CHAPTER 2 Maps 2.1 INTRODUCTION Human knowledge, from the beginning, is an attempt to understand the surrounding natural and human ‘environment with respect to where, why and how? In the context of where, attempts have been directed to know the certain positions of any phenomena or object on earth giving origin to cartography. The locational analysis is the key subject matter of geography; therefore, a map is a very important tool in any geographic analysis. Due to this connection between the map and the geography, the map is called * the language of geography * or ‘shorthand to geography’. In the previous chapter, you have already seen how the maps came to be at their present stage and how the development has progressed in the past. Mapping is a tool in geography that constantly changes with new instruments and development in spatial analysis. Maps have helped understand the cultures and mysteries of the ancient world. It was the pictures of the ancient kingdoms and cultures when languages were a barrier between any two cultures, connecting them, either for the commercial uses or for the cultural diffusion. Maps have been around long before languages and scripts were developed, setting the information to diffuse in the world. Not only this, with the introduction of GIS and Remote Sensing, spatial analysis has improved and we have gathered knowledge about various remote locations of the earth easily. Different types of maps can be developed with single satellite imagery i-c geological, hydrological maps, settlement maps, relief maps, agricultural maps, forest maps ete. This development has revolutionised geography. Maps are thus the most significant part of geographical studies, setting it apart from various other sciences and social sciences, Maps have become a handy tool for acquiring and representing new found knowledge for everyone to understand, It requires less work of translation as many symbols are standardised by various cartographic organisations around the world. 2.2 MEANING AND DEFINITION Maps are one of the most important tools for geographical studies. Through maps, geographers analyse and interpret the distribution of various features of the earth’s surface. The word ‘map’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Mappa’ which means ‘table cloth’ or ‘napkin’. In the medieval period of cartographic development, maps drawn on clothes, were called ‘Mappa’ . Later it came to be used and popularised as a ‘map’. Thus, ‘map’ became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the earth, Map is the method of interpretation’ of three- dimensional earth’s surface or any part of it on two- dimensional surface or plane paper. It is a method to display one or more of its features with the highest accuracy possible. The cartographer expresses all the necessary features of the surface through definite signs and symbols, which are called the conventional signs. The conventional signs are nationally or internationally recognised. “Technically, the term ‘map’ can be broadly defined san ‘abstract representation’ of the features of a portion or of the whole of the earth, graphically displayed on a planar surface. Maps display signs, symbols and spatial relationships among the features shown. Many scholars have interpreted their definitions while incorporating various concepts of the map. Monkhouse: ‘A map is a representation ona plane surface of the features of part of the earth’s surface drawn to some specific scale.” @ scanned with OKEN ScannerBinet and Trewaethas Maps are he wvaph desentations of the sur the earth Intermationnl Cartographic Assoekations Map is cenaphte representation of the milicu ® Van Ripper: “Maps are a two-dimensional ‘lected soatures of the earth surface on a reduced scale” Erwin Raise: map isa selective, representation of ynboticed and generalized picture of some spatial distribution af Jarge area ustuilly the earth surface as seen fiom much ye at a much-reduced scale," Buchanan: “A map iv he s on a flat surface of the earths surface or a selection of it, showing certain selected features-phyvieul, political, historical or economic.” caled representation Stanley White: “A map is simplpicture «a pieture of a piece of the country drawn on a flat surface,” » Stamp: ‘Map is a representation of the earths surface or a part of i, its physical and political features ete. or the heavens, delineated on uflatsurface of paper or other material, each point in the drawing corresponding to a geographical or celestial position according to a definite scale or projection. Mrctiont¢ ety, snckle Silt: Aap bs the represent, Mut surface of all or part ofthe earth surjng fi . ther eetestial hady suchas the mugd's representation ts draws to 0 specific sete ag projection and show distinction aypeet of i such as relief focdures, setlements and rine Mgnt: “A nap ts representatton of eeu suyfce 7 part of It shaving ts physical or Iya Jeannres dettueated on a flat surface of paper org iaterials according to some set of rules. According 10 the above definitions we ¢ conclude thats map is graphic representation oy Features of the earth’ on Hat py according, 0 specific cd on a specific projection, using internationally accepted signs x symbols or simply we ean say that map is a selec, symbolised and generalised representation of the wh, or part of the earth at a reduced se 2.3 GLOBEAND MAP | ‘The shape of the earth is not perfectly spherical becay it isa bil Nattened at both the north and south poles bulge in the centre (oblate spheroid). One can haves Comparision between Globe and Map 3D-Three dimensional Whole earth Dimensions — Representation Base Globe Tan Meaning A globe is a spherical rounded model——A map isa graphical representation ofan area, ln of the earth, or sea, depicting physical and cultural features Coverage An orbicular representation of the earth, A drawing of the surface of the earth or presentatct of certain regions of the world 2D-TWwo dimer A speci ¢ region, sometimes the whole earth Shape Sphere Flat (Piece of paper) Spin Spin-on its axis Does not spin ! Purpose Broad presentation of the workd ion of a region | | Formation Hard material Soft paper g Benefit Cannot be folded “Can be carried by folding Navigation Does not help in navigation Helps in navigation Useful For Hard to identify a specific region Easy identification of regions [ Accuracy More accurate Less accurate View Deformed view Distorted view ‘Other Name Duplicate earth Chart 5 Information Comparatively less information is shown Shows: large number of information by the symbols Latitudeand Drawn as circles and semi-circles Mosily; Drawn as straight lin Latitude 3 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner19 of earth’s appearance, with a globe. A globe is a form of the earth, which represents distances jons, continents, oceans, ; countries etc. Globes aps are extremely useful tools for locating ons on the Earth's Surface. Both are miniature splsas ofthe actual earth, A globe isa tiny depiction of therel things. A map isa flat depiction ofa region that ic gaerally distorted. While a globe gives a three nersicoal presentation of the entire earth, amap gives 2 tao dimensional presentation of certain regions in the world The comparision between map and globe can be drawncclearly on the table 2.1 be and maps have their merits and demerits, that when it comes to accuracy, globe directions and distances better than a map. In the seme Way, maps are a step ahead of globes arding various advantages. In general, maps are compact, which makes them easy to store, carry and handle. Moreover, one can view map on different sizes Jas it can show larger area, at one time. in the sensé repr 2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS {tis not possible to show all the data and informations of anarea on a single map. The details that are to be shown may vary according to requirement. There are different types of maps, which are usually classified according to what they are attempting to show. Therefore. it is essential to consider different aspects while preparing maps. On the basis of various aspects; ‘aps are classified in to different types: Burch classified the map into two categories: Topographical Maps 2 Statistical Maps On the basis of the scales Finch has divided the maps into two types: 1. Large Scale Desk Maps. 2 Small Scale Descriptive, Atlas and Mural Maps. According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Commitee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five differem types of maps: 1. General Reference Maps 2 Topographical Maps Thematic Maps igation Charts Cadastral Maps and Plans | / | | There are five basis of classification of maps: 1. According to sacle, According to Purpose, According to topographical details, According to Content and According to the style of construction. aeR 5 2.4.1 According to Scale The scale on the map is shown in same ratio Proportionate to the actual distance on the earth. In this manner; the ratio between the dimensions and the map and those of reality is known as the ‘map-scale”. When small sheet is used to show a large area (such asa map Of India or map of the world on anormal sige of sheet or ‘A4 paper), that map is described as being a small-scale ‘map. Ifa map the size of this paper showed only a small art of reality (for example, less than 1 sq.km), it would be described as a large-scale map. The relation of scale of some map also relates with the purpose and information ofa map. Therefore, Maps are prepared on larger or smaller scales, purposefully. On the basis of map-scale, maps can be classified into two categories: A. Large-scale Maps A large-scale map is one that represents a small portion of the earth’s surface but shows a great amount of detail. When a small area is shown on a larger dimension, itis known as a large-scale map. Topographic maps and cadastral maps are examples of large-scale maps. 1. Cadastral Maps Cadastral maps are large-scale maps showing the limits of individual fields, landscapes, roads and properties. They are also called land-property maps, ground or land maps. Such maps are used for Revenue records by land revenue officials and local government departments. These maps are of considerable use for recover tax revenues and in studies related to city planning and Jand use planning. Their measurement isusually 16'= 1 mile (1:500 to 1:4000). It has a detailed description of small administrative units like village including the land ownership details and settlement pattems. The scale of these maps anges from 6 inch= I mile or 10cm= 1 kmto 32 inch=1 mile or 50 cm= I km. Maps of the villages in India, which are examples of these types of maps, are @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAccording to Seale According to Purpose According to ‘Topographical Detail, Large-seale Small-scale General Purpose Special Purpowe Maps Maps Maps Mage 1] -— Cadastral Topographical Wall Atlas Hypsometric ne Maps Maps Maps. Maps Maps According to Content According to Sty of Construction - | Physical Maps Human & Cultural Maps Combined Maps Qualitative Quantitain, Maps Maps Population Racial Language Economic Political Transport Maps — Maps Maps. Maps Maps Maps stadt scale of 1 3,960 (16 = 1 mile) to 1: 1,980 (32 inch = 1 mile). The cadastral map serves the general Purpose of the detailed description of the small area CADASTRAL MAP Fig 20: Cadastral Map I | | | faps Geological Maps Climatic Maps Weather Maps Vegetation Maps Soil Maps Drainage Map Chart 2.1 : Classification of Maps and presents itself as a base for further planning # management mapping, 2. Topographical Maps ‘These are also large-scale maps made on the bass! field surveys, also known as toposheets. It shows! relief of the region with contours. These maps are to display all the important features (Physical Cultural) of the carth’s surface, i.¢., the high?! drainage system, forest area, reservoir, swamps town, village, transport routes etc, Therefore, the? very useful for military, planners and touriss | Particular and are used to show the inter-rel between physical and cultural landscapes of 2 ‘Topographic maps are made on the seale 12,50, inch = 4 miles) to 1 : 62, 500. Maps made 0 ase scale than 1: 4 miles are called * @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFig. 2.2: Topographical Map Current! after adopting the metric system, Iinch maps. 2,500 to 1 $0,000, Special sheets are developed on much larger scale of 1:25,000. in Ind are being converted to a scale of 1: 6 B. Small-scale Maps A map is drawn ina small dimension on a piece of paper, representing a bigger land surface using a small seale is mall-scale maps. These maps, represent large portions of the earth's surface but are not able to show much detail. Maps showing continents or the entire world are examples of small-scale mi 1. Wall Maps Wall maps are prepared on small scale to show whole of ¢ world, some continents oF getation, soils, \s, agriculture, transportation ¢tc., of the world. Comparatively, wall maps are larger than topographical maps but smaller than Atlas maps in reference (0 the ‘There are wall maps made by the Survey of India, ranging scales from 1:2 million to 1:40 million. These are J\-seale narrative descriptive maps that have the most snanon use as waching, aids for students in class oF 2 labs. Although such maps are prepared on small seale ation is printed in large font yet related inforn Wart MAP Wall Map 2. Atlas Maps ‘Various maps formed in the form ofa book in an onder are known as Atlas, As wall maps, these maps are also prepared on small scale and they represent various features of various regions, countries and continents. These maps are helpful in studying and understanding, the geographical features, These maps are usually made ata scale of 1; 20,00,000. Though, Atlas has many general and thematic maps in putting them all together and thus, provide holistic information on the perticular region. Atlases bs particular subject are also prepared, e.g., Cens Agriculture Atlas, Population Atlas ete, provide information about related topic. School Atlas prepared for the use of students. ‘The ck small scale maps, The meaning and size of maps will change with context. For example, a map shov physical features of a country (110,00,000) is a large-scale map in comparison to a world phys (1; 125,000,000) whereas smal seale-map in comparison toa district physical map (1:50,000) or topographical sheet, ‘Thus, the type of map based on the seale isn’t strictly based on the R.F, but also a comparative scheme. ‘The purpose and context keep the meaning of the map, though the world maps are always small scale maps showing entire world on a paper or wall or even & serv a general purpose of don are ssification based on s computer screen. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner2.4.2 According to the Purpose ‘Maps can be divided into two categories based on their _ purpose/function: jeneral Purpose Maps ral Purpose Maps are often called basemaps or ice maps. They display natural and man-made s of general interest, and are intended for read public use. Cadastral maps, Topographical ts, Wall maps and Land cover maps are some les of general purpose maps as these maps show features of the ground on the map, including ent pattern, road and railways, vegetation cover, our, relief features etc., on it, giving holistic ation of the particular region. These maps serve eneral purpose of setting a base, by which several lyses can be made for the construction of thematic ps through spatial analysis, B. Special Purpose Maps ‘al purpose maps are also called thematic, single pic or statistical maps. They highlight features, data or concepts and these data may be qualitative, nttative or both. , Fig. 2.4 : Atlas Maps ‘Thematic Maps Themetic maps are special purpose maps preparedo predecided format on a specific scale and project suitable to cover the attribute related to the partis theme chosen for depiction on the map. It is diffen from topographical map which is restricted to depict! phenomenon in its locational perspective only 4 therefore, to make the concept of map making wid thematic mapping come in to existence. In India; thematic cartography was first introdoe by Prof. S.P. Chatterjee. His first atlas “Bengal in Ma is the milestone of thematic mapping in India. He! the project sanctioned for the preparation of Natit Alas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATM at that time when Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru was the Pr Minister of India. This atlas was the first NationalA! brought out in Hindi under the banner of NA! Thematic maps are prepared by different, me! among them conventional method is one and ™ Popular among old generationof the thet” cartography. This method is certainly very | @ scanned with OKEN Scannersolution MSS and LISS-III real data from IRS-IC, IRS-ID. SPOT, IKONOS JRCESAT in different spectral bands canting and red bans inthe ible range to represent the geographic features presenton the earth 4 the events (non-spatial attributes) taking Thematic maps generation is possible on one or then one bave maps, for example, the generation sve map on the basis of the soil composition, and topography. The unique combination s fecaures facilitates the creation of such thematic In addition to thematic cartography GIS logies rapidly becoming 4 standared tool for ent of natural resources. Using remote sensing GIS technology we can establish and update the ickly for investigation of space occupied stribution. Therefore, it is not only useful in ing but also for planning as well. These ues are fast, precise and could simultaneously in several related fields such 2s utility network, stra) mapping, topographic mapping, surveying and photogrammentry, remote sensing image Picessing, rural and urban planning, earth science and terngpaphy, Bun we can not say good bye to convectional 23 methods of thematic cannography as they play vital role in map production. 2.43 According to Topographical Details There are two types of maps on the basis of topographical details shown : A. Hypsometric Maps Hypsometric 2 scientific term relating to the measurement of heights. The term originates from the Greck word “hypsos’ meaning height and the metre (métron) means “a measure’. A map depicting the configuration of the earth’s surface by means of contours, form lines, hachures shading. tinting. relief models or any other convention is known as Hypsometric map. These maps show relief and terrain in detail. The large topographical maps produced by Survey of India of by any country is 2 good example of hypsometric maps. B. Planimetric Maps Atmap showing only the relative horizontal positions of features onthe earth's surface which show geographical objects, natural or cultural feamures like roads, buildings, ‘water bodies, vegetation. bridges. railroads river outlines. closed water bodies etc., by lines and symbols is called Planimetric map. Itis distinguished from a topographic map by the omission of relief in measurable form. According to UN-Geographic Information Systems a planimetric map is a map that. in contrasttoa topographic map, only shows the locations of features but not their elevation. A planimetric map may show the same features as a topographic map, with the exception of terrain or elevation contours, but will usually only show selected features chosen for a specific purpose. “These maps give importance on other details rather than relief and terrain. Thematic maps representing ‘cultural fearures of particular area are good example of planimetric maps. Thus, hypsometric maps illustrate elevation with the use of contour lines and spot elevations whereas, planimetric maps show feenures such 2s roads, buildings, ‘water, fences, vegetation, bridges, railroads etc. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerd Practical Geo, era! ‘Table 2.2: Comparision between Hypsometric and Planimetric Map, Base Hypsometric Map Planimetrie Map Meaning A map depetng the configuration ofthe A map showing ony the relative rigs earth’s surface. positions of features on the earth's surface Dimensions 2D-Two dimensional & 3D-Three 2D-Two dimensional. dimensional Relief and topographic features are highlighted Hills, plateau, plains, mountains, volcanoes, valleys, cliffs ete. Representation Depiction Social-economic characteristics represented Roads, buildings, water bodies, vegeiagy bridges, railroads, river outlines, clog water bodies etc. Way of Depiction Contours, form lines, hachures, shadings, tinting, relief models, spot elevations etc. Lines, shadings, symbols ete. Example Topographical maps 2.44 According to Content According to contents: maps can be divided into three categories: A. Physical Maps aysical maps are designed to show the physical uctures and natural landscape features of earth's They are best known for showing topography, y colours or as shaded relief. In these maps, ge, climate, soil, ‘maps show general topography of an area like ins and valleys, plains, plateaus and drainage. It the relief and various land forms according to classification on a map, usually by generalised afour lines and specifically by different colours or s. Heights of relief, depth, slopes and drainage ‘ommonly shown in such maps.Digital Elevation fl (DEM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) are eeent development in relief depiction maps which sent these maps in 3D. Thematic maps ‘ Relief Map 2. Geological Maps Geological maps represent the distribution of diff#® types of rock and surficial deposits, as well as locait of geologic structures such as tectonic structures (@ and faults), fossil beds, fountains, mineral reso™™ ete. A geological map isa special-purpose map 0! show various geological features. Rock units or °° Strata are shown by color or symbols. Bedding P™ and structural features such as faults, folds. ae @ scanned with OKEN ScannerGEOLOGICAL MAP INDIA CLIMATIC MAP. > INDIA UTRIATING MONSOON which give three-dimens onal are important for the 8 around the world in nical representation of the 2 period. It shows n of monthly oF annual ry. insolation, percentage cloud cover, wind speed and eteorological conditions over a area at a specific time is called maps are daily published by the cal departments. They describe the he daily weather and present weather led thom simultaneous observations at These are also known as “synoptic Fig, 2.7 : Climatic Maps WEATHER MAP. ‘AUSTRALIA NOVEMBER 16, 2029, Fig, 2.8 : Weather Map weather chart’ which help in navigation by providing the information of the upcoming cyclones, sea storms and wind directions and intensity. They are very useful in prediction of monsoon season and help in preventive mitigation in times of cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes and other natural disasters like floods and droughts. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner26 5, Vegetation Maps the spatial distribution of etation cover of that cla ation from local 7 global seales.Itis very important to analyse the trends of hunan encroachment in the wild areas of the earth, Ialso helps. in understanding the biodiversity wealth of a region. These maps uncover the nature of the soil, rainfall and even geological structures of any area and are helpful ues of planning, management and sil in various ecotourism, VEGETATION MAP ~~~, NORTH AMERICA Lie VEGETATION REGIONS I oeserts, Tundras, tee fete ZAcrassy tanas EES Open forests WR Dense forests Fig, 2.9 : Vegetation Map 6. Soil Maps A soil map is a geographical representation showing distribution of the various kinds of soil and their Properties in aregion. It presents the distribution of soil under various classification schemes of a region or a country. Soil maps are important in relation to cropping Patterns and vegetation, These maps also indicate the areas of barren and fallow lands which can be used for transport and settlement purposes. [ester sone a) nov S01 TF] SUE sous [Fz ice sous ce romeo. vontesns Z SOuS.OF TROMCEL HORLANES foams soe FEPRUGNOUS TROMEAL SOAS veorennanean 8918 Jz] reom ananco cous [Ear sniow sous Fig. 2.1 7. Drainage Maps A drainage map shows the distribution of drainage patterns formed by the streams, rivers and lakes ina particular region. It also include maps like underground water maps, hydrological maps, watershed maps etc. These maps are very important in planning and management, as well as in understanding the pattem and distribution of not only vegetation but also large settlements. B. Cultural Maps While physical maps show various physical features of the earth, the cultural maps show the anthropogenic factors and how it has shaped the earth’s surface. Cultural thematic maps are very important to understand various phenomena and inter-relations among various physical features and human impacts on them. Thes? maps show the distribution of various cultural elemen's of the surface. The sub-classes are: 1. Population Maps A population map is used to represent the distributio® of population and its different aspects (Sex ratio, densi® migration etc.) at any given time in a particular ate ‘These maps are the pioneering part ofthe cultural ma 2. Racial Maps : i og and tel These maps show the distribution of races and t Se @ scanned with OKEN ScannerMaps subelasses found in the world or in a country, These maps help in understanding the movement of humans fiom their place of birth to them getting diffused in the oyner part of the world. The racial maps also help in understanding the colonial history of the European and developed countries and various important migration round the world, RACIAL MAP INDIA r ROTO nUsTOLODS Tue Fecoersans a Fig. 2.11 : Racial Map 3.Language Maps A language map is a visualisation of the position of linguistic features in geographic space. It shows the LANGUAGE MAP INDIA w 1 27 distribution of languages spoken in the world or in any country, 4. Economie maps In these maps, the production of various commodities, distribution centers etc., is shown. These maps shows the distribution of industries and help in the locational analysis of industrial endeavors. The economic maps include industrial maps, cartograms of export-import business, economic and corporate hubs distribution as well as the distribution of sectors of the economy within accity or country. 5. Pol Political maps are the most widely used reference maps. They show the geographic boundaries between governmental units such as countries, states and districts, These maps are also known as Administrative ‘maps.as they show the administrative units ofthe regi or country. Hence, these are helpful in planning and administrative purposes. They show roads, cities and major water bodies such as oceans, rivers and lakes, They are mounted on the walls of classrooms throughout the world. 1 Maps POLITICAL MAP. Fig, 2.13 : Political Map | @ scanned with OKEN Scanneraa r 6. Transport MAPS Rail road and air traffic and PP lines routes are shown nally; transport maps are TRANSPORT MAP ‘SUEZ CANAL esiteranean 58 rie Delia Oe fv Manag Lake ‘hex canal represented using cartograms. These maps show the distribution of railways, roads of different kinds, air routes, water routes ete., on the earth’s surface. c.Combined Maps j tn those maps, both the physical and human clement, are displayed on the large-scale map, Physical ang . tracted from them is important for ral information x ean itary purposes and other uses, gi dies, regional sis Minporancexampe of oni map. Combined maps serve 3. important role ig representing correlations among diferent fetes like rehet and flooding, vegetation and wi life, anspor rel settlements and provide important inforaton regarding not only the distributfon but also in planning and management. 2.4.5 According to Style of Construction Fundamentally, maps display only two types of information, i.e.; qualitative and quantitative. On the basis ofthe style of construction maps can be classified into two main categories: ‘A. Qualitative Map This map shows the qualitative aspect of any geographical feature. These maps shows the locations nd spatial distributions of specific geographic features. Examples are, planning maps, geologic maps, soils maps, transportation network maps, distribution of flora and fauna species, B. Quantitative Map This map shows the quantity-wise variation of geographical features, such as altitude, area etc. Table 2.3 : Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Maps Qualitative Maps The map showing qualitative aspect of any geographical feature is known as Qualitative Map. Presents categorical data, Represent the spatial distribution of data without taking, into consideration the quar The areas where objects are located are either shaded with a particular shade, colour or tinted. Examples: Layer tint map, Chorochromatic map, Choroschemetic map etc. Qualitative areal distributions are also shown by symbols/ index letters and pictures of the objects. Since, these symbols do not represent quantities; these maps are termed as non-quantitative distribution maps. Quantitative Maps The map showing the quantity-wise variation of geographical features is known as Quantitative Map. Presents numerical data, Represent the spatial distribution of data including! quantities such as total population, density, litera) rate etc, § Distributions of variables are represented by Dots, it and patterns of equal values. Example : Choropleth map, Isopleth map, Dot Maps that show the variation in the distribution of quantity by symbols such as dots, shades, isop! Squares, circles and spheres ate called qu! ia distribution maps. ES @ scanned with OKEN ScannerMaps sample population density map of india, dots ane sphere maps ele. Qualitative thematic maps imply jon or spatial distribution of a phenomenon, while quantitative miaps display aspects of numerical data associated with the phenomenon shown, 2.5 BASIC ELEMENTS OF A MAP A-map layout should ly pive away all the important information that is meant to be delivered, A imap layout must show a few features in it. These features aretitle of the map with the year in consideration, legend, the North line, source of information represented on the imap, and inset map in some cases, ile of the Map ; Ina map layout, the title of the ‘map is placed on top of the layout, ‘The title should be written in simple letters and preferably in bold font, tile represents the theme of the map, the name of the area shown and the year of the data represented on the map. Itis the major source of information of the map, A tile shows the subject of the map hence it should be concise and subjective. 2. North : The north isan arrow drawn in the upper right or left comer of the map layout to show the direction of the map. As simple as it is, a north line serves an important purpose in all the maps, significantly in maps like weather maps, navigational charts, migration maps, drainage systems etc. A geographer must represent the north line in the map. 3. Legend : A legend is placed in the proper space in the map layout, preferably on lower left or right but can be placed anywhere as the space allows. The legend has all the information of what is shown on the map. A legend should have an explantion of symbols Tepresented on the map and also must have abbreviations of the map. It should be in a box to differentiate it from other features of the map. 4. Seale : The scale is drawn on the lower comers or centre of the map. A scale can be represented in any form as explained in the next chapter Scale, The scale is often represented in R.F. as well as graphical scale bar Which is measureable on a map. 5. Graticule : The extension of the area represented (on the map and its location on the earth can be shown by mentioning the latitudes and longitudes on the map. Values of latitude and longitude are shows in the outer ‘margin of the layout of the map, ifit is known. This one feature shown the keen importance put on the map and w al infostnadtiom on the content can actually pine way 9 ofthe map, 6, Source of Information : The source of the di map should be mentioned within tl information wed in the map viability and reliability of the mp and is done for the ethics of the research If thee data is primary data, the method of survey oF calleetion of data should be mentioned as the source of the data. The source of the data must alvo include the year. 7. Wnsel : An inset can be used to give additional information or add the additional map, The additivnal mapyvarc often location maps, which shows the location Of the represented area in the map in context to a larger area or a known area, Por example, if « map represents the deforestation in an area in Mizo hills, then the inset map can show the said area within» map of Mizoram, 4. Labeling : Labeling the maps wherever it is required can be used to proliferate the important pieces of informations about locations and values of importance. Labeling a map should be very selective in nature as a Jot of Labeling can make a map, messy of information and can reduce its appeal. The choice of Labeling is of cartographer. 9. Projection : Earth is a sphere or a spheroid so ‘we must transform its three-dimensional surface to create flat map sheet. For that various projection are used according to requirement. Projection uses mathematical formulas to relate spherical coordinates un the globe to flat planer coordinate. Some important projections are conical, cylindrical, zenithal and conventional 2.6 SYMBOLISATION IN A MAP Maps are two-dimensional representations of 2 three- dimensional space of the earth and is always smaller than the original dimensions of the area mepped. Tao conditions of choices are presented to a map maker while drafting a map. These two conditions zre, first. the map maker has to choose whet features are to be represented on the map and what are to be left out and second, the choice of symbols to represent certain features on the map. ‘The symbolisation of the features should translate easily to a reader, thus, a huge number of symbols are standardised by many associations so that they can be read and understood by all. By any means. a symbol must be simple and unique for a panicular feature. The symbols are classified into 3 categories: tised in making th imap. The so @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(i. Point symbols «io nbols i) Area symbols _ Symbols can be both qualitative and quantitative in nature as per the requirement of the map. Point symbols are used to show the location of objects. Line symbols are used for linear features and the phenomenon of isolines on maps and Area symbols represent the areal diffusion of various phenomena on ‘maps while also representing the administrative units. The examples of qualitative and quantitative symbols are given below. Table 2.4: Symbolisation ina Map Symbol Qualitative Quantitative Point Location of ‘Values like important features benchmark height, like hospitals, dots to represent schools ete. population etc. Line Linear features like Latitude-longitude river, roads, es and Isolines boundaries etc. like contours, isotherms, isobars, etc, ‘Area Spread of features Calculated potential like protected deforestation area. forests, marshes, plantation ete. 2.7 DRAWING TOOLS FOR MAPPING Drawing maps require artistic skills and patience, The knowledge of map format and symbols are requirements in drawing a map. A map should be drawn with care and should be planned. With the computer systems and various software in work, the artistic skills and map layout management still play an important role in making an oustanding map. Conventional tools of map-making are important for a cartographer to adjust to figure out the mechanics of map-making that you'll use while studying the practical work in geography, Some of the significant drawing tools are paper, drawing board drafting machines, T-square, straight edge scales, curves, pencils, divider and compass, pins swivels, pens ete. The plane sheet of paper is mounted on a drawing table or board to make maps on it. The drawing coord Practical Geograph, and tables are specifically made for the demands o cartographers which come with various importay features like adjustment of tilt of the board, adjustmen, of height etc. Some of these boards come with a fixed and light source undemeath the main board made op slass or fiber which plays an important role in making the tracing work less complicated, also known as tracing tables, The drawing paper is fixed on the drawing boarg with the help of pins. T-squares are triangular scales made of wood or transparent fibers. Cartographers are advised to use transparent T-squares. These scales help in drawing the vertival lines and tilted lines on the paper with proper accuracy, whereas Curves or Curved scale are used to make various calculated curves on the map, Straight 12" or 30 cm rulers are one of the most importa tools in map-making as well as any other type of practical work in geography. These scales are used to make calculated distances on the map with the help of divider, boundaries of the layout, legends and graphical scale on the map. A swivel is an old map-making tool whichis an elongated pens like tool with a moving nib whichis used in making crevasses on the map in a smooth finish as the nib is used to move along with the movement of the wrist of the cartographer allowing a relaxed map making experience Pens and Pencils are used to inscribe the map an the drawing sheet. Various types of pencils including range of graphite thicknesses (HB, 2B, 3B, 6B and 88) are used for different kinds of shading and patterns ot the map. Mechanical pencils are also used for the same. Pens on the other hand are used as a final inscriptionof the map ona drawing sheet and lettering of the elements of the layout. These pens come in various nib sizes kt 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm etc. Conventionally, quills and quill ps were also used by the cartographers. Compasses dividers are used to measure and make arcs and circ on a map. These are some of the important drawifS tools which require patience and proper handling i master map-making, 2.8 APPLICATION AND IMPORTANCEO! Maps 3 A map is considered as a major tool for geographet! is very important for the knowledge regarding clim™ relieFvegetation ete,,of'aplace, Maps facilitate al i of analyses in geography as well as other dis¢i The maps are used to make a clear depi Physical characteristics of the earth mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers etes @ scanned with OKEN ScannerMaps — jon which are very helpful for the topographical ret ledge. As it has been explained in the previous tan, various types of the map have very important aeigions tous. The climatic and weather maps are very fami vo know the temperature, rainfall, air pressure we seasonal CONLILIONS aS Well as for forecast of amar phenomena of a region, The vegetation maps sre used 10 explain various vegetative covers (forest, tras, bush, etc.) oF the surface, Geological maps are gseful in understanding rock structures, mineral resources and ground water status ete. on a map. Soil mnaps are assisting, with soil classification as well as soil conservation and land-use planning. As well as analysing natural resources, maps are multi-purpose in the field of human, cultural and environmental analysis andin regional planning and n ment 3D and animation mapsare newly developed kinds of maps that are opening doors for more creative and information-packed maps than before, 3D maps are useful in representing relief features while animation maps are used to show trends in change of land use land cover, landslides, distribution of seismic actions, effects of flood and other important features. 2.9 QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICAL, EXAMINATION QU. Define the map. Q2. Explain the classi Q3. Explain the diffe and a topographi ation of maps. re betwe she a cadastral map Qa. prime examples of physical maps, Q i the types of maps based on the scale Qe Qu. Q8, Q9. Qu0, ic maps. What are the basic elements of a map layout? Mention some of the important drawing tools used for map-makir Explain *Symbolisation in a map’ and its importance in map-making. ee 2.10 VIVA-VOCE (Q/A) Qui. Q Whatisa Map? Ans. Map ii 4 selective, symbolised and generalised spresentation of the whole or part of the earth at reduced scale, Q2 Ans. Q3. Ans. QA. Ans, Ans. Q6. Ans. Ans. Qa. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q.10. Ans. a Define the map according to Monkhouse. According to Monkhouse. “A map is a representation on a plane surface of the features of part of the earth's surface drawn to some specific scale.” Describe the basic elements of the map. The basic elements of a map include the symbolic representations, the scale, the projection graticule, title and legend, etc on the two- dimensional representation of the carth on the flat surface or paper Explain the basis of the classification of maps. The maps are classified the number of topographical construction method and px Depending on the scale. how many types of maps are there? Give examples. Based on the sca two classes La map) Gi) Small scale map (Wall and Atlas cording to the scale, features, re divi d into aps le map (Cadastral and topographic aps) How many types of maps are classified based on the amount of topographic features? On the basis of the atures, the m: and plenimetric maps What is a Cadastral may A map made on a large scale. in which, buildings, roads and property limits are for a small administrative unit like a village What is a Topographic map’ A map made on the larg constructed after an extentive field survey representing the detailed features of th for general purpose. Show the difference between hy psometric and planimetric maps? Relief and topographic features are highlighted in a hypsometric map while in the Planimetne map. social-economic characteristics are represented Describe the type of map according to the purpose? Give example, According to the purpose maps are of two types: (General Purpose map such as Cadastral map Atlas, Toposheet and Gi) Thematic map ¢.g., popular language map, economic Map ete. amount of topographic ified into hy pometric scale, which is region @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPractical Geopsayy, G11, What are the {ypes of maps according to the Ans. Penis, Pens, Stesight eye ruler, Dating bye lon? Compass, divider ete, Female eee 417. What the function of swivel? Ans. A swivel is used to trace the fines nthe map, has 4 moveable nib which helps in drawing fe without moving the paper or hand too much,” Q.18. What are combined maps? Ans. According to the method of construction, there are two types of maps: () Qualitative map and i) Quantitative map, plain the difference between a ma Qu. Ans. Combined maps are maps that are made sketch, combining two or more different interrelyts Ans. There isa predetermined fixed scale in the map, features on a map that deseribe each other fa While the sketch does not have a scale, example, the settlement and populate Q.13. Differentiate between map and globe. distribution map combined to make ‘one map, Ans. A depiction of the earth or a part of it on the Q.19, What is DEM? Plane surface on a specific scale is called a map, Ans. DEM or Digital Elevation Model is relief; iapot Whereas the globe is a man-made three- an area in which there is 3D model of relief dimensional model of the whole earth that shows depicted. DEM are prepared using compus the closest form of the earth, software using either GPS technology or satel -14. Give examples of point, line and area symbols. imageries. . Ans. Point symbols- Benchmark, Population Q.20. How can Weather maps help in the preventiongt distribution dots, Line symbols- contours, loss in case of natural disasters? isotherms, boundaries,and Area symbol- forest Ans. cover, political units etc. Q.15. Explain the importance of: map layout. The title represents the the includes the theme, name of and year of the data. Q.16. Name some of the drawin Weather maps are made using the data frox weather forecasting which can show the pai Ti 5 and forecast the natural disasters like cyclone Title of the map’ ina which can be used to mitigate people from te Potentially affected areas whereas the forecss me of the map. It of rains or redundant rain can help in eat F the area mapped planning. Q.21. What isa legend? Ans. 16 tools used for map- " Ans. A legend shows the symbols and abbreviatias making. used ina map. 2.11 APPENDIX Seales of Maps by Survey of India ‘Type ofthe Map Seale(RF) India (Physical) Smillon India (Political) TS nilion India and Adjacent countries Smiles India and Adjacent countries Temes India and Adjacent countries 5 1:12 million General maps; India and Adjacent countries 1:2.Smillion Physical map of India 14 million Political map of India’ 1:4 million - i 13.5 million 4 Railway map of India i —< Road network map of India 12Smillion lished in four parts) 1:20 million World map (pubis é -Smillion National parks of India @ scanned with OKEN Scanner