Beam Radiation on a surface

(Extra-terrestrial considerations)

Cl#4
 Contents

n Direction of beam radiation

n Prediction amount solar radiation on a
surface
 Direction and amount of beam
Radiation
Direction: In terms of some angles
Amount of solar radiation: Only extra-
terrestrial value with reasonable accuracy
Angles:
Slope(β): angle between plane and horizontal
with respect to earth. 0≤ β ≤180o

β β <90o β > 90o

β β
β
 Direction and amount of beam
Radiation (contd.)
n Latitude(Φ): Angular Location of place with respect to
equator in the direction north or south of it. North
positive, Ranchi (23o26’21.3”N, 85o15’11.3”E)
Here -90o≤ Φ ≤+90o
n Declination(δ): Angular position of sun w.r.t. plane of
equator. North positive
-23.45o≤ δ ≤+23.45o
Declination vs Day of Year
30

20
Declination, deg

10

æ 284 + n ö
0

-10
1 101 201 301
d = 23.45 sin ç 360 ÷ (5)
è 365 ø
-20
Maximum rate of change of declination is
-30 Day of the year, n 0.4 deg per day
 Direction and amount of beam
Radiation (contd.)
n Surface Azimuth Angle(γ): Deviation of the projection of the normal
to the surface on a horizontal plane from the local meridian with
zero due south. East –ve.
-180o≤ γ ≤+180o
W

? N

g b
S
S
E

n Solar azimuth angle (γs) is the deviation of projection of beam radiation.

 Direction and amount of beam
Radiation (contd.)
n Hour angle(ω): Angular displacement of
sun with respect to observer’s meridian
and is related to earth’s rotaion on its axis.
One hour=15o. Morning –ve afternoon
positive. At noon ω=0
-180o≤ ω ≤+180o
Value at 10AM(Solar Time)?

-30 deg
 Direction and amount of beam
Radiation (contd.)

n Angle of Incidence(θ): This is the angle between

the beam radiation and the normal to the
surface. In terms of other angles

cosθ = sinδ sinφ cosβ

– sinδ cosφ sinβ cosγ
+ cosδ cosφ cosβ cosω
+cosδ sinφ sinβ cosγ cosω
+ cosδ sinβ sinγ sinω (6)
 Reduction of Eqn.(6)
Commonly used forms
Case(a): For surface sloped towards South
γ=0o in Northern hemisphere or North γ=180o in Southern hemisphere
cosθ = sinδ sinφ cosβ – sinδ cosφ sinβ
+ cosδ cosφ cosβ cosω
+cosδ sinφ sinβ cosω (7)
Towards North ?

Case(b): For vertical surface (β=90o) oriented in any direction(γ≠0o, 180o), from(6)
cosθ =– sinδ cosφ cosγ +cosδ sinφ cosγ cosω
+ cosδ sinγ sinω (8)

Case(c): For vertical surface (β=90o) facing south(γ=0o), from (6),(7) or (8)
cosθ =– sinδ cosφ + cosδ sinφ cosω (9)

Case(d): For horizontal surface(β=0o) (sloped towards South γ=0o or North γ=180o
?). From eqn(7)
cosθ = sinδ sinφ+ cosδ cosφ cosω
Here θ= θz, therefore, cosθz = sinδ sinφ+ cosδ cosφ cosω (10)
Case(e): Rewriting equation (7)

cosθ = sinδ sin(φ - β) + cosδ cos(φ - β) cosω (11)

 Exercise on beam radiation
(1) Calculate the zenith angle of sun for a place(19oN) at 9:30AM on February
13.
284 + 44 ö
For feb 13, n=44, d = 23.45 sin æç 360 ÷
𝛅=-14 ω =-37.5
o ; o è 365 ø
cosθz = sinδ sinφ+ cosδ cosφ cosω
= sin(-14)sin(19)+cos(-14)cos(19)cos(-37.5)
= -0.24 x 0.33 + 0.97 x 0.95 x 0.79
= -0.078 + 0.728 = 0.65
Θz = 49.5o

(2) For a given place in Northern hemisphere solar beam radiation falls
normally to a surface tilted at an angle β at solar noon. Prove that it is
tilted at an angle β=(φ-δ).

Surface tilted south γ=0o. At solar noon ω=0 and θ=0.

Surface is at a fixed tilt = 𝛃
cos θ = sinδ sin(φ - β) + cosδ cos(φ - β) cosω
cos 0 = sinδ sin(φ - β) + cosδ cos(φ - β) cos 0
cos 0 = sinδ sin(φ - β) + cosδ cos(φ - β)
cos 0 = cos{δ-(φ - β)}
0 = δ-(φ - β)
β=φ-δ
Sunset hour angle and daylight
hours

90 90
Sunset,W Sunrise,E
 Sunset hour angle and daylight
hours
n Sunset or sunrise hour angle(ωs) corresponds to Θz =90o
From eqn.(10) sin f sin d
cos w s = -
cos f cos d
(12)
w s = cos (- tan f tan d )
-1

n Number of daylight hours(N): Hour angle for the whole

day= 2 ωs=2 cos-1(-tanφ tanδ)

N= (2/15) cos-1(-tanφ tanδ) (13)

Eqn(13) is applicable for horizontal surface. For tilted surface

N= (2/15) cos-1{-tan(φ-β) tanδ)} (14)

 Problems
n A plane is rotated about horizontal east-west
axis and is adjusted once for a day so that the
normal to the surface coincides with solar beam
at solar noon each day. Derive a relation to
obtain the angle of incidence of beam radiation
on the collector surface (aperture) over a day.
n Soln: Recall the last problem. We have to derive
expression for angle of incidence 𝛉. For normal
incidence at solar noon on a day the tilt should be
β=φ-δ or δ=φ-β
Using cosθ=cosδ cos(φ-β) cosω + sinδ sin(φ-β)
= cosδ cosδ cosω + sinδ sinδ
= cos2δ cosω + sin2δ
 Expressing daily extraterrestrial
insolation on a horizontal surface
n
Extraterrestrial solar irradiance on a horizontal n
surface, θz

Where GSC is solar constant and n=day of the year.

Integrating eqn(16) between sunrise and sunset i.e. daily

extra-terrestrial insolation on a horizontal surface,
é 360n ù ws
(cos d cos f cos w + sin d sin f )dt
365 úû ò-ws
H o = GSC ê1 + 0.033 cos t hrs = ω radian
ë
=180 ω/ π deg
24 ´ 3600 é 360n ù ws = 180 ω/ 15 π hrs
(cos d cos f cos w + sin d sin f )dw
365 úû ò0
Ho = GSC ê1 + 0.033 cos
p ë dt = (180 / 15π) dω
24 ´ 3600 é 360n ù
Ho =
p
GSC ê1 + 0.033 cos
365 ú (cos d cos f sin w s + w s sin d sin f ) (17)
ë û
 Expressing daily extraterrestrial
insolation on a horizontal surface
(contd.)
Extra-terrestrial solar insolation for an hour
12 ´ 3600 é 360n ù
Io =
p
GSC ê1 + 0.033 cos
365 ú{cos f cos d (sin w2 - sin w1 ) + (w2 - w1 )sin f sin d } (18)
ë û

Problem: Calculate the extra-terrestrial solar radiation on a horizontal

surface at 26oN on August 5, 2004 9:30 to 10:30 hrs. Given Gsc=1367
W/m2.

æ 284 + n
d = 23.45 sin ç
ö
360 ÷ (5) n=218 ω1=-22.5o, ω2 = -37.5o
è 365 ø

Monthly mean daily extra-terrestrial solar radiation Ho (Klein)

Jan 17 Feb 16 Mar 16 Apr 15 May 15 Jun 11 Jul 17 Aug 16 Sept 15 Oct 15 Nov 14 Dec 10.
Daily Extraterrestrial Insolation
on horizontal surface
Daily Extra-terrestrial Insolation on
Tilted Surface(tilt angle β)
(Latitude 30deg)