KISII UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL: SCHOOL OF EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

UNIT CODE : EPSC 224

TASK: EPSC 224 ASSIGNMENT

NAME: OCHIENG TONY SIWO

REG NO: ED11/00528/23

PHONE NUMBER: 0710351308

1a)what are the steps and methods of analyzing quantitative data

To analyze quantitative data, the following steps and methods can be used:

1.Data Collection: Collecting the data through surveys, experiments, or other means.

2.Data Cleaning: Ensuring the data is accurate and free from errors or inconsistencies.

3.Data Analysis: Using statistical methods and software to analyze the data and identify
patterns or trends.

4.Data Interpretation: Interpreting the results of the analysis and drawing conclusions based
on the data.

5.Data Presentation: Presenting the findings in a clear and concise manner, such as through
graphs, charts, or tables.

Some common methods for analyzing quantitative data include:

1.Descriptive statistics: Summarizing and organizing the data to provide an overview of the
sample.

2.Inferential statistics: Making inferences about the population based on the sample data.

Regression analysis: Examining the relationship between variables and predicting outcomes.

3.Hypothesis testing: Testing the significance of the results and determining whether the
findings are statistically significant.

These steps and methods can help researchers and analysts draw meaningful insights from
quantitative data and make informed decisions based on the results.

1b) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of quantitative analysis .

Quantitative analysis has several advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages:
 1.Objectivity: Quantitative analysis is based on numerical data, which can provide an
objective and unbiased perspective.

2.Replicability: Quantitative analysis can be replicated and verified by other researchers,

which increases the reliability of the findings.

3.Generalizability: Quantitative analysis can be used to generalize about a larger

population, as long as the sample is representative.

Statistical significance: Quantitative analysis can determine the statistical significance of

the findings, which can help researchers draw meaningful conclusions.

Disadvantages:

1.Limited scope: Quantitative analysis may not capture the full complexity of a
phenomenon or issue, as it focuses on numerical data.

2 Lack of context: Quantitative analysis may not provide context or insight into the
underlying reasons or motivations behind the findings.

3.Dependence on data quality: The accuracy and reliability of the findings depend on the
quality of the data collected, which can be a limitation if the data is incomplete or
inaccurate.

3.Ethical considerations: Quantitative analysis may involve the use of human subjects,
which raises ethical considerations and the need for informed consent.

Overall, quantitative analysis can be a powerful tool for researchers and analysts, but it is
important to consider its limitations and use it in conjunction with other research methods
to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the topic being studied.

2a)what are the key features of qualitative data

Qualitative data has several key features:

 1.Non-numerical: Qualitative data is typically non-numerical and includes words, images,
or other non-quantifiable elements.

2.Rich and detailed: Qualitative data provides rich and detailed information about the
topic being studied, which can help researchers gain a deeper understanding of the issue.

3.Subjective: Qualitative data is often subjective, as it reflects the perspectives and

experiences of the individuals or groups being studied.

4.Contextual: Qualitative data is often collected in a specific context, which can provide
insight into the cultural, social, or historical factors that influence the topic being studied.

5.Complexity: Qualitative data can capture the complexity and nuance of a phenomenon
or issue, which can be difficult to convey through numerical data alone.

Some common types of qualitative data include:

1.Interviews: In-depth, one-on-one conversations with individuals or groups.

2.Focus groups: Group discussions that provide insight into the perspectives and
experiences of a specific population.

3.Observations: Systematic observation of individuals, groups, or events to gain insight

into the topic being studied.

4.Documents: Analysis of written or visual documents, such as texts, images, or artifacts,

to gain insight into the topic being studied.

These key features of qualitative data can help researchers gain a more comprehensive
understanding of the topic being studied and develop more nuanced and informed
conclusions.

2b) discuss steps and methods of analyzing qualitative data .

Analyzing qualitative data involves several steps and methods:

1.Data Collection: Collecting the qualitative data through interviews, focus groups,
observations, or document analysis.
 2.Data Transcription: Transcribing the recorded data into written form, if necessary.

3.Data Coding: Assigning codes or labels to the data to identify patterns and themes.

4.Data Analysis: Analyzing the coded data to identify patterns, themes, and relationships.

5.Data Interpretation: Interpreting the findings and drawing conclusions based on the data.

6.Data Presentation: Presenting the findings in a clear and concise manner, such as
through narrative descriptions or visual aids.

Some common methods for analyzing qualitative data include:

1.Thematic analysis: Identifying patterns and themes in the data and organizing them into
categories.

2.Narrative analysis: Examining the stories and experiences shared by participants to gain
insight into their perspectives.

3.Discourse analysis: Analyzing the language and communication used by participants to

understand the social and cultural factors that influence their perspectives.

4.Content analysis: Examining the content of documents, texts, or other written or visual
materials to identify patterns and themes.

These steps and methods can help researchers gain a deeper understanding of the
qualitative data and develop more nuanced and informed conclusions.

REFERENCES .

1.Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods

approaches. SAGE Publications.

2.Trochim, W. M. K., Donnelly, J. P., & Lipread, L. (2016). The research process: A practical
guide. Cengage Learning.

3.Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. SAGE Publications.

4.Howell, D. C. (2013). Statistical methods for psychology. Cengage Learning.