lOMoARcPSD|29607601

Depression Scale

Guidance & Counseling (Jamia Millia Islamia)

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The main purpose of this research was “To compare the study the
level of depression, mental health and life satisfaction among different
games males and females players.” Not only, physical ability but also
mental ability such as depression mental health and life satisfaction play
an important role to become a winner in competition. So these factors
should be in proper place and it is a basic and require to test.

In this chapter selection of subjects, selection of variables criterion

measures, reliability of data, collection of data, test administration,
statistical technique used in the study were given.

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

The main purpose of the study was “A Comparative Study of

Depression, Mental Health and Satisfaction of Player of Different
Games”. To achieve this purpose, two hundred forty students, one
hundred twenty male and one hundred twenty female students studying at
Saurashtra University Gujarat having compulsory player of Athletic,
Kho-Kho, Handball and Kabaddi who had participated in inter college
comptitions were randomly selected as subjects. The age of the subjects
ranged from seventeen to twenty eight years.

For this research study total 240 subjects including 30 male and 30
female players of Athletics, 30 male and 30 female players of Kho-Kho,
30 male and 30 female players of Handball and 30 male and 30 female
players of Kabaddi were selected. The research study is delimited to
study of Depression, Mental Health and Life Satisfaction of 120 male and
120 female players.

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Details of Selection of Subjects

Subject
No. Group
Male Female
1 Athletics 30 30
2 Kho-Kho 30 30
3 Handball 30 30
4 Kabaddi 30 30
TOTAL 120 120
Grand Total 240

CRITERION MEASURE

• For this research study to measure Depression questioner formed

by Dr. Shamim Karim and Dr. Rama was used.

• For this research study to measure mental health questioner formed

by Dr. D. J. Bhatt and G. R. Gida was used.

• For this research study to measure life satisfaction questioner

formed by Q. G. Aalam was used.

RELIABILITY OF DATA

The reliability of data was checked by parallel form method.

COLLECTION OF DATA

Details of questionnaire used in the study.

1. Depression Measurement:

It was created by Dr. Shamim Karim and Dr. Rama Tiwari in

1986. It was published by Agra Phychological research cell Tiwari
Kothi belangan Agra. It was prepared originally in hindi and English
language.

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Psychometric Properties of the Test:

To know the psychometric properties of a test is very

essential for the proper development of a test. For, this purpose, at
first, 15 aspects of depression has been collected with the help of the
studies of Kovacs and Beck (1972), Lang and Tisher (1978),
Cantwell and Carlson (1979) Cytryn, Mcknew and Bunny (1980),
Kazdin (1981), Kovacs (1981) Birleson (1981), Howard and
Margaret Middleton (1985) etc. These 15 aspects of depression were
given to twenty psychologists and psychiatrists for rating on a five
point scale (Not at all, A little bit, Moderately, Quite a bit and
Extremely). The experts rating were ranked and tabulated and on its
basis, twelve higher ones were selected for the final form of the test.
The final form of the test consists of twelve aspects or dimensions of
depression as (i) Apathy, (ii) Sleep disturbance, (iii) pessimism, (iv)
Fatigability, (v) Irritability, (vi) Social withdrawal and self-
centredness, (vii) Dejected or sadness, (viii) Self-Dislije, (ix) Self-
Acquisation, (x) Self-Harm (xi) Somatic Reoccupation and (xii)
Indecissveness.

Area-wise items Location:

As mentioned eerier, the whole text constitutes of 96 items

related to twelve aspects of depression i.e., apathy, sleep disturbance
pessimism, fatigability, irritability, social withdrawal and self
centeredness, dejected or sadness, self dislike, self acquisition, self
harm somatic reoccupation and indecisiveness. The area wise
distributions of the items are given in the following –

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Sr. Areas or Aspects of

Item No.
No. Depression
1. Apathy 1, 13, 14, 39, 50, 61, 76, 85
2. Sleep Disturbance 2, 15, 28, 40, 51, 62, 63, 86
3. Pessimism 3, 16, 29, 41, 52, 64, 77, 87
4. Fatigability 4, 17, 18, 42, 53, 65, 78, 88
5. Irritability 5, 19, 30, 43, 44, 66, 79, 89
Social Withdrawal & Self
6. 6, 20, 31, 45, 54, 67, 68, 90
Centeredness
7. Dejected or Sadness 7, 21, 32, 46, 55, 69, 80, 91
8. Self Dislike 8, 22, 33, 47, 56, 70, 81, 92
9. Self Acquisition 9, 23, 34, 48, 57, 71, 82, 93
10. Self Harm 10, 24, 35, 49, 58, 72, 73, 94
11. Somatic Reoccupation 11, 25, 36, 37, 59, 74, 83, 95
12. Indecisiveness 12, 26, 27, 38, 60, 75, 84, 96

Selection of items:

Initially 200 items were selected and given to 19 judges for review.
After the judges have reviewed the items, 60 items were deleted and 140
retained. This form of the test was administered on a sample of 800 (275
undergraduates students of 17 to 25 years ago, 350 post-graduate student
and 375 adults) of Agra District belonging to rural as well as urban area
on the basis of item-analysis, only 96 highly scores items have been taken
for the final form of the test i.e., 8 items of each aspects of depression.

Administration:

Since depression is closely associated with the physical and

emotional problems and with the adjustment problems as well. As such it

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is essential that there should be a co-ordination between them. Hence, the

items of the test are framed in such a manner that they don’t only measure
the depression in an individual but also the degree of depression in an
individual. As such to make this test a reliable source of measurement of
the same, it is advised that before administering the test, a tester should
be careful of the following points –

(1) The place of administration of the test should be such that the tested
may work comfortably and without any disturbance. The actual
setting for the test administration is the room. But the tester should
be careful that the room is not overcrowded. Maximum 30 subjects
should be taken for group administration at a time in given room,
setting the size of the room, ventilation, light etc.
(2) The subject should be properly motivated to take the text. The word
‘test’ should however never be used between the duration. Rather
should be presented as a set of interesting statements which the
subjects would enjoy responding what is important is to avoid
threatening situation which is frequently associated with testing.
(3) The language used by the text administer in giving instructions to the
subjects should be as simple as possible so that each one understands
what is required of him.
(4) The test administrator should see that each subject has available with
him a pen or pencil. He should however have a stock of pen or
pencils with him so that he may be able to meet any emergency
situation.

Instructions:

“Some statements are given on the following pages. Please read

them carefully. You will get one Answer Sheet along with the test in

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which, in front of every statement followed by five types of responses –

‘Not at all’, ‘A little bit’, ‘Moderately’, ‘Quite a bit’ and Extremely’. If a
given statement is not at all applicable on you, tick (√) mark in the space
provided below the column ‘Not at all and if it is not applicable on you
only a little tick ( ) mark in the space provided below the column ‘A
little bit’, if it is moderately applicable on you, tick ( ) mark below the
column ‘Moderately’ if it is quite applicable on you, tick ( ) mark in the
space provided below the column ‘Quit a bit’ and if it is totally
applicable on you, tick ( ) mark in the space below the column
‘Extremely’. Thus, tick ( ) mark to only one response which describe the
best how much the statement is applicable on you. Please do not leave
any statement. Try your best to respond to all the statement. In case you
change your mind, cross your first mark completely and do not make any
extra mark on the sheet. If there is no time limit to complete the best but
still try your best to finish it, at the earliest.”

Scoring procedure :

For scoring test, 0 mark should be given to “Not at all” response, 1

mark to “A little bit” response, 2 mark to “Moderately” response, 3 mark
to “Quite a bit” response and 4 marks to “Extremely” response. For
getting the total score, each response mark of a given statement should be
added together to form total raw score of an individual depression
obtained through the test.

Reliability of the Test:

Since reliability is the most essential and significant feature of a

test, the split-half and Test-retest reliabilities have been calculated for this
test. For calculating the Spilt half reliability, Guttmann and Spearman-

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brown’s prophecy formula have been used which yielded the coefficient
of correlation as +.862 and +.916 respectively, when this test was
administered on a sample of 100 subjects. Form the reliability coefficient
it is clear that the present test is highly reliable.

For calculating the test-retest reliability, the present test was

twicely administered on a sample of 100 subjects with a time lapse of two
weeks and the coefficient of correlation was found to be +891.

Validity of Depression Scale:

For establishing the validity of this scale, the constructor validity

has been calculated through the method of Factors Analysis, i.e, -
examining the factor structure of the twelve scales. For factor analysis,
initially a principal factor solution was used on 248 subjects 9 age range
17 to 39 yrs. By doing this, a factor pattern emerged where the first,
second and third factor had an Eigen value of 19.50, 8.60 and 4.82, which
accounted for 29.13%, 14.82% and 7.19% variances respectively. As the
different factors of the present depression scale can be expected to co-
relate with each other, the twelve scales were rotated obliquely. The
factors were stable after oblique rotations; all items of the present
depression scale, which on the varimax solution had loading over, 30
retained in the oblique factor pattern. The following table shows the inter
correlation between the twelve factors –

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Showing inter correlations between factors.

Factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2 .747
3 .761 .753
4 .576 .539 .641
5 .683 .618 .621 .587
6 .699 .591 .618 .388 .314
7 .587 .542 .589 .614 .498 .416
8 .503 .489 .479 .418 .391 .357 .289
9 .812 .473 .416 .387 .415 .401 .379 .279
10 .474 .723 .682 .521 .395 .382 .281 .189 .491
11 .838 .313 .279 .194 .287 .325 .384 .280 .298 .317
12 .561 .687 .431 .378 .276 .281 .329 .447 .303 .219 .238

In summary, all the twelve factors are exclusive to single factors

which throw light on this fact that the present depression scale assesses
only general dimension of depression. In practical terms, it can be said
that the users of this scale in its present forms should concentrate on the
depression scores, using it to assess general depression in subjects, and
not give much weight its subscales.

Interpretation of Scores and Norms:

Although it is one of the well established facts that for the further
statistical calculation of scores obtained through the administration of any
test, raw score should be converted into the standard scores because if
provides different types on extraneous errors as well as differences and
provides, the maximity of true score. However on the basis of
administration of this test on the sample of 1274 (under graduate, post

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graduate and adults, both males and females belonging to rural as well as
urban strata of the society), the percentile norms have been prepared and
on the basis of percentile norms, the scores of depression can also be
interpreted which are given in the following table –Showing percentile
norms and their interpretation separately for males and females.

Percentile Sex
Interpretation
(P) Male Female
99 289 294
95 283 290 A-Very High Depression
90 276 284
85 268 273
80 260 267
75 234 252 B-High Depression
65 210 246
60 198 230
55 168 198
50 153 187 C-Moderate Depression
45 140 184
40 110 171
35 95 152
30 87 140 D-Law Depression
25 80 116
20 71 98
15 62 92
10 44 73 E-Very Low Depression
5 38 51
1 32 41

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2. Mental Health Measurement

First of all, to give the tests the subjects were taken in a class
room. Thereafter, they were explained in this matter and questionnaire.
Thereafter, test of mental health, they were directed to answer every
question the sequence of the questions in this small booklet. Two options
were given against these questions for answers. In it, for “Agree” and
Disagree, the subjects were required to make mark (√) against the right
answer. And for the sequence of answers of all the questions 45 minutes
were allotted.

(A) Personal information registers.

(1) Name of the School:-

(2) Name of the Student-

(3) Standard-

(B) Procedure

For the mental health questionnaire two scales were fixed. Like
“Agree” and “Disagree” In it 40 questions were included. Maximum
marks 40 and minimum marks are 0. More marks were considered as
good mental health. Whereas less marks were considered as weak mental
health.

Question No. 1,3,7,9, 14, 19,20,22,24,25,26,28,33,35,37,38,

For Disagree (√) sign 1 marks.

Agree (√) sign 0 marks.

Question No2,4, 5 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 27,
29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 40., 19,20,22,24,25,26,28,33,35,37,38,

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For Agree (√) sign 1 mark.

Disagree (√) sign 0 marks.

Thereafter the calculation sum of all this sections, the statistical

analysis was done as under.-

3. Life satisfaction

It was created by Dr. Q. G. Alam and Dr. Ramji Shrivastav in

2001. It was published by ‘National Psychology Council, Agra.’

Manual for Life Satisfaction Scale

Life satisfaction or personal adjustment is considered an important

variable in younger mature as well as aged people. Several investigators
have studied the correlates of life satisfaction. Positive relationship have
consistently been obtained between life satisfaction and socio-economic
status, perceived adequacy of income and perceived health status. (E.g.
kutner et al., 1956, Culter, 1973, Edwards and Klemmack,1973). It has
also been found to be associated with high levels of activity and social
interaction (Tobin and Neugarten, 1961, Maddox, 1965, Lippman and
Smith 1968). It is hoped that the publication of this scale will be of
immence help not only to workers in guidance and counseling but also to
researchers interested in personality and clinical areas. It may open new
vistas for the understanding of adjustment problems faced by man in
rapidly changing societies. We hope this diagnostic scale will be helpful
not only to psychologists but also to sociologists, health workers,
counselors and guidance workers.

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Development of the Scale

60 items related to six areas, viz. Health, Personal Economic,

Martial, Social and Job. The responses are to be given in yes/no. Yes
responses indicate the satisfaction. There is no time limit yet it takes
about 20 minute to complete the questionnaire.

Serial No. of items for different areas:

1. Health
2. Personal
3. Economic
4. Marital
5. Social
6. Job

875 adult males and females drawn from rural and urban areas of
Azamgarth comprised the representative sample over which the scale was
standardized. Persons were selected for the sample keeping in view
different characteristics, e.g. educational level, intelligence, socio-
economic status and personality characteristics. The range of age was
between 18 to 40 years.

Scoring:

The scale has 60 items. Every item is to be responded either in yes

or no. There is no other alternative. Every ‘yes’ response is assigned 1
mark. The sum of mark is obtained for the entire scale.

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Validity:

The validity of the scale was obtained by correlating it with

Saxena’s Adjustment. Inventory and Srivastva adjustment inventory. The
quotient obtained was 74 and 82 respectively. Further the scale has face
validity as all the items are closely related to the covered areas. The items
were judged by the exports. Thus the scale is beyond doubt. It also
possesses content validity.
Table for Converting Raw Scores into T Scores
Raw Score T Score Raw Score T Score Raw Score T Score
15 22.59 31 40.49 47 58.39
16 23.71 32 41.61 48 59.51
17 24.83 33 42.73 49 60.63
18 25.95 34 43.85 50 61.74
19 27.07 35 44.97 51 62.86
20 28.19 36 46.08 52 63.96
21 29.31 37 47.20 53 65.10
22 30.42 38 48.32 54 66.22
23 31.54 39 49.44 55 67.34
24 32.66 40 50.56 56 68.46
25 33.78 41 51.68 57 69.57
26 34.89 42 52.79 58 70.69
27 36.02 43 53.91 59 71.81
28 37.14 44 55.03 60 72.93
29 38.29 45 56.15
30 39.37 46 57.27

Satisfaction Level Range of T Scores

High 56.15-72.93
Average 39.37-55.03
Low 22.59-38.29

Test Administration
The data was collected by visiting inter college level tournaments.
The subjects were asked to sit in a room then each questioner was
explaining them deeply and then the responses were given by the subjects
to the questions.

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STATISTICAL PROCEDURE
To know the effect on Athletics, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi, Handball
group after applying One way Analysis of Variance (One way ANOVA)
test the difference between the means significance was checked at 0.05
level through Least Significant Different (LSD)Post Hoc Test.1

1
Prakash J.Varma, A text book on sports statistics, (Gwalior : Vinus
Publication, 2000) P. No.268.

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