CHAPTER 10 Distribution Maps 10.1 INTRODUCTION The main speciality of geography is to represent the spatial distribution of geographical elements, because of this characteristics it is also reffered as chorological science. Distribution map is a method of representing various physical, economic, social and cultural elements of the earth surface on a map. This helps in understanding element's relationship with environment and with each other. The development of a method of displaying statistical data on the map according to administrative Units or regional basis. Itis the most prolific achievements in cartography which has revolutionised the spatial analysis and our understanding about plethora of patterns. The study of densities, patterns and distributions of elements have helped in understanding the interrelationships on the surface of earth, 10.2 DEFINITION A distribution map represents the pattern of distribution of an element based on statistical data. Some of the important definitions of distribution map are: Erwin Raisz: ‘Geography concerns with the drawing of the Earth. The main tool of drawing the earth is map. Since, all maps represent some kind of distribution of some element, thus, all maps can be referred as distribution map.” R.L. Singh: ‘The distributional map represents the pattern of distribution of any one element based on some definite statistical data.’ R.N. Mishra: ‘Map drawn to understand the pattern of regional distribution of any geographical element is known as distribution map.” The main goal of distribution maps js 1g Provit visualisation for writen details and sats qt Therefore, distribution maps should be eye eau and understandable. In order to create a distribu map. the outline map of the area as the base map necessary, and the statistical information of that area ig sufficiently available. 10.3 METHODS OF DRAWING DISTRIBUTION MAPS The methods of drawing distribution maps canbe classified into two categories according to the purpose * of the map: 1. Qualitative methods and 2. Quantitative methods There are numerous qualitative and quantitate methods to draw distribution maps which are discus! in this chapter. 10.3.1 Qualitative Methods The distribution map, which generally shows pattern of non-numeric entities are made with te Qualitative method. In these maps, quantity oF és are not represented, that’s why qualitative methods a also called non-quantitative methods. Instead: methods are used to represent qualitative oe created by the color, shading or symbols. Theres" Qualitative methods of map making: 1. Choro-chromatic or Colour-pateh method 2. Simple Shade Method 3. Pictorial Method 4. Choro-schematic Method 5. Naming Method @ scanned with OKEN ScannernM — 237 : METHODS OF DRAWINGDISTRIBUTION MAPS | ive Method! Qualitative Methods Quantitative Methods | i . . | | simple Pictorial Choro- Naming Choropleth tsopleth i ic | | aie pleth Dot Dias | ceit_ ste Method schematic Method Method Method Method Method | | tehod Method Method | | Canogram | | | . | [ | | 1 | Geometrical Pictorial Literal Rectangular Traffic Spatial Isochronic | Symbols Symbols Symbols Cartogram Flow Accessiblity Cartogram | Method Method ~— Method Cartogram j Chart 10.1 : Methods of Drawing Distribution Maps choro-chromatic or Color-patch method The method of displaying the distribution of sctselements by using different colours in the ‘ibution map is called the colour patch method. The caps created by this method are known as the Colour Pach Maps or the Choro-chromatic map. This method ‘snore suitable for making land use maps, soil and vestation type maps, and to show natural, political =ladninistrative units on a map. (fig. 10.1) They are of ‘ee pes based on color selection and shading. (@)Simple Colour Map: In this map various areas se shown by selecting any random sequence of ‘burs, arbitrarily. This category includes maps Spleying political units and natural regions. yi (b)International Colour Scheme: Standard colours wezatonal colour scheme is used in various types our patch maps: {}) Thetopographical map of international colour scheme: In this map, the plains are shown in yellow, the plateau is light brown, the hilly areas are dark brown and the glaciated parts are represented with white colour. Vegatational map of the international color Scheme: In this map, forests are shown in green, grasslands are in yellow and arid Vegetation areas are shown in light brown colour, fiy (©) Layer Tint Method: In this method, multiple densities or shades of the same colour are used to highlight various properties through the light and dark shades of an element in different areas. For example, forest types and density/height is represents using layer tint method, where dense forest are shown in dark green, moderately dense forests are shown in light green colour ete. 2. Simple Shade Method The method of displaying the distribution of elements with the help of different shades of the black colour is used in the distribution map. This method is similar to colour patch method. The only difference is that in the place of colours, the shades of black colour or black and white scheme is used. This category includes land use maps, soil types map, forest types map etc. (fig. 10.2) 3. Pictorial Method ‘The method of displaying the distribution of elements through pictures in the distribution map iS falled the pictorial method. in this method, sketches of graphics based on their actual photographs are displayed in the map to display the dition of tbjecis/elements. In this category, MAPS ae vourist spots settlement types, craps ete are KEPE 103) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘SIMPLE SHADE MAP 10.2: ESdran mourners imple Shade Map PICTORIAL MAP INDIA, Tourist Places > @ scanned with OKEN Scanner239 n Maps io or clements on the map. It has three types based on symbol dete’ (i) G distribution of varion: etnematic Method chor qe metho oF isplaying cstibution with signs ei the may is called choro-schematic sb. so calledas ‘symbol method? Ln this, jaa TS re elements ca be shown by selecting Teize, wo ona the distribution of obj CHORO-SCHEMATIC MAP wo INDIA Metallic Minerals hols: In this method, the ‘on the map is displayed b epeisore e Index A Bauxite * Lead & Zine @ Copper 4502250 450 © tron —s KM + Mangnese 4 Gold Map (Geometric Symbols) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner240 (ii) Pictorial Symbols: In this method, ie distribution on the map is represented by mal ing pictorial symbol or graphics with a resemblance to the actual shape of the object. Such as crops, food grain, cotton knicks and livestock distribution maps. ii) Literal Symbols: In this method, the distribution is displayed on the map by using the initial letter of the object’s name as its symbol. Such as distribution of crops, distribution of minerals map. For example, W for wheat, C for cotton, S for sugarcane etc. 5. Naming Method In the naming method, the names of the features or elements are placed to represent their location or distribution on the map. The difference between the symbol method and the naming method is that in the symbol method, an index of the symbols and their representation has to be prepared whereas in naming method, the name of the object is directly written on the map with no requirement of an index or legend. This method is suitable for distribution maps of languages and dialects, tribal groups ete. (Fig. 10.5) 10.3.2 Quantitative Methods The maps made with quantitative techniques represent the quantity, value and density of the elements or objects in a distribution map. Apart from this, these methods are also used to show spatial and temporal tends of change and evolution. There has been a lot of development of these methods with increased use of Computers to carry out large data analysis and software, which can represent various types of data on maps. Maps produced by quantitative methods are called Quantitative distribution maps. Some important quantitative methods are: 1. Choropleth Method Isopleth Method Dot Method Diagrammatic Method Cartograms 1.Choropleth Method v we __It is one of the most commonly used method of distribution mapping. The word *Choropleth’ is taken from the Greek Words ‘choros’ which means places and ‘plethos’ which means scale and defined as “quantity in & Practical Choropleth method is the mp, i ‘4pping which the distribution of one element Meth different shade and colours in varying 5 men density among the administrative unig ily Thismethod is used to show the sai of density in any element or object. i ig wea tit the quantity of an element or object Per un (0 sh percentage with the help of graded shading o hn in ‘The dark or high value of shading represen density or value ofthe element andthe ghar represents the lower value of the elemen, = important tool for human geographers tp — distribution related to population dens, pope srowth rate literacy rate, per capita income et. jy used to show the spatial distribution and compare te density over different administrative unitsorretinng any spatial units like countries, states, dite, ly ete. Characteristics The basic characteristics of choropleth methodave (a) Grading of the shade: The choice of the sade or colour density plays a very important role in visualisation and understandability of the distribution of the elements on a choropleth map. The basic principe of shading in a choropleth method is that the depth of the. shade is directly proportional to the intensity or density of the element, thus the grade of the shade or the intensity of a colour presents the visual clue tothe map reader about the density. For example, darker shad? represents the higher population density and lightet shade represents the lower population density in ft 106. (b) Administrative limitations: Shading of follow the administrative boundaries, as most of t data displayed by this method are available Cn to administrative units. The choropleth as i spatial density variation according to adminis i units like country wise world distribution M=P5 wise national distribution maps and district wis? distribution maps and so on. wis mato? (©) Tool of human geographers: in orl mostly used by scholars of human geosraPt’ weal to represent the elements such as per unit @ scanned with OKEN Scanner241 NAMING MAP N % INDIA A ¢ Hemis Ge National Parks Leyte ed eg a an Z test” a Net Hoe sana Pak 77 Dudhwa S GS fore Ss ch National Pai sera Pench Neonat 7 § indravati, roy me \ at ogg sna Seaptonae Ra \ \ \ Brtudumatai Site Pe \ 425 2.5 0 42521: a Fig. 10.5: Naming Map MMe @ scanned with OKEN Scanner“Se _ —— Pes e 1. Rearrange ive Pet addition to this, the choropleth me er 2 Select the interval based Mey for representation of the density of population, Per ark theta eee Ih age pect eop proton, tra and ato er capita ETM In mt arsenate, income etc. According to Monkhouse (1960), ifisopleth a forahigherden es by density, seegnt™ method isa key tool for a meteorologist, then choropleth density. aM Fah sha gi methods equivalent touman geopraphersinterms of im hae quantitative representation of population characteristics, according tothe value foc ithe ag, | Process of the Choropleth Mapping the choropleth map with all he peo Sea | Based on the compiled or given data, the following map like title, subtitle, direction, lee | steps are followed to draw a choropleth map: Example 10.1: Draw a choroplerh 2p ofropy, | density of India from the given davain ete mp | Table 10.1 : State-wise Population Density in India (2011) | Ss. State Population §. State Popilaion | No. Density No. Danie? | (Persons/km") (Persons 1 Jammu& Kashmir a 1S Meghalaya | 2 Himachal Pradesh 133 16 Assam m | 3 Punjab 550 17 West Bengal im | 4 Uttarakhand 189 18 Jharkhand aig 5S Haryana 5B 19 Odisha 2 6 Rajasthan 201 20 Chhattisgarh 19 7 Uttar Pradesh ws 21 Madhya Pradesh 2B 8 Bihar 1102 2 Gujrat 08 9 Sikkim 9 23 Maharashtra 365 10 Arunachal Pradesh "7 24 Andhra Pradesh x8 Nagaland 19 25 Kamataka 3 12 Manipur 12 26 Goa cal 13 Mizoram 2 2 Kerala | 14 Tripura 350 28 TamilNadu 38 | Solution: For making class intervals or ranges. wee"? | To draw a choropleth map of the population density of India, the following steps should be followed: |. Rearranging the state-wise population density of India in descending order as shown in Table 10.2. 2. With the rearrangement of the data, we know that the highest population density is 102 (Bihar) and lowest is 17 (Arunachal Pradesh). The intervals can be of 200, making four ranges as below 200, 200-400, 400-600 and more than 600. use Sturges’ Rule, i. | L-s \ 143322 logN i (Here, i= Numbers of class intervals. L=Largest value, S=Smallest value and i N= Total member of observation a @ scanned with OKEN Scannersribution Maps In above case the value of L = 1102, $= 17, N=28 1102 Then. = 733; "7 log 28 1085 © [+3322 x 14472 Table 10.2 : Descending Order of State-wise Popul: 243 a 581 186.75 In round figure we can take 200 as class interval. 3. The number and name of states according to decided population density ranges. ion Density in India (2011) State Population —S. State Population Density No. Density (Persons/km:) (Persons/km?) Bihar 1102 15 Gujrat 308 West Bengal 1029 16 Odisha 269 Kerala 859 17 Madhya Pradesh 236 Uttar Pradesh ey 18 Rajasthan 201 Haryana 573 19 Uttarakhand 189 Tamil Nadu 585 20 Chhattisgarh 189 Punjab 550 21 Meghalaya 132 Jharkhand 44 2 Jammu & Kashmir 124 Assam 397 23 Himachal Pradesh 123 Goa 304 24 Manipur 1m Maharashtra 365 25 Nagaland 19 Tripura 350 26 Sik 9 Karnataka 319 21 Mizoram 2 Andhra Pradesh 308 28 Arunachal Pradesh 7 Table 10.3 : Range-wise Categorition of the States 4, Making an index according to the ranges: Range Number of State’s 10 10 Name of State’s Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Meghalaya, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh Assam, Goa, Maharashtra, Tripura, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Jharkhand Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh Less than 200, 200-400 400-600 4] More than 600 5, Fill the map of India with the shading as given in the index and complete the choropleth map with all the basic elements of a map like title substitle, direction, legend, scale ete. as shown fig. 10.6. This map shows regional cee the distrution of population of among the India @ scanned with OKEN Scanner/ Peay ; —_ = th wo | CHOROPLETH MAP INDIA POPULATION pg; 201 CENSITY = Index (Persons Per Sq kms) Below 200 | 200 -400 ¥ | 400 -600 ' : Above 600 .6: Choropleth Map @ scanned with OKEN Scanner245 ution MAPS i a as gas brepare a choropleth map of Rajasthan with the help of the following data pole Table 10.4 : Population Density of Rajasthan (2011) Districts Density S.No. Districts Density $e (persons/km?) (persons/km?) -eaaganagat 179 2 Hanumangarh 184 (pee B 4 Churu 148 3 shanjbune 361 6 Alwar 438 5 Saratpur 503 8 Dholpur 398 at 264 10 Sawai Madhopur 397 Poa 416 2 Jaipur 598 tsar 340 14 Nagaur 187 is Jodhpur 161 16 Jaisalmer " fr Bammer 912 18 Jalore ip Siok 202 20 Pali 165 a Ajmer 305 2 Tonk 198 3 Bundi 193 24 Bhilwara 230 35 Rajsamand 302 26 Dhungarpur 368 7 Banswara 399 2% Chittorgarh 193 % Kota 374 30 Baran 175 31 Jhalawar 27 32 Udaipur 202 33__Pratapgarh 21 i CHOROPLETH MAP RAJASTHAN POPULATION DENSITY (e011) N + me $0 m0 180 Fig. 10.7: Choropleth Map @ scanned with OKEN Scanner246 2.Isopleth Method The word “Isopleth’ has been derived from two Greek words. ‘isos’ which means equal and which ‘plethos’ means measurement or scale. Therefore. the line joining the points of equal values on the map are Known as isolines. There are many types of isolines e.g., Isobars, Isotherms, Isohyets, Isobaths, Contours, Isonephs. Iso seismal lines, Isohalines, isotachs, isogones etc. which represent different features. (See appendix) Characteristies The basic characteristics of Isopleth method are: (a) A clear view of the gradient: Isopleth method is very useful to display a gradient of the change of the element which is shown by the distance between the isolines. For example, the close contour lines represent igh gradient, whereas the distant contour lines represent low gradient of the elements of an area, (b) Nonaligned to administra units: Isopleth maps are independent of administrative boundary units like state boundaries in map of a country, border of districts on map of state, tehsils in map of district etc. The intermediate section between two isolines is considered to be a unit. (c) Important Tool for Meteorologists: Isopleth method is more suitable for a gradual change in distribution; therefore, this is an important method for displaying the distribution pattern of various climatic elements such as temperature, air pressure, rainfall etc. on the map as all these elements have gradient and free of administrative or political influence Thus, we can say that, the isopleth method is the mapping method in which the distribution of transitional clement is represented by isopleths (a line which joins Places of equal value). Process of Isolation Mapping The following steps are followed to make an isopleth map according to any given data taken from various meteorological departments and centers: 1. Collection of data from the centers of different locations in the area, 2. Marking the compiled data as spot heights on the imap at correct locations of the places the taken from. Interval should be determined for ison in mind the maximum and minimum tay *S keeping ‘ Values, interval in the given map where the maxim is 64 and the minimum value is 9. By det, the interval of 10 on this basis, you cay isolines, which willbe of value 10,20, 30, 4 60 respectively. Interpolation—Interpoation is the step hyp determination ofthe location ofa paicular sg passing through points of precise values is cattieg out. For example, inthe above map, we have determine from where the line of 40 values pase through. There are two methods for setting i, position by interpolation, (i) Mathematical Interpolation: To determinetig position of line of value 40, we first measure the distance between point values 36 and 4g in the above map. Suppose the distance is 2.70 cm and the difference between 36 and46 is 10 values, then the position of 40 value pont will be calculated as: 70 Valug ining create § 0, 50ang (40-36)= 08 cm, 10 Thus, the line of value 40 in the above ‘map will be at 1.08 cm from point value 36. The Position ofall isolines can be determined using this interpolation method. (i) Graphical Interpolation: In order to determine the position of isoline of value 40, the distance between 36 to 46 is divided into 10 equal pars, considering there is a difference of 10 values between 36 and 46, The position of the post value 40 will be chosen by the following divisions from 36 to 37, 38....-.40. After the interpolation of points from where tte isoline must be pass through the map, @ os free-hand curved line is drawn passing tov? correct positions of the correct value. After the isolines are drawn with isopth the unit regions are shaded with gradi! The darker shade represents the higher the lighter shade represents the lower ¥™ | @ scanned with OKEN Scanner247 INTERPOLATION OF ISOPLETH FOR THE VALUE OF 40 / 58 + * tes 1 a ey a ‘6 s b * ™= at 42 2 ; oss | ; v | be esr a6 28 “18 % Fig, 10.8: Location of Point Values Fig. 10.9 : Interpolation of Isopleth for the Value of 40, OTHERISOPLETH LINES ISOPLETH MAP THROUGH INTERPOLATION 040 50. s0___ 40 Fig. 10.10: Other Isopleth Lines Through Interpolation Example 10.3: Prepare an isopleth map based on erage annual rainfall data of different "eteorologi . “rological stations of Rajasthan. Solution: ' The rainfall related statistical data has been given 5 y Various meteorological stations of Rajasthan. © Mark the given rainfall data on the map at the exact locations of the: meteorological stations from where the data has been recorded. ‘© mark the isohytes, first decide the number of 60 40 5 30 20 10 Fig. 10.11 ; Isopleth Map isobytes to be drawn. Here, according to the highest and lowest value (95 cm and10 cm respectively), the interval between isohytes can be taken as 15 ‘mand thus 6 isohytes of 15 cm, 30cm, 45 em, 60 em, 75m, and 90 cm rainfall are to be drawn. Interpolation of isohytes: six isohyet lines are interpolated on the map by the previously explained methods. (Fig. 10.9). The lines are drawn free hand as smooth curves. ‘An index has been prepared to represent the @ scanned with OKEN ScannerJ) RECORDED AT VARIOUS STATIONS Fig. 10.12 : Average Annual Rainfall (em) ISOPLETH MAP Fig, 10.13: Isopleth Map @ scanned with OKEN Scannersi et zones of nfl aration in Rajasthan. at shade indexing has been used Tor low Ugh areas ine westem part of Rajasthan and iar shade indexing is used forthe high rainfall sa in the south-east of Rajasthan, putMethod inthis method, the density and distribution of an jt represented with dots of equal size, where feislue ofa single dot is determined, In dot method taps. there isan absolute ratio relationship between the number of dots and the represented values. ‘herefor, this method is also known as Absolute Rati rethod, Dot method is particularly useful in population concentration and distribution maps. The number and talue of a single dot represents the distribution or density of the element or an object in the area. 1, Determining the Value of Dot: The value of the dotis determined by the map’s scale, the range of data, andthe type of element displayed. The value of a dot is large fora map made on small scale whereas the value of adotis small on a large scale map. 2. Determining the Numbers of Dots: After determining the value of a dot, the number of dots for cach administrative unit is determined. The number of dots in an area to show distribution of a particular clement is determined by dividing the total number of, the said element by the value of one dot. The total number of dots in a unit area: Total number of the element in the area - Value of one dot 3. Determining the Size of Dots: The size of the dot should be determined considering the size of the ap. The dots should not be too large that they fills the ‘mire area, even if the density is low or too small that ‘hey appears empty even in areas of high density. Thus, ‘he size of dots should be carefully decided so that they Presents the appropriate visual clue to the reader 'mportantly, the size of all dots should be equal. 4. Determining the Positions of Dots: After ‘termining the value, number and size of the dots, there 2te two ways prevalent to mark the dots in the unit areas (i) Even Distribution: The dotsare placed atequal distance in the desired unit area. 249 (i) Uneven Distribution: On the map, the distribution pattern of the dots is determined on the basis of broad geographical analysis of topographical conditions, climate, soil structure, irrigation facilities etc. Therefore, the positions of dots are not necessary to be equally spaced. 5. Determining the Shape of Dots: The most important aspect of the dot method is that the shape of all dots on the map should be in the same circular form. Therefore, after completing all the determining processes, it is necessary to be careful while marking the dots on the map. The dots should be circular, equal in size and similar in shape. With the advancement of mapping computer applications, it has become very easy to make a dot density map with precision otherwise, itis ameticulous job. Process of Drawing Dot Density Map If the distribution of density of an clement is displayed by the dot method on the map, then itis called a Dot map. To make a dot map, follow the given steps: 1. Take an administrative map showing the states! district/block/tehsil boundaries of the given area. 2. Compile statistical data as per the selected theme for the desired administrative units. For example- state wise total population. 3, Selection of the scale of the map to determine the value of each dot. 4, Selection of the value and size of each dot. 5, Determination of the number of dots for each administrative unit. 6. Marking the dots in accordance to the number and size determined for each administrative unit. 7, Foran uneven distribution of the dots, determining the position of dots according to physical characteristics of the region. Example 10.4 = Draw a dot map for the population distribution of Rajasthan from the fllowing data: Solution: Process of drawing distribution of Rajasthan. 1, Take an outline map o boundaries of all the dot map for the population fF Rajasthan in which the riets are shown @ scanned with OKEN Scanner250 - ee ~ Rajasthan : Districtwise Population (2011) = lation SNo_Distis Popul 1 SriGanganag 1969520 Wh 2 Hanumangarh 17.79.650 19 3 Bikaner BOTS ==» 4 Churw 24772 21 S$ Shunjhunu 2139658 =D 6 Alwar 3B 7 Bharatpur 2549.21 28 8 Dholpur 2549.21 25 Rajsamand 9 Karauli 1458459 25 Dhungarpur 10 Sawai Madhopur W147 Banswara i 1 Dausa 163726 = B Chittorgarh | 2 Jaipur 2 Kote 1B Sikar 3 Baran Mo Nagaur 31 Shalawar 1S Jodhpur 32 Udaipur 16 Jaisalmer 33 Pratapearh 17 Bammer Rajasthan Sxe219n | 2 AS per the given data, make a table and write the district-wise population, 3. The value of a dot is determined according to the 4. range of data, The maximum value of the data is the population of Jaipur district is 66,63,971 and _ the minimum Population is 6,72,008 for. Jaisalmer 5. _ district. On the basis of this, the value of one dot an be determined as 1,00.000 persons. Then the umber of dots for Jaipur district is about 66,63 (round off67 dots) whereas for the Jekainee Sone itis 6.72 (round off 7 dots). | |. The size of a dot is kept 0.5 mm to repesex te distribution clearly on map. The mabe cf in for all districts are given below in Table Ii . Mark the dots precisely according to the ante of dots for each district and com: the daaz With all essentials like title, north direcico est | | | scale, etc. (fig 10.14) Table 10.6: Distrietwise Number of Dots (One Dot = 100000 persons) | Districts Population Actual Number of Dots Nearest whole NE of Dors Sri Ganganagar 19,6952 19.69 e Hanumangarh 17,79.650 17:79 & Bikaner 2367-745 B67 ) Churu 20471,172 2041 2. Shunjhunu 2139658 2139 e Alwar 3671 a Bharatpur 25.49 3 4 Dholpur 1207 e Karauli 1438 6 Sawai Madhopur 1339 5 | Dausa 1637 6 i @ scanned with OKEN Scanner6601971 0665 vi 2OTLINT 2641 sit $300.24 43.09 en NO85,081 O85 Joli 6.7208 62 26,04,153 2604 ee 18,30,151 1830 Sit 1ON7,185 10.37 Ps 20.38.5353 2038 ile 25.8113 259A Tonk an und N13 iar aA.10 Rajsamnand 1158 Dinngarpar ce Hansa 1798 Chittorgarh 1544 a 1950 Bar 12.23 Ahalavar Mail 3067 8.68 Fig, 10.14: Dot Map 6 B 37 6 18 10 i) rn il 12 4 18 15 20 12 4 31 RAJASTHAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION (2011) '* Dot = 1,00,000 Persons i © scanned with OKEN Scanneri id rammatic Metho ; : ic method, the distribution pattern ° sent diagrams on a ution map. Accor ate vtzmns are displayed using va : ams like, pi TTasrams, square diagrams, spherical diagrams create tn the basis of geographical and socio-economic data. ‘These maps are called diagrammatic maps. (i) Bar Diagram Map Pract or any other sort of place, Sila tog bar's height or volume is proportion: it indicates. These maps have vertical thickness whose lengths are propor shown. The bottom ends of he bars theta the specified locations of region or ey "Pa be separated if necessary, and mixed by dee cg be used to display them. Simitary ie ge several related data is to be shown Simultanegut theses bas are dravn connected 0 exh a chy othe ned ings The diagrammatic maps that use bar diagrams to side. Bar diagrams are easy to Tead and theirenat indicate distribution are known as bar diagram maps. particularly useful when there is Moderate variaign bar map combines a location-based map with a bar.Itis the data, ni helpful in displaying geographical data and values vample 10, Dranw a pie diagram map of together-The location might stand in for acity,anation. gy he following data Haba Table 10.7: State-wise Land Use in India, 2017-18 | State Forest —_Notavailable land Other Fallowland — Netsom, forcultivation uncultivated land pi Andhra Pradesh 3688 78 2383 ae Arunachal Pradesh 6669 113 % m ‘Assam 1853 561 199 7» Bihar 2 308 1038 20 Chhattisgarh 614 1249, 2 453 Goa 125 a 15 2 Gujarat 1834 2815 395 Jo Haryana 36 ” 187 3si7 Himachal Pradesh 1124 1689 85 3B Jammu & Kashmir 2361 306 BI m2 Jharkhand 239 616 2300 wu Karnataka 3073 1579 207 9895 Kerala 1082 % 107 2000 Madhya Pradesh 8708 2325 1029 Isis Maharashtra 5220 2467 2628 168 Manipur 1685 8 0 4 Meghalaya 79 549 21 8 Mizoram 1585 0 m4 ve Nagaland 863 156 153 = New Delhi 1 mn » a Odisha 5814 2353 M01 1993 Punjab 253 40. 5 9 Rajasthan 2156 4366 $528 S74 Sikkim 334 10 8 2 Tamil Nadu 2187 2659 654 25 Telangana 2698 1441 54 ioe Tripura @9 148 4 2 Uttar Pradesh 1671 3607 738 mais tarakhand 3812 435 ms 1 st Bengal 175 1882 a Be @ scanned with OKEN Scannersay Maps aon NP _ , 253 BAR DIAGRAM MAP INDIA Land Utilization A 2017-18 Index ZZ Forests [= Not available for cultivation 450_ 228 _0 450 522; Other uncultivated land ——_—_—_— LX Fallow tand Net area sown , Fig, 10.15: Bar Diagram Map Pie De ie Diagram Map ‘To calculate the percentage of the given data, Re this approach, the number of segments oF wwe use the formula: (Frequency * Total caitsae created according to the needs by drawing Frequency) * 100 merc ations sz in the same locations on the To convert the data into dewrets Wr = 10 depict the distribution of elements.It is also co Given Data + Total value o how nthat a cirele subtends an angle of 360°. Hence, percentage fo a ven he itl ofall the data is equal to 360°. Based on these, , chart using fage are two main formulas used in pie charts: @ scanned with OKEN Scanner We can work out the 1g the steps given below:Praction 254 ~ —— ivethe given data and calculate the total — by making a sign at the bottorn of the e: * «Categorize the given di appropriate place, By doing this, the ¢ «Divide the different cate} efi Convert the data into percentages pie diagram map greatly incre Alt © Calculate the degrees diagrams are a bit difficult to reag 2 ting @ Calculate i es cule For example, a map of India showing the sources diagram maps,but changes can be eas of irrigation according to the states, circle of the state by this method, willbe dav in the nrtnestem part ofthe state. THE sample 0.6 Draw apie diagram mop value shown by each cirele should be written in numbers Lr, the given data. ple 10.8: State-wise Sources of Irrigation in India, 2017-18 State ae Sources of Irrigation (%) a Canals Tanks Wells Others ‘Andhra Pradesh 43.46 845 44330 i. Arunachal Pradesh 0.00 0.00 0.00 lo Assam 2583 248 2107 som Bihar 30.66 194 6387 359 Chhattisgarh 4908 223 4461 4 Goa 2353 52.94 1765 5% Gujarat 1626 094 8032 2a Haryana 3148 0.00 6252 on Himachal Pradesh 347 149 2129 B16 Jammu & Kashmir 8403 3.19 539 139 Jharkhand 202 2.98 45.16 2H Karnataka 2897 31 55.00 131 Kerala 1969 1279 4220 22 Madhya Pradesh 1725 250 6818 Do Maharashtra 3329 000 6671 0 Manipur 0.00 0.00 0.00 too00 Meghalaya 8071 0.00 0.00 1929 Mizoram 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Nagaland 0.00 0.00 0.00 10000 New Delhi 645 9032 0.00 3B Odisha 82.02 217 1581 on) Punjab 24.19 0.00 7581 000 Rajasthan 29.99 065 6820 116 Sikkim 0.00 0.00 0.00 toon Tamil Nadu 3.03 1s4 65.04 0 Telangana 1491 864 Bol a Tripura 855 17 1538 we Uttar Pradesh 1603 052 8280 oe Uttarakhand 23.26 0.00 77 oi West Bengal 0.00 0.00 0.00 : @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPIE DIAGRAM MAP INDIA Sources of Irrigation Fig. 10.15: Pie Diagram Map § Cartogram agg aeamsatea type of diagrammatic map in which 2 of th ta are displayed as diagrams by altering the cag the nit area. Some scholars have opined that are ams are maps on which the areas and locations ang bresented according to the statistical data, 's'am mapping can lead to distortion in shape and size of the map. The maps, which represent the transport system, number of transport means, drainage flow and quantity of water flow in drainage basin ete. are called Flow maps. Monkhouse: *Cartogram is a map on which statistical information is presented in diagrammatic form. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerR 256 — ——-——__— — Pricticarg, ! peared pis administrative unit, Arrange th ee ‘Types of Cartograms rectangular shape, © Whole ag, There are four type of Cartograms: 3 ay Example 10.7: Draw a rectangular ey | on population of 2011 for Tehsils of aig bay tig, = | Spatial Accessibility Cartogram ‘Table 10.9: Tehsi-wise Poputaton oy | 4. Isochronie Cartogram 01) POrDiig | 1. Rectangular Cartogram SNe Divi : ; Plating when mapping is done by using a etangular | FO diagram in the context of any geographic fact, it is called 2 Sanganer 27R rectangular cartogram. In this, the area of rectangles is. > ~—‘Sans on in proportion to the value, quantity or number of objects 3 Amer 452005 of that area, The size of the rectangle is relative to the 4 Phulera sos original conftigations. 5 Kotputli M36 | When composing arectangularcartogram, the first 6 Choumu om | step is converting every value to nearest whole numbers, 7 Jamuvaramgarh sae | Then ifthe values are high, they are rounded offtothe —«§—Bagei cnet thousands or ten thousand or lakh (fnceded), to make gg hahpura it workable, These values are then simply tumed into 4) yas crv orinehasateaofarectangle(ea. squareem=30, eae ee 000 person or 1, 00, 000 people), Now, as needed, divide i a this value in cm? or inch? into two parts of length and 2_—Fagi ‘91126 Width of the rectangle where the multiplication of width 13 Viratnagar 166087 and length should be equal to the given value. Through Total 6a26ITE the process, dimensions of all rectangles can be ——Soutions The wepeaw a eps ore Simnaviza ote obtained, Make these rectangles with their respective 19 19 en elon 4 dimension close to the original location of the given Table 10.10 : Determination of Rectangles (Seale 1 em? = 100,000 persons) fo « s. Tehsil Population Population ‘Area of Dimensions of on No. (rounded) Rectangle Rectangle Pro (cm) (LengthxBreadth)(om) |. L. Jaipur 2298782 2299000 Bo si5x4 i 2 Sanganer 969696 970000 97 48502 oe 3. Amer 452005 452000 452 515x009 hi 4. Phulera 444105 444000 444 eae be 5. Kotputli 413256 413000 413, spel 6 Chou 395009 395000 Ee * 7. Jamuvaramgarh 308236 303000 in 8 Bassi 283594 284000 ine 9. Shahpura 272632 273000 a 10. Chaksu 223634 224000 1 Me 1. Maujamabad 213016 213000 12. Fagi 191126 191000 " Viratnagar 166087 166000 @ scanned with OKEN Scanneron Map put 257 ees | RECTANGULAR CARTOGRAM | Scale’ = 100,000 Persons Kotputl 2 | |§ | {3 Jaipur ao | | 1a] | |E | ‘Sanganer 2 & g £ 2 Phagi 7 Fig 10.15 : Rectangular Cartogram Mraffic Flow Cartogram Treffic Flow Cartograms are used to represent the ‘mic and social mobility of an area. Traffic flow Stowams are used for mapping of the quantitative » ,hualitative spatial analysis of the people and ® zis ‘moving on different routes in an area. The hing be lines are in accordance to the number of “ticles or people moving on a particular route or hn, These are important form of dynamic maps in btueen nemeRt OF goods, information and people ind among places are shown. i ns scale is chosen for unit width of the route ‘era this increase as the volume of traffie ee dite route: On the other hand, if there are Mates which ces nthe quantity of transport on various eis add Ie) hide the process of scale, another Toitey pitt the number of vehicles. The width of Th [Presents the number of vehicles on the “se are called Ribands. The Ribands are drawn on fFeF on both sides of the route on a scale based on the number of vehicles which also happens to represent speed. Therefore, these maps are also known as Speed Diagrams. These diagrams are used to show the speed of various transport means like buses, rail, motor vehicles etc., majorly reflecting on two factors: * Direction of the movement/speed * Quantity of vehicles, humans and products moving from one place to another Significance of Traffic Flow Cartograms (@) This helps in marking the main centres of transportation. The place where large number of routes meet is called a node. These cartograms help in finding out the sphere of influence in the area or of a city center. The place where the width of the route starts tapering is select and then a sphere of influence is mark from that point. (b) j i —_— @ scanned with OKEN Scanner258 Example 10.6: Draw a traffic flow cartogram of Rewari from the following data: Table 10.9: tation Rewari: Number of Trains per day Route oof Trainsiday Rewari - Delhi ao Rewari - Jaipur 18 Rewari -Namaul 5 Rewari - Mahendragarh 16 Rewari - Bhiwani 10 Solution: Take a scale of | cm thickness to represent 40 trains/day. Convert the values given in table 10.9 to cm. The thickness of the lines repersent the proportionate number of trains per day moving on the rail tracks. (Table 10.10, Fig. 10.16) Table 10.10 : Station Rewari (Traffic Flow) Route No.of Thickness Trainsiday of the Lines (lem=40 trains/day) Rewari - Delhi % 1.15em Rewari - Jaipur 18 0.45em Rewari -Narnaul 038m Rewari - Mahendragarh 0.40em Rewari - Bhiwani 0.25em TRAFFIC FLOW CARTOGRAM AWARE LARYANAY Practica 3, Spatial Accessibility Cartogram These are very important cartopyiy to represent the connectivity buffer zane, te b ng rail and road route ofan area, hd Incontext of roads, for areas upto jy, from both sides ofthe road are considered accessible and then with increasing ditan, consider to have lesser ace Simila of railways, the zone of 5 kms radius js have highly accessible railways, For spatial, cartogram of arailway,a circle ofradius Skea is drawn from the railway station asthe cent of roads, solines ata distance of2.0r3 kms on sea drawn along the road on both sides representing of high connectivity or accessibility and then hes, of decreasing accessibility are drawn at 4 6,34, respectively creating different zones of acces (F Inegy 4. Isochronie Cartogram Humans have always tried to manage or miine the time and distance in reference to the acces and connectivity. Although, distances have becone smaller with the airways but most of developing ei less developed countries are still not well comece with airways and many places are stil far away fer new forms of transport and communication connect An isochronic cartogram has been develope! to represent the disparities of connectivity nts cartogram, isopleth lines are drawn from nods transport in accordance to the time taken tot from one point to another along the routs. TH map is drawn with a scale representing the t= taken to reach a place. The distances are ma from various nodes and along routes accotta? time scale and isolines are dravsn 10 distances covered in same time to these nos routes. These maps represent the ual transport and relationship between tint distance in transport. Its shape will be depend upor ie density ofthe means of communication Oe features of the landscape. In developed int 7 ie fast traffic facilities are available, the 4 3 | much less but in an undeveloped “ ’ | slow traffic facilities are few and far © ace I get time forthe same distance is much lone col Poin Often ang, Maps tans, _atthinn, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner259 Z ISOCHRONE MAP (District-Banswara) ne cartograms often represents mato i terms of time taken to reach from one ohn eae onoae represent the best routes of amet as roads with h gher connectivity 2d web 4 ‘© have traffic jams. With GPS technolog maps have eee services like Google Maps, the: Bene earns tee Meat day 10-day answara, Te in cities, A isochronie eartogram of . Rajasthan has been shown in Fig. 10.19. N INDEX Journey covered . 10.17: Isochrone Map 10.4 QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICA Q.1.. Define Distribution Map. Q.2, Categorise different methods of making distribution maps. Q.3. Describe the differences betes and quantitative methods. 3m merits and demerits. cen the qualitative © scanned with OKEN Scanner260 Qa. What is an isopleth map? Which Ope of data is suitably represented by isopleth maps? QS. Explain the merits and demerits ‘ofan isopleth map, Qo. What isa ehoropleth map? Explain the process ot drawing a choropleth map with a suitable example. Q.7. Explain the merits and demerits of'a Choropleth amp, QS. Explain the merits and demerits ofa Dot method. Q.9. Draw a choropleth map of India on the b: given statistical data, e wise Lite (ein India (2011) No. State i - 2 Himachal Pradesh 3. 3 Punjab 4 Uttarakhand 5 Haryana 6 — Rajasthan 7 Unar Pradesh 8 Bihar 9 Sikkim 10 Arunachal Pradesh 11 Nagaland 2 Manipur 13 Mizoram 4 Tripura 15 Meghalaya 16 Assam 17 West Bengal 18 Jharkhand 19 Odisha 2 Chhattisgarh 21 Madhya Pradesh 2 Gujrat 23 Maharashtra 24 Andhra Pradesh 25° Kamataka 2% Goa 27 Kerala 28 TamilNadu Q.10. 1 2 3 1 5 6 can I ul 12 13 Ss Qu. Prete : Ming Draw Hath sit U dat ie Poptution, “i ty to repr Meth Distr un ashi Chamoli Rudi prayag ‘Tebri- Garhwval = Dehradun Garhwal Ce Pithoragarh 485993 Bageshwar 259819 Almora C1977 Champawat 259315 Nainital 955128 Udham Singh Nagar 1648367 Haridwar 19z7009 What is a Cartogram? Briefly explain the vaog types of cartograms. re 10.5 VIVA VOCE (Q/A) Qt Ans. Q2 Ans, Q3. Ans. Qa Ans, What isa distribution map? Map drawn to represent the pattern of reo! distribution of any geographical element) known as distribution map. Name the essential elements required to preps" a distribution map. Base map and statistical data are two esse elements for creating a distribution maps. How many methods of drawing the dstiba™™ maps? Name them, There are two methods of making di maps: @ Qualitative methods and | Gi) Quantitative methods. Name the qualitative metho distribution maps. There are five qualitative meth distribution maps: () Color-patch method iple Shading method Gi) Pictorial method striate cis of manitt ods form ud @ scanned with OKEN Scannerjon Maps chorossehematic method and iv) i aming method. ) apethe types of Colour pateh method, , peseribe the ts v yr patch method can be cla The colour pes: “Simple colour method 1) International colour scheme method (ii) Layer Tint method 6, Deserbe the types of Choro-schematic method, a y wos There are three types of Choro-schematic method: (i) Geometric symbol method {i Pictorial symbol method and (i) Literal Symbol method 7. Describe the quantitative methods of making distribution maps. ns. There are four quantitative methods of making distribution maps: @ Choropleth method Isopleth method (i Dot method and () Diagrammatic method (4. Whatis Choropleth method? Aus. Choropleth method is the mapping method in ‘hich the distribution of one element is shown by different shade and colors in varying intensit or density among the administrative units. \S. What are the types of statistical data that Choropleth method is suitable for? This method is more useful in making distribution "aps related to population density, production of per hectare, per capita income etc. 9.10, What is Isopleth method? “%. lsopleths method is drawing the line joining the Points of equal values on the map. These lines %€ called isolines and there are many types of 26s ivolin (equal Comers, ba Isobalin OL Ans. where the value of 4 single den is deseernicied. Q.12. Why is the dot methied in alia knvran as abnehate ratio method? In dot method maps, ther relationship between the nu represented values, Th known 2s Absolute Ratio method. Q.13. What do understand by Cartegran Ans. Q.14. What is Traffic Flow Carvrgratn’? Ans, Traffic Flow Canvgramns are used for regi the quantitative and ‘ of the people and pr soutes in an area. Q. 15. What are Ribands in the flow dizgrasa? Ans. The width of th z of vehicles on the row: 7 ‘The Ribands are drawn on both sides of the route ona scale based on number of » Q. 16. What is the Isochronic Cartugram? Ans, It is used to map the time and distance w help of different routes in the conse of any area. In this canogram. isopleth fines drawn from nodes of transpor in accordance 12 the time tzken to reach from one point to ancthex along the routes. _ Lad @ scanned with OKEN Scanner