = −28347.6 (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

Since the moment demand at mid-span is positive but Δ𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 is negative and results in
favourable design, therefore Δ𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 is taken to be zero for a more conservative design.
Δ𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0.0 (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

2. Global buckling: includes flexural buckling and torsional and flexural-torsional buckling
i. Flexural buckling:
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋 2 (210,000)1053224.4
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 = 2 = = 2182930.7 (𝑁𝑁)
�𝐾𝐾 𝐿𝐿 � (1.0 × 1000)2
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝜋𝜋 2 (210,000)166649.6
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 = = = 345400.8 (𝑁𝑁)
(𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 )2 (1.0 × 1000)2
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 328.4 × 350
𝜆𝜆̅𝑦𝑦 = � =� = 0.229
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦2 2182930.72

𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 328.4 × 350

𝜆𝜆̅𝑧𝑧 = � =� = 0.577
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧2 345400.8
For T section with lips, the buckling curve is 𝑐𝑐 and 𝛼𝛼 = 0.49
Φ𝑦𝑦 = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼�𝜆𝜆̅𝑦𝑦 − 0.2� + 𝜆𝜆2̅𝑦𝑦 � = 0.5[1 + 0.49(0.229 − 0.2) + 0.2292 ] = 0.534
Φ𝑧𝑧 = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼�𝜆𝜆̅𝑧𝑧 − 0.2� + 𝜆𝜆2̅𝑧𝑧 � = 0.5[1 + 0.49(0.577 − 0.2) + 0.5772 ] = 0.759
1 1
χ𝑦𝑦 = = = 0.985
2 ̅
2 0.534 + √0.5342 − 0.2292
Φ𝑦𝑦 + �Φ𝑦𝑦 − 𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦
1 1
χ𝑧𝑧 = = = 0.799
Φ𝑧𝑧 + �Φ𝑧𝑧2 − 𝜆𝜆2̅𝑧𝑧 0.759 + √0.7592 − 0.5772
χ𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.985 × 328.4 × 350
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = = 113216 (𝑁𝑁)
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 1.0
χ𝑧𝑧 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.799 × 328.4 × 350
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = = 91853.4 (𝑁𝑁)
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 1.0

ii. Torsional and flexural-torsional buckling:

𝑖𝑖0 = �𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧2 + 𝑦𝑦02 + 𝑧𝑧02 = �39.62 + 15.752 + 0.02 +42.152 = 59.94 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 5

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

1 𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 1 𝜋𝜋 2 210,000 × 0.0

𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑇𝑇 = �𝐺𝐺𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 + � = �80,770 × 896 + � = 20143 (𝑁𝑁)
𝑖𝑖02 𝐿𝐿2𝑇𝑇 59.942 (1.0 × 1000)2
𝑦𝑦02 + 𝑧𝑧02 0.02 +42.152
𝛽𝛽 = 1 − =1− = 0.5055
𝑖𝑖02 59.942
2
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑇𝑇 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑇𝑇 𝑧𝑧0 2 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑇𝑇
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = �1 + − ��1 − � + 4� � �
2𝛽𝛽 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 𝑖𝑖0 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧

345400.8 20143 20143 2 42.15 2 20143

= �1 + �
− �1 − � + 4� � � = 19562 (𝑁𝑁)
2 × 0.5055 345400.8 345400.8 59.94 345400.8
As 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 19562 (𝑁𝑁) < 20143(𝑁𝑁) = 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑇𝑇
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 328.4×350
→ 𝜆𝜆̅ 𝑇𝑇 = � =� = 2.424
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 19562

For T section, the buckling curve for torsional-flexural buckling is 𝑐𝑐 and 𝛼𝛼 = 0.49
Φ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼�𝜆𝜆̅ 𝑇𝑇 − 0.2� + 𝜆𝜆̅2𝑇𝑇 � = 0.5[1 + 0.49(2.424 − 0.2) + 2.4242 ] = 3.982
1 1
χ 𝑇𝑇 = = = 0.14
2 ̅ 2 3.982 + √3.9822 − 2.4242
�
Φ 𝑇𝑇 + Φ 𝑇𝑇 − 𝜆𝜆 𝑇𝑇
χ 𝑇𝑇 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.14 × 328.4 × 350
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = = 16092 (𝑁𝑁)
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 1.0

Member Flexural Capacity: the flexural capacity is calculated considering the limit states of
lateral-torsional buckling, and local buckling. Distortional buckling is not considered as there is
no lip stiffener.
1. Local buckling:
The effective width method is utilized to calculate the nominal flexural strength in
consideration of local and distortional buckling with the compressive stress in the top flange of
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 350 (𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ). As the section is subjected to positive moment, the top flange is under
compression and it is considered an outstand unstiffened element:
𝜓𝜓 = 1
𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎 = 0.43
235 235
𝜀𝜀 = � =� = 0.8194
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 [𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
2 350
𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 /𝑡𝑡 49/2
𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 = = = 1.6055 > 0.748
28.4𝜀𝜀�𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎 28.4 × 0.8194√0.43
𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 − 0.188 1.6055 − 0.188
𝜌𝜌 = = = 0.55 ≤ 1.0
𝜆𝜆2̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 1.60552
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 = 0.55 × 49 = 26.95 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 6

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

The T section consisting of the effective area of the top flange and gross area of the web under
positive bending has the top flange in compressive stress at yield of 350 (𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) and the
bottom of the web in tensile strain greater than yield strain. It is permitted to consider partially
plastic section modulus. Therefore, portion of the web subjected to tensile strain greater than
yield strain will have tensile stress at yield 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 350 (𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ). And the stress distribution is
taken as bilinear in the tension zone and linear in the compression zone as shown on the right
in Figure 1:

Figure 1: Sections and stress distributions – Left: gross section and linear stress distribution –
Right: section with effective flange and gross web and bilinear stress distribution.

The location of plastic neutral axis 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 is determined by equating the compressive and tensile
forces as follows:
1 1
�2𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 2 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = �2 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 2�ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
2 2
ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 119 − 26.95
→ 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = �ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � → 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = = 46.025 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
2 2

The web is considered an outstand unstiffened element under stress gradient.

Since the stress distribution is bilinear, the stress ratio is allowed to be taken as 𝜓𝜓 = −1.0
𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎 = 1.7 − 5𝜓𝜓 + 17.1𝜓𝜓 2 = 1.7 − 5(−1) + 17.1(−1)2 = 23.8
ℎ𝑝𝑝 /(2𝑡𝑡) 119/4
𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝,𝑏𝑏 = = = 0.262 < 0.748 → 𝜌𝜌 = 1.0
28.4𝜀𝜀�𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎 28.4 × 0.8194√23.8
The web is fully effective.
The plastic neutral axis of the effective section is as calculated previously:
𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 46.025 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
2
2𝑡𝑡𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 2 � + 2𝑡𝑡𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � � �
12 2

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 7

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

2 × 2 × 46.0253 46.025 2
= 2 × 26.95 × 2 × 46.0252 + 2 � + 2 × 2 × 46.025 � � � = 488339 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )
12 2
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑐𝑐 = + 2𝑡𝑡�ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � �ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − �
𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2
488339 119 − 2 × 46.025
= + 2 × 2 × (119 − 2 × 46.025) �119 − 46.025 − � = 17023.4 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 )
46.025 2
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 17023.4 × 46.025 = 783484 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )

𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑐𝑐 = 17023.4 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 ) because the stress distribution is bilinear on the tension
side and the bottom edge is also at yield stress.

𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 17023.4 × 350

𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = = 5958190 (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0 1.0

2. Lateral-torsional buckling:
Due to the concentrated loading and simply support condition at both ends of the column:
𝑀𝑀1 = −500,000 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and 𝑀𝑀2 = 3,000,000 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀1 500,000
𝜓𝜓 = =− = −0.1667
𝑀𝑀2 3,000,000
𝑘𝑘𝑤𝑤 = 1.0 and 𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 1.0
2
𝐶𝐶1 = (0.176𝜓𝜓 2 − 0.461𝜓𝜓 + 0.625)(−1.338𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 1.140𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 3.210)
= [0.176 × (−0.1667) − 0.461 × (−0.1667) + 0.625](−1.338 × 1.02 + 1.140 × 1.0 + 3.210) = 2.13
2
2
𝐶𝐶3 = (2.01𝜓𝜓 3 − 3.647𝜓𝜓 2 + 2.2𝜓𝜓 + 7.783)(0.412𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 0.929𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 0.639)
= [2.01 × (−0.1667) − 3.647 × (−0.1667) + 2.2 × (−0.1667) + 7.783](0.412 × 1.02
3 2

− 0.929 × 1.0 + 0.639) = 0.88

𝐶𝐶2 = 0
The neutral axis of the gross section measured from top fiber is 42.15 (mm) → 𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑎 =
42.15 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) as the load is applied on the top flange
𝑧𝑧𝑔𝑔 = 𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑎 − 𝑧𝑧𝑠𝑠 = 𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑎 − 𝑧𝑧0 = 42.15 − 42.15 = 0 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑧𝑧𝑗𝑗 = 47.1 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1000 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 166649.6 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )
𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 = 0.0 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚6 )
0.5
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 𝐿𝐿2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐺𝐺𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 2
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐶𝐶1 2 ��� � + 2 + �𝐶𝐶2 𝑧𝑧𝑔𝑔 − 𝐶𝐶3 𝑧𝑧𝑗𝑗 � � − �𝐶𝐶2 𝑧𝑧𝑔𝑔 − 𝐶𝐶3 𝑧𝑧𝑗𝑗 ��
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘𝑤𝑤 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝜋𝜋 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧
= 63029336 (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 17023.4×350
𝜆𝜆̅𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = � =� = 0.307
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 63029336
The applicable buckling curve is 𝑏𝑏 and 𝛼𝛼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.34
Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 �𝜆𝜆̅𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 0.2� + 𝜆𝜆2̅𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 � = 0.5[1 + 0.34(0.307 − 0.2) + 0.3072 ] = 0.566

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 8

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

1 1
𝜒𝜒𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = = = 0.961 ≤ 1.0
0.566 + √0.5662 − 0.3072
2
Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + �Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝜆𝜆2̅𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 350
𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝜒𝜒𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑦𝑦,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.961 × 17023.4 = 5728005 (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 1.0

Member Shear Capacity:

𝑠𝑠𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 119 350
𝜆𝜆̅𝑤𝑤 = 0.346 � = 0.346 � = 0.42
2𝑡𝑡 𝐸𝐸 2 × 2 210000
→ 𝜆𝜆̅𝑤𝑤 < 0.83
→ 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 0.58𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0.58 × 350 = 203 (𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 )
ℎ𝑤𝑤 (2𝑡𝑡)𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 119 × 2 × 2 × 203
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = = 96628 (𝑁𝑁)
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0 1.0

Combined D/C ratio:

𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 1.0

By observation, the combination D/C ratio by Equation 6.36 in Eurocode 3 1-3 2006
governs the design:
0.8 0.8 0.8
𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
=� � +� � +� �
𝐶𝐶 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
0.8
1000 0.8 3,000,000 0.8 0+0
=� � +� � +� � = 0.704
16092 5728005 𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

EC3 1-3 2006 CFFD Example 005 - 9