SUBJECT: PHYSICS

CLASS: SS 2

DATE:

TERM: 1st TERM

REFERENCE TEXT

New School Physics by M.W Anyakoha

WEEK THREE

TOPIC: DERIVATION OF EQUATONS OF LINEAR MOTION

CONTENT

Basic definitions
Derivation of equations of linear motion
Motion under gravity

Basic definitions

There are four major terms associated with motion in a straight line . These are speed (v) or velocity (v), distance (s)
or displacement (s), acceleration (a) and time (t).

DISPLACEMENT: This is the distance traveled in a specified direction. For example, if a body moves a distance of
50m northwards, it is a vector quantity while distance is a scalar quantity.

Distance indicates how far an object has moved. It’s a scalar quantity.

The rate at which a body covers a distance is called the SPEED of the body.

Thus, speed = distance

Time ( m/s , km/hr)

VELOCITY is the rate of change of displacement with time. When a body moves with equal displacement in equal
interval of time, no matter how small the time intervals may be, the velocity is said to beuniform or constant.

ACCELERATION: is the rate of change of velocity with time . When the velocity increases in time , the rate of
change of velocity is termed acceleration but when the velocity decreases with time ,it is called RETARDATION
.Retardation is a negative acceleration.

When the rate of change of velocity with time is constant, we have uniform
acceleration

EVALUATION

Sketch the velocity—time graph for a body that starts from rest and accelerates uniformly to a certain velocity If it
maintains this for a given period before its eventual deceleration. Indicate the following:

1 Uniform acceleration, retardation

2 Total distance travelled

DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF LINEAR MOTION

v= Final velocity

u = Initial velocity

a = Acceleration

t = Time

s = Distance

v= u + at --------------------- (i)

Average speed = total distance

Time

s = u+v

t 2

s = u+u+at

t 2

s = 2u+ at

t 2

s = u + ½ at

s= ut + ½ at2 ________________(2)

v2 = (u + at )2

v2 = (u + at)(u + at)

v2 = u2 +2uat + at2

= u2 + 2a (ut + ½at2)
therefore v2 = u2 +2as---------------(3)

s= ( u + v ) t --------------(4)

CALCULATIONS USING THE EQUATION OF MOTION

A car moves from rest with an acceleration of 0.2 m/s2. Find its velocity when it has covered distance of 50m

u= 0m/s

a= 0.2m/s2

s= 50m

v=?

v2 =u2 + 2as = (0)2 + 2 ( 0.2 x 50) = 20

v= √20 = 2√5m/s

A car travels with a uniform velocity of 108km/hr .How far does it travels in ½ minutes?

Solution

v=108km/hr t= ½ minutes distance = ?

v = 108 km/hr = 108 x1000

3600

v= 30m/s t= ½ 60 = 30secs

speed = distance

time

Distance = speed x time = 30 x 30 = 900 m

CLASS ACTIVITIES

(1) A train slopes from 108 km/hr with a uniform retardation of 5 m/s2 . How long will it take to reach 18 km/hr
and what is the distance covered ?

(2) An orange fruit drops to the ground from the top of a tree 45m tall .How long does it take to reach the ground
(g= 10m/s2)?

(3) A car moving with a speed of 90 km/h was brought uniformly to rest by the application of brake in 10s. How far
did the car travel after the far did the car travel after the brakes were applied.Calculate the distance it covers in the
last one second its motion.

FURTHER ACTIVITIES

A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches a velocity of 30m/s after 5secs . It travels with this
uniform velocity for 15secs and it is then brought to rest in 10 secs with a uniform acceleration. Determine
(a) the acceleration of the car

(b) the retardation

(c) the distance covered after 5 secs

(d) the total distance covered.

SOLUTION

V (m/s)

A B

30

E D C

O 5 20 30

ACCELERATION = AE= 30 = 6m/s2

EO 5

RETARDATION =CB = 0 - 30 = - 3m/s2

DC 10

II The distance covered after 5sesc

The area is given by area of the triangle

=½bh

= ½ (5) 30

= 75m

iv The total distance covered = area of the trapezium OABC

= ½ (AB + OC ) X h

= ½ (15 + 30 ) 30

= 45 x 15

= 675 m

CLASS WORK

A lorry starts from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches a velocity of 50 m/s after 10 secs . It travels with
uniform velocity for 15 secs and is brought to rest I 5secs with a uniform retardation .

Calculate :

1. a) The acceleration of the lorry

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

A body moving with a uniform acceleration in space does so under the influence of gravity with a constant
acceleration . (g = 10 m/s2 ). In dealing with vertical motion under gravity , the following points must be noted

All objects dropped near the surface of the Earth in the absence of air resistance fall toward the Earth with the
same nearly constant accelerationWe denote the magnitude of free-fall acceleration as g.
The magnitude of free-fall acceleration decreases with increasing altitude. Furthermore, slight variations
occur with latitude. At the surface of the Earth the magnitude is approximately 9.8 m/s². The vector is
directed downward toward the centre of the Earth.
Free-fall acceleration is an important example of straight-line motion with constant acceleration.
When air resistance is negligible, even a feather and an apple fall with the same acceleration, regardless of
their masses.

a= +g is positive for a downward motion but (-g) negative for an upward motion
The velocity v = 0 at maximum height for a vertically projected object
The initial velocity u = 0 for a body dropped from rest above the ground .
For a rebounding body the height h above the ground is zero

The time of fall of two objects of different masses has nothing to do with their masses but is dependent on the
distance and acceleration due to gravity as shown below

S= ut + ½ gt2

S = ½ gt2 (u=0)

t= √2s/g

The above relationship can also be used to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity. If we plot s against t,
it will give us a parabolic curve.

S(m)

parabol

t (s)

A graph of s against t2 will give us a straight line through the origin with slope ½ g

from which g can be computed

S(m)

Slope = ½ g

(O,0)

t2 (s2)
Case One. For a body projected from a tower or plane of height h.

1. The body covers both horizontal Sx( also known as the range , R) and vertical Sy ( height) distance.

Gravity has no effect on the horizontal distance covered but on the vertical distance, hence

Sx = R= ut…………………… #

Sy = ut + 1/2gt2 but u = 0

Sy = ½ gt2 ……………………. #

Case two: For a body thrown vertically upward from the ground to a maximum height h and back to the ground.

At maximum height v = 0

Time taken to maximum height is same time taken from maximum height to the ground.

Time to maximum height (t)

V = u – gt

0 = u – gt

u = gt…………….. #

Maximum height attained

V2 = u2 - 2ghmax

0 = u2 – 2ghmax

u2 = 2ghmax ………………….. #

Case three for a body projected from the top of a tower to a maximum height h

At maximum height h, v=0

Time (t) to maximum height

V = u - gt

0 = u –gt

U = gt

Time from maximum height h to the ground

Total distance travelled = h + h1

h + h1 = ut + 1/2gt2

CALCULATIONS

1. A ball is thrown vertically into the air with an initial velocity, u. What is the greatest height reached?

Solution

V2 = u2+ 2as
U= u , a = -g , v = 0

02 = u2 + 2 (-g) s

2gs = u2

s = u2 /2g

2. A ball is released from a height of 20m .Calculate

(i) the time it takes to fall

(ii) the velocity with which it hits the ground

a= +g u=0 s =20m t = ?

t = √2s/g

t = √ 2 x20 /10

t = 2 secs

v = u + gt

v= gt

v = 10 x2

v = 20 m/s

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. List five apparatus for measuring the mass of a body.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. A body starts from rest and accelerate uniformly at 5m/s2 until it attain a velocity of 25m/s.Calculate the
time taken to attain this velocity (A) 2S (b) 3s (c) 5s (d) 6s.
2. A particle accelerates uniformly from rest at 6m/s2 for 8secs and then decelerates uniformly to rest in the
next 5 secs. Determine magnitude of the deceleration

(a) 9.6 m/s2 (b) -9.6 m/s2 (c) 6.9 m/s2 (d) – 6.9 m/s2

3. A car takes off from rest and covers a distance of 80m on a straight road in10secs Calculate its acceleration
(a) 160 m/s2 (b) 16 m/s2 (c) 1.6 m/s2 (d) 0.16 m/s2
4. An object is released from rest at a height of 20m. Calculate the time it takes to fall to the ground ( g=
10m/s2) (a) 1s (b) 2s (c) 3s (d) 4s.
5. A body accelerates uniformly rest at the rate of 3m/s2 for 8 secs. Calculate the distance it covers. (a) 24m (b)
48m (c) 72m (d) 96m.

THEORY

1. A particle start from rest and moves with constant acceleration of 0.5m/s2 .Calculate the time taken by the
particle to cover a distance of 25m .
2. A particle accelerate uniformly from rest at 6m/s2 for 8secs and then decelerates uniformly to rest in the next
7secs .Determine the magnitude of the deceleration.
READING ASSIGNMENT

New Sch. Physics for Senior Sec. Schls. Pages 130-134.