analysis-and-statistics-2020
analysis-and-statistics-2020
AUTOMOTIVE 7.3
INDUSTRY
MILLION VEHICLES
produced by French manufacturers
worldwide
€6.8 BILLION
French automotive industry
research and development
budget in 2018
€50 BILLION
French exports of industrial
automotive products
81%
Share of domestic
travel in France
using passenger cars
86%
Share of domestic
freight transport
in France by road
TABLE OF CONTENTS
World
Production ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Trade ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Europe
Markets & vehicles in use ................................................................................................................................................. 14
France
French groups .................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Sector ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Trade ................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Environment ....................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Statistics
World ................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Europe ................................................................................................................................................................................ 73
France ................................................................................................................................................................................. 82
This brochure was produced by CCFA, 2, rue de Presbourg, 75008 Paris • Telephone: +33 1 49 52 51 00 • Fax: +33 1 47 23 74 73 • Website: www.ccfa.fr •
E-mail: [email protected] • Design, production: In Kom Veritas • Photo credits: PSA Group, Renault Group, Renault Trucks
editorial
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 1
organisation
1909
and equipment manufacturers, dealers, body the following missions: boosting the innovation
manufacturers) have their own trade associations dynamic, competitiveness initiatives right through
(FIEV, Fédération des Industries des Équipements the sector, planning ahead for employment and
pour Véhicules - French Automotive Equipment skill requirements, expressing joint positions
Industries Association, CNPA, Conseil National for the sector, coordination and organisation
des Professions de l’Automobile - National Council of professional shows and communications
of Automotive Professions, FFC, Fédération throughout the sector.
Française de Carrosserie, Industries et Services The "chambre syndicale des
- French Bodybuilding, Industry and Services Foreign brands are represented by the constructeurs d’automobile"
Federation, FIEEC, Fédération des Industries
Electriques, Electroniques et Communication -
International Association of the Automobile and
the Motorcycle (CSIAM – Chambre Syndicale
was founded
CHAIRMAN
THIERRY COGNET
2 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
partners
INDUSTRY
INTERNATIONAL, PARTNERS
EUROPEAN PFA, GALIA, UTAC,
PROFESSIONAL
AND NATIONAL GARAC, URF,
ECONOMIC CIRCLES
MANUFACTURERS AUTF
MEDEF,
ASSOCIATIONS FRANCE INDUSTRIE,
OICA, UIMM, GIM
ACEA, VDA
PROFESSIONAL
SPECIALIST BODIES AUTOMOBILE
& RESEARCH ASSOCIATED
INSTITUTIONS
CEPII, SIA, REXECODE CCFA ORGANISATIONS
CSIAM,
Groupe
AIRPARIF, GERPISA, FFC, FIEV, FIM,
ADEME, CITEPA, FFF, SNCP, GPA,
UNIFAB CNPA, UFIP
ROAD
AUTO CLUBS SAFETY
ACF, ACA, CNSR, INSERR,
40M AFR
AUTOMOTIVE
SHOWS GOVERNMENTAL
MONDIAL PARIS AUTHORITIES,
MOTOR SHOW, PARLIAMENT
EQUIP'AUTO, CNI, CSF,
SOLUTRANS CCTN
► INTERNATIONAL, EUROPEAN UNIFAB : Union des Fabricants pour la protection Parisienne (Paris region metallurgical industries group)
AND NATIONAL MANUFACTURERS internationale de la propriété intellectuelle
ASSOCIATIONS ADEME : Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise ► PROFESSIONAL AUTOMOBILE
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ de l’Energie ASSOCIATED ORGANISATIONS
OICA : International Organisation of Motor Vehicle CITEPA : Centre Interprofessionnel Technique ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
Manufacturers d’Etudes de la Pollution Atmosphérique CSIAM : Chambre Syndicale Internationale de
ACEA : European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association REXECODE : Centre de Recherche pour l’Expansion de l’Automobile et du Motocycle
VDA : Verband der Automobilindustrie l’économie et le Développement des Entreprises FFC : Fédération Française de la Carrosserie
FIEV : Fédération des Industries d’Equipements pour
► INDUSTRY PARTNERS ► AUTO CLUBS Véhicules (French Automotive Equipment Industries
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ Association)
PFA : French Automotive & Mobility Cluster ACF : Automobile Club de France FIM : Fédération des Industries Mécaniques (Federation
GALIA : Groupement pour l’Amélioration des Liaisons ACA : Automobile Club Association of Mechanical Industries)
dans l’Automobile 40M : 40 millions d’Automobilistes SNCP : Syndicat National du Caoutchouc et des
UTAC : Union Technique de l’Automobile, du Motocycle Polymères (National Union of Rubber and Polymer
et du Cycle ► GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES, Workers)
GARAC : École Nationale des Professions de PARLIAMENT GPA : Groupement Plasturgie Automobile (Automotive
l’Automobile ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ Plastic Converters Association)
URF : Union Routière de France CNI : Conseil National de l’Industrie CNPA : Conseil National des Professions de l’Automobile
AUTF : Association des Utilisateurs de Transport de Fret CSF : Comité Stratégique de Filière (National Council of Automotive Professions)
CCTN : French National Transport Accounting UFIP : Union Française des Industries Pétrolières
► SPECIALIST BODIES & RESEARCH (French Association of Petroleum Industry)
INSTITUTIONS ► PROFESSIONAL ECONOMIC CIRCLES
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ► ROAD SAFETY
CEPII : Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations MEDEF : Mouvement des Entreprises de France ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
Internationales (Employers’ association) CNSR : Conseil National de la Sécurité Routière
SIA : Société des Ingénieurs de l’Automobile FRANCE INDUSTRIE : Représentation de l’Industrie (National Road Safety Council)
AIRPARIF : Association de surveillance de la qualité en France (Industry representation in France) INSERR : Institut National de la Sécurité Routière et
de l’air en Ile-de-France UIMM : Union des Industries et Métiers de la Métallurgie de Recherches (National Institute of Road Safety and
GERPISA : Groupe d’Études et de Recherches (Mettallurgy employers’ association) Research)
Permanents sur l’Industrie et les Salariés de l’Automobile GIM : Groupe des Industries Métallurgiques de la Région APR : Association Prévention Routière
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 3
world • highlights
In 2019, global production of light vehicles by vehicle renewal (conversion bonuses). Road traffic,
French groups fell by 8.7% after reaching a on the one hand, has grown at a slower pace in
record level in 2018. This decline occurred against recent years. With higher fuel prices and record
the backdrop of a global economic slowdown traffic levels, registered in France passenger car
that led to a sharp drop in global automotive traffic has even declined over the past two years.
markets (-4.5% in 2019). French manufacturers On the other hand, light commercial vehicle traffic
+ 1,8 MILLION
have managed to limit the decline in their sales remains buoyant (+1.5% in 2019). Automotive
thanks to the resilience of the French market spending increased by 2.2% in 2019 and now
and despite the downturn in southern European represents 9.6% of total household spending.
markets, where they have a strong presence. They However, the share of the budget devoted to new
continued to increase their investments (+11% in vehicle purchases continues to decline in favour
2019) in order to meet the many challenges facing of second-hand vehicles, whose registrations
the automotive industry: the competitiveness of increased sharply in 2019 (+2.8%, compared with
the industrial apparatus, the internationalisation of 1.9% for new vehicles). More registrations of vehicles
markets and production, environmental protection made by French groups
and the development of digital and new mobility in Western Europe since 2013
services.
4 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
world • highlights
FRENCH GROUPS OCCUPY 28% OF THE EUROPEAN LIGHT VEHICLE MARKET AND HAVE A SOLID
ANCHORAGE TO COPE WITH FLUCTUATIONS IN EMERGING MARKETS
French groups had an 8% share in global vehicle production in 2019, down 0.4 point compared with 2018, but up 1.7 point compared with 2014.
Change
Rang Units 2018 2019
2019/2018
Market share of French groups (new light vehicles)
In France % 58.8% 58.5% -0.3 point
In Europe (17 countries) excluding France % 22.4% 22.1% -0.3 point
In Europe (17 countries) % 28.3% 28.1% -0.2 point
Market share of French brands (new heavy trucks)
In Europe (17 countries) % 8.6% 8.3% -0.3 point
French groups’ share in world production (PSA and Renault Groups)
Passenger cars % 9.7% 9.3% -0.4 point
Commercial vehicles % 4.3% 4.3% 0.0 point
Total % 8.3% 8.0% -0.4 point
French automobile international trade
Exports € billions 52.9 51.7 - 2.2%
Imports € billions 65.0 66.7 + 2.7%
Balance € billions -12.1 -15.0 + 24.4%
Automotive industry contribution to foreign trade goods balance
Exports % 10.8% 10.2% -0.6 point
Imports % 11.8% 11.8% 0.0 point
World key figures for french manufacturers (PSA and Renault Groups)
Sales € billions 131.4 130.3 - 0.9%
Capital expenditure € billions 5.1 5.7 + 10.8%
Number of employees thousands of people 394 388 - 1.4%
Jobs related to the automotive industry in France
Automotive industry thousands of people 205 224 -
As a share of industry % 7% (1) 7% (1) -
Total jobs (directly and indirectly related) thousands of people 2,200 2,216 -
As a % of the employed working population % 8% 8% -
In Western Europe, new vehicle markets year running, after an extended period of growth.
progressed slightly in 2019, with the downturn After rising steadily since 2013, French groups’
in the southern European markets, detracting Asian sales (500,000 vehicles) fell sharply in 2019
somewhat from the good performance of the (-51%), following the halt in deliveries to Iran and
German and French markets. Thus, in a context the sharp fall in the Chinese market.
of continuing intense competition, the market share
of French groups remained stable in 2019, after In Latin America, markets declined in 2019,
increasing in 2018 thanks to new brands coming except in Brazil and Colombia. Sales by French
onto the market. The weight of European sales manufacturers to this zone fell accordingly (-7%),
in the overall sales of the French groups will not with the exception of Brazil and Colombia, where
last in the long term, due to the differences in they increased by 8% and 14% respectively.
car density between this mature zone and the
emerging countries. Finally, in 2019, French groups’ sales in Africa
declined in a stable market. In the Maghreb, where
6
In Eastern Europe, markets have progressed in they are industrially present, market shares were
the member countries of the European Union and consolidated.
the French groups, which are well established
industrially (Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, In the emerging countries, where sales should
Slovakia, Slovenia), are consolidating their eventually grow, the French groups continue to
PROJECTS OF SITES
commercial outlets at elevated levels. In Russia, develop both commercially and industrially, with
the market declined sharply, but French groups’ or without local partnerships, in order to satisfy
sales increased slightly. the needs of motorisation. In particular, efforts
continue in Asia (PSA, with its partners in China Being implemented
The weight of the Chinese market and its rate of and India, as well as Renault in these same in 2019
variation explain the changes in the Asian market countries) and in various countries in Africa.
as a whole, which fell back in 2019 for the second
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 5
world • production
-5%
expansion pole, production remains much higher
Global production of vehicles amounted to than in the pre-crisis period. In 2019 it was up
approximately 50 million units in 1990, then to 137% compared to 2017 in Asia excluding Japan-
nearly 60 million in 2000. It exceeded the threshold South Korea, up 30% in Central and Eastern
of 70 million vehicles before the crisis, before Europe, up 25% in South America and Mexico.
falling in 2009. It increased again until 2017 when
production peaked at 97.1 million units. Between Decrease of the number of vehicles
2000 and 2017, the annual growth rate averaged produced in the world in 2019
+3%.
compared to 2018
In Western Europe, production fell 6.5% in 2019 In America, production is falling by more than 3%, mature countries (Japan and South Korea) than
compared to the previous year, with significant whether in North America or South America. It also in new areas (ASEAN, Iran, India, etc.). In China,
declines in the major countries: Germany fell in Mexico (-3%), which was the dynamic zone which constitutes half of the region’s production,
(-9% after three consecutive years of decline), of North America. it fell for the second year in a row. After declining
United Kingdom (-14%), Italy (-14%). It fell more 4% in 2018, vehicle production in China is down
moderately in France (-4%) and remained stable As for Asia-Oceania, which accounts for more 7.5% in 2019.
at high level in Spain and Eastern Europe. than half of world production, production trends
are more mixed. The decline is more moderate in
6 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
world • production
In millions of units MATURE REGIONS AND COUNTRIES In millions of units EMERGING REGIONS AND COUNTRIES
20 28
24
16
20
12 16
8 12
8
4
4
0 0
WESTERN EUROPE NAFTA JAPAN SOUTH KOREA CHINA CENTRAL AND EASTERN SOUTH INDONESIA, IRAN, INDIA
EUROPE, TURKEY AMERICA MALAYSIA AND TAILAND
2000 2008 2015 2019 Sources: CCFA, OICA
2000 2008 2015 2019 Sources: CCFA, OICA
In thousands MARKETS OF FRENCH GROUPS OUT EU-17: WORLD MARKETS OF FRENCH GROUPS:
of units ALL VEHICLES EVOLUTION COMPARED WITH 1997
1,200 In thousands of vehicles
1,000 3,000
800 2,500
600 2,000
1,500
400 1,000
200 500
0 0
AFRICA LATINE AMERICA ASIA CEE/CI, TURKEY -500
(INCLUDING MEXICO) 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018
2000 2008 2015 2019 Source: CCFA FRANCE EUROPE 17 COUNTRIES EXCLUDING FRANCE Source: CCFA
OUTSIDE EUROPE 17 COUNTRIES
In this context of economic slowdown and fall in (-580,000 units) due to the difficulties on China’s
52 %
global production, French groups experienced and Iran’s markets. They are almost stable in
a drop in their deliveries outside Europe for the Latin America including Mexico (-64,000 units).
second consecutive year. Over two years, the Deliveries are up in Central and Eastern European
decline is over 30%, while deliveries to Europe countries and Turkey (+352,000 units) and Africa
17 countries excluding France have more than (+58,000 units). In Europe, deliveries to Spain and
doubled. The integrations of Lada into the Renault Italy continued to grow (+172,000 and +204,000
group on January 1, 2017, then of Jinbei and
Huasong on January 1, 2018 and finally of Opel
units respectively since 2010), following the fall
due to the crisis.
Share of emerging regions and
within the PSA group since August 1, 2017 have countries in global vehicle
a major impact on delivery volumes. Since 2010, production
deliveries have increased overall except in Asia
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 7
world • production
8%
vehicles and respectively occupy the ninth and Korean manufacturers produced between 60%
tenth ranks. and 70% in their area in 2000; currently the ratio
oscillates in a range of 30 to 50%. Japanese
In 2019, French groups maintained their position in manufacturers were the most internationalised
a global slowdown context. They took advantage (they only made one third of their production in
of the pursuit of the European market growth Japan), followed by Korean manufacturers (44% in
Market share of French groups and their external growth marked in 2018 by the
integration of Jinbei/Huasong into the Renault
Korea). Even manufacturers in emerging countries,
such as Geely or Tata, made a very large part
in global vehicles production Group on January 1, 2018 and Opel in the of their production outside their country of origin
in 2019 PSA Group in full year. The output of French (respectively 31% and 57% in 2017).
manufacturers accounted for 8.3% of world
production, 9.3% for passenger cars, a level well
above that observed in 2013 and 2014 (6%).
After a long period of growth, world production fell Japanese manufacturers are mostly affected by have managed to maintain increased production
by 5.3% in 2019, after a decline of 1% in 2018, the decline in Asia. Only Hyundai-Kia managed in 2019.
with an impact on most of the major automotive to contain the drop, which remains limited to 1%,
groups. while Honda, Suzuki and Nissan are experiencing For heavy vehicle manufacturers, the global
decreases of 3.5% to 12%. economic situation remained positive and the
The Volkswagen group, which is very active Volvo group (including Renault Trucks) increased
in emerging countries, experienced a decline As for the European groups, the situation is also by 3.5%.
in production of 1.8% but retained its leading contrasted, with manufacturers whose production
position in 2019. The Toyota group, one of the fared better, such as Renault (-6.3%), or has even
few to increase its production, also remains in grown slightly, such as BMW (+0.9%). Conversely,
second place. General Motors, still impacted other manufacturers, such as PSA, have sharply
by the evolution of its scope, now without Opel, declined.
fell back but remained in third position. Ford’s
production was severely affected by the decline Manufacturers in emerging countries (China,
in North America. India), such as Tata, Dongfeng or Great Wall
8 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
world • production
TRENDS IN PRODUCTION AND TRADE AMONG THE WORLD’S LEADING AUTOMOTIVE REGIONS
China, which has become the largest manufacturer is destined for the local market and exports only
in the world since 2010, produces mainly to satisfy represent 13% of production. Imports, on the other
its domestic market: imports and exports, with hand, amount to 30% of production.
volumes around one million units in recent years,
53%
each represent 4% of production. In Japan, exports account for about 50% of
production. Imports still account for around 6% of
The European Union (28 countries) is the second total registrations.
largest producing area in the world, thanks to
growth in the domestic market and dynamic
exports (one-third of production).
Percentage of vehicles manufactured In North America, including Mexico, production has
for export in Japan in 2019 declined since 2000 but remains at a high level. It
Since 2000, the evolution of the automotive to 2000. Imports, already very significant in 2000, and exports. The latter had increased markedly,
industry has been contrasted in the three major increased by 67% between 2000 and 2018 and in line with the depreciation of the yen, and in
automotive industry zones. account for more than a third of production, 2008 exceeded the level of 2000 by 51%; in 2019,
both for passenger cars and light commercial they were only 8% above their 2000 level, mainly
In the European Union (28 countries), the vehicles. As for exports, in 2018 they represented due to the production of factories of Japanese
growth in vehicle production was 9% compared only 13% of production (a third for the EU and manufacturers outside Japan.
to 2000 and 2018 (compared to approximately half for Japan), with a very significant weight
15% between 2000 and 2007) and trade, which for passenger cars (31%, against 3% for light In China, production increased by 41% between
is already substantial, increased significantly. In commercial vehicles). 2010 and 2018, and exports by 109%, but the
2019, despite a 5% drop in production, vehicle latter only represent a small volume.
exports fell only by 2%. Finally in Japan, vehicle production fell by 5%
since 2000, but is above its 2010-2018 average,
In North America, production fell by 6% compared due to the dynamism of the domestic market
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 9
world • markets & vehicles in use
CHINA :
Automotive markets are strongly correlated with alone accounts for 28.2% of the total, followed by
economic situation, with cyclical phenomena thus the United States (19.1%), Japan (5.7%), Germany
28%
mainly explaining their evolution. They are also (4.4%) and India (4,2%). These top five world markets
characterised by short-term fluctuations of significant represent 62% of the total. Europe is gaining 1 point
magnitude, be they renewal or first equipment. in market share, but contrasting developments can be
observed between Western Europe and Central and
Since 2005, the global automotive market has grown by Eastern Europe.
39% and its center of gravity has shifted from Western
Europe and North America, mature markets (56% of While Western Europe is showing a very weak growth, Of world market
the global market in 2005 and 41% in 2019) to Asia. the decline in the Eastern countries is mainly due to
Global automotive sales were strongly impacted (+8.6%) with 2.8 million units. In the Asia-Oceania zone, the market, excluding
in 2019 by the slowdown in growth in emerging China, India and South Korea, has fluctuated around
countries and in particular in China and India. The In Western Europe, the market, which has been 12 million vehicles since 2012. Developments in
Chinese market, which is the world’s largest market growing since 2014, grew 1% in 2019 to 16.7 million 2019 were very mixed, with increases as in Vietnam
with 28% of sales, fell for the second year in a row, vehicles. This level is high compared to the period (+13.9%) and decreases as in Thailand (-3.3%).
after several years of strong growth. The market lost after the crisis of 2008 or the bottom of the cycle
more than 2 million vehicles in 2019 and now stands in 2013, when sales were around 13 million. The In South America, the market continued to recover
at 26 million vehicles, down 8.2% from 2018. India situations are contrasted with increases in Germany (+5.3%) in 2018, supported by the dynamism of the
has seen its automotive sales fell by more than 10% (+5.1%), France (+2.3%) and Italy (+0.5%), and Brazilian market (+13.6%) and other countries except
in 2019, which now places it in fifth place in the world decreases in the United Kingdom (-2.4%) and Spain Argentina (-10%).
behind Germany. In Japan and South Korea, the (-4%).
market fell by 1.5% and 1.8% respectively after a In Africa, after a rebound in sales in 2018, the market
first decline observed in 2018. Central and Eastern Europe, which represents contracted in 2019 (-4.2%) including Algeria (-1.8%),
4.5% of the global market, experienced a decline in Morocco (-6.5%), Egypt (- 7.8%) and South Africa
In the United States, the market fell 1.3% to 17.5 2019 (-2.1%), after a first decline in 2018 (-0.5%). (-2.8%), countries which had seen an increase in
million vehicles. This remains a high cycle level, 7 The growth rate of the new Member States of the sales the previous year. Africa’s market share in the
million units higher than that observed during the European Union continues to slow (+5%), after five world market remains extremely low at just 1.3%.
crisis in 2009 (10.6 million). The Mexican market years of strong growth. The Turkish market fell again
continued to contract (-7.2%). sharply (-23%), after three years of decline. The
Russian market is also declining, after rising 10%
In Central and South America, only the Brazilian in 2018, and stands at 1.8 million units, far from its
market, which continues to recover, is growing pre-crisis level (3.2 million vehicles).
10 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
world • markets & vehicles in use
1.3
of growth since 2011 is 4%, i.e. a faster pace of NAFTA zone (USA, Canada, Mexico) via 85 in Asia
growth than before the crisis (average growth of (excluding Japan and South Korea), 176 in Central
+3% between 2007 and 2009). and South America and over 500 for the EU and
Japan/South Korea. Density in Europe overall is
Fleet were practically stable in the mature markets slightly above 471.
BILLION
of developed countries (increases generally
between 0 and 2%) and showed strong growth North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and
in emerging countries (between 3% and 12%). Tunisia), which is close to Europe, has shown
strong vehicle fleet growth with an average rate of
The US fleet is the biggest in the world with almost 6% per year since 2005, from 10 to 19 million units. Number of vehicles
264 million vehicles, ahead of China and Japan in the world
(163 and 77 million units respectively). France is
in eighth position worldwide.
Total
Change
2015/2014
2014 2015
thou- thou-
%
sands sands
Western
246,641 250,037 +1.4
Europe
Central and
133,496 137,482 +3.0
Eastern Europe
Central and
86,390 88,962 +3.0
South America
VEHICLE DENSITY BY REGION
ASIA-OCEANIA 409,362 436,222 +6.6
(NUMBER OF VEHICLES PER 1,000 INHABITANTS)
China 145,981 162,845 +11.6 800
+6% World:
700
South Korea 20,118 20,990 +4.3 +9% +7% 2005: 143 vehicles / 1,000 inhabitants
600
2015: 182 vehicles / 1,000 inhabitants
India 26,510 28,860 +8.9 500 (27% increase)
Japan 77,188 77,404 +0.3 400
300 +59%
ASEAN (2) 55,415 58,419 +5.4 +60%
200
Other
100 +143% +35%
84,150 87,704 +4.2
Asia-Oceania
0
AFRICA 42,366 44,803 +5.8 NAFTA EU28 JAPAN RUSSIA CENTRAL ASIA AFRICA
+ EFTA(1) SOUTH KOREA TURKEY AND SOUTH (EXCLUDING JAPAN
TOTAL 1,234,887 1,282,270 +3.8
OTHER EUROPE AMERICA SOUTH KOREA)
(1) NAFTA: Canada, USA and Mexico. 2005 2015 (1) EFTA: European Free Trade Association.
(2) ASEAN: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Source: OICA
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.
In 2015, the mature zones represented more than In the Americas, NAFTA, with 25% of the global In Asia, Japan and Korea (8% of the global fleet),
50% of the global vehicle fleet and 15% of global fleet, is a mature market with a high level of car which are mature markets, have car ownership
production. They have lost around 15 percentage ownership, especially in the US (821). Mexico levels of 609 and 417 respectively. However,
points to the emerging areas since 2005. has the highest progression in terms of number of emerging countries with bigger populations
vehicles (+4% between 2010 and 2015). However, have lower automobile density: 22 in India, 87 in
Within the European zone, accounting for almost Central and South America is an emerging zone Indonesia and 118 in China. Since 2005, almost
one third of the global fleet, the increase was which accounted for 7% of the global car market all of the vehicle fleet growth has come from Asia,
quicker in the east than in the west (see page 19). in 2015, with a density ratio of 176. The number excluding Japan and South Korea. China (131
The number of vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants is of vehicles in America has swelled by 86 million million additional units) is way ahead of India (+19
also contrasted, ranging from 166 in Albania to 796 units since 2005, almost at the same pace as million) and Indonesia (+13 million).
in Iceland, via 308 in Romania, and 550-600 in the NAFTA and Central and South America. The three
main countries of Western Europe. The number countries with the highest progression in terms of
of vehicles in the zone has grown by almost 65 number of vehicles are the US, Brazil and Mexico
million units since 2005, of which 73% outside with 26, 20 and 16 million units respectively.
Western Europe (+20 million additional units in
Russia).
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 11
world • trade
$1,550
Areas World
Countries EXP. IMP. Balance
USA
2010 99.7 189.8 -90.0
billion
2015 129.5 292.9 -163.4
2018 135.5 314.8 -179.4
CANADA
2010 50.1 59.6 -9.5 Total global trading
2015 61.8 68.1 -6.2 in automotive industry products
2018 60.8 76.0 -15.2 in 2018
EUROPEAN UNION (1)
2010 546.4 426.9 119.4
2015 655.1 497.5 157.6
2018 782.8 632.2 150.6
JAPAN
2010 149.5 14.2 135.3
2015 136.8 19.4 117.3
2018 158.4 24.6 133.8
SOUTH KOREA
2010 54.5 8.0 46.5
2015 70.9 15.1 55.8
2018 63.4 16.9 46.4
CHINA (EXCLUDING HONG-KONG)
2010 28.0 53.0 -25.0
► INTRAREGIONAL TRADE BY AREA (as a percentage of total trade in the area)
2015 49.5 73.0 -23.5
2018 60.7 86.8 -26.2 2005 2010 2016 2017
BRAZIL Intra Asia 24% 32% 30% 31%
2010 12.6 17.7 -5.1 Intra Europe 78% 73% 73% 72%
2015 9.9 14.2 -4.4 Intra North America 83% 76% 78% 77%
2018 13.0 14.6 -1.5 Intra Latin America 51% 79% 75% 79%
Source: WTO
► TRADE OF THE MAIN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES (1) (in us$ billion)
(1) For the comparisons, 27 countries have been included in the European Union from 2006 and 28 from 2014.
Sources: WTO
12 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
world • trade
4%
As a % ROAD VEHICLES (SITC 78)
60
52.1
50
40
30
20
10
12.6
5.9
France’s share of global automotive industry
0 3.9 product trading in 2018
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018
GERMANY UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE ITALY
Source: Eurostat
(1) For the comparisons, 15 EU countries have been included since 1993, 25 since 2004, 27 since 2006 and 28 since 2014.
Between 2005 and 2018, changes in sales in the compared to more than 50% in the early 2000s). a record level of $179 billion in 2018. Chinese
automotive industry were very different between Its exports to China fell between 2011 and 2018 imports increased again in 2018 (+4% to $87
the countries-zones. South Korea, Japan and the to $14 billion. They are to be compared to the $19 billion). Since 2005, they have grown by 15%
European Union have seen their trade surpluses billion going to the EU28. per year. In 2012, the origins of the latter were
increase. South Korea’s rose 38% to $46 billion the EU28 (56% vs 42% in 2009), ahead of Japan
in 2018. Japan’s rose from 110 to 134 (+22%), Exports from the European Union 28 countries (22% vs 36% in 2009), NAFTA (13%) and South
while that of the European Union rose 89%, from reached $783 billion dollars, of which 68% were Korea (7%). Reflecting the evolution of their oil
80 to $150 billion. Conversely, the deficit of the intra-community trade (74% in 2009). EU exports resources, imports have grown strongly since
United States increased further in 2018 and stands to China amounted to €41 billion. They reached 2005 in Russia, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
at -$179 billion, compred to -118 billion in 2005. $10 billion to Russia, $17 billion to Africa and Emirates. In Russia, they increased almost fourfold
$13 billion to the Middle East. Based on Eurostat between 2005 and 2013, then fell sharply between
In other areas, the trade balance in automotive data, more than half of EU exports to non-EU are 2013 and 2016 (-60%) to start again in 2017 and
products, which was positive, turned negative. In made by Germany (52% in 2018), ahead of the 2018 and return to a level close to that of 2010
Canada, for example, the balance of $9 billion in United Kingdom (13%), the Italy (6%), Spain and at $25 billion. Finally in Australia, imports have
2005 turned into a deficit of $15 billion in 2018, France (around 4%). The share of the six new almost doubled since 2005 to reach $29 billion;
in line with the place taken by Mexico in trade entrants (Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and this country has ceased to have light vehicle
within NAFTA. Thus in Mexico, the trade surplus Slovenia) amounted to 9%. France accounted for production sites since the end of 2017.
was multiplied by 7 between 2005 and 2018. In nearly 4% of world exports of automotive products
Brazil, the positive balance of $7 billion in 2005 with $59 billion (including intra-EU trade), against
became negative from 2010, except in 2016 and nearly 7.6% in 2004.
2017. Finally, China, which became the world’s
largest automotive market, increased its trade The decline in the UK domestic market has led to
deficit tenfold, from -$4 billion to -$26 billion a decline in imports, but the automotive balance
between 2005 and 2018. India’s surplus fell from remains sharply negative in 2018, at $16.5 billion,
$500 million in 2005 to nearly $9 billion in 2018, up from 25 in 2015, which was a record level. After
following a six-fold increase in exports to more a very strong increase in trade between 2010 and
than $15 billion. 2015, exports have since increased by 9%, while
imports decreased by 5%.
In 2018, Germany, with $267 billion, remained the
leading exporter of automotive industry products The United States remained the world’s largest
with 18% of world exports. Second in the world, importer of automotive products, with $315 billion;
Japan exported $158 billion, 61 of which went due in particular to the high level of its domestic
to North America (or 41% of its total exports, market, its deficit in automotive products reached
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 13
europe • market & vehicles in use
+24%
years of crisis (-3.3 million cars between 2007 and the crisis and grew by 5% and 1.9% respectively
2013). The current level nevertheless remains down in 2019.
3.5% compared to the level observed in 2007.
Conversely, the markets of Southern Europe (Italy,
The main markets for passenger cars in Western Spain, Greece, Portugal) fell in 2019. Italy posted
Europe are Germany (25.2% of the Western an increase of only 0.3%, while the Spanish market
European market), followed by the United Kingdom (-4.8 %) and the Portuguese market (-2%) are down
Increase of the new passenger (17.8%), France (16.2%), Italy (13.4%) and Spain after experiencing sustained growth in 2018. Thus,
car market in Western Europe (8.8%). despite a growth of 60% since the low point in 2013,
since 2013 the markets of Southern Europe remain down 22 %
from their 2007 level.
As a % of Western European market MARKET SHARES OF COUNTRIES ON THE NEW PASSENGER CAR MARKET
30
25
25
20 18
16 15
15 13
10 9
5 3
0
GERMANY NORTHERN EUROPE (1) UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE ITALY SPAIN OTHER EUROPE (2)
2007 2019 (1) Austria, Belgium-Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, Norway, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland.
(2) Portugal, Greece, Ireland.
Source: CCFA
The West European market comprises 18 countries 2008. The latter led to a fall in the market of 22% Today, the countries of the first group have caught
(15 pre-2004 EU members, plus European Free between 2007 and 2013 (-3.3 million units) with a up to their pre-crisis level while the countries of
Trade Association - EFTA countries: Switzerland, contrasting impact depending on the geographic Southern Europe are still below this level. All in all,
Norway and Iceland). These countries have similar area. The group of countries comprising Northern the Western European market is still down 3.5%
environments and obey similar economic rules. Europe, Germany and the United Kingdom compared to the level observed in 2007.
suffered a decline of only 5% during the crisis,
The market experienced two strong crises: in 1993 while it reached more than 50% for Southern
(-16% or -2.2 million units) and from the end of Europe (Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece).
14 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
europe • market & vehicles in use
26%
complement each other. The Renault group is and 7%.
based on the Renault (6.9% market share) and
Dacia brands (3.2%); the latter only represented
0.5% of the market in 2007. As for the PSA group,
it now includes four brands: Peugeot (6.4%),
Citroën (4.2%), Opel/Vauxhall (5.2%) and DS
(0.3%). Share of new passenger cars sold
in Western Europe manufactured
by a French group
26
24.0 14
24
12
20
10
16 16.1
8 7.0
12 7.0
10.0 6
8
6.4
4
6.1
4 2
0 0 0.0
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
5
4.7
4
3
2.5
2
0
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
NISSAN HYUNDAI-KIA TOYOTA GROUP
(1) The scope of the groups reflects their situation as at 01/01/2020.
(2) Opel in included in GM group until July 31, 2017 and PSA group since August 1, 2017.
See page 74 for groups definitions.
Source: CCFA
Market share of the French PSA and Renault below the record level of 2014. a result of the diversification of its vehicle range,
groups (26% in total) fell slightly in 2019 but gained another 0.3 point of market share in 2019
remained higher than that of 2007. It exceeded The Fiat group, including the Chrysler group to 6.9%. BMW, including the Mini brand, remained
25% between 2001 and 2003, a more favorable brands, represented 6.1% of the Western stable at 7%.
period when the French and Southern European European market in 2019, compared to nearly 13%
markets weighed heavily. 45% of the Western in 1997 and 15% in 1989. In 2019, the market
European market, compared to 39% in 2019. The share of the Fiat brand amounted to 4.2%. Toyota Group market share, which rose
Opel brand, which joined the PSA group on August continuously from 1995 (3%) to 2007 (6%) fell to
1, 2017, confirms its market share above 5%. The American Ford group has experienced a 4.1% in 2016. Since then, the market share has
The market share of the Dacia brand is growing similar development to that of the Fiat group, grown again and reached 4.7% in 2019.
steadily each year and exceeds 3% in 2019, or a halving its market share between the early 1990s
volume of more than 450,000 units. DS’s market and today to stand at 6.4% in 2019. The Hyundai-Kia group’s market share, which was
share is 0.3%. almost non-existent in 1990 (0.1%), has grown
The German groups Daimler and BMW, specialists steadily over the past thirty years. From 2.1% in
Since 1995, the Volkswagen group (VW), with its in premium ranges and corporate sales, are 2000 to 4.2% in 2010, its market share reached
four main brands, has consolidated its positions pursuing a strategy to expand their range and 6.4% in 2019.
and reached 24% in 2019 after declining between continue to gain market share. Daimler (Mercedes-
2014 and 2018. This level remains however slightly Benz and smart), which has grown since 1997 as
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 15
europe • market & vehicles in use
71 & 99
product segments (multipurpose vehicles, 4WD,
SUV, sedan). They regularly renew existing models
(3008, 5008, Koleos, Megane Scenic, Captur) or
develop new ones (C3 Aircross). In addition, each
body includes different versions depending on the
Models and body styles offered equipment of the car which involves the marketing
of several thousand possible combinations (more
by French groups than 8,000 according to ADEME).
Groups Brands Economy and low range Low-mid range High-mid range Premium range
C-Zero, C1, C3, C4 Cactus, Nemo, C4, C3 Air Cross, C5 Air Cross,
CITROËN C-Elysée
Berlingo, E-Mehari Jumpy, SpaceTourer, Jumper
DS DS3, DS3 Crossback DS4 DS5, DS7
PSA group 308, 3008, 5008, Expert,
PEUGEOT 108, 208, 2008,Partner, Rifter 508, 301
Traveller, Boxer
Corsa, Adam, Combo, Karl, Mokka, Ampera, Ampera-E, Astra, Cascada, Antara, Insignia,
OPEL
Crossland, Grandland Zafira, Movano Vivaro
Megane (including Scenic,
RENAULT Twingo, Clio, Captur, Kangoo, ZOE Trafic, Kadjar, Koleos Espace, Talisman
Grand Scenic), Master
RENAULT DACIA Logan, Sandero, Duster, Dokker Lodgy
group ALPINE A110
LADA Niva
3, 5, 6, 7, 8, X3, X4, X5,
BMW i3 1, 2 Series, M2 4, X1, X2 Series X6, X7, Z4, I8, M3, M4, M5
BMW group Series
MINI Mini
C, E, G,S, SL,V,CLS,
MERCEDES-BENZ Citan Classes A, B, CLA, Vito, Sprinter GLA EQC,GLC, GLE, GLS,GT
DAIMLER group classes, G, SLC, SLK Series
SMART fortwo, forfour
ALFA ROMEO Mito Giulietta Giulia, 4C, Stelvio
Panda, 500, G.Punto, Punto, Fiorino,
FIAT 124 Spider, Ducato, Tipo Talento
Doblo, Qubo
FIAT group Wrangler, Compass,
JEEP Renegade Grand Cherokee
Cherokee
LANCIA Ypsilon
Ka+,Fiesta, T. Courier, T. Connect, Focus, Kuga, Transit, Transit S-Max, Mustang, Galaxy,
FORD EUROPE FORD Mondeo
Ecosport Custom Edge
S60, S90,V60, V90, XC60,
GEELY VOLVO V40, XC40
XC90
HONDA HONDA Jazz Civic, HR-V CR-V
HYUNDAI I10, I20, IX20, Kona I30, Elantra, H-1 I40, Santa Fe, Tucson, Ioniq
HYUNDAI KIA Carens, Cee-d, Ceed, Niro,
KIA Picanto, Soul, Stonic, Venga Optima, Sportage, Stinger Sorento
Proceed, Rio, Xceed
MAZDA MAZDA 2, CX-3 3, MX5, CX-5 6, CX-30
MITSUBISHI MITSUBISHI i-MiEV ASX, Spacestar, Outlander, ECL-Cross Pajero
NISSAN NISSAN Micra, Juke Leaf, Pulsar, NV200, NV300 Qashqai, X-Trail 370Z, T-R, NV400
Impreza, Legacy, Forester,
SUBARU SUBARU BRZ
Outback, Levorg
SUZUKI SUZUKI Celerio, Ignis, Jimny, Swift, SX4, Vitara Baleno Grand Vitara
16 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION Source: CCFA
europe • market & vehicles in use
Economy
Low-mid High-mid Premium Station Conver-
and low Others Sedans Coupés MPVs Others
range range range wagons tibles
range
GERMANY 31.4% 28.4% 19.9% 18.9% 1.4% 34.5% 15.7% 3.1% 9.3% 32.9% 4.4%
AUSTRIA 37.8% 26.5% 20.8% 14.7% 0.1% 33.3% 13.3% 1.2% 10.7% 38.3% 3.2%
BELGIUM 38.4% 26.1% 21.5% 14.0% 0.0% 35.6% 11.8% 1.9% 8.9% 40.7% 1.1%
DENMARK 42.8% 25.6% 19.9% 11.6% 0.1% 48.7% 15.4% 1.0% 5.0% 28.9% 1.0%
SPAIN 42% 29% 21% 7% 0% 44% 5% 1% 4% 47% 0%
FINLAND 26% 30% 26% 17% 2% 38% 23% 0% 3% 33% 3%
FRANCE 56% 25% 13% 6% 0% 49% 4% 1% 6% 38% 1%
GREECE 62% 19% 15% 3% 0% 61% 1% 0% 1% 35% 2%
IRELAND 32% 26% 29% 12% 0% 45% 5% 1% 3% 47% 0%
ITALY 62% 17% 14% 6% 0% 47% 5% 1% 5% 42% 1%
LUXEMBOURG 31% 26% 20% 23% 0% 31% 12% 4% 7% 43% 3%
THE NETHERLANDS 44% 25% 14% 16% 0% 52% 12% 1% 2% 32% 2%
PORTUGAL 47% 28% 15% 9% 1% 46% 14% 2% 3% 32% 2%
UNITED KINGDOM 37% 23% 21% 18% 0% 45% 6% 3% 4% 42% 1%
SWEDEN 18% 23% 27% 32% 1% 29% 25% 1% 3% 40% 2%
EU 15 43% 25% 18% 13% 1% 42% 9% 2% 6% 38% 2%
ICELAND 31% 21% 31% 16% 1% 24% 3% 0% 2% 61% 10%
NORWAY 20% 24% 23% 33% 0% 43% 12% 0% 3% 40% 1%
SWITZERLAND 29% 22% 24% 24% 1% 31% 12% 3% 7% 44% 3%
ALL 18 COUNTRIES 42% 25% 19% 14% 1% 42% 9% 2% 6% 39% 2%
40
42.2%
11 OUT OF 15
Best-selling models in Western
30
24.9% Europe in 2019 were in the economy
20 18.6% and low range
13.7%
► RANKING OF THE 25 LEADING
10 MODELS IN 2019
Market
0.6% Models Units
0 share
ECONOMY AND LOW-MID RANGE HIGH-MID RANGE PREMIUM RANGE OTHERS VOLKSWAGEN GOLF 422,319 3.0%
LOW RANGE RENAULT CLIO 291,853 2.0%
VOLKSWAGEN POLO 247,026 1.7%
2000 2006 2017 2019 VOLKSWAGEN
242,686 1.7%
Source: CCFA TIGUAN
FORD FIESTA 219,078 1.5%
PEUGEOT 208 216,007 1.5%
In 2019, the diversity of the offer remains very Renault Captur, etc.). Of the top 15 models sold
RENAULT CAPTUR 206,763 1.4%
strong; the market shares of the top 15 vehicles in Western Europe, five models belong to the OPEL CORSA 206,393 1.4%
sold in Western Europe amounted to 24%, against MPVs category, which now accounts for 39% of FORD FOCUS 205,859 1.4%
30% in 2015 and 40% in 2000. On the lower the market, up from 21% in 2014. CITROEN C3 202,355 1.4%
ranges, the French groups, which offered eight NISSAN QASHQAI 200,701 1.4%
models, now offer forty. Of the 5 best-selling lower- Each European country kept its characteristics DACIA SANDERO 198,663 1.4%
end models in Western Europe in 2019, 3 belong until 2008: Southern Europe favoured the low and VOLKSWAGEN T-ROC 195,311 1.4%
to a French group. low-mid ranges while Northern Europe always TOYOTA YARIS 189,669 1.3%
favoured higher ranges and station wagons. In FIAT 500 186,986 1.3%
The economy and lower range dominates the West 2009, the success of the low range and sedans, PEUGEOT 3008 186,551 1.3%
European market with 11 models in this category particularly in Germany and the United Kingdom, FIAT PANDA 181,379 1.3%
among the 15 best-selling models and 42.2% of reduced the contrast between the different regions, DACIA DUSTER 177,686 1.2%
registrations in 2019 (vs 40% in 2012), a figure but after the crisis these two countries regained PEUGEOT 2008 157,917 1.1%
that has been stable since 2014. On the other their specificities. In these two countries, the RENAULT MEGANE 155,600 1.1%
hand, the ratio of the lower mid-range, which is market shares of the lower ranges remain 5 to 11 SKODA OCTAVIA 155,414 1.1%
rich in sedans, fell by nearly 5 points over the points below the European average, while those of FORD KUGA 149,198 1.0%
same period, to stand at 24.9% in 2019. The upper the higher ranges remain above (39% compared PEUGEOT 308 136,609 1.0%
ranges (upper-middle, upper and luxury) are up 4 to 32% on average in Europe). MINI MINI 129,400 0.9%
points compared to 2014 and reached 32.4% of SEAT LEON 126,105 0.9%
the market in 2019. Source: CCFA
-18 POINTS
level of 2011). France, Belgium and Spain, starting Hybrid and electric powertrains, still emerging,
from diesel market share above 70% experienced continue to develop in Western European markets.
the strongest declines over this period (-45 points). The hybrid cars market share accelerated in 2019
Conversely, Greece, starting from a very low (+2.2 points) to 7.5%, thanks to the contribution
Drop in the share of new cars fitted level (10% in 2011), saw the diesel market share of the German, Dutch and English markets. The
continue to increase until 2014. But, since that date, electric cars market share also increased in 2019
with diesel engines as a proportion it has followed the same downward trend as in other (+1 point) to 2.4%, thanks to significant sales growth
of total registrations between 2016 countries. in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom.
and 2019
In Europe, the engine sizes and average power 2010; in 2019, it accounted for 15.7% of the Europe, in a market which grew very slightly in
of the car engines differ considerably from one Western European market, doubling its market 2019, sales of diesel cars fell by 14% and now
country to another. They depend largely on the share in ten years and a volume of 2.2 million account for 31.1% of total sales. The situation
economic, tax and geographical conditions of units. The equipment rate varies widely according remains contrasted in terms of level and variation
each national market. Due to the minimisation of to national characteristics. In Switzerland, Austria depending on the country. Portugal is now the only
the engines (downsizing, identical power of the and the Nordic countries, this share is higher to country in which more than half (50.9%) of new
engine with a smaller cylinder capacity, boosting meet the demands of mountainous topography cars registered remain diesel cars. Spain, Italy,
the petrol energy), the average capacity of new or weather conditions. It reaches almost 50% in Ireland and Greece experienced the biggest drops
passenger cars in Europe decreased by 190 cc Norway and Switzerland. In Germany, it is also in diesel market share in 2019 (-10 points as an
between 2007, high point, and 2019. On the other higher than the European average with 21% average). In Italy, this sharp drop (-11 points)
hand, the average power has increased by 12 kW market share, an increase of 13 points in ten brought the rate below 40%, while in Ireland it
since 2013 to reach 102 kW in 2019. The levels years. remains around 45%. On the contrary, this rate
of these indicators are higher in Northern Europe. practically stagnated in Germany, where it stands
The diesel share is largely influenced by the at 32%.
The share of 4WD continuously increased since regulations and taxation of each country. In
18 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
europe • market & vehicles in use
As a % of DIESEL CAR OWNERSHIP IN EU-17 As a % of SHARE OF CARS OVER TEN YEARS OLD IN EU-17
all cars in use all cars in use
50 46.1
46
42.8
40 44
42
30 40
38
20
36
10 34
32
0 30
1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
As of January 1, 2018, the passenger car fleet in In the new EU member states and Turkey, the
Western Europe (European Union 15 countries, fleet grew by 20% over the period 2014-2018 (an
Switzerland and Norway) amounted to 228 million. average of 4.7% per year) but with contrasting
High levels of ownership and the crisis affected trends depending on the country. In Slovenia,
the fleet growth, which was on average 1.9% per the fleet grew by only 10%, or barely more than
year between 1992 and 2009. From 2009, this rate in Spain (+9%), while in Turkey and Romania, it
slowed down to 1.1% per year on average over the grew by 26% and 31% respectively over the same
period 2009-2018. In 2018, the fleet increased in period. Within these new EU member states and
all European countries, except Greece, where it fell Turkey, the share of diesel engines is 33% on Share of vehicles in use in Western
by 0.1%. In France, Italy and the United Kingdom, average, up about one and a half points per year Europe which were over ten years
the fleet is growing less quickly than the European for several years. old in 2018
average.
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 19
europe • market & vehicles in use
41%
in 2007. outside France), eight points higher than the
level observed in 2007. This growth was driven
In 2019, Italy, Germany and France experienced in particular by market share gains in the United
growth in light commercial vehicle registrations Kingdom (+2.4 points) and Italy (+1.1 point).
above the European average. Germany and
Share of French groups in sales France, as well as the United Kingdom, have
now exceeded their pre-crisis level, gaining over
of light commercial vehicles in the period 2007-2019 respectively 82,000 units
Western Europe in 2019 (+38%), 18,000 units (+4%) and 28,000 units
(+8%). Conversely, although in very strong growth
1.8 38
36
1.6
34
1.4
32
1.2 30
1.0 28
2000 2002 2004 2006 (1) 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2019 2000 2002 2004 2006 (1) 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2019
(1) In 2006, there was a change of scope in Spain: see note on page 74.
The tax rules are not identical in all European For many years, the renewal of products and the of the Renault Trafic and Master, the Peugeot
countries, so the share of light commercial vehicles adapted answer they bring to today’s economy Boxer and the Citroën Jumper. In the small van
(commercial vehicles of less than 5.1t) in all light in terms of transportation, services and mobility segment (23% of sales), French manufacturers
vehicles varies from 6.6% in Greece to 20.7% in have improved sales of these vehicles. 2009 occupy the first three places in the ranking with
Norway. It accounted for 12.2% as an average in crisis had a substantial impact on the market, the Renault Kangoo, the Peugeot Partner and
Western Europe in 2019. which had returned to its 1996 levels. Since the Citroën Berlingo. The Opel Combo is also in
2014, this market has been growing steadily and seventh position.
In terms of volume, France remains the leading French manufacturers have gained market share
European market, with 479,780 units, ahead of compared to 2007.
the United Kingdom (367,390 units), Germany
(309,960 units), Spain (215,790 units) and Italy In the van segment, which accounts for nearly half
(188,590 units). of sales, the market shares of the French groups
have been maintained, thanks to the success
20 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
europe • market & vehicles in use
26,000
the market has grown steadily (+6.3%), a sign that 52,537 in 2007). The French market is historically
the 2009 crisis is over. But unlike the 1993 crisis, the second largest European market behind
when the market had returned to high levels five Germany with 18% of volumes sold in Western
years later, the 2009 crisis seems to be leading Europe.
to a new equilibrium, at a lower level.
Renault Trucks registrations in
Western Europe in 2019
► HEAVY TRUCKS MARKET AND PRODUCTION IN WESTERN RENAULT TRUCKS' MARKET SHARE
EUROPE (in thousands of units) As a % IN THE MAIN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
36
Change
2010 2015 2018 2019
2019/2018
32
NEW HEAVY TRUCK REGISTRATIONS 28 27.8
24
From 5.1t to
54 48 55 57 5.0%
15.9 t 20
16 10.8
16t and more 159 217 251 257 2.6% 12
8
6.2
6.0 5.1
TOTAL 212 265 305 314 3.0% 4 3.2
1.3
0
FRANCE SPAIN BELGIUM ITALY UNITED THE GERMANY
KINGDOM NETHERLANDS
2005 2010 2015 2019
360
12
340
320 314 11
300
10
280
260 9
8.2
240
8
220
200 7
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
Source: CCFA
In Europe, the heavy truck market reached a record The favourable trend for heavy trucks is slow and Renault Trucks’ international development has been
level in 2007; the recovery in investment and that regular. Vehicles of 16 tonnes and more (rigids or affected by the collapse of the Southern European
of world trade since the second half of 2003 had tractors) represent more than 8 vehicles out of 10. markets, which accounted for more than a quarter of
boosted that recovery. However, it was strongly registrations in Western Europe in 2002, compared
impacted by the financial and economic crisis in The share of commercial vehicles using alternative to 19% in 2019.
2009. energy (gas, electric, hybrids) remains very low
(around 1.6% of the market in Western Europe) but Renault Trucks’ market share in Western Europe has
Heavy truck investment cycles are very long: the the energy transition is a growing concern for players been slowly rising since the low point in 2014 (7.6%)
high points of 2000, 2006-2008 represent 75% more in the sector (CO2 reduction objectives, city traffic and stood at 8.3% in 2019. In France, the market
than the lowest point in 1993, i.e. nearly 150,000 restrictions and sustainable urban logistics). share has been rising since 2016 and accounts for
additional vehicles. Compared to the two dark years 27.7% in 2019. Outside Europe, Renault Trucks
for commercial vehicles (1993 and 2009), the market In France, the NGV market continues to grow sells significant volumes in Africa (Maghreb) and
is finding it more difficult to recover after the most and represents 2.7% of registrations in 2019. The the Middle East.
recent crisis than in 1990s. In 2019, with 55,250 alternative energy range will soon be extended
units, the French market nevertheless returned to to electric vehicles, which will be very relevant to
its average level of 2006- 2008. meeting environmental requirements in urban areas.
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 21
europe • market & vehicles in use
27%
the level observed in 2007. The difference between represented 416,000 units in 2019. The market
production and sales of new vehicles is thus 2.6 should grow further, given the low car densities
million vehicles. observed in these countries, compared to Western
Europe.
French groups have been commercially present in
New light vehicle market share of this area for many years and also have industrial
French groups in the major new EU sites: PSA in Slovakia, the Czech Republic (with
Toyota in the latter country) and Poland (with the
member states
In thousands of units NEW LIGHT VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (UP TO 5T)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
VI
A
NI
A
RI
A
NI
A
NI
A
TI
A
KI
A IA RY P. ND
TI TO GA UA VE OA VA AN GA RE LA
LA ES L H O CR O M N H PO
BU LIT SL SL RO HU EC
CZ
40
30
20
10
0
IA P. VI
A ND Y EC IA IA IA IA IA IA
►THE VEHICLES MARKET AND PRODUCTION IN THE NEW AN RE TI AR AK ON AR EN AT AN
U OA G CE V T V O
TH CH LA L
UN LL LO ES UL
G
LO CR
M
EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES (in thousands of units) LI E PO H A S B S RO
CZ
2018 2019 Change
FRENCH GROUPS MARKET SHARE:
VEHICLE PRODUCTION (1) As a % of total market NEW HEAVY TRUCKS
15
Passenger cars 4,131 4,150 0.4%
Light commercial vehicles
203 209 3.1% 10
Heavy vehicles
NEW VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (2)
5
Passenger cars 1,397 1,479 5.9%
Light commercial vehicles 173 177 2.4%
0
Heavy vehicles (excluded
74 68 -7.2% IA IA KI
A
VI
A P. IA ND IA NI
A RY
coaches and buses) OAT ON VA TI RE AN LA AN VE GA
T LA U M
CR ES O H
TH PO RO
O N
SL EC LI SL HU
CZ
(1) 6 countries.
(2) 11 countries, excluding Malta and Cyprus. 2008 2015 2019
Sources: CCFA, OICA Source: CCFA
Whilst the EU-15 automotive market is now In 2019, the passenger car market evolved in a the exception of those relating to the engine. The
dominated by replacement demand, the same contrasting manner depending on the country. weight of diesel in registrations in new EU member
does not apply to new member states and Sales increased in most countries, very strongly in states stood at 19% in 2019, 12 points less than in
neighbouring countries, where the potential for Hungary (+16%) and Romania (+23%), and more Western European countries. The share of electric
access to vehicle ownership is much higher. moderately (around 4%) in others. The Czech and hybrid passenger cars in 2019 was 0.5% and
Republic and Slovenia are the only countries 6.3% respectively (compared to 2.4% and 7.5%
In 2019, passenger car registrations in the new where sales fell (-4% and -8% respectively). in Western Europe).
member states of the European Union grew by Developments in the light commercial vehicle
5.9%, a very strong growth, while that of Western market range from -6% in Slovakia to +14.6% in
European countries was almost zero (+0.7%). The Hungary.
light commercial vehicles market grew by 2.4%
(compared to 2.9% in the 18 EU countries). That The technical characteristics (cylinder capacity,
of commercial vehicles fell by 7.6% (vs. +3% in power, body) of passenger cars registered in this
Western Europe). zone are close to those of Western Europe with
22 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
europe • data about the automotive market
2.6
present, the sector’s workforce fell sharply between amounted to 84,000 euros as an average in Europe,
2005 and 2010 (-270,000 people), while it increased compared to €51,000 in 2012. In France, it stood
in the 6 new member states (+190,000). Then, at €87,000 in 2019. The level of personnel costs
thanks to the markets growth and the value per person employed is also higher than that of the
maximisation of products manufactured in this zone,
the workforce regained 170,000 people between
European Union.
MILLIONS
2010 and 2017, in particular thanks to Germany The weight of employers’ social contributions in
(+117,000 people), the United Kingdom (+18,000) personnel costs was 29% in France, compared to
People employed in the automotive
and Spain (+17,000), without however returning 17% in Germany, the European average being 21%. industry in Europe
to their 2005 level (-100,000). In Eastern Europe,
In € thousands VALUE ADDED PER EMPLOYEE IN 2017 In € thousands PERSONNEL COSTS PER EMPLOYEE IN 2017
160 100
140
80
120
100 EU-28 60 EU-28
80
60 40
40 20
20
0 0
6 NEW EU SPAIN BELGIUM ITALY FRANCE SWEDEN GERMANY UNITED 6 NEW EU SPAIN ITALY BELGIUM FRANCE UNITED SWEDEN GERMANY
MEMBER STATES(1) KINGDOM MEMBER STATES(1) KINGDOM
(1) 6 main new EU member states: Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia: body and trailer manufacturing employees are included in the figures
for vehicle manufacturers.
Sources: Eurostat, CCFA estimates
The automotive industry, one of the essential industry. Germany accounted for 34% and Spain, six new member states.
sectors of the European economy, comprises: Italy and the United Kingdom about 6% each. New
• vehicle manufacture; member states, represented here by 6 countries According to ACEA, the ratio of auto industry jobs
• body and trailer manufacture; (Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, as a portion of the working population averaged
• automotive equipment manufacture. Slovakia and Slovenia), represent an increasing 1% in the European Union in 2017 with disparities
share of the total workforce. They reached 29% between the member countries. In Germany,
The data collated in this table come from national in 2017. Slovakia and the Czech Republic, this ratio is
company surveys, harmonised by Eurostat. The between 2 and 3%, against 0.5% in the United
difficulties encountered both at national level and The automotive industries remain very different Kingdom and 0.7% in France and Italy. In Poland,
at European level, both for the collection and the from one country to another, in terms of structure the share of jobs in the automotive industry in
homogenisation of the data, do not allow us to and salary costs. In Germany and Sweden, more the working population is very slightly above the
have reliable figures after 2017. than 60% of the workforce in the automotive European average at 1.1%. In addition to direct
industry was employed by the automotive industry jobs, the automotive industry also generates
In 2017, France represented 9% of the total in 2017. This share is 49% in France, 41% in Italy indirect jobs which are estimated by ACEA to be
workforce in the European Union automotive and 45% in Spain, while it is around 18% in the one third of direct jobs.
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 23
france • french automotive groups
EUROPE
France Belarus Romania
01 Batilly 20 Minsk 31 Mioveni (Pitesti)(Dacia)
02 Blainville
03 Bourg-en-Bresse Spain United Kingdom
04 Dieppe 21 Barcelone 32 Ellesmere Port (Opel)
05 Douai 22 Palencia 33 Luton (Opel)
06 Flins 23 Saragosse
07 Fourchambault
08 Hordain
24 Valladolid Russia
25 Vigo
09 Limoges 34 Izhevsk (AvtoVAZ )
26 Madrid (Villaverde)
10 Marolles-en-Hurepoix 35 Kalouga (PSA-Mitsubishi)
36 Moscow
11 Maubeuge
12 Mulhouse
Italy 37 Togliatti (AvtoVAZ)
13 Poissy 27 Val di Sangro
14 Rennes Slovakia
15 Saint-Nazaire Poland 38 Trnava
16 Sandouville 28 Gliwice (Opel)
17 Sochaux Slovenia
Portugal
80
Germany 29 Mangualde
39 Novo Mesto
18 Eisenach (Opel)
Turkey
19 Rüsselsheim (Opel)
Czech Republic 40 Bursa (Tofas)
30 Kolín (PSA-Toyota) 41 Bursa (project)
52
AMERICA
Argentina
42 Buenos Aires
43 Cordoba (Santa Isabel)
Brazil
44 Curitiba
45 Porto Real
Colombia
46 Envigado (Medellin)
United States
47 Orion (General Motors)
ASIA
Ethiopia China
Mexico 54 Wukro (MIE)
62 Chengdu (DPCA)
48 Cuernavaca (Nissan) 63 Shenzhen (CAPSA) Indonesia
64 Wuhan (DPCA)
Kenya 75 (Indomobil)
Uruguay 65 Wuhan (DFPV2)
55 Thika (URYSIA) 66 Wuhan (Dongfeng)
49 Montevideo (Nordex) 56 CMC Motors (project) 67 Shenyang (RBJAC) Japan
68 Wuhan (DRAC) 76 Mizushima (Mitsubishi)
Morocco
AFRICA
69 Shiyan (eGT-NEV)
57 Kenitra Malaysia
58 Casablanca South Korea 77 Gurun
Algeria 59 Tanger 70 Changwon (General Motors) 78 (Tan Chong Motors) (project)
50 Oran (Oued Tlelat) 71 Bupyeong (General Motors)
51 Oran (Tafraoui) Nigeria 72 Busan (Renault Samsung Motors) Pakistan
(project) 60 Kaduna (PAN Nigéria Ltd) 79 Karachi (Al-Futtaim) (project)
India
Saoudi Arabia Tunisia 73 Dehli (HMFCL) (project) Vietnam
53 KAEC 61 Tunis (STAFIM) 74 Chennai (Renault-Nissan) 80 Chu Lai (Thaco)
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 25
france • french groups
251
group on January 1, 2017, of Jinbei and Huasong Compared to 2007, before the crisis, production
on January 1, 2018; integration of Opel into the increased by 18% for passenger cars (+945,000
PSA Group on August 1, 2017) strengthened their units), and it increased by 24% for commercial
European presence, but the volatility of outlets vehicles (+195,000 units).
outside Europe, on a global market that fell by 4.5%,
affected their production in 2019. Since 1996, their The French groups have a great diversity of sites:
production has nevertheless increased by 92%, ie the historical factories (Sochaux, Flins), recent
an average annual growth by 3%, both thanks to factories in emerging countries (Tangier, Kenitra),
the increase in outlets in Europe outside France, large ones (Vigo, Pitesti), those producing only
Vehicles produced by French then, subsequently, in those outside Europe. The one type of model (Trnava, Novo Mesto) or a
automotive groups worldwide groups have notably developed their production great diversity (Mulhouse, Togliatti), those of light
capacities in the latter zone. commercial vehicles or their derivatives (Hordain,
since 1898 Batilly), those of partnership (Val di Sangro,
Passenger car production amounted to 6.2 million Chennai) and those of small size.
26 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • french groups
79%
and Huasong, on January 1, 2018, and finally of to the European Union (see page 87) represent
Opel within the PSA group since August 1, 2017, 61% of French groups sales, against 54% in
is reflected in by new sales volumes outside 2018 and 40% in 2012. The growing share of
France, which offset declines observed in 2019, Europe in French groups sales since 2013, can
particularly in China and Latin America. be explained both by the partial recovery of the
markets of Southern Europe, the integration
Sales in France have been growing steadily since of Opel but also by the fall of part of the world
2012, but the French market is now around 20%. markets. Share of outside France
Thus, foreign markets now represent 80% of the in French groups’ sales
outlets for French manufacturers, against two
thirds in 2000 and less than 60% in 1990.
NEW PASSENGER CARS NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES NEW HEAVY TRUCKS
(UP TO 5T) (OVER 5T)
In millions of units In thousands of units In thousands of units
7.5 90
1,025
7.0 1,050 80
6.5 6,2
6.0 70
850
5.5 60
5.0
4.5 650 50
(1)
4.0 40
3.5 450 37
30
3.0
2.5 250 20
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
(1) Since 2012, the scope of heavy trucks deals with
► VEHICLES REGISTRATIONS IN FRANCE invoices for 7t and more (see note page 81).
NEW PASSENGER CARS NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES NEW HEAVY TRUCKS
In millions of units In thousands of units (UP TO 5T) In thousands of units (OVER 5T)
2.5 500 60
450 480 55
2.2 50
2.0 400
350 40
1.5
300 317 30
1.0
1.3 250
20
200
15
0.5 150 10
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
French groups developed their activities around the same manufacturers reached 6.2 million units. compared to 2013). Finally, deliveries of industrial
world further to the opening up and development of vehicles fell by 2% in 2019 (22,000 units), or 15%
emerging markets. In 1990, the French market for From 2009 to 2015, the impact of the crisis in more than their low point in 2013.
new passenger cars represented 2.3 million units, countries where French groups have a strong
compared to 3.3 million units produced worldwide presence affected their deliveries of passenger cars
by the PSA and Renault groups. These data outside France. In 2019, they fell 12% to 4.9 million
amounted respectively to 2.1 and 4.6 million cars units, but remained 28% higher than their low point
in 2000. In 2019, registrations in France reached in 2013. Those of light commercial vehicles held up
2.2 million units, while the world production of these well in 2019 with 782,000 units (+2% and +53%
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 27
france • data about the automotive industry
x2
The automotive industry is distinguished by a high level the automobile requires significant investments: since
of export turnover: around 63%, compared to 39% on the 2009 crisis, the automotive industry has devoted
average in the industry. an average of 2.4% of its turnover to it each year. In
2017, tangible investments in the automotive industry
The value added per employee amounted to 120,000 represented 5% of total investments in industry
euros in 2019, compared to 88,000 euros on average (including mining, manufacturing, and water and energy
Doubling of value added per in the industry. Expressed in 2015 euros, it rose from production and distribution), up from 7% in 2009.
56,000 euros in 2012 to 115,000 in 2019 thanks to
person employed in the automotive the growth of the European market and to the internal In addition, the automotive sector has a significant
industry between 2012 and 2019 efforts of manufacturers in terms of productivity. impact on other sectors, in particular through its
purchases. The automotive sector’s total purchases
At the crossroads of many and various techniques, amounted to 55 billion euros, up 43% since 2013.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE BY THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING (1) DOMESTIC AND EXPORT SALES BY THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING (1)
As a % of sales In 2015 € billion
6 110
5.2 100
90
80
4 70
3.4
3.0 60
50
2 2.1 40
30
20
10
0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
DOMESTIC REVENUE TOTAL REVENUE
EXPORT REVENUE
(1) CCFA estimates for 2018 and 2019 : see also pages 88 and 89.
Source: SESSI, INSEE since 2008
Each year, INSEE produces annual company feature in other business nomenclature categories investments, there are intangible investments
surveys, one of the main aids to reading French (see also page 67). which are not included in these figures (see page
industry trends. A major revamp of these 34 on research and development expenses).
surveys has been undertaken with the ESANE After 2004, in line with booming vehicle production, The share of export turnover has grown steadily
information system. Also, a new economic activity the added value (before tax) in automotive industry, since 1990, when it reached 38%, now hovering
nomenclature was introduced at the beginning of at constant value and per employee, fell under around 63%, compared to around 39% for the
2008 (see pages 88 and 89). the impact of different factors: costs linked to new manufacturing industry as a whole.
environmental standards, stagnation and decline
The automotive industry includes the production of the West European market for new vehicles.
of automobiles, bodywork, caravans and leisure In 2019, it more than doubled compared to the
vehicles, but also upstream, the manufacture of low point of 2012. So as to develop new models
automotive equipment. However, the statistics and optimise production capacities, automotive
do not cover the whole scope of suppliers to the manufacturing has dedicated 2.4% on average
automotive industry, since certain products like of its turnover to its investments, around 2 billion
tyres, plastics, equipment supplies and glass euros per year. In addition to these tangible
28 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • data about the automotive industry
4.1
(suppliers’ sites) and trickle-down jobs (generated economies.
Multipliers 2.3 2.8 2.3 4.1 4.8 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.5
The automotive sector has powerful spillover and services. Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, regions. They also cooperate with automotive
effects on the rest of the economy. According to traditionally closely related to the automotive and competitiveness clusters, or even integrate them.
INSEE, one unit of value added in the automotive metallurgical sectors, had 45,000 non-temporary
sector generates 4.1 units of value added in the employees in the automotive sector in 2015,
national economy. Thus, the automotive industry including 14,570 in the automotive industry
has the largest multiplier of value added, after and 14,820 in the manufacture of automotive
aircraft and space construction. In addition, an equipment. Despite the absence of large local
industrial site generates local economic activity manufacturers, the Center region has 29,000 jobs
that is not limited to its employees (direct in the automotive sector where subcontractors,
employment). Indirect and induced jobs are also material suppliers and service providers revolve ► NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN THE
created, as shown by various INSEE works in the around world-class equipment manufacturers. In CORE OF THE SECTOR (IN THOUSANDS)
regions. Indirect jobs correspond to personnel all of these regions, the number of such jobs has
employed by suppliers, subcontractors and service declined over the past 20 years. Between 2008
providers, while induced jobs are those necessary and 2015, the decrease is 24% on average in
to satisfy the consumption of employees (direct France. 2008 2015
and indirect) and their families.
The research and development activities of the
Île-de-France 60,600 46,700
The Institute of Urban Planning and Development entire automotive industry are located in Île-de-
of Île-de-France estimates that in 2018, the France (such as PSA in Vélizy and Renault in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 54,300 44,000
automotive sector in this region included around Guyancourt), but also in other regions. INSEE
73,000 employees in 1,600 establishments; 57% Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie estimated that 12% Grand Est 51,200 40,200
of the workforce works for bodybuilders, 13% (13% on average in France) of Domestic Research
Hauts-de-France 45,400 32,900
for equipment manufacturers, 19% for industrial and Development Spending (DRDS) in the region
suppliers and 11% for technological services were carried out by the automotive industry in Bourgogne-Franche-
34,600 28,200
(design offices and IT Services and Engineering 2013. In Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, in 2016, Comté
Company). In the Seine Valley, which brings the automotive industry concentrated, according
together the departments of the west of Île-de- to INSEE, 70% of research and development Normandie 27,600 20,100
France and the Normandy departments on the spending by mid-size companies and large locally Pays de la Loire 20,800 16,800
coast or crossed by the Seine, there are 54,400 based companies.
jobs directly linked to the automotive industry, Nouvelle-Aquitaine 15,400 9,600
including 42,530 in automobile manufacturing. In 2019, 11 Regional Associations of the Bretagne 14,600 8,800
The broader automotive sector, which includes Automobile Industry (ARIA), regional relays of the
manufacturing, trading and maintenance and PFA, Automotive Industry and Mobilities, bring Centre-Val de Loire 13,000 8,200
repair activities, employs 110,000 people. together companies (manufacturers, equipment
Occitanie 7,600 6,800
suppliers and other suppliers) of the automotive
The automotive industry is also a structuring sector in the region, with public authorities and Provence-Alpes-Côte
1,600 1,400
sector for the Hauts-de-France economy with educational and research institutions. Their d'Azur
56,000 direct and indirect jobs, including 15,400 missions are diverse: increasing competitiveness,
in automotive manufacturing, 15,000 in the improving industrial performance, access to new Metropolitan France 346,700 263,700
manufacture of automotive equipment and 26,300 opportunities, emergence of new projects and
in the supply of materials, intermediate products also promoting the image of the sector in the Source: Insee Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Analyses #33
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 29
france • competitiveness
3.5%
developing products to challenge the competition, sold. In France, they represent, in 2019, 3.5% of
in research and development particularly to meet GDP, against 1.5% in Italy, 1% in Spain and 0.5%
energy transition, digital, new mobilities etc. In in Germany according to Eurostat. The CNI also
order to cope with these current revolutions, estimates that more than 20% of the receipts of
investments remain important (see pages 24, 88 three (property contribution of companies - CFE,
and 89). contribution on the added value of companies -
CVAE, social solidarity contribution of companies
Share of production taxes in GDP
In France, after the crisis, the government - C3S) of the five main taxes on production come in France compared
introduced a policy to improve competitiveness; from the industry, which in 2018 represented to 0.5% in Germany
manufacturers have also used all the internal 13% of the added value of the entire economy.
LABOR COSTS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY MARGIN RATE (GOS/VA) AND INVESTMENT RATE (GFCF/GOS)
Results of the four-yearly ECMOSS survey and extrapolation using the quarterly index As a % OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
of labor costs
60
In euro per hour
44
2008: change in classification
55
40
50
36
45
32
40
28
24 35
20 30
2000 Q1 2004 Q1 2008 Q1 2012 Q1 2016 Q1 2020 Q1 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
EURO ZONE GERMANY FRANCE SPAIN ITALY MARGIN RATE INVESTMENTS RATE
Source: Eurostat, Rexecode calculation The margin rate is the ratio of the gross operating surplus to the added value before
tax, and the investment rate is the ratio of gross fixed capital formation to value added,
before tax.
Source: INSEE (national account, base 2014)
Competitiveness reflects the industry’s ability to in France continues to be one of the highest in On the other hand, there are factors linked to the
cope with competition and develop its sales. It is the European Union, including the euro zone. It is opening up of the market whether domestically
a relative notion, in this sense that reflects their superior to those of the UK, Italy, Spain, and much and abroad. In general, the domestic market,
position in respect of other actors on their markets. more than those of Eastern Europe. Under these known as the "base market", is a solid pillar for
conditions, the production in France of vehicles in sustaining growth in external markets through
The French automobile industry must ensure the lower range segment is no longer profitable. international development and innovation. For the
a performance comparable to that of its global Other measures that may also relate to corporate French automotive industry, the French market and
competitors in order to continue to develop. tax charges should be taken to continue to bring especially the European market can be considered
Among the factors that affect the competitiveness the production conditions of the France site closer like their base market; it is open to competition and
of French industry are wage costs, which are to those of the euro zone average. non-European manufacturers enjoy a significant
particularly linked to the weight of social charges and constantly growing share. In other car-
on the work factor. Between 2000 and 2009, Beyond the problems of the overall manufacturing countries such as Japan, access to
wage costs in the manufacturing industry moved competitiveness of the economy or industry the market is more difficult and local manufacturers
closer to German costs and away from average (wage, social and fiscal costs), there are also therefore have a broader base market upon which
costs in the euro zone, which penalised the competitiveness factors specific to the French they can build their international development.
competitiveness of French manufacturers and automobile industry, which result from both the
their suppliers in France. characteristics of the good automotive industry and
those of the global automotive industry.
In 2012, as part of a competitiveness drive, the
government introduced the Competitiveness Exchange rate fluctuations can have a non-
and Employment Tax Credit (CICE), calculated negligible impact on terms of trade because of
according to the total wage bill, but excluding the substantial and growing share of production
salaries more than 2.5 times the minimum wage outside the euro zone. However, the latter
(SMIC). The tax reduction rate fell from 4% of represented 55% of total foreign outlets in 2019,
gross wage in 2013 to 7% in 2017. From 2019, against 47% in 2002. In 2019, the euro remains
the CICE will be transformed into permanent relief on average at a lower level than between 2009
from employers’ social contributions. Nevertheless, and 2014 against the dollar and the won.
the weight of social charges on the work factor
30 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • competitiveness
As a %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
FRANCE INCL. TT EU-15: USA (1): JAPAN SOUTH KOREA
JAPANESE AND EXCL. GM, FORD,
KOREAN BRANDS CHRYSLER,
DODGE,TESLA, JEEP
2005 2019
(1) USA: market share based on light vehicles.The Big Three are General Motors,
Ford and Chrysler (excluding European brands).
Source: CCFA
SHARE OF EXPORTS BY FRENCH MANUFACTURERS EURO EXCHANGE RATE VARIATION: FOR 1 EURO
As a % OUTSIDE THE EURO ZONE (AS A %)
75 1.9
70 1.7
65 1.5
60 1.3
55 1.1
50 0.9
45 0.7
40 0.5
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
PASSENGERS CARS LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN DOLLARS IN YENS
HEAVY TRUCKS IN POUND STERLING IN WONS
Source: CCFA Source: BCE
RAW MATERIAL PRICES IN EURO
Base 100 in 2015
350
300
250
200
150
127
119
100 107
94
50
J08 J09 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14 J15 J16 J17 J18 J19 janv-20
STEEL (WORLD PRICE, COLD ROLLED COIL) RUBBER (MALAYSIA PRICE) OIL (ROTTERDAM PRICE) PLATINUM (US PRICE)
Source: Rexecode
Raw materials prices, which can impact the reach a peak in February 2017. But after that date,
production costs of user companies, fluctuate the price of rubber fell sharply, while that of steel
55%
significantly, even during the same year. remained at a high level, reaching a new peak
Expressed in euros, the prices of raw materials in September 2018, to then decrease during the
had increased significantly from 2001 to 2012 year 2019. Conversely, the price of platinum fell
but the repercussion of these in the final sales continuously until January 2019, to then increase
prices had proved difficult, in a context of intense regularly throughout the year. Finally, when it
competition and arbitrage in terms of consumption comes to the price of crude oil, its variations are
Share of exports by French within households. Prices then hit a low point at much more erratic. After having fallen sharply at
the beginning of 2016 and then changed in a the end of 2018, it showed an upward trend during
manufacturers outside contrasting manner depending on the product 2019. In January 2020, the price of the main raw
the euro zone and fluctuating strongly during the year. Steel and materials used in the automotive industry remained
rubber saw their prices rise sharply in 2016 to at a level above the average for last five years.
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 31
france • sector
2018
2008, from 143 in January to 70 in December. Then improve the efficiency of the automotive industry. It
it rebounded in 2010-2011 and, after fluctuating is now called PFA, "Filière Automobile et Mobilités".
around 93 until 2013, it progressed steadily to return As part of the industry’s national council (CNI), the
above 100 from 2015. automotive sector strategic committee (CSF) was
set up. The automotive CSF includes all members
The sector must now face three major disruptions of the segment, upstream and downstream,
(technological, digital and societal) which are including trade unions. A new sector contract was
Signing of the 2018-2022 leading to a profound reorganisation of the value signed in the spring of 2018.
sector contract chain. Companies must adapt to the reduction in
their traditional opportunities related to combustion
vehicles and invest in new products by training the
workforce in future technologies.
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
January 2005 January 2008 January 2011 January 2014 January 2017 January 2020
The financial and economic crisis had major innovation dynamics, promoting competitiveness decline in diesel in Europe or to facilitate and prepare
repercussions for the automotive sector, upstream throughout the sector, anticipating jobs and skills, for the emergence of electrified mobility in France.
with suppliers and downstream through to vehicle and expressing common positions in the sector, the
sales/maintenance, via transport of goods, equipment coordination of the organisation of trade fairs and the In 2019, the sector is mobilising in several areas. In
manufacturing and service to companies, including sector’s communication. March, it launched with Bpifrance the first promotion
research and development. Because of reduced of an automobile accelerator (Trajectoire PME-ETI).
business levels, degraded competitiveness and The automotive CSF was created in 2010 within In April, the consortium gathered around the PFA was
cut-throat competition, the fabric weakened and the the existing CNI, further to the industry conference chosen by the government for an autonomous vehicle
PFA had to fix new priorities to address the situation: signed up the same year, which now includes 15 experimentation program. Finally in December,
lean manufacturing, skills and professions of the other committees. It includes passenger car and the online platform www.monfuturjobauto.fr was
future, better management of communication, and heavy truck manufacturers present in France, Tier launched, developed by the sector with the support of
medium- and long-term competitiveness strategies 1 equipment manufacturers and a large number of the Investments for the Future Program (PIA) in order
for automakers and their suppliers. SMEs and mid-tier firms which supply the automotive to promote professional mobility and the development
industry and come from different sectors (mechanical, of skills in the automotive sector.
Since 2010, it has relied at the regional level plastics, die-stamping, foundry, etc.). The downstream
on the Regional Associations of the Automobile activities of the sector (distribution and repairs) are
Industry (ARIA). After an initial active phase, it was also present, as are R&D companies, in particular
consolidated in 2012, notably around the Automotive competitiveness clusters and the major public
Technical Committee (CTA) and its two councils, the research organisations (IFPEN, IFSTTAR). The trade
Automotive Technical Standardisation Council (CSTA) unions of the industrial branch are also represented.
and the Automotive Research Council (CRA). Five
programs have been defined: 2L100 (car consuming In May 2018, a new sector contract was signed for
2L per 100 km), Autonomous Vehicle, VALdriv PLM the period 2018-2022. It includes four structuring
(structuring and federating the digital transformation projects: being a player in the energy transition,
of the sector), FORCE (Optimised and Realistic creating the autonomous vehicle ecosystem and
Economic Carbon Fiber) and the Plant of the Future. experimenting on a large scale to offer new mobility
In addition, the PFA works in partnership with the services, anticipating changes in skills and jobs
competitiveness clusters. It is also a stakeholder needs, and strengthening the automotive industry
in automotive CSF. The PFA entered a new stage competitiveness. In 2018, the CSF took particular
at the end of 2017. Its missions focus on fostering action to deal with the industrial impacts of the sharp
32 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • sector
2015
authorities also provide sustainable support for the
During the financial crisis, this particularity was financing of structuring projects in the automotive
debilitating for the automotive industry and the industry. Since 2011, they have committed, through
public authorities introduced structural instruments various mechanisms, 650 million euros for a total
to finance them over the long term. Created in investment of 2 billion euros.
2009 under the banner “fund for the modernisation
of automotive equipment suppliers”, which became In addition, loans from the European Investment The first year of existence of the
the “automotive future fund” (FAA) in 2015, its Bank (EIB) or support programs for R&D (current
Automotive Future Fund
mission is to contribute to the development and "horizon 2020" plan) of the European Union also
► INVESTMENT FUNDS
Automotive future fund (FAA) (since January 2015) Objectives and attributions
€600 m distributed equally between three subscribers (Bpifrance, Renault and
Automotive future fund (FAA) Tier 1 PSA) to accompany Tier 1 supplier projects, investing amounts between €5
million and €60 million.
€50 m comprising five reference automotive equipment manufacturers (Bosch,
Faurecia, Valeo, Hutchinson and Plastic Omnium) and FAA Tier1, specially
Automotive future fund (FAA) Tier 2
dedicated to Tier 2 automotive suppliers, investing amounts between €1 million
and €5 million.
Source: Bpifrance
As part of the long-term financing, the strategic for the Future Program (PIA) was set up by the and training centres and local authorities. The year
investment fund (FSI), which subsequently became State at the end of 2009 to finance innovative budget is around €30 million. VEDECOM is also
Bpifrance Participations with the creation of the and promising investments in the regions, in working with PFA on the autonomous vehicle. The
public investment bank Bpifrance, had invested order to strengthen productivity and increase the Institute grew in 2016 when the City on the Move
in three automotive companies. The fund for competitiveness of French companies. A program Institute (IVM) joined. Their field is research and
the modernisation of automotive equipment endowed with €1.2 billion and operated by ADEME action in urban mobility.
manufacturers Tier 1 (FMEA Tier 1), into which is dedicated to "Vehicles and transport of the future"
French manufacturers had injected €400 million and aims to accelerate the marketing of innovative French automobile manufacturers are also
in addition to the €200 million by the FSI, invested and ambitious solutions, in particular on energy stakeholders in the "Institut de Recherche
with the fund for the modernisation of automotive transition issues. Technologique" (IRT) Jules Verne, based in Nantes.
equipment manufacturers Tier 2 (FMEA Tier 2) Created in 2012 as part of the PIA, its mission is
in several companies supplying the automotive The automotive industry also has access to other to accelerate innovation and technological transfer
industry. ‘investment for the future’ programmes, including to factories in 4 strategic industrial sectors linked
a worldwide project to create an ‘institute of to transport, including automotive. Its budget
The public authorities also support the development excellence in decarbonated energies’. VEDECOM covers more than 180 million euros spread over
of business R&D through the Research Tax Credit institute, ‘the communicating decarbonated 97 projects, including 10 launched in 2019. Its work
(CIR), a tax measure created in 1983, simplified vehicle and its mobility’ is based on three Paris in connection with the automotive sector focuses
and amplified by the 2008 Finance Act. In 2014, area sites and will become the reference of the on the development of manufacturing processes for
the manufacturing industry benefited from 59% new eco-mobility sector. It supports three research multi-material (composite-metal) parts and robotic
of the total amount of the CIR (€3.4 billion). The themes: the electrified vehicle, delegated driving solutions to develop the plant of the future.
automotive industry was the third industrial sector and connectivity, mobility and shared energy. It
to benefit from the CIR, with 6% or €323 million. includes nearly 50 members and partners: major
industrial groups, including PSA and Renault,
Endowed with 57 billion euros, the Investments SMEs, research centres and laboratories, schools
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 33
france • research & development
€6.8
sector in terms of domestic research and development cope with the increasing development of digital towards
spending (DRDS) within companies in France, ahead the connected and autonomous vehicle and towards
of aeronautics and space construction and the the mobility services. Since 2015, total R&D spending
pharmaceutical industry. This innovation expenditure has increased by 25% and amounted to nearly 7 billion
BILLION
amounted to €4.5 billion in 2018, or 13% of all BERD euros in 2018.
by companies. External research and development
spending (ERDS) has doubled since 2015 and stands Cumulative over the past five years, the sector has
at €2.3 billion. invested more than €21.6 billion in domestic research
Amount of internal and external and development spending. These expenses have a
research and development The crisis substantially reduced financial resources pull effect on its suppliers, such as plastics, electronics,
expenditure in the automotive but domestic R&D spending fell only by 2% in 2009 etc. The automotive is ahead of the aerospace and
sector in 2018 and 2010, emphasising the vital importance of the then the pharmaceutical industry. It is also the first filer
long-term view. Since, they oscillate around €4 billion. of patents.
It represents one third of the gross added value of the
sector. In Europe, the automotive sector is also the one that
spends the most on research and development with,
Manufacturers must invest not only to satisfy the according to ACEA figures, 57.4 billion euros spent in
customer and comply with regulatory standards, 2017, or 28% of total R&D expenditure.
► GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE MAIN CORPORATE RESEARCH SEGMENTS (1)
TOTAL CORPORATE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE IN FRANCE IN 2018 AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY RESEARCH
IN THE MAIN RESEARCH SEGMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT SPENDING
In € billion In € billion
COMPONENTS, ELECTRONIC CARDS, 8
COMPUTERS, PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURE OF MEASURING DEVICES AND 7
INSTRUMENTS,TESTING AND NAVIGATION,CLOCKS
6
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
5
IT AND INFORMATION SERVICES
4
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
SPECIALISED, SCIENTIFIC 3
AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
2
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
1
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
DRDS TOTAL ERDS
Source: Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESR DGESIP-DGRI SIES)
The research statistics study office (Ministry of organisations or to public research organizations; researchers). These numbers were down 2%
Higher Education, Research and Innovation) some of the latter expenditure may be incurred compared to 2003 but the number of researchers
conducts surveys on R&D spending by companies abroad. increased by 48% over the same period.
and the wider public sphere. From 2008, the
data are disseminated in a new classification of In 2017, 17% of DRDS in the automotive sector According to the national industrial property
economic activity. The total R&D budget breaks was triggered by subsidiaries of companies under institute (INPI), in 2019 the PSA and Renault
down into internal expenditure (DRDS), which foreign control (owning over 50% of their capital). groups were in the top five in the list of patent
corresponds to work carried out in France, applicants in 2019; four major automotive suppliers
regardless of the source of the funds, and external In 2018, companies in the automotive sector were also ranked in the top 20.
expenditure (ERDS), corresponding to R&D work located in France employed 32,200 full-time
entrusted to other companies or to public research equivalent people in R&D (including 20,400
34 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • research & development
1,500
Their role is to be a lever for the competitiveness of There are four automotive competitiveness
the French economy by emphasising its capacity clusters. They have developed their lines of work
for innovation and by encouraging anchoring and around innovation, skills, networking and bringing
structuring in their territories. Several studies have new solutions to market. They are associate
shown their impact on companies’ R&D spending: members of the structure of the automotive
one euro of public subsidy received under this industry: the PFA, Automotive Industry and Member establishments of
policy would have generated an average of 2.5 Mobilities. In 2019, they joined forces to form the
euros of additional R&D spending by beneficiary "auto and mobility" inter-hubs, a benchmark in
automotive competitiveness
SMEs. Europe and internationally. clusters in 2019
Number of companies with a business unit in a competitiveness cluster 201 204 128 87
Number of labeled projects since their creation (2019) 405 469 270 278
Number of projects funded since their creation (2019) 230 227 159 -
In 2019, the automotive industry continued its recycling and mobility services. In June 2020, strategic areas of activity are: vehicle materials
research and development efforts through those the Vehicle of the Future Pole completed the and architecture, embedded systems intelligence,
clusters. Their action is transversal and includes merger-absorption of the Champagne-Ardenne innovative vehicles and uses, and digital mobility
car manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, and Lorraine ARIA, PerfoEST (historically Alsace services and infrastructure. The cluster has also
innovative SMEs/intermediate-sized companies, & Franche-Comté) ARIA having already joined played the role of an ARIA on its geographical
research laboratories and training organisations, the Pole in 2008. The objective of this merger is perimeter since the start of 2017. As part of phase
including universities. to consolidate the Automobile & Mobility sector IV of the competitiveness clusters, ID4CAR is
over the entire territory of the Grand Est and extending by developing in New Aquitaine, in
The Mov’eo hub extends over the Île-de-France Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Pole. order to strengthen the hub territorial Great West.
and Normandy regions. It is dedicated to the
mobility of the future. The areas of research and The ambition of the CARA cluster is to support Other clusters, not specifically dedicated to the
development are: safety of road users, intelligent changes in urban mobility and to represent and automotive industry, have applications which are
mobility solutions, innovative vehicles and energy animate the automotive and industrial vehicles of interest to the sector. These clusters work on
storage, materials and systems, powertrains and sector in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. materials, rubber, plastic, mechanics or mobility.
energy management. In 2019, the cluster merged At the end of 2017, the LUTB Transport & Elastopole, a national cluster, including the
with the Normandy ARIA and the Automobility & Mobility Systems competitiveness cluster and regions of Val de Loire, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes,
Vehicles Network in Île-de-France (RAVI) to create the Automotive Cluster of the Auvergne-Rhône- Pays de la Loire and Île-de-France, is dedicated
Mobility Valley, a territory of European excellence Alpes Region took the name of CARA. The latter to rubber and polymers, and three quarters of
where solutions are invented, developed, tested coordinates structuring activities for the region: its applications concern the automotive sector.
and industrialised to meet the challenges of future manufacturers, transport operators, research It also works in collaboration with the automotive
mobility. centres. The activity revolves around five research clusters. I-Trans, a global cluster in Hauts-de-
programs: motorisation and driveline, safety and France which specialises in sustainable terrestrial
security, vehicle architecture, intelligent transport transport solutions, with five target sectors,
The Vehicle of the Future cluster mobilises the system, modelling and management of mobility. including automotive equipment. In 2015, 13%
historic automobile basins of Alsace and Franche- In this new phase, CARA aims to focus on of the employees of the member establishments
Comté. Its mission revolves around three themes: experimentation, in real conditions, of innovation of this cluster worked for the automobile industry.
innovation, industrial excellence in the service of projects with the territories, and to accelerate
businesses and support for business growth. support for European projects.
The cluster, in terms of innovation, is focused
on automotive components, electric vehicles, Located in the west of France (Brittany, Pays
hydrogen vehicles with the DINAMHySE plan de la Loire), the iD4CAR cluster is focused on
in 2019 as part of the Grand Investment Plan, specific vehicles and sustainable mobility. The four
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 35
france • trade
€50
in exports of parts and engines (-6.2%) and, to a In total, the balance of the industrial automobile branch
lesser extent, to that of exports of new passenger widened in 2019 to stand at -€15.1 billion.
cars (-0.9%). The automotive sector nevertheless
BILLION
remains the 2nd exporter behind aeronautics with France has historically had a surplus balance with the
10% of total exports. United Kingdom (+€1.6 billion) thanks in particular to
parts and engines (+€0.9 billion) and this remains
On the import side, they increased by 2.7% in 2019, stable in 2019. The United Kingdom represents 8.5%
in line with imports of new passenger cars (+6%) and
industrial vehicles (+10%), while imports of parts and
of exports from the French industrial automotive sector
and is the fifth destination country.
Exports of industrial automotive
products from France in 2019
► FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE FOREIGN TRADE (IN € BILLION)
2010 15.2 1.7 2.3 20.4 39.6 1.1 40.7 389.7 10.4%
2017 18.5 4.7 3.4 22.5 49.2 1.6 50.8 464.0 11.0%
2018 20.1 5.1 4.3 21.7 51.2 1.7 52.9 482.3 11.0%
2019 19.9 5.1 4.7 20.4 50.1 1.6 51.7 496.8 10.4%
Change 2019/2018 as a % -0.9 +0.8 +9.2 -6.2 -2.1 -4.9 -2.2 +3.0 -
IMPORTS (CIF)
2010 22.4 2.9 2.4 15.3 43.0 1.2 44.2 458.0 9.6%
2017 29.6 4.2 4.2 21.1 59.1 1.2 60.3 535.5 11.3%
2018 31.0 4.6 4.7 23.2 63.5 1.5 65.0 560.8 11.6%
2019 32.8 4.5 5.2 22.6 65.2 1.6 66.7 575.7 11.6%
Change 2019/2018 as a % +6.0 -1.4 +10.0 -2.5 +2.7 +6.0 +2.7 +2.7 -
BALANCES
► THE AUTOMOBILE EXCHANGES BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 2019 (IN € BILLION)
Automotive industry exports amounted to over 50 slightly below this level in 2019. Competitiveness industrial vehicles again increased significantly
billion euros in the mid-2000s, before dropping difficulties and the crisis have changed production in 2019, in line with the high levels of the French
to 34 billion in 2009 with the crisis. They then in France, which is moving towards passenger market.
settled in a range between 39 and 45 billion euros, cars with higher added value, to the detriment of
then grew steadily from 2014, to reach 51 billion those of lower range. Exports of parts and engines fell by 6.2% in 2019,
euros in 2018. The year 2019 however marks an while imports fell by 2.5%. The negative balance
inflection point with a decline of 2.1%. After a sharp drop in 2009, exports of light since 2018 increased further in 2019 (-€2.2 billion).
commercial vehicles are growing continuously, This deterioration can also be explained in large
After 2009, exports of passenger cars varied thanks to the production of new vans in France and part by the competitiveness difficulties of the
between 13 and 16 billion, following in particular the development of production by French groups French industry.
the weakness of Southern Europe markets where for economic partners. They now stand at €5.1
the French groups are strongly present. Then, billion, a new record level. As for the exports of
from 2016, exports returned to strong growth industrial vehicles, they have seen growth since
thanks to the dynamism of the European market. 2013 and reached a record level of €4.7 billion in
They reached €20 billion in 2018 and remain 2019. Imports of light commercial vehicles and
36 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • trade
GERMANY
Leading business partner of the
automotive industry in France
► LEADING DESTINATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS FROM FRANCE
NEW PASSENGER CARS NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
In € million In € million
4,000 1,400
3,500 1,200
3,000
1,000
2,500
800
2,000
600
1,500
1,000 400
500 200
0 0
2010 2018 2019 2010 2018 2019
GERMANY BELGIUM ITALY SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY BELGIUM UNITED KINGDOM ITALY SPAIN
1,000 4,000
800
3,000
600
2,000
400
1,000
200
0 0
2010 2018 2019 2010 2018 2019
GERMANY SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM ITALY BELGIUM GERMANY SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM ITALY BELGIUM
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 37
france • markets & vehicles in use
-39
engine continued to decline in 2019 (-10.6%) and but also by more subjective factors (Volkswagen
represented 34% of the market (compared to 73% in problem in the United States, implementation of Crit’air
2012). Since 2012, the year when the diesel market stickers and Low Emission Zones in France, etc.).
share was the highest, volumes have fallen by 45%
POINTS
(-629,000 units). In Western Europe, the share of Sales of hybrid and electric passenger cars, still
diesel passenger cars reached a record high (58%) emerging in France, continued to grow in 2019 to
in 2011. This ratio has fallen sharply since 2016 and reach a market share of 5.7% (+0.8 point compared
reached 31% in 2019. to 2018) and 1.9% (+0,5 point). In Western Europe,
the market share of hybrid cars was 7.5% in 2019,
This evolution can be explained by objective factors: that of electric cars 2.4% (see page 79). In contrast, Declining share of new passenger
taxation less favourable towards diesel, higher prices in Eastern Europe, this share is lower with 6.3% and
for diesel engines due to changes in standards, 0.5% of registrations respectively. cars with diesel engines registered
in France compared to 2012
► PASSENGER CARS BY ENERGY
Change 2019/2018
2000 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
as a %
REGISTRATIONS
Petrol
In units - 741,215 884,619 1,006,091 1,191,145 1,290,268 +8.3
As a % of total registrations 51.0% 39% 44% 48% 55% 58% -
Diesel
In units 1,046,485 1,097,124 1,050,418 998,116 844,878 755,583 -10.6
As a % of total registrations 49.0% 57% 52% 47% 39% 34% -
Electric
In units - 17,268 21,751 24,910 31,059 42,764 +37.7
As a % of total registrations - 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 1.9% -
Hybrid
In units - 61,619 58,389 81,559 106,369 125,435 +17.9
As a % of total registrations - 3.2% 2.9% 3.9% 4.9% 5.7% -
including non rechargeable
In units - 56,030 50,960 69,691 91,841 106,843 +16,3
As a % of total registrations - 2,9% 2,5% 3,3% 4,2% 4,8% -
including rechargeable
In units - 5,589 7,429 11,868 14,528 18,592 +28.0
As a % of total registrations - 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.8% -
VEHICLES IN USE (1)
Petrol
In thousands of units 18,080 13,316 13,665 14,185 14,756 15,354 +4.1
As a % of total stock 64.4% 35.5% 36.0% 37.0% 38.5% 40.2% -
Diesel
In thousands of units 9,980 23,900 24,008 23,899 23,263 22,500 -3.3
As a % of total stock 35.6% 63.8% 63.3% 62.3% 60.7% 58.9% -
Electric and rechargeable hybrids
In thousands of units - 66 92 124 162 214 +32.1
As a % of total stock - 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% -
In 2019, France is still in third place in the 59% of the passenger cars in use in France on the public authorities and which sets a target of 1
European market for new diesel passenger cars, January 1, 2020 were equipped with a diesel million electrified vehicles and 100,000 charging
with 756,000 registrations, behind Germany (1.1 engine. This ratio has fallen by more than 4 points points by 2022.
million units), Italy (760,000 units) and ahead of since the high point in 2015. The electrified fleet
the United Kingdom (583,000 units). Elsewhere is emerging but remains low with 214,000 cars on At the end of 2019, in France, there were 28,666
in Western Europe, the decline in diesel market January 1, 2020. charging points in France (AVERE) for a fleet of
share in the new car market accelerated to 30.8% 141,000 electric cars and 73,000 rechargeable
in 2019, -5.4 points compared to 2018 and 31.1% In 2019, registrations of new hybrid passenger cars hybrid cars (MTE/SDES).
including France. amounted to 125,435 units, an increase of 17.9%
(+28% for plug-in hybrids). Those of new electric The electrified vehicle market is also driven by the
Diesel market share is around 20 percentage passenger cars grew by 37.7% to reach 42,764 diversification of the offerings of manufacturers
points higher in registrations by "non-individuals" units, which consolidates the French market in who had to expand their range before the
customers than in purchases by individuals. In third place in European markets behind those of implementation of monitoring of the CO2 targets
2019, the share of diesel among individuals was Germany and Norway. This growth was driven by set at European level and the risk of penalties
22% on average against 44% for non-individuals. the maintenance of the 6,000 euros bonus of for in the event of non-compliance. French groups
These figures are also observed in most Western the purchase of an electric vehicle, supplemented have thus invested heavily to develop new electric
Europe countries. The diesel engine is now by a super bonus in the context of the scrapping products in 2019 (DS3 Crossback, Peugeot 208,
preferred by car owners with significant annual of an old vehicle, the two devices being able to new Renault Zoe) and to prepare hybrid versions
mileage. go up to 11,000 euros. This aid is also part of the for 2020.
Automotive Sector Strategic Contract signed with
38 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • markets & vehicles in use
38%
bonus/penalty system and the scrapping premium, points since 2010) thanks to the offer in the lower
this range fell in 2011-2012. Then, the renewal of (Captur, 2008, Duster) and low-mid ranges (C3
the cars of the economy range (108, C1, Twingo, Aircross, C5 Aircross, 3008, 5008, Kadjar) and
ZOE), the success of the sales of the models of the represent, in 2019, 38.3% of sales. Sedans, down
existing lower range (208, C3, Clio, Sandero) and sharply (from 72% in 2000 to 51% in 2015), since
the development of the product offer in 4WD, SUV 2017 represent less than half of sales (49.7% in
on this range (C4-Cactus, 2008, Captur, Duster) 2019). Finally, over the same 2010-2019 period,
again stimulated the segment, which stabilised the share of MPVs (-13 points to 6.4%), station
Share of new passenger cars
around 53% market share until 2017. In 2018 wagons (-3 points to 4.2%) and coupés-convertible registered in 2018 in the 4WD,
and 2019, its market share again rose sharply (-2 points to 1%) moved back. SUV segment
► MAIN NEW PASSENGER CARS
RANKINGS IN 2019
%
Rank Brand Model As a % MARKET SHARE OF RANGES IN THE TOTAL MARKET
market
1 RENAULT CLIO 5.9 60 56
2 PEUGEOT 208 4.8
50
3 CITROËN C3 3.6
4 RENAULT MEGANE 3.6 40
5 PEUGEOT 3008 3.3
6 RENAULT CAPTUR 3.2 30 25
7 DACIA SANDERO 3.1
20
8 PEUGEOT 2008 2.8 13
9 PEUGEOT 308 2.5 10 6
10 RENAULT TWINGO 2.3 0
11 DACIA DUSTER 2.2 0
ECONOMY AND LOW LOW-MID HIGH-MID PREMIUM OTHERS
12 CITROËN C3 AIRCROSS 2.1
13 FIAT 500 2.0
14 TOYOTA YARIS 1.9 2000 2010 2015 2019
15 VOLKSWAGEN POLO 1.8
16 CITROËN C5 AIRCROSS 1.6 As a % NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY BODY STYLE
17 RENAULT KADJAR 1.3 80
18 PEUGEOT 5008 1.3 70
19 OPEL CORSA 1.3
60
20 MINI MINI 1.2 49
21
50
VOLKSWAGEN TIGUAN 1.2
40 38
22 VOLKSWAGEN GOLF 1.2
23 FORD FIESTA 1.1 30
24 VOLKSWAGEN T-ROC 1.0 20
25 PEUGEOT 108 1.0
10 4 6
26 CITROËN C4 CACTUS 0.9 1
27 NISSAN QASHQAI 0.9 0
SEDAN STATION WAGON COUPÉ- ALL MPVS 4WD, SUV
28 MERCEDES-BENZ CLASSE A 0.9
CONVERTIBLE
29 RENAULT ZOE 0.8
30 CITROËN C4 0.8 2000 2010 2015 2019
units
Source: CCFA
37%
Every year, two to three used cars are traded for 44% in 2016).
a new car. In 2018 and 2019, the used/new ratio
decreased to 2.6, after having sharply increased until Diesel cars are the most numerous among used cars
2016. Around 15% of cars in use change hands each sold (3.5 million, 60.7% of sales) but their share in
year, while this rate was closer to 20% in the 2000s. sales has declined steadily since 2016. This decline
is more than 2 points in 2019, in particular due to
In 2019, according to the Parc-Auto survey (page their exit from the conversion bonus scheme from
Share of vehicles over 5 years old
45), households averaged nearly five and a half August 2019. Electric used cars are still very few
years of vehicle ownership (compared to five years in number, with a volume of 19,652 units in 2019 registered in 2019
in 2010 and four years in 1995). (0,2% of the market).
REGISTRATIONS
New passenger cars thousands 2,134 2,118 2,252 2,111 2,173 2,214
Used cars thousands 5,082 5,383 5,386 5,679 5,632 5,791
Used/new ratio 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.6
Cars less than 5 years old % used 40 40 37 33 36 37
- Cars less than 1 year old % used 12 10 8 9 10 10
- Cars less than 1 year old % new 29 25 19 25 26 27
Cars more than 5 years old % used 60 60 63 67 64 63
Cars 5 to 9 years old % used - 25 26 23 22 21
Cars 10 to 14 years old % used - 22 21 23 22 22
% used - 13 15 21 20 19
Cars 15 years old and more
% VO - 55.7 66.1 64.6 62.8 60.7
CARS IN USE (ON 12/31) thousands 28,825 - - 38,371 38,336 38,215
USED :(REGISTRATIONS)
Source CCFA / CARS IN USE RATIO % 17.6% - - 14.8% 14.7% 15.2%
3.0
2.8 16
2.6 15
2.4
14
2.2
2.0 13
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
The passenger car is a long-term purchase that system, conversion bonus, etc.). 2001). In the years of the scrapping, the prices
households buy, use, maintain and possibly re-sell of new cars were indeed more competitive.
on the second-hand market. The aging of the fleet and the development of Since then, they have grown each year, reaching
multi-vehicle households resulted in an increase 593,243 registrations in 2019, or more than 10% of
Second-hand cars can be sold via car dealers or in the share of cars older than 5 years in second- used car registrations and 27% of the new market.
directly between private individuals. Professionals hand transactions between 1990 and 2016 (68%
generally concentrate on ‘newer’ second-hand in 2016, compared to 48% in 1990). However, The share of diesel in used cars amounted to
cars, i.e. under 5 years of age, around 60% of over the past three years, incentives to renew the 60.7% in 2019, a decline of 6.6 points since 2015,
the total market, the remainder being transactions fleet have increased the share of used cars under thus reflecting the developments observed in the
between individuals. 5 years old and lowered that of older vehicles. new market.
Indeed, the penetration of used cars aged 15 years
Between 5 and 6 million second-hand cars are and over, which had more than doubled since the In 2019, according to the Parc-Auto survey (Kantar
traded per year. This market is subject to less beginning of the 2000s, especially after the crisis, TNS), 58.2% of cars owned or made available to
fluctuations than the new car market. In 2019, has declined slightly over the past two years (-2 households were purchased second-hand, against
demand for new cars continued to increase points) and stands at 19% in 2019. 51% in 1991. For cars purchased in 2019, this
to reach 2.2 million units (+1.9% compared to share rose to 64%. When purchased, their average
2018), and that for used cars rebounded (+2.8%) Used cars less than a year old can be compared mileage was around 68,333 kilometres, and more
after a slight decrease in 2018. The used/new to the new market. In fact, these are often cars than a quarter of used vehicles purchased by
ratio therefore increases slightly in 2019. The first registered by an automotive professional households had more than 100,000 kilometres
demand for used vehicles is generally closer to (demonstration car or rental car), then sold on the clock.
the evolution of the fleet; it is less influenced by to individuals. From 2001 to 2009, the share
economic factors than the demand for new cars. of vehicles under one year of age in all used
It was nevertheless affected by measures to passenger car registrations fell steadily, before
stimulate the new home market (bonus/penalty rising to around 8% between 2010-2016 (12% in
40 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • markets & vehicles in use
80,326
Sales of light commercial vehicles fell sharply 57% in 2018 to 62% in 2019, which remains slightly
in 2019. They fell by 10% on average in the lower than in metropolitan France (around two-thirds
five overseas departments (including 20% in of the market). On the narrow market for industrial
Guadeloupe) after increasing by 11% in 2018. Their vehicles, Renault Trucks’ market share remained
share in the overall sales thus fell to 15.1% compared at 26% in 2019.
to 17.4% in metropolitan France.
Second-hand passenger car registrations stood at
Conversely, registrations of commercial vehicles over 127,746 units, an increase of 3.7% in 2019, and Number of new vehicles registered
5 tonnes increased in 2019: +8% in 2019 (including 33% from the low level observed in 2009 (96,000 overseas in 2019
Change Change
NEW PASSENGER CARS 2000 2010 2015 2018 2019
2019/2010 2019/2018
GUADELOUPE 13,691 13,438 13,409 16,962 16,741 24.6% -1.3%
FRENCH GUIANA 4,031 4,382 4,414 5,373 5,450 24.4% 1.4%
MARTINIQUE 14,424 13,147 12,931 15,358 15,853 20.6% 3.2%
MAYOTTE (1) - - 1,083 1,335 1,729 - 29.5%
REUNION ISLAND 21,463 20,295 22,288 26,174 27,556 35.8% 5.3%
TOTAL FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS (DOM) 53,609 51,262 54,125 65,202 67,329 31.3% 3.3%
TOTAL DOM USED PASSENGER CARS N/A 104,381 125,457 123,247 127,746 22.4% 3.7%
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 41
france • markets & vehicles in use
44%
Diesel vehicles have seen their share of estimated at 38,500 units as of January 1, 2020),
registrations drop slightly over the past 4 years in is progressing significantly. The fleet is made up
favour of petrol and electric. They represent 93% of more than 50% of vehicles from 2.6 tonnes to
of sales in 2019 compared to 97% in 2015. The 3.5 tonnes.
share of electric vehicles reached 1.7% in 2019
with 7,958 units sold. French manufacturers are
particularly present in this segment with 75% of the
Share of vans in light commercial
market share, compared to 66% for all energies
combined. vehicle registrations
NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES REGISTRATIONS ► LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ► LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
In thousands IN FRANCE AND USED/NEW RATIO REGISTRATIONS BY WEIGHT REGISTRATIONS BY ENERGY
480
460 2.0 2005 2010 2019 2015 2019
440
1.5 < 1,5T 3% 4% 1% units % units %
420
400 1,5T TO <
56% 52% 42% DIESEL 368,150 97% 446,350 93%
380 1.0 2,5T
Source: CCFA
Light commercial vehicles are defined as vehicles registrations; their share reached 57% of sales trade sector.
of less than 5 tonnes gross vehicle weight rating in 2019 (+22 points since 2001), while that of
(GVWR), allowed for carrying goods. In many vehicles from 1.5 to 2.5 tonnes rose from 59% to Light commercial vehicles are intensively used:
sectors (agriculture, construction, services, 42% over the same period. Since 2010, sales of they travel 15,000 km/year each year, compared to
etc.), they are also used to come and go in the vehicles from 2.5 to 3.5 tonnes have increased an average of 12,000 km/year for a private car (see
workplace, for transfers between sites, transport 52%, while sales of all other categories have page 48 for the traffic report). While individuals
of equipment. They come in different categories: declined. travel fewer kilometres with their light commercial
derivatives of passenger cars, combispaces, vans, vehicle (around 10,000 km per year), some sectors
vans, pick-ups and 4WD, SUV. In 2019, registrations of used light commercial are very intensive users and reach 20,000 km/
vehicles reached a high level around 817,000 units year, or even more: transport, messaging, storage,
In 2019, sales of vans continued to grow (+9% (page 90), up 4% compared to 2018. However, as well as specialised activities (scientific and
and +53% since 2010) to reach 43.6% of new the used/new ratio remains below 2 for the third technical, and administrative and support service
registrations. The second segment is that of small consecutive year, due to the increase in sales of activities) and manufacturing industry. These
vans which represent a quarter of sales, a slight new vehicles, a level well below that observed for vehicles are mainly used in urban areas or on
drop compared to 2010. Sales of pick-ups, which passenger cars. Indeed, for a new passenger car, the road (except motorway). Routes of more than
experienced strong growth between 2015 and it trades between 2 and 3 used cars (2.6 in 2019). 150 km only represented 10% of the kilometres
2018 (+75%), collapsed with the implementation traveled in 2010 by professionals.
in 2019 of the penalty and tax on company cars Specific to France, nearly 9% of new registrations
for this category of vehicle. Finally, derivatives of of new commercial vehicles are made by private
passenger cars only represented 15.6% of sales individuals, who prefer vans and small vans in their
in 2019 compared to 32% in 2000. purchases as well as pick-ups. As of January 1,
2020, 46% of the fleet is owned by natural persons
Light commercial vehicles from 2.5 to 3.5 tonnes (individuals and craftsmen), 14% by legal persons
have been the majority since 2016 in new operating in the construction sector and 9% in the
42 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • markets & vehicles in use
64%
has grown in our European neighbours. In 2019, production, i.e. 510,000 units in 2019, including
the sales of French groups represented 64.3% of 65,000 units for partners (13% of their production
the total light commercial vehicle market in France, in France).
up 0.4 point compared to 2018, but at a level more
than 5 points lower compared to 2005. In Europe
excluding France, their market share is significant
and has been consolidating year by year, going
from 24% in 2011 to 34% in 2019 (see page 20). French groups market share
MARKET SHARE OF FRENCH LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ► RANKING OF MAJOR NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL
ON THE FRENCH MARKET VEHICLES IN 2019
As a %
74
Brand Model 2019 Market share
72
RENAULT KANGOO 44,572 9.3%
62
RENAULT CLIO 22,953 4.8%
Thanks to the success of their models (Renault 13 are models from French manufacturers. than doubled and now represents 26% of the total
Kangoo, Citroën Berlingo, Peugeot Partner, production of light vehicles in France (compared
Opel Combo), the French groups are particularly Light commercial vehicles are vehicles with to 16% in 2013). In line with the growth of the
present in the small van segment (82% of sales high value-added products that are more easily French and European market for light commercial
in this market) as well as in that of passenger manufactured in France. Over the last twenty vehicles, their production in France further
cars derivatives (87%) (Renault Clio, Peugeot years, the production of light commercial vehicles increased by 3% in 2019.
208). Regarding the largest market, the van by French manufacturers in France has increased
segment, competition is more marked: French from 371,000 units in 2000 to 510,000 in 2019.
groups represent 61%, up 5 points since 2010. It first fluctuated between 300,000 and 400,000
All segments combined, out of the 20 best-selling units between 2000 and 2008, then collapsed to
light commercial vehicle models in France in 2019, 180,000 units in 2009. Since that date, it has more
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 43
france • markets & vehicles in use
85%
represent 5.2% of all households (see page 93). possession of a driving licence and the share
of drivers in this age group continue to increase
93.2% of households living in rural or peri-urban steadily.
areas (rural areas close to towns) own a vehicle.
The rate of possession of a driving licence among
65.5% of households living in the Paris region are individuals under 25 is not declining: it is around
Car ownership rates motorised. In other French urban areas, the rates 65% among 18-21 year olds and around 84%
remain closer to 80%. among 22-25 year olds. It is 90% for those over 75.
The car ownership rate is measured by the workers and farmers are highly multi-vehicled
percentage of households with at least one car. categories. Their car ownership rate averages
After several years of decline, it has increased over 90%.
since 2015 (+2 points) to stand at 85% in 2019.
● The categories of employees and inactive
It is largely linked to the income, the age of (including retirees) are relatively less equipped but,
the head of household, the socio-professional since 2000, their car ownership rate has increased
category, the geographical area and the number steadily (+3.5 and +10 points respectively).
CAR OWNERSHIP BASED ON AREA
of people in the household.
As a % OF RESIDENCE
From 2010 to 2017, the proportion of households
● While the wealthiest 20% of households have a that were “demotorised” (among those without 100
93.2 92.7
car ownership rate higher than 90% in 2018, the a vehicle) increased steadily, from 2 to 3% per
90 88.8
lowest 20% have at least one car at 60%. year. However, for 2 years, the demotorisation
83.1
rate has stabilised around 56%. The main cause
80
● Car ownership rates in cities with more than of non-motorisation remains the lack of a driving
100,000 inhabitants stabilised around 84% in licence, followed by the lack of need, preference
70
2019, compared to 75% in 1995. It is down slightly for public transport, cycling or walking, the cost of 65.5
in the greater Paris district (-2 points to 65.5%) but ownership too high and difficulty in parking. Among 60
up in the greater Marseille, Lyon and Lille districts non-motorised households, 14% of them plan to
after declining in 2018. In Lille and Lyon, car buy again in the next two years, up slightly from 50
ownership rate now exceeds their previous levels. last year. RURAL FEWER THAN 20,000 TO OVER GREATER
● Rural households, large families, as well as AREAS 20,000 100,000 100,000 PARIS
INHABITANTS INHABITANTS INHABITANTS REGION
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
1995 2005 2015 2019
44
france • markets & vehicles in use
7 10
to education, their share was 22%. fluctuated since 2005 around 104,000 km, compared
to 70,000 km at the start of the 1990s. It has declined
The average age of the household fleet and the length slightly for 4 years and stood at 102,100 km in 2019.
OUT OF
of vehicle ownership tend to increase over the long Average mileage for diesel cars dipped slightly in
term. But in 2019, for the first time in 10 years, these 2019 (127,500 km), but remained 17,000 km above
two indicators fell slightly: the average age of the fleet its 2000 level; that of a petrol cars, less intensively used,
stood at 8.9 years, compared to 9.1 years in 2018, continues to decline to 71,800 km (-11,000 km since Cars are used on a daily
and the length of vehicle ownership reached 5.5 years, 2000).
compared to 5.6 in 2018, 4.4 years in 2000 and 4.1 (or almost daily) basis
The PARC AUTO survey, conducted by KANTAR the fleet, compared to 7% for cars in the high-
TNS every year, provides a detailed description of mid range. The share of cars in the miscellaneous
vehicles on the road, which are owned or available range, made up mainly of 4WD, SUV, is growing
to households. strongly. It stands at 14.6%, a doubling of their
weight compared to 2015.
This fleet mainly includes passenger cars, but also
light commercial vehicles (around 4% of the total). The high average age of the fleet implies a low rate
of equipment in terms of automatic gearboxes and VEHICLE USE
The renewal of the petrol fleet continues with an emergency systems (eCall) even if it is progressing As a %
average age that has fallen by a year and a half steadily. In 2019, this ratio was respectively 14% 80
since 2014, to reach 8.6 years. The average age (compared to 9% in 2016) and 6% (compared to
of diesel has stabilised at around 9.2 years. The 3% in 2016). This share is higher in multi-vehicle 69
70
weight of vehicles over 5 years old in the fleet has households at 18% and 7%.
been declining for 2 years and amounted to 65% in
2019. This is explained by the decline in the share Regarding the frequency of driving, more than 80% 60
of 5-10 year olds (-3 points in 2 years), while that of rural and small town residents use their vehicle 52
of those over 10 stabilised at around 33%. regularly. In the greater Paris area, this frequency 50
is only 50% and tends to decrease in inner Paris
The most popular fiscal powers are between 2 and the inner suburbs. By contrast, in other large 40
and 5 CV. Low and low-mid ranges cars are very urban areas, use is intensifying: nearly 7 out of 10 PERCENTAGE OF VEHICLES PERCENTAGE OF VEHICLES
popular and their share in the fleet has remained households regularly use their car in 2019. USED ON DAILY OR NEAR
DAILY BASIS
USED FOR TRAVEL
TO AND FROM WORK
high compared to those of higher ranges: in 2019
they represented 48% and 26% respectively of 1995 2005 2015 2019
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 45
france • transport: passengers and goods
+0.2%
Expressed in passenger-kilometres and limited to Unlike 2018, passenger transport is driven by
domestic transport, the road is the primary means public transport, which grew by 2.7% thanks
of transport of individuals and its share remains to rail transport. It returned to growth after the
stable in 2019: 81% for the passenger car and 6% strikes in 2018, and rose 4.3% in 2019, despite the
for buses, coaches and trams. social unrest in December. Conversely, public road
transport fell by 0.1% in 2019. Even if urban public
The private car but also the light commercial transport grew by 2.8% and so-called “Macron”
Stability of domestic passenger vehicle, is used for door-to-door mobility. They coaches continue to develop (+8.1%), half of the
transport all modes expressed in cater to a large number of individual constraints passenger-kilometres of collective road transport
passenger-kilometres in 2019 (the elderly, children, disabled, transport of heavy are carried out by the “other coaches” category,
or bulky objects) and provide a suitable solution which fell by 2.3% in 2019.
in low-density housing areas or where flows are
not sufficient (shift work) for public transport to Finally, air transport continues to grow (+2%),
be a good solution from an economic or societal driven by the installation of low-cost companies
point of view. and the increase in transverse lines (province-
province).
After a slight decline in 2018 (-0.2%), domestic
passenger transport grew very slightly in 2019
Individual mobility is of course linked to the of transport, for the transport of merchandise, other modes of transport (bicycles, motorcycles,
economy, as is freight transport, but also include origin-destination, distance, time and etc.) may play a major role, or in passenger-
comprises a social dimension, i.e. bringing people quantities/volumes of merchandise transported. kilometres for long-distance international travel,
together, which remains a crucial element. These choices now being impacted by the digital each mode of transport appears pertinent and
economy that has given rise to the development complementary.
Whilst freight transport is more of a productive of new individual transport services.
industrial, artisanal or agricultural function, Domestic passenger transport, expressed in
individual mobility clearly covers a much broader Individual transport for each mode of transport passenger-kilometres relative to the number of
economic scope. requires major investments which are generally inhabitants, increased continuously between 1990
written down over a long period for the construction and 2002 (+1.1% per year). Then, due in particular
Whilst home-to-work travel is the foundation of it, and maintenance of infrastructures. to the rise of fuel prices, a ceiling seems to have
the development of the economy – including the been reached and an average drop of 0.5% was
tertiary sector – relies on individual mobility. This When mobility is expressed in passenger- observed between 2002 and 2013. Since 2014,
situation is accentuated in the case of services kilometres, light vehicles come out dominant in domestic passenger transport per inhabitant
to individuals in the areas of health, tourism, etc. domestic passenger transport. When expressed in has increased again, related to the increase in
terms of the number of daily trips, and in particular individual mobility, but this growth stopped in 2018
The determining factors in the choice of type in dense urban areas, where public transport and and remains very weak in 2019.
46 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • transport: passengers and goods
+2.6%
these geographical dimensions linked to territorial as the good performance of French and foreign
planning, there is also the notion of time. pavilions. Over the 2015-2019 period, road freight
transport is growing at an average rate of 4% per
Road freight transport ticks a number of boxes year, but the level of activity remains below its
in favour of modal transport. Its share in the pre-crisis level of 2008.
freight transport remains stable (around 85% of
tonnes-kilometres covered) and distances under Rail freight transport, affected by the strikes in
300 kilometres stand out, making the transfer the second half of the year, fell sharply in 2018
Increase of domestic freight
to modal transport more difficult: 53% of tonnes (-4.2%). It recovered in 2019 and increased by transport measured in tonnes-
loaded under the French flag are delivered fewer 1.7%, despite the social movements of the fourth kilometres in 2019
than 50 kilometres away in 2018. quarter. Since the 2009 crisis, it has fluctuated
around 33 billion tonne-kilometres (60% of its 2000
Between 2010 and 2015, road freight transport level) and its market share stood at 9% in 2019
fell by 1.5% on average annually, in line with the (compared to 16% in 2000). After several years
decline in the activity of French operators (-2.6%/ of stagnation at a very low level, river transport
year), whilst foreign operators increased 0.8% rebounded strongly in 2019 (+9.8%).
Demand for freight transport is closely linked to Domestic demand from the different economic because of unloading and reloading between
the country’s economy and its interactions with actors concerns a wide variety of freight and different modes of transport.
other nations; on the one hand it corresponds to goods. It is satisfied by national (auto)production
domestic demand from the different economic or by imports, and transport allows the production Because of its ability to use the convenient
actors involved and on the other, exports of sites to be linked up physically between them, routing facilities of the road network, its flexibility,
companies producing in the country. Also, some and then with sites of consumption, and finally its capacity for adaptation and quality of service,
countries, like Germany and France, because with reprocessing and recycling sites: in France road freight transport meets all these criteria,
of their geographical position, are key areas for in particular, spatial planning policies play a major which show that transport is not a homogenous
the transit of freight. In road freight transport, role. ensemble but a multitude of sub-markets, which
this translates into a phenomenon of cabotage in most cases is difficult to replace. Thus, modal
but also, over recent years, the arrival of foreign Because of the great variety of freight and goods, transfer is not possible for most freight flows, in
players who are taking increasing market share numerous factors come into play and shape the particular over the final kilometres, or because
from the French operators. choice of modes of transport. Such is the case for: it extends transport distances too much. Good
- the weight of freight: automotive manufacturers inter-modality is based on an acceptable economic
Physical transfer of freight and goods exported by transport their spools of steel mainly by rail or river; cost and efficient transfers between the different
a country is one of the routes to competitiveness of - the value of freight and goods transported; modes of transport.
an economy. Amongst other things, the cost must - delivery time: perishable goods such as fresh
not be too high, compared to other countries, so as products must be transported quickly, and are Apart from the geographical position of the
to facilitate export activities. Thus, the social and therefore primarily transported by road; departure and arrival points, two main factors are
fiscal cost on the road mode, whether common law - the departure and arrival point of freight; as much used to measure the freight transport: per tonne
or specific (fuel tax), should not differ too much during the production phase linked with spatial at the time of loading and tonnes-kilometres. The
from that prevailing in other European countries, planning as during the consumption phase. The road remains dominant in freight transport with a
in order to cope with the competition and facilitate latter is primarily in urban areas, because that is stable 86% share of tonne-kilometres completed.
export activity. where people mostly live. The road freight transport survey carried out by
the Transport Ministry shows the predominance
The destination and type of freight or goods Also, different modes of transport require the of distances under 300 kilometres: 49% of tonnes
exchanged are criteria which are often decisive efficient use of infrastructure, which means are transported by French hauliers over distances
in the choice of modes of transport. Liquids can substantial investment, generally written off over under 50 kilometres and 53% of tonnes-kilometres
be transported by road, thus avoiding unloading long periods. Intensive use, i.e. massification under 300 kilometres.
and reloading, and ports are used, amongst other of flows, becomes all the more pertinent in this
things, for trade with distant lands. respect. The same applies if, during the transport
chain, several modes of transport are used
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 47
france • transport: passengers and goods
ROAD TRAFFIC
between 1990 and 2000, its growth slowed down The circulation of light commercial vehicles
over the following decades. Between 2000 and 2012, registered in France, although less dynamic than
it grew by 1.2% per year, then, from 2012, its growth in 2018, remained strong in 2019 (+1.5%). On the
+0.6%
rate was divided by 2 (+0.6% per year). It remained other hand, that of heavy goods vehicles, which was
on the rise between 2015 and 2018, then stabilised very dynamic in 2017, slowed down sharply in 2018
in 2019 (+ 0.1%). and fell slightly in 2019 (-0.1%), under the effect of
the economic slowdown.
Traffic is mainly carried out by light vehicles, which
represent 92% of the total traffic. In a context At the end of 2019, more than 50% of the passenger
Average annual increase of higher fuel prices and record traffic levels, the car fleet meets Euro 5 or Euro 6 standards. For
circulation of passenger cars under the French flag heavy goods vehicles, the percentage of the fleet
in traffic since 2012 has been declining for 2 years (-0.3% in 2018 and complying with Euro V or Euro VI standards now
-0.2% in 2019). This is explained both by the drop in exceeds 60%. Their virtuous presence in traffic is
While road traffic, expressed in billions of vehicle- average journeys per vehicle, but also by the stability all the more important as they are more on the road
kilometres increased by an average of 2.1% per year of the passenger car fleet in 2019. than old vehicles.
Road traffic is estimated by cross referencing The decline in diesel engines is accelerating in 2015 and 2019 after 15 years of decline. In recent
information from vehicle accounting on the different 2019. Overall, for light vehicles, its share in the years, the drop in unit consumption of heavy goods
road networks (national, county, local and urban) fleet has decreased to 65% and its share in traffic vehicles has been accentuated, falling by almost
with annual average kilometre distances covered is 71%. Regarding the petrol fleet, more than four 3.5% between 2015 and 2019. The heavy trucks
by vehicles on the road and fuel consumption data, out of five cars are now compatible with unleaded fleet has also changed and now includes more
including vehicles registered abroad. 95-E10, which accounts for 48% of total petrol than 45% of vehicles responding to the Euro VI
deliveries. standard, which came into force on January 1,
In 2020, the traffic balance was partially “rebased”. 2014. This proportion is even higher within the
It is now based on the new SDES road vehicle Since 2017, the decline in average unit consumption tractor fleet, with 2 out of 3 vehicles meeting the
directory, which combines information from of cars, observed in recent decades, is going down. Euro VI standard. Over the past ten years, there
registration certificates and technical inspections. Continuous improvement in technical performance has also been a steady increase in the proportion of
Based on this new source of information, the fleet of is more difficult to compensate for the impact of the vehicles over 20 tonnes in the heavy vehicle fleet.
vehicles registered in France has been reassessed renewal of petrol in registrations and the appeal of They represented 27% of the fleet in 2011. Their
and amounts to 44.4 million vehicles in 2019. It SUVs. In 2019, the average unit consumption of share has now reached 35%. The rejuvenation of
grew by an average of 0.9% per year between 2012 cars even increased slightly (+0.3%). the vehicle fleet as well as the increase in vehicle
and 2019, period for which the data in the new carrying capacity help to optimise the energy
database are available. As for the heavy vehicle fleet, it has returned to efficiency of road freight transport.
growth since 2015 and grew by 3.4% between
48 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • transport: passengers and goods
TRAFFIC IN FRANCE AND CORRESPONDING CO2 EMISSIONS AVERAGE CONSUMPTION OF A PASSENGER CAR ON THE ROAD (1)
NET OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Base 100 in 1990 Litres per 100 km
150
145
9
140
135
130
8
125
120
115 7
110
105
100 6
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018
OVERALL ROAD TRANSPORT NET EMISSIONS TOTAL TRAFFIC (LIGHT VEHICLES, HEAVY ALL PETROL DIESEL
TRUCKS, COACHES AND BUSES) INCLUDING
Sources: CITEPA, MTE/SDES/CCTN FOREIGN VEHICLES IN BILLIONS OF VEH-KM (1) Unit consumption includes the overconsumption effects associated with biofuels
Source: Road traffic report (MTE/SDES)
102
97
92
87
82
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018
FREIGHT PASSENGERS
(2) Energy efficiency relates to the change in the amount of CO2 emitted in order to transport one ton of goods (or a passenger) one kilometre by heavy truck (or passenger car) driving on
French roads. The reduction of CO2 emissions due to the use of biofuels is taken into account.
Sources: MTE/SDES, CCFA calculations
The circulation of passenger cars results from two mileage, meanwhile, is down (-3% since 2012), in linked among other things to the effects of the
components: the car park and their average annual a context of a slowdown in the cycle. economic crisis. Since then, CO2 emissions have
mileage. Over a long period, the rate of growth stabilised at around 125 million tonnes, thanks to
of the park has slowed down considerably, after In 2019, new estimates from the "Centre improved energy efficiency.
the access-to-vehicle phase. The development of Interprofessionnel d’Etudes de la Pollution
multimotorisation, followed by significant increases Atmospérique" (CITEPA) for road transport show
in fuel prices, are the main factors linked to the net CO2 emissions from renewable energies of 123
decline in average annual mileage. Since 2012, million tonnes. After the ceiling observed at the
we have seen an increase in the growth rate of beginning of the 2000s, around 135 million tonnes,
the fleet of 0.8% on average. The average annual a sharp decline was recorded from 2004 to 2009,
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 49
france • transport: passengers and goods
14%
In transport, the trend has taken the form of the The automotive groups have adapted their offers to
development of new uses for cars, favouring these new needs and are positioning themselves as
vehicle sharing by the use of information and true mobility operators by creating new dedicated
communication technologies. These include entities (Renault M.A.I, Free2Move) and offering
carpooling, car-sharing and rental between private a whole range of new services: short rentals,
individuals. car-sharing for businesses or individuals, "free-
floating", but also platforms for rental services
of respondents carpooled in 2019
Car-sharing reduces operating and maintenance with drivers (taxis, VTC) and MAAS (Mobility As (KANTAR TNS survey)
costs and increases the availability of transport A Service) combining multimodal information and
in outer-urban and rural areas at a lower cost to ticketing tools. They have also invested in mobility
the community. In densely-populated areas, it is and connected services companies: acquisition of
also a complement to public transport (loading TravelCar for PSA, investments in various start-ups
and staggered timetables) that improves vehicle (Karhoo, Yuso, Como, iCabbi, Glide) for Renault.
occupancy rates, with positive effects on the
environment and energy consumption.
MAIN REASONS FOR CARPOOLING
14 13.7 7%
12 11.0 7%
10
69%
8.5
8
6.6
6.1
6 5.4
4.7
4 Cheaper
2 More practical
0 More friendly
CARPOOL CARPOOL COMMUTING CARPOOL LONG JOURNEYS CARPOOLING SHORT TRIPS
Quicker
PRACTICE (NOT EXCLUSIVE) (NOT EXCLUSIVE) (NOT EXCLUSIVE)
More convenient timewise
2012 2014 2017 2019
Source: PARCAUTO TNS Sofres survey handled by CCFA and IFSTTAR Source: 6t/ADEME
CARPOOLING for journeys over 100 km and 6.1% for journeys and the State has set itself the target of tripling
under 100 km. In total, 13.7% of respondents the number of daily journeys made by carpooling
Carpooling is defined in France’s energy made a carpool trip in 2019, unchanged compared by 2024.
transition law for green growth as "the joint use to 2018. The latest ADEME (French environment
of a motorised land vehicle by a driver and one or agency) study shows that carpooling is gradually Within the framework of Renault’s Guyancourt
more passengers, without charge, except for the becoming a transport solution in its own right, with Technocentre inter-company mobility plan, the
sharing of costs, in the context of a journey that the the average carpooler age increasing (now 33), no firm offers its employees the possibility of using
driver makes on his own account. For this purpose, longer the exclusive domain of young urbanites, and Klaxit to carpool. 86% of those registered found
they may be brought together subject to a charge" now encompassing rural communities and older carpoolers on their journeys and at the times
(Art. L. 3132-1). The French mobility framework people. 69% of car-poolers cited economic reasons they needed. In addition, through its MOBILIZE
law (LOM) promulgated on December 24, 2019 as their drivers. fund, Renault supports ECOV, which works with
gives substantial column-space to carpooling. local authorities to build reliable spontaneous and
Financial aid comes from the sustainable mobility Occasional carpooling, generally over long dynamic carpooling lines that are accessible to all
package set up for home-to-work journeys, as well distances, is the most structured. Digital in outer-urban and rural areas.
as through the possibility for local authorities to pay applications secure the transaction between drivers
an allowance to drivers or passengers. The law and passengers. According to the Parc Auto survey,
also encourages the creation of carpooler lanes. the proportion of long journeys organised via a
networking structure rose from 25% in 2012 to 63%
In practice, the spread and development of car in 2019. The average distance travelled is around
sharing is still difficult to measure. According to 239 km per journey, with an average of 3.5 people
the various surveys, regular car-pooling concerns per vehicle (BlaBlaCar, Zero Empty Seats, 2019).
5-10% of the country’s population. The Kantar TNS
Parc Auto survey indicates that in 2019, 4.7% of Home-to-work journeys and short journeys are
people surveyed had used carpooling for their more likely to be between friends or colleagues,
home-to-work journeys in the last 12 months, 8.5% but this is growing as a proportion of market players,
50 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • transport: passengers and goods
59%
of trips are less
75% 55% than 50 km
of graduates of 3 years of men
higher education (53% in 2012)
or more (71% in 2012)
54%
of rentals take place
during the week
51€ / 30€
average and medium
61% 47 ans
cost of a rental
(56 € / 28 € in 2016)
of executives
years of age
and higher intellectual
on average (42 in 2012) 2.4
professions (57% in 2016)
average number of
rentals per user and
per month (2.2 in 2016)
75%
live in central cities
of agglomerations
CAR-SHARING are getting older (now 47 years old on average), its corporate customers via RCI Mobility (which
are more qualified (73% have a baccalaureate became Glide.io in November 2020).
Car-sharing is defined in the Grenelle II Act +3 years or higher) and are financially better off
(Article 54) as the pooling of a vehicle or a fleet than the average population of the large cities in With the Free2Move application, PSA group
of motorised land transport vehicles for the benefit which they live. offers mobility services in 34 cities in 11 European
of users who are subscribers or authorised by the countries and the United States, with car-sharing
organisation or person managing the vehicles. The mobility framework law, passed at the end of services operated directly by the group, such as
Each subscriber or authorised user may access 2019, aims to facilitate the allocation of parking in Paris (Free2Move Paris), Madrid and Lisbon
a vehicle without a driver for the journey of his spaces reserved for car-sharing vehicles by the (Emov) and Washington DC (Free2 Move
or her choice and for a limited period of time. A authorities responsible for organising mobility Washington DC). PSA also offers services directed
distinction is made between P2P (rental between (AOM). These reserved parking spaces will include at companies, with a connected fleet management
private individuals), B2B (for company employees) a "car-sharing label" granted to vehicles that system (Connect Fleet), a car-sharing service
and B2C (for private individuals) commercial car- comply with the conditions defined by the AOM (Fleet Sharing) and a fleet electro-mobility advisor
sharing. (type of vehicles authorised, minimum number of service.
rentals per month, etc.).
In commercial car-sharing, the round-trip service
is when the customer picks up the vehicle at THE B2C AND B2B RANGE OF FRENCH
a station and returns to drop it off at the same CAR MANUFACTURERS:
station. Conversely, the "one-way" service allows
the user to drop the vehicle off at a different With the Renault Mobility application, Renault
station, or anywhere within a given perimeter. In group offers various car-sharing services in several
the latter case, this is known as "free-floating". major cities. In Nice, users have access to a fleet
These different systems correspond to very of self-service closed-loop car-sharing zones. In
different periods of use and needs. Paris, the group offers 100%-electric vehicles on
a free-floating basis (Moov’in Paris). Elsewhere
The latest ADEME survey, carried out in 2019, in Europe, it is joining forces with other players to
reminds us that the round-trip option is more offer car-sharing services (Zity in Madrid) or equip
substantial and longer-standing than “one-way”. car-sharing fleets with electric vehicles (Fetch
Nevertheless, free-floating has been growing since Car Sharing in Amsterdam, Aimo in Stokholm,
2016. It also shows that B2C car-sharing users etc.). Finally, Renault also offers solutions for
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 51
france • transport: passengers and goods
22%
32%
78% 68%
Share of chauffeur-driven vehicles
(VTC) in public transport for private
individuals (T3P) in 2017
2016 2017
CHAUFFEUR-DRIVEN TRANSPORT • Fares are not regulated, unlike taxi fares, i.e. 10 points less than those who use traditional
VEHICLES (VOITURES DE TRANSPORT which are fixed by decree. rentals.
AVEC CHAUFFEUR - VTC)
The National Observatory of Public-Private In February 2019, PSA group acquired a French
The VTC activity involves public transport for Transport, created in 2017, and responsible start-up, TravelCar, which offers parking and rental
private individuals (T3P), defined by the transport for drawing up an inventory of the sector, has solutions for private individuals at airports.
code, which also includes taxis and two- or three- published an initial assessment of the sector.
wheeled motorised vehicles, commonly called It indicates that there were 15,000 VTCs on
“motorbike taxis”. the register in 2016 (22% of the Public-Private
Passenger Transport offer), which jumped to
Since their arrival in France at the beginning 26,000 in 2017 for 56,000 taxis, (32% of the
of 2010, VTC services have helped to broaden Public-Private Transport offer). This increase is
the mobility offer by bringing a pre-ordered the consequence of the Grandguillaume law, which
passenger transport service. However, their rapid requires drivers to register before December 31 in
development has raised many questions about order to continue their business. The observatory
their legality and about their competition with taxis, also indicates that the VTC offer is highest in Île-
leading the public authorities to review prevailing de-France, which accounts for 80% of the national
regulations. supply, compared with one-third of the taxi supply.
Originally, VTC status was inherited from "voiture In August 2017, Renault group acquired Marcel, a
de grande remise", chauffeur-driven cars whose VTC operator in Île-de-France, which it has been
origins lie in the 17th century, and the profession of operating for three years, offering the first range
"Grand Remisier", by extension, the name given to of 100%-electric VTCs.
the drivers of luxury passenger cars. In 2009, this
regime was transformed by the Novelli law, which
deregulated the activity and created the status of HIRE BETWEEN PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS
passenger car with driver. The Thévenoud (2014) Share of rentals between private
and Grandguillaume (2018) laws made it possible
to set new regulations applicable to VTCs, now
More recently, car sharing outside the private
sphere has also developed and car rental services
individuals in the short-term rental
called "chauffeur-driven transport vehicles", and between private individuals have emerged. The market in 2016
to specify the activity of the profession. rental is carried out through specialised websites,
bringing together people who do not know each
Today, VTC vehicles are subject to special set- other. It allows individuals to share their vehicle
up and operating conditions that distinguish them in return for a fee and thus make it profitable to
from taxis own and maintain their vehicle when stationary.
• The vehicle used must meet certain "top- According to the KANTAR TNS PARC AUTO
of-the-range" requirements. It must have survey, 7% of households that used a rental car in
between four and nine seats (including the 2019 (i.e. 6% of the sample) rented from a private
driver), have been on the road for less than individual, which is still a very marginal activity
six years (excluding vintage vehicles) and within the population.
meet certain technical requirements (size,
power). However, a survey conducted by the CNPA
• The driver must obtain a VTC professional indicates that this activity represented 6% of all
card and register with the national register short-term rentals (expressed in number of days)
of VTC operators. in 2016, compared to 3% the previous year, and
• Passengers must reserve in advance, that 5% of permit holders have already used it.
meaning that the vehicle may neither park The users are young (44% are under 35), less
nor drive on the public highway touting for often in work than clients of traditional agencies
business. Booking via digital platforms is (70%, compared with 83%), and less well-off: 47%
prohibited and remains reserved for taxis belong to the higher socio-professional categories,
52 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • transport: passengers and goods
3,000
sensors. They make driving easier or safer for August 17, 2015 legally qualifies "autonomous
the driver with, for example, parking assistance vehicles" as vehicles with partial or total delegation
(ParkingAssist), automatic windscreen wipers or of driving functions, whether they are passenger
automatic headlight control. Certain safety devices cars, goods vehicles or passenger transport
(intelligent speed adjustment, warning systems in vehicles.
case of drowsiness / loss of attention / distraction) Autonomous Vehicles
will be made compulsory by European regulations. The UNECE Regulation on Automated Lane
The progressive development of connectivity and Keeping Systems (ALKS), adopted on 24 June to be deployed
automation technologies should eventually enable 2020, is the first technical regulation on level 3 in the SCOOP project
the deployment of highly automated vehicles. automation. It establishes the strict technical and
The driver must monitor the system constantly. The driver does not have to monitor the system The driver is not required.
constantly.
Non-driving activities are Non-driving activities Non-driving activities
not permitted. are allowed on a limited are permitted at all
basis. times during the use
case.
The system is not able When the system The system identifies The system identifies The system identifies
to detect the limits of all identifies its limits, the the limit of its the limit of its the limit of its
of its capabilities. driver must be able to performance, however it performance and can performance and can
regain control of the is not able to bring the automatically cope with automatically cope with
AUTOMATION
vehicle. system back to a any situation that arises any situation occurring
DRIVER
minimum risk state for during the use case. At during the entire
all situations. As a the end of the journey.
result, the driver must emergency, the driver
be able to regain control must be able to regain
of the vehicle within a control of the vehicle.
certain period of time.
Emergency situations
can be taken into
account by the system,
provided that it can be
relayed by a human
driver.
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 53
france • transport: passengers and goods
Detection of obstacles,
vehicles and passengers.
RADARS DIGITAL GEO- RADARS Front/rear visibility.
Line crossing prevention aid.
CAMERAS CAMERAS LOCALISATION CAMERAS Distance measurement
12 km
(laser teledetection).
Public authorities’ suppor t for the development of new services or for road safety Experiments and tests on connected and
development of the autonomous and purposes. autonomous vehicles
connected vehicle
The French government has embarked on The State’s public actions are continuing to The general framework
an ambitious approach to the development of develop technical innovation, establish a national In France, the regulatory framework for
automated vehicles with the objective of French framework for the validation of automated public experiments was established by the order of
leadership based on three principles: safety, transport systems, develop the action of local August 3, 2016, which requires prior authorisation
progressiveness and acceptability. Its national authorities and continue international work on from the Minister of Transport for the experimental
strategy on autonomous vehicle development technical regulations and the specific approval of use of vehicles with partial or total delegation of
aims to enable automated vehicles to be used on automated vehicles. driving authority on a road open to traffic. This
public roads by 2022. framework was supplemented by the law of
In addition, in September 2020 France worked May 22, 2019, known as “PACTE law”, which
The year 2021 should therefore see the adoption actively for the adoption of an amendment to the authorises experimentation with vehicles of the
of the implementing orders for the mobility Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (International highest levels of automation with an adapted
guidance law (known as the "LOM" law), firstly, Treaty of 1968) to allow the circulation of vehicles liability regime, and by the mobility orientation
to adapt the existing legal framework, in particular using automated driving systems, which refers bill to draw up a framework for the circulation of
the highway code and transport code, to allow to systems combining hardware and software autonomous vehicles.
automated vehicles of SAE levels 3 to 5 to use elements that enable the dynamic control of a
public roads, and secondly, to ensure that data is vehicle over a long period of time.
made available to private or public players for the
54 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • transport: passengers and goods
THE EXTENDED VEHICLE (EXVE) AND ITS STANDARDISED INTERFACES services, repair and maintenance diagnostics,
entertainment, etc.) with the impact that such
Remote diagnostic an extension implies in terms of system
Others support
(to be defined)
integrity and safety.
(ISO 20080)
► ANNUAL VARIATION IN PRICE INDICES FOR DIFFERENT PASSENGER TRANSPORT MODES (AS A %)
Including passenger
Passenger road Including passenger
transport by taxi or Passenger air transport
Passenger cars Passenger rail transport transport (buses, transport by buses and
transport services with (1)
coaches and taxis) coaches
drivers
2010 4.3% 2.1% -1.7% -3.0% 1.4% -2.1%
2015 -2.0% 3.1% 1.8% 2.2% 1.0% -0.6%
2016 -0.9% 0.0% 1.2% 1.6% 0.2% -4.0%
2017 3.3% 0.7% 3.1% 4.1% 0.6% 2.4%
2018 5.0% 0.3% 1.6% 1.5% 1.8% 0.5%
2019 1.1% -0.3% 1.4% 0.7% 3.2% 0.9%
100
95
92
90
88
85
80
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
PASSENGER CARS RAIL TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS
ROAD TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS (BUSES, COACHES AND TAXIS) AIR TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS (1)
PASSENGER TRANSPORT BY TAXI OR TRANSPORT SERVICES WITH DRIVERS
(1) The methodology for calculating the price index for air transport services changed in January 2012.
Source: INSEE
The price indexes of the different modes of primarily concern inter-urban connections. The 2003 but has been declining for 4 years. The real
passenger transport reflect price trends including index for private vehicles was created taking into index of road passenger transport (coaches and
VAT. Thus, for air travel, airport taxes are included; account both the cost of purchase, but also their buses) fell sharply between 2003 and 2013, then
likewise for the other forms, charges related to use. To identify actual price changes in these increased again until 2017, the decline being 12%
infrastructure are only shown up to what can main means of transport, the different indexes over the period 2003-2019, while that of public
be incorporated into the sale price. In addition, are corrected using the general consumer price transport for private individuals (taxis, VTC) is
only the part directly paid by the household is index as illustrated in the graph above. growing continuously (+18%). Finally, the real air
monitored. For example, if a region or a local transport price index continues to decline, which
authority decides, as part of a spatial planning After remaining close to their 1995 level, the real began in 2009.
policy or social measures, to subsidise part of price indexes of the various modes of passenger
the costs related to transport, a decrease will be transport have experienced stronger and more
recorded in household spending. Fuel surcharges contrasting trends since 2003: between 2003 and
are incorporated in the monitoring of the passenger 2019, the real index linked to personal vehicles
air transport index. (purchases and use) has increased continuously
(+15%), with the exception of the years 2014 to
Rail and road passenger transport indexes 2016. Rail transport has grown by 11% since
56 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • transport: passengers and goods
FREIGHT TRANSPORT INDEXES IN FRANCE: ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT INDEXES IN FRANCE: RAIL AND FLUVIAL
Base 100 in 2015 Base 100 in 2015
106 130
102 120
98 110
94
100
90
90
86
80
2006 T1 2008 T1 2010 T1 2012 T1 2014 T1 2016 T1 2018 T1 2020 T1 2006 T1 2008 T1 2010 T1 2012 T1 2014 T1 2016 T1 2018 T1 2020 T1
ROAD TRANSPORT: INTERCITY ROAD TRANSPORT: INTERNATIONAL RAIL TRANSPORT: NATIONAL RAIL TRANSPORT: INTERNATIONAL
ROAD TRANSPORT: LOCAL FLUVIAL TRANSPORT: NATIONAL FLUVIAL TRANSPORT: INTERNATIONAL
Freight transport price indexes are calculated services entrusted by a sample of 22 shippers to (bulk and ferry). Calculations are based on
by the transport ministry’s SDES statistics rail transport operators. international price indexes, unitary prices and
department. For road, fluvial and rail transport, tariffs. It is very volatile, in line with bulk price
these indices are drawn up using the so-called For air freight the price index is calculated trends.
‘representative services methodology’, defined according to freight services departing from
according to loading and unloading site, type of France by air waybill. The service is defined by the Concerning road freight, infra-annual variations are
merchandise and characteristics of the contract point of unloading and the airline responsible for less substantial, compared to fluvial or air, even
linking the shipper to the haulier. Prices are shipment. The index is drawn up using so-called though fuel does represent between 20 and 30%
recorded on a quarterly basis. In road and fluvial ‘unitary value methodology’ which includes the of total road freight transport as the CNR survey
transport, only activities performed on behalf of excess charges for fuel and security, paid to the shows (see page 59).
third parties by companies domiciled in France, for airline doing the shipping. It is in line with highly
whom freight is the main business, are monitored. volatile fuel prices.
For rail transport, the price index, which has The sea transport price index comprises transport
been monitored since the first quarter of 2012, is services for third parties, performed by companies
calculated on the basis of representative transport registered in France whose activity is sea freight
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 57
france • transport: passengers and goods
6%
(57%) of the expenses related to the use of the a lower share of their budget to the automobile
vehicle (fuel, repair, maintenance, tolls, insurance). (13% and 15% respectively). Conversely, the
These user expenses amount to 8% of the total category of farmers, workers and artisan traders,
budget, but reach 11% among rural households less present in urban areas and more forced to
and 9% on average among households belonging use their vehicles for work, devote 18% of their
to the first 3 income quintiles (compared to 7.4% budget to cars.
for the 5th quintile). The item that weighs the most
within this group is fuel, which represents 4% of the
Weight of fuel in the total
total and reaches 6% in rural areas, against only consumption of the least well off
2% in the Paris area. The least well-off households households (Q1-Q3) according to the
(Q1-Q3) also devote a larger part of their budget to
it (4.3%) than the richest households which belong
2011 “Family budget” survey
The “Family budget” surveys carried out every of total consumption excluding taxes, duties, the most taxed, it thus appears that households
five years by INSEE give an idea of the share loan repayments and major works. Expenses are belonging to Q1-Q3 pay more for the use of their
of the major consumption items in household broken down here according to the category of vehicles, in proportion to their consumption, than
budgets and provides data according to their municipality of residence, and income quintiles. households belonging to the richest quintile.
characteristics: socio-professional category, age, The 5th quintile, for example here corresponds to
income, category of commune of residence, etc. the 20% of households with the highest incomes. Breaking down by category of municipality of
residence, the fuel item appears to be higher
In terms of automobile-related items, there are In 2017, the automobile budget of metropolitan the smaller the size of the municipality. Thus,
two major differences compared to national households represented 15% of their total households in the Paris area devote nearly 2% of
accounting (see page 61). For the processing of consumption. The purchase item weighs less their consumption to it, compared with more than
vehicle insurance expenses, the whole amount is than half of the total (43%) varying from 5% of 6% for households in rural municipalities, which
taken into account in surveys, whereas only the the budget for the 60% of households with the benefit less from public transport and travel more
service (spending that is the least reimbursed) lowest incomes (Q1-Q3) to almost 8% for the 5th frequently and over longer distances.
is accounted for at a macroeconomic level. For quintile. Conversely, the item "user expenditure"
second-hand car expenditure, the whole amount weighs more for households belonging to the first
is accounted for in the surveys, whilst at a quintiles (9%) against 7.4% for the 5th quintile.
macroeconomic level, the amount taken is more This difference is in particular related to the
or less the margins of professionals involved at weight of the fuel item for which the most modest
the time of a transaction, without taking trading households devote 1 point more in their budget to
between private individuals into consideration. it than the most well-off households.
The budget survey used in this edition is limited to The same phenomenon is observed for insurance
metropolitan France. The breakdown of the various related to transport, which represents 2.6% of the
automotive items is expressed as a percentage budget of the most modest. As these two items are
58 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • transport: passengers and goods
12%
explained by the stagnation of the price of crude over the same period. The share of equipment
oil in 2019 and therefore the cost of professional ownership in long-distance freight transport has
diesel which accounts for a quarter of the costs remained virtually stable since 2016.
of long-distance transport.
ROAD FREIGHT COST PRICE STRUCTURE FOR LONG DISTANCE ROAD FREIGHT COST PRICE STRUCTURE IN DECEMBER 2019
As a % As a %
35 45
30 40
35
25 30
20 25
15 20
10 15
10
5 5
0 0
L E E T F L E E T F
NA L NC UR EN IP AF ES ST
S NA L NC UR EN IP AF ES ST
S
SIOFUE ENA CT IPM SH ST NS CO SIOFUE ENA CT IPM SH ST NS CO
S
E L T TR
U U R N G PE E S
E L T TR
U U R N G PE E
OF SE MAIN AS EQ NE I V I E X
U R OF SE MAIN AS EQ NE I V I E X
U R
PR DIE FR OW DR EL CT PR DIE FR OW DR EL CT
IN AV RU IN AV RU
TR ST TR ST
DEC-13 DEC-15 DEC-19 REGIONAL RIGID LONG DISTANCE
The National Road Committee (CNR) publishes, entry into force, to make them comparable with the The maintenance cost index, which includes
amongst other things, two indexes reflecting post 2019 period. The CICE is indeed transformed tyres and vehicle maintenance and repair, has
changes to the cost of long distance and regional from January 1, 2019 into long-term relief from remained stable at 8.2% since 2016. Tyre prices
road freight transport. employers’ social contributions. have been trending up between 2013 and 2015,
before coming closer, of their starting level and
Long distance corresponds to national or In long-distance road freight transport, the first maintenance on Euro VI standard vehicles, in
international transport performed by a maxi-code expense item is driving staff, which share has force for 4 years, seems more expensive than
articulated unit whose operating constraints mean remained stable since 2013, around 29% but for previous generations (example: exhaust with
that the driver’s return home every night is either which fell by 1 point in 2019. Second expense particle filtering). Finally, the “infrastructure” item
impossible or very difficult to plan. item, the commercial diesel ratio rose to 27% of increased slightly in 2019 (+0.4 point), reaching
the cost price in 2013 before decreasing by 7 7% of the total cost.
Regional transport, which is performed using points until 2015, then growing again to oscillate
rigid trucks with a total weight between 3.5 and at around 24% over the following three years. In regional transport, the share of driving staff
19 tonnes, applies to transport within a region continued to drop slightly, which began in 2015, to
and across into neighbouring regions whereby The share of equipment ownership (tractor stand at 39.7% at the end of December 2019. The
the driver is able to return home every night. and semitrailer) has remained stable, at a level weight of professional diesel comes in second in
slightly above 12% since 2016, after two years of the cost of regional transport. After falling between
The cost structure resulting from the CNR annual increase, following the increase in the price of new 2013 and 2015 (-4 points), it has risen by more
survey depends both on the evolution of each vehicles, linked to the entry in accordance with the than 3 points since that date to stand at 17.8% in
component and on the associated operating environmental standard Euro VI as of January 1, 2019. The holding of equipment, the third item of
conditions (kilometres traveled, number of hours 2014 (approximately 10%) and new mandatory expenditure, stagnated in 2019 at 22.1% of costs.
worked). Thus, an item can see its weight in safety equipment. The impact of these increases Finally, repair maintenance costs stabilised at
the structure vary differently than the evolution is diluted in the calculation of the cost of ownership around 7.4% of the total.
of its unit cost can suggest. Here we are mainly by the gradual renewal of vehicles (around 1/6 of
interested in the evolution of the cost structure, the fleet per year) and by the slight drop in price
which better reflects the reality experienced by observed for semi-trailers. In addition, in 2019,
carriers. interest rates remain at historically low levels. On
the other hand, the cost of automobile insurance,
The CNR now takes into account, in the calculation which is also included in the “material” item, grew
of its indices, the CICE since 2013, the year of its by 4.3% in 2019.
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 59
france • car purchasing
+0.1%
(+0.1%), after increasing by 14% in 2018. This in 2019, and 49% since 2005 (of which 60% for
sharp slowdown is explained by the decline in the labour force), while the price index for spare parts
average annual price of Brent in 2019, combined and accessories stagnated over the period 2005-
with a stability of taxation of oil products. 2019.
NEW PASSENGER CAR, FUEL, PARTS, ACCESSORIES, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PRICE INDEXES
RETAIL PRICE OF DIESEL IN FRANCE AND THAT FOR JANUARY 1999, HARMONISED PRICE INDICES IN THE EURO ZONE (17 COUNTRIES)
INDEXED FOR CONSUMER PRICES
In € per litre Base 100 in January 2000
1.5 140 138.9
1.4 135 E@42*%""*2.*[email protected]>*&"""
1.3 130
1.2 125
1.1 120 120.3
1.0 115
0.9
0.8 110
0.7 105
0.6 100
0.5 95
J00 J05 J10 J15 J20 J00 J05 J10 J15 J20
RETAIL PRICE OF FUEL OVERALL INDEX (IPCH)
INDEXED PRICE Sources: MTE/SDES, INSEE, CCFA calculations PRICE INDEX FOR NEW AND USED CARS Source: Eurostat
The price index for new cars compares the price effect of measures to boost sales (bonus/ In the euro zone (19 countries), Eurostat calculates
of cars with similar technical characteristics so as penalty system and scrap incentive since 2008). a price index for the purchase of new and second-
not to take into account price increases resulting Nevertheless, the tightening of the ecological hand cars; the data from the different countries
from improved quality or equipment. It takes into bonus/penalty scales, the implementation of new are then collated. Since 1996, the index trend
account promotional offers made occasionally (i.e. standards that increase the cost of pollution control compared to that of the general price index
outside the private sales market), as well as the and the introduction of new elements to improve shows a high pressure phenomenon on prices
bonus/penalty system. road safety have contributed to price growth since linked to intense competition and limitations on
2011. households’ purchasing power, as is the case for
To identify real price trends for the main items France. In 2019, the general price index was up
linked to cars, these indexes have been corrected As for the real price index of repairs and 38% compared to 2000, whilst the price index for
by the general consumer price index in the above maintenance, it started to climb again from 2003 the purchase of new and second-hand cars was
graph. onwards for various reasons linked to labour (the only up 19%.
cost of work, development of skills, etc.) and parts
Between 1992 and 2010, the real price of new (improved reparability, price of raw materials,
cars has declined on a regular basis under the improved service quality, greater diversity of
continuous effect of competition and the occasional models demanded by consumers).
60 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • car purchasing
9.6%
due to the slowdown in energy prices. Thus, the euros and represented only 61% of car spending,
purchasing power of households rose by 0.8 point compared to 82% in 1990.
more in 2019 compared to 2018 (+2.1%, compared
to 1.3% in 2018) and household consumption Spending on maintenance and repairs continued
expenditure is accelerating in volume (+1.5%, after to grow strongly in 2019 to stand at 43.6 billion
+0.9% in 2018). euros, an amount almost identical to the purchase
Share of vehicle purchases as a of vehicles. Likewise, despite the sharp slowdown
Vehicle purchases grew by 1% in 2019 (after +1.9% observed in fuel purchases (+1% in 2019, compared
percentage of total household in 2018) to reach 49 billion euros. Automobile to +12.5% in 2018), they stood at around 41.5 billion
spending in 2019 spending represents 87% of the total, the rest being euros in 2019, compared with 33.6 billion euros in
purchases of motorcycles, cycles and caravans. 2017.
Despite a strong increase in purchases of used
TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS SPENDING €billion 1,000 100% 1,415 100% 1,631 100% 1,668 100% +2.3%
Number of households (metropolitan France) thousand 24,256 27,227 29,092 29,336 +0.8%
Spending on passenger cars per household euros 4,327 4,876 5,387 5,462 +1.4%
Spending on passenger cars per vehicle-owning
euros 5,388 5,840 6,421 6,510 +1.4%
household
Source: INSEE - Household consumer spending, 2019 - base 2014
AUTOMOTIVE BUDGET COEFFICIENTS FROM 2000 TO 2019 TOTAL VEHICLE RELATED EXPENDITURE
As a % of total households spending As a % of total households spending
4.0 11.0 10.3
10.0 9.7 9.8 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.8
3.7 10.0 9.4 9.4 9.7 9.4 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.6
3.5 8.9 8.8 8.9
9.0
3.0 2.9 8.0
7.0
2.5 2.5 6.0
2.0 5.0
4.0
1.5 Difference between new
and used vehicles 3.0
1.0 2.0
1.0
0.0 0.0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
RUNNING COSTS (EXCL.FUEL) USED VEHICLE PURCHASES
FUEL, LUBRICANTS NEW VEHICLE PURCHASES VEHICLE PURCHASES
According to national statistics – based on different As part of this consumption group, the “vehicle and repair of personal vehicles has been rising
fundamentals than those used for the Family budget purchase item”, which now includes the tax on since 2014 and now stands at 2.6%, which is
survey (see page 58) – households in 2019 spent registration certificates, is now in second place equivalent to the purchase of cars.
160 billion euros (+6%) on personal transport. This behind spending on vehicle upkeep (excluding
sum represented 83% of all household expenditure fuel), whereas pre-2003 it was the biggest item Finally, the budget coefficient linked to fuels has
dedicated to transport (individual and public). of expenditure. The downward trend in vehicle fluctuated a lot in recent years in line with the
purchases is affecting this budgetary coefficient, evolution of energy prices. In 2019 it amounted to
The share of automobile consumption as a share of which was only 2.9% in 2019 compared to 4.6% in 2.5% for an amount of 41.5 billion euros.
real national consumption is called the “automotive 1990. Purchases of new passenger cars account for
budgetary coefficient”. This coefficient varied only 61% of overall vehicle purchases, compared
between 9% and 11% at the beginning of the 1990s to 82% in 1990.
until the 2009 crisis. Since, it has vacillated around
the 9% mark and was 9.6% in 2019. The budget coefficient linked to the maintenance
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 61
france • car purchasing
AUTOMOBILE FINANCING
In 2019, consumer credit continued to grow, driven For second-hand vehicles purchased by
by low interest rates and strong auto purchases. households, cash purchase remains the main
More than 60% of new cars purchased by method of financing (nearly 60%). However,
households are paid for on credit, more than half the use of conventional credit for the purchase
69%
of which is financed by rental. of used cars is increasing (+28% between 2013
and 2019) and rental formulas have also been
The financing arrangements for new car purchases developing since 2016 (+200% in 3 years). Thus,
by individuals have changed significantly over the more than 430,000 used vehicle financing files
past four years, favouring rental formulas to the were registered by ASF in 2019.
detriment of conventional credit (or affected car
credit). Since 2010, the number of loans allocated The credit financing of business equipment in
to the purchase of a new vehicle has fallen by new vehicles (passenger cars, light commercial
Share of rent with or without
54%, while the number of rental transactions has vehicles and industrial vehicles) is also up in 2019
multiplied by more than 3. (+5%), with 716,000 funding applications. Since purchase option in the credit
2013, the rent without purchase option dominated financing of new cars purchased by
Thus, in vehicle credit, rental has become the by the long term rental, has increased by 54%, households in France in 2019
dominant form of financing (69% of credit in 2019) compared to 33% for the rent with purchase
ahead of specific car loans (30%) and personal option. It now represents 61% of the financing
loans (1%). Within the rental bracket, rent-to-buy files of companies, compared to 36% for the rent
is highly dominant (90% of rental financing) whilst with purchase option.
rent without option to buy remained marginal.
INTEREST RATES OF NEW CONSUMER LOANS TOTAL AMOUNTS OVER TWELVE MONTHS
TO INDIVIDUALS (NOT INCLUDING OVERDRAFTS, OF NEW CONSUMER LOANS TO INDIVIDUALS
ANNUAL INTEREST RATE) (EXCEPT OVERDRAFTS)
Credit rate as a % In € billion
8.0
75
7.5
7.0 71
6.5 67
6.0 63
5.5 59
5.0 55
4.5 51
4.0 47
3.5 43
J2004 J2008 J2012 J2016 J2020 J2004 J2008 J2012 J2016 J2020
FINANCING THE PURCHASE OF A NEW CAR BY INDIVIDUALS IN 2019 CHANGES IN CREDIT FINANCING OF NEW CARS PURCHASED
As a % BY INDIVIDUALS
0 1 1 2 8
100
9 13 14
80 34
41
39 37
39
61
60
22
40
1
50 47 49
20 42
30
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
RENTALS WITHOUT OPTION TO PURCHASE (INCLUDING LONG-TERM RENTAL)
Source: Banque de France Sources: ASF, CCFA RENTALS WITH OPTION TO PURCHASE PERSONAL LOAN CAR LOAN
New and second-hand car purchases use loan months, or seven years; the purchase option may passenger cars to individuals slowed down in
facilities if they cannot or do not wish to buy in be exercised during the lease or at the end of 2019 (+0.2%) while the financing of used cars
cash. the lease. remains dynamic (+7%). The number of rent with
or without purchase option cases increased by 2%
There are four financing possibilities: • Rentals without purchase option includes and 19% respectively compared to 2018, while
financial leasing and long-term leasing. These the traditional funding allocated fell again by 8%.
• Personal or bank loans granted by a bank or are operations without possibility for the tenant
credit institution. The borrower is free to use his to become owner at the end of the contract. The renewal of fleets and the enthusiasm of
credit as he sees fit. fleets for SUVs have helped maintain demand
Results from various sources (professional for vehicles from companies. Vehicle purchases
• Specific car loan or conventional credit; it is associations, statistics on registrations, surveys) by companies remained dynamic in 2019 and the
provided by financial companies, subsidiaries of allow calculations to be made on credit used for number of financing files reached 716,000 (+5%).
manufacturers and importers, or by independent the purchase of new cars by households. The "Syndicat des Entreprises des Services
finance companies belonging to manufacturers Automobiles en LLD et des Mobilités" (Sesamlld)
and finance or banking subsidiaries or groups. It Having fallen between 2008 and 2014, the total indicates that at the end of 2019, the fleet in long
is used for a specific purchase. number of new loans for private household term rental now stands at 1,455,195 units.
consumption continued to progress with the steady
• Rentals with purchase option, also known decline in interest rates. After an increase of 30%
as lease with promise of sale or leasing; it is a in 3 years, they increased again by 3% in 2019 to
consumer credit that allows the disposal of a reach a record level.
car against the payment of monthly fees during
the lease period, which can be up to eighty-four Within these new loans, the financing of new
62 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • car purchasing
► LIGHT VEHICLE SALES NETWORKS ► REVENUE FROM CARS AND MOTORCYCLES SALES AND REPAIRS
IN FRANCE ON JANUARY 1, 2020 (IN CURRENT € BILLION, INCLUDING VAT)
Primary Change
Brands
dealership in 2020 Activity 2010 2013 2016 2017 2018 (sd) 2019 (p) 2019-
Renault 649 2018
Peugeot 401 Motor vehicle sales 76.9 73.7 86.7 91.1 93.8 98.0 4.5%
Citroën 391 Automotive maintenance
20.5 20.1 20.8 22.5 23.6 24.4 3.4%
Opel 234 and repairs
DS 162 Retail sales of automotive
6.5 7.8 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.2 -0.3%
equipment
French groups 1,837
Motorcycle sales and
Volkswagen 304 4.0 3.6 3.8 4.3 4.4 4.6 5.6%
repairs
Toyota 260
Retail fuel sales 15.6 18.8 15.5 16.7 17.9 17.3 -3.4%
Ford 232
TOTAL 123.5 124.1 134.5 142.7 147.9 152.5 3.1%
Kia 214
Source: INSEE - Trade Accounts, base 2010 of national accounts: (sd) semi-definitive; (p) provisional
Suzuki 207
Nissan 205
Fiat 192
Hyundai 186 As a % SHARE OF THE LARGE RETAIL GROUPS IN THE SALE OF NEW VEHICLES
Mercedes-Benz 169 60 (IN VOLUME AND IN VALUE)
BMW 158
Other Japanese brands 445
Other Korean brands 75 50
Other brands 1,565
TOTAL 6,049 40
Source: Argus
30
20
10
0
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
TOP10 IN VOLUME TOP100 IN VOLUME
TOP10 IN VALUE TOP100 IN VALUE
€98
The automobile requires a very special service: of the environment, availability of spare parts and
throughout its lifetime, it needs to be followed at all information on technical changes.
times and in all places to be maintained or repaired
in the best conditions in order to maintain its initial To guarantee a high level of quality at the point
qualities. According to the Parc Auto Kantar TNS of sale and through after-sales, auto-distribution
survey, a car in the fleet available to households networks rely on a selection procedure for
has an average of two maintenance and repair
operations per year for recent vehicles and three
distributors and repairers able to apply the
exigencies of the brand and the level of customer BILLION
for older vehicles. service required. In terms of automobile repairs,
there are also independent networks (in 2017:
Net turnover, in 2019, of automotive
Cooperation between manufacturers, distributors 14,500 automotive repair mechanics, 1,270 sales and repairs in France,
and approved repairers is therefore very tight to autocentres and 860 quick-repair centres). according to INSEE
provide warranty service, user safety, protection
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 63
france • environment
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
According to ADEME, the circular economy is An end-of-life vehicle (ELV) is a vehicle that
defined as an economic system of trade and its last holder hands over to a third party for
production which, at every stage of the product destruction. Nearly 1.6 million ELVs were taken
cycle life (goods and services), seeks to increase care of by the approved sector in 2018, compared
the efficiency of the use of resources and reduce to 1.1 million in 2017.
environmental impact.
Source: ADEME
In France, nearly 1.6 million end-of-life vehicles were non-ferrous metals: 4% and electrical bundles: 1%), 2017. The collection rate was 93.5% (i.e. an increase
taken care of by the sector in 2018 and processed 12% of plastics, 3% of glass and 2 % of textile. This of 1.6% compared to 2017). The tyre recycling rate
by around 1,650 approved establishments: the illustrates the diversity of materials that go into the fell from 98.4% in 2017 to 99.7% in 2018. Around
ELV centres. Their average age was 19 and a half composition of a vehicle and the complexity for the 41% of these tyres were intended for energy
in 2018. The average mass of a passenger car is optimal reprocessing of each of them. recovery in 2018 (substitute fuel in cement plants
around one tonne (source: ADEME). for example), 38.5 % material recovery, half of which
Some vehicle consumables (oils, batteries, etc.) are is granulated (sports fields, street furniture), 16.1%
The resale of second-hand spare parts contributes also recycled during the service life of the vehicle. for reuse (12.6% for second-hand resale and 3.5%
to the achievement of recycling rates and contributes In addition, manufacturers plan to use an increasing for retreading) and 2.4% to public works.
to the economic balance of the automotive industry. share of recycled materials, including some plastics
According to the CNPA, the used parts market is such as polypropylene. Retreading is the technique of giving a used tyre a
rapidly structuring and now represents around 400 new tread. For the first time in many years, retreading
million euros of turnover. Keeping cars on the roads generates 200,000 tonnes increased compared to 2017 (+9.4%). However,
of used engine oil each year. These used oils, which these retreads increasingly face competition from
The level of collection and processing of automobile are collected free of charge by approved collectors new, low-cost tyres from overseas.
components by the ELV centres varies according to are then recycled, only if they have never been mixed
the new vehicle market, the economic context, the with other liquids (water, cooling liquids, solvents,
use of schemes to promote the withdrawal of old etc.). The oils are then regenerated where possible
vehicles and technical progress that reduces the (75% of volume), i.e. used for energy.
frequency of vehicle component renewal.
In 2018, the collection of automobile batteries
The processing of end-of-life vehicles must respect (battery intended to feed a system of starting, lighting
predefined performance levels according to or ignition car) decreased by 2.3% compared to
September 18, 2000 directive: 95% re-use, of which 2017, to just under 170,000 tonnes. The recycling
85% recycling and re-injection, since 2015. Some efficiency of lead-acid batteries reached 86%.
sites already exceed this objective.
Collection from the automotive tyre industry (light
In 2018, the material decomposition of a ELV reveals and heavy vehicles) amounted to nearly 500,000
in particular: 75% of metals (ferrous metals: 70%, tonnes in 2018, an increase of 7.3% compared to
64 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • environment
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
The energy transition law for green growth of network. At the end of the vehicle’s service life,
August 17, 2015 aims to promote the market it has to be handed over to an approved ELV
for parts from the circular economy (CEIP), by centre to be processed according to a precise
requiring maintenance or repair professionals to specification, according to health and environment
inform consumers of the possibility of opting, for regulations. The centre is responsible for
94%
certain categories of spare parts, for parts from depolluting parts (removal of fluids – fuel oil,
the circular economy instead of new parts. brake fluid, air conditioning, etc. –, batteries
and securing pyrotechnic devices), dismantling
The May 30, 2016 decree specifies that parts them for second-hand sale or recycling, and
from the circular economy are components and sending the stripped vehicle to one of the 57 car
elements sold by approved ELV centres and crushers (2017 data, Ademe), responsible for
components and elements reconditioned by the separating the remaining components from the Re-use and reinjection rate within
manufacturer (the manufacturer, for example), body for re-use. The latter, when sorted, can be the automotive sector in 2018
according to a precise specification, either in used again to make other products (recycling).
the manufacturer’s factories or in a controlled If the components are not reused or recycled,
workshop, branded with the ‘reconditioned’ label they can be used for energy purposes (heating,
(decree of October 4, 1978). cogeneration).
Ve h i c l e s a r e l a u n c h e d b y p r o d u c e r s
(manufacturers and importers) via a dealership
70% 1%
Lead-acid
4%
Ferrous
starter
3%
metals
battery
1% 1%
Non ferrous
Tyres metals
Other Electrical
rubber wiring
1% 2% 3%
1% 1% 12%
Catalytic Textile
converter and other Glass
materials
Used oils
Paint Plastic
and fluids
Source: ADEME
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 65
france • economic impact & employment
+43%
(GFCF/VA ratio) is generally maintained at a high
In the new 2014 base, where research and level during this period (see the graph on page 30)
development expenses are now recorded in Gross when the European markets are approaching their
Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), total purchases level of before the crisis. In 2018, the margin rate
(or intermediate consumption), including from the (ratio between gross operating surplus and VA)
branch itself, represent more than 4 times its value decreased but remained at a high level compared
added (VA). In 2018, they reached 55 billion euros, to 2013.
Increase in total automotive sector benefiting, with a stable structure, many sectors
purchases between 2013 and 2018 of the economy.
The total purchases of the automobile branch, Purchases to machinery and equipment
which account for more than three quarters manufacturers (excluding electrical, electronic
of its production, are 28% for the branch itself, and computer products) account for 12% of total
compared with 23% in 2012, and for the remaining purchases in the automotive industry.
72% for the other branches. In 2014, where research and development
expenses are recorded in GFCF, the automobile
Purchases to "other industries" account for industry spends 14% of its purchases on the
36% of all purchases, of which metallurgy and tertiary sector, compared to 13% in 2010. A part
manufactured metal products remain the largest of these purchases is mainly intended for business
suppliers (16% of total purchases, down slightly support activities (which ratio hovers around
but steadily). 7.5%).
66 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • economic impact & employment
Activity Employees
Assemblers or engine makers 126
OEMs 66
Metal products 50
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 48
MAJOR CLIENT
Metallurgy 38
Manufacture of IT, electronic and optical products 26
Production of mechanical parts 26
Body builders or developers 19 The French automotive industry is
Production of electrical equipment 18
Chemicals 16
one of the three biggest industrial
Production of glass products 5 clients of numerous economic
Textiles 2 sectors such as plastics, industrial
Refined oil products 1
Production leather items 0 rubber and the mechanical
Sources: DGE, survey in 2012 of companies in the automotive industry; INSEE Clap 2011, DGE calculations
industry.
A "Direction Générale des Enterprises" survey equipment in France or for export represents a industrial rubber markets, foundry, industrial
published in 2015 estimates that the industrial little over 80% of the whole. services of metals which are composed in
automobile sector (excluding research and particular of sectors of cutting, stamping, industrial
development, and other services) employs Externalisation has resulted in an increasing use mechanics, bar turning, forging, stamping,
441,000 people "full-time equivalent", of which of suppliers, which services represent a high stamping and metal coatings. According to
211,000 in the core and 230,000 in the periphery and growing proportion of the overall cost of the GIST (Group of industries of mechanical
(see definitions above). It assesses the turnover manufacturing a vehicle (around 85% according subcontracting), the automotive sector accounted
of the entire sector at more than €140 billion and to FIEV). in recent years about 40% of its business turnover.
its value added at more than €20 billion. Also, the To express the total industrial weight of the
export rate from the sector is greater than that In recent years, among other automotive suppliers, automotive sector, it is necessary to add to these
of the manufacturing industry as a whole (43% nearly one-fifth of the plastics and electronics automotive suppliers what is for example the
compared to 34%). Within the auto sector, this business was automotive. In addition, 10% of the purchases in France of the automobile industry
ratio is higher for the core (56%) than for the internal market for the metal trades was for the from other sectors such as the steel industry (of
periphery (35%). automotive industry. For the smithy and smelter, which the automobile industry represents 25%
this share was close to 50%. This ratio was 70% of tonnage), chemistry (10% for all transport
According to FIEV (vehicle equipment for the polymers and rubber sector. Moreover, materials) or energy producers (see page 66).
manufacturers’ federation), headcount of according to the "Observatoire de l'Intérim",
equipment manufacturers amounted to 70,900 the automobile industry (excluding suppliers)
employees at the end of 2019, for a turnover of accounted for more than 4% of total employment
18.5 billion euros, of which 54% was intended for volumes in 2018 (in full-time equivalent).
export. OEMs address two types of market: the
original equipment market, where equipment is The French automotive industry still relies on its
intended for assembly lines, and the aftermarket French industrial base. It represents significant
or aftermarket. The share of turnover from original parts of the activity of technical plastic parts,
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 67
france • economic impact & employment
EMPLOYMENT
8%
In broader terms, 2.2 million people worked in trades are by nature less sensitive, through their
activities linked to the automotive industry in 2019, links with the vehicle fleet which continues to grow;
i.e. 8% of the working population. nevertheless, the number of jobs fell slightly with
the crisis, but in recent years a ceiling seems to
In the strictest sense, the automotive industry have been reached. These changes are already
employed 224,000 people, i.e. around 7% of incorporating the first impacts of the ecological
French employed active population salaried jobs across industry (including extractive
industries, agrofoods and industrial companies).
and digital transition which will modify professions
and skills. A prospective study carried out by the
in the automotive industry Observatory of Metallurgy in 2018 assesses the
(direct, indirect and road After the crisis, the competitiveness deficit impact of the drop in diesel engines on industrial
transport-related jobs) continued to weigh on automotive industrial employment at around 15,000 fewer jobs by
activities, including upstream ones. However, it 2030. But the new skills will also lead to needs
is easing as the market rises. Concerning use, the for significant recruitment.
2019
Equipements, accessories 96 20
CE T CE TÉ ES IE E
Road building and maintenance 119 ES IR RS
AN D AN OM ALP AND LO HE
-F
R AN -F
R
E-
C
N E- RM LA OT
Total jobs related to the automotive industry 2,216 -D
E GR -D
E
CH HÔ NO DE
ÎLE UT
S
RA
N
E-
R Y S
Sources: CCFA, DGE, INSEE, SDES, FNTP, URF, CNPA HA E-F GN PA
R
O GN VE
RG AU Source: INSEE
U
BO
The automotive industry, one of the main Vehicle use accounted for 536,000 jobs connected automotive industry (automakers, equipment
contributors to industrial production in France, in particular to services linked to vehicles (sales, manufacturers and body builders). The other
generated 470,000 jobs through its production repair, automobile equipment centres, rental, etc.), leading automotive industry regions were Grand
and its purchases from other branches (source fuel and recycling (oils, demolishers, etc.). These Est (15%), Hauts-de-France (14%), Bourgogne-
ESANE). It is important to remember that the figures include employees, but also individual Franche-Comté and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (11%
number of jobs linked to the automotive industry entrepreneurs (or non-salaried employees). each), Normandie (9%) and Pays de la Loire (6
now excludes temporary workers, since they are %). This geographical distribution can be found
now part of services. The number of temporary Finally, road transport (passengers and goods) and in the figures on the employment of equipment
workers employed – in full time equivalent (FTE) their infrastructure employed around 1.2 million manufacturers in France in 2019, published by
– averaged around 21,000 people between people thanks to the dynamism of urban public the FIEV.
2011 and 2015. Also, further to the change in transport, taxis and VTC, but also road transport of
nomenclature (see pages 88 and 89), staff from goods. On the infrastructure side, the resumption
automotive equipment manufacturers included of orders from public authorities impacted activity
those coming from manufacturers of vehicle seats and employment.
and electrical materials for engines and vehicles,
which previously figured in manufacturing and According to INSEE data, on December 31, 2015,
energy industries’ purchases. Île-de-France accounted for 21% of jobs in the
68 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
THE FRENCH
AUTOMOTIVE 7.3
INDUSTRY
MILLION VEHICLES
produced by French manufacturers
worldwide
€6.8 BILLION
French automotive industry
research and development
budget in 2018
€50 BILLION
French exports of industrial
automotive products
81%
Share of domestic
travel in France
using passenger cars
86%
Share of domestic
freight transport
in France by road
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 69
world • production
WORLD PRODUCTION
The production of each country corresponds to national declarations. Double counts are eliminated in the totals of the geographical areas.
70 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
world • production
► IN THOUSANDS
Other Other Asian,
North European
South European Pacific and
Manufacturers/areas America Union 28 Japan South Korea China TOTAL
America countries African
NAFTA countries
and Turkey countries
European manufacturers 3,752 1,531 13,819 1,392 5 314 5,383 1,647 27,841
BMW 405 0 1,650 0 0 0 397 53 2,506
FCA 2,325 560 1,321 329 0 0 32 34 4,601
DAIMLER AG (light vehicles) 287 1 1,685 2 0 0 457 117 2,549
PSA 1 144 2,601 22 5 50 382 444 3,650
RENAULT 1 390 1,827 871 0 264 75 725 4,154
VOLKSWAGEN (light vehicles) 732 435 4,735 166 0 0 4,041 273 10,382
American manufacturers 6,473 847 1,582 462 0 519 5,100 923 15,906
FORD 3,041 323 1,101 393 0 0 923 607 6,387
GM 3,270 524 422 69 0 519 4,176 316 9,298
NAVISTAR 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68
PACCAR 94 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 153
Japanese manufacturers 6,103 413 1,415 382 9,584 122 4,498 6,761 29,278
HONDA 1,851 115 164 29 818 0 1,442 818 5,237
ISUZU 0 0 0 0 234 0 0 379 612
MAZDA 186 0 0 0 971 0 315 136 1,608
MITSUBISHI 0 0 0 0 580 0 0 631 1,210
NISSAN 1,760 47 599 38 1,020 122 1,506 677 5,769
SUBARU 363 0 0 0 710 0 0 0 1,073
SUZUKI 0 0 185 0 988 0 92 2,038 3,302
TOYOTA 1,942 250 468 315 4,265 0 1,143 2,083 10,466
Korean manufacturers 844 183 697 461 0 3,174 1,183 678 7,218
HYUNDAI-KIA 844 183 697 461 0 3,174 1,183 678 7,218
Chinese manufacturers 0 0 612 0 0 0 4,206 0 4,817
GEELY 0 0 612 0 0 0 1,339 0 1,950
SAIC 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,867 0 2,867
Indian manufacturers 0 0 532 0 0 0 0 400 932
TATA 0 0 532 0 0 0 0 400 932
ALL MANUFACTURERS
17,172 2,973 18,657 2,695 9,589 4,131 20,369 10,409 85,994
QUOTED ABOVE
► AS A % OF TOTAL PRODUCTION
Other Other Asian,
North European
South European Pacific and
Manufacturers/areas America Union 28 Japan South Korea China TOTAL
America countries African
NAFTA countries
and Turkey countries
European manufacturers 13% 5% 50% 5% 0% 1% 19% 6% 100%
BMW 16% - 66% - - - 16% 2% 100%
FCA 51% 12% 29% 7% - - 1% 1% 100%
DAIMLER AG 11% - 66% - - - 18% 5% 100%
PSA - 4% 71% 1% 0% - 10% 12% 100%
RENAULT - 9% 44% 21% - 6% - 17% 100%
VOLKSWAGEN 7% 4% 46% 2% - - 39% 3% 100%
American manufacturers 41% 5% 10% 3% 0% 3% 32% 6% 100%
FORD 48% 5% 17% 6% - - 14% 9% 100%
GM 35% 6% 5% 1% - 6% 45% 3% 100%
NAVISTAR 100% - - - - - - - 100%
PACCAR 61% - 39% - - - - - 100%
Japanese manufacturers 21% 1% 5% 1% 33% 0% 15% 23% 100%
FUJI 34% - - - 66% - - - 100%
HONDA 35% 2% 3% 1% 16% - 28% 16% 100%
ISUZU - - - - 38% - 0% 62% 100%
MAZDA 12% 0% - - 60% - 20% 8% 100%
MITSUBISHI 0% 0% - - 48% - - 52% 100%
NISSAN 31% 1% 10% 1% 18% - 26% 12% 100%
SUZUKI - 0% 6% - 30% - 3% 62% 100%
TOYOTA 19% 2% 4% 3% 41% - 11% 20% 100%
Korean manufacturers 12% 3% 10% 6% 0% 44% 16% 9% 100%
HYUNDAI-KIA 12% 3% 10% 6% - 44% 16% 9% 100%
Chinese manufacturers 0% 0% 13% 0% 0% 0% 87% 0% 100%
GEELY - - 31% - - - 69% 0% 100%
SAIC - - - - - - 100% - 100%
Indian manufacturers 0% 0% 57% 0% 0% 0% 0% 43% 100%
TATA - - 57% - - 0% - 43% 100%
ALL MANUFACTURERS
20% 3% 22% 3% 11% 5% 24% 12% 100%
QUOTED ABOVE
Sources: OICA, CCFA estimates July 2018
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REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY (IN UNITS)
72 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
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► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (1) + EFTA (2)
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)
► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (1) + EFTA (2)
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)
(1) For the scope of the new EU member states, see page 77.
(2) EFTA (European Free Trade Association): Iceland (included since 2015) + Norway + Switzerland.
(3) Not including Bulgaria in 2005. In 2006, 135,500 light commercial vehicles, of which no French brand, are included in passenger cars in Spain.
Automobile manufacturers include the following brands:
PSA group = Peugeot + Citroën + DS + Opel/Vauxhall (since August 1, 2017)
Renault group = Renault + Alpine + Dacia + Lada (since January 1, 2017)
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles = Alfa Romeo + Fiat + Iveco + Lancia + Maseratti + Chrysler + Jeep + Dodge
Ford group = Ford Europe + Ford USA + others Ford
General Motors = Opel/Vauxhall (until July 31, 2017) + GM Daewoo + Chevrolet + Pontiac + others
Volkswagen group = Volkswagen + Audi + Porsche + Seat + Skoda + Bentley + Lamborghini + Bugatti + MAN + Scania
Daimler group = Mercedes-Benz + smart + FUSO + others
BMW group = BMW + Mini + Rolls-Royce
Other Japanese brands: Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Suzuki, etc.
Tata group = Jaguar + Land-Rover + Tata
The scope of the groups reflects their situation as at 01/01/2020
74 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
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REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION + EFTA IN 2019 (SEE NOTE PAGE 74)
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)
Citroën Fiat group
PSA Renault Volkswa- Ford Daimler Japanese Korean
Total and DS Peugeot Renault (including BMW-Mini
group (1) group gen group group group brands brands
(2) Chrysler)
3,607 351 62 73 215 133 113 1,314 280 332 390 314 202
Germany
100% 9.7% 1.7% 2.0% 6.0% 3.7% 3.1% 36.4% 7.8% 9.2% 10.8% 8.7% 5.6%
329 36 8 11 27 18 19 114 19 23 17 38 27
Austria
100% 11.0% 2.4% 3.4% 8.2% 5.4% 5.6% 34.5% 5.9% 6.8% 5.1% 11.7% 8.1%
550 104 30 43 70 49 23 119 24 45 39 55 37
Belgium
100% 18.9% 5.4% 7.8% 12.8% 8.8% 4.3% 21.6% 4.4% 8.1% 7.2% 9.9% 6.8%
225 43 16 19 14 12 3 62 13 10 12 43 17
Denmark
100% 19.2% 7.3% 8.5% 6.1% 5.1% 1.2% 27.7% 5.6% 4.3% 5.3% 19.0% 7.5%
1,258 239 72 98 142 86 70 290 57 60 58 188 125
Spain
100% 19.0% 5.7% 7.8% 11.3% 6.9% 5.5% 23.0% 4.5% 4.8% 4.6% 14.9% 10.0%
114 10 2 3 5 3 1 30 8 4 6 27 11
Finland
100% 8.7% 1.8% 2.2% 4.5% 3.0% 1.3% 25.9% 7.2% 3.5% 5.6% 24.0% 9.9%
2,214 708 262 380 549 410 88 286 79 86 81 211 85
France
100% 32.0% 11.8% 17.1% 24.8% 18.5% 4.0% 12.9% 3.6% 3.9% 3.6% 9.5% 3.8%
114 24 7 10 6 4 8 21 4 5 5 27 11
Greece
100% 21.2% 6.1% 8.6% 5.4% 3.7% 7.2% 18.2% 3.4% 4.5% 4.6% 23.7% 9.8%
117 11 1 6 10 7 1 32 10 5 3 26 18
Ireland
100% 9.2% 0.8% 4.8% 8.2% 5.6% 0.5% 26.9% 8.2% 3.9% 2.8% 22.4% 15.0%
1,917 298 91 110 198 114 454 302 123 80 98 210 100
Italy
100% 15.5% 4.7% 5.7% 10.3% 5.9% 23.7% 15.7% 6.4% 4.2% 5.1% 11.0% 5.2%
55 7 2 3 5 4 3 16 3 6 6 4 2
Luxembourg
100% 13.0% 4.1% 6.1% 8.6% 7.1% 5.1% 28.6% 4.6% 10.6% 10.2% 6.9% 4.4%
The 445 77 16 29 29 26 8 94 25 29 20 70 43
Netherlands 100% 17.3% 3.5% 6.6% 6.6% 5.9% 1.8% 21.1% 5.7% 6.5% 4.4% 15.6% 9.6%
224 48 15 24 36 29 17 28 9 17 21 28 11
Portugal
100% 21.7% 6.5% 10.6% 15.9% 13.0% 7.8% 12.4% 4.0% 7.4% 9.2% 12.6% 5.1%
United 2,311 296 55 81 90 59 44 501 236 235 176 352 183
Kingdom 100% 12.8% 2.4% 3.5% 3.9% 2.6% 1.9% 21.7% 10.2% 10.2% 7.6% 15.2% 7.9%
356 16 3 10 16 12 8 98 9 25 20 58 32
Sweden
100% 4.5% 0.9% 2.8% 4.6% 3.4% 2.2% 27.7% 2.6% 6.9% 5.5% 16.2% 8.9%
European 13,838 2,269 641 899 1,413 966 859 3,306 898 959 952 1,650 904
Union (15
100% 16.4% 4.6% 6.5% 10.2% 7.0% 6.2% 23.9% 6.5% 6.9% 6.9% 11.9% 6.5%
countries)
12 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 2
Iceland
100% 4.6% 1.6% 2.0% 7.4% 2.3% 0.9% 11.6% 3.7% 1.7% 1.7% 41.2% 20.3%
142 8 2 4 3 2 0 34 4 11 3 35 11
Norway
100% 5.5% 1.2% 2.6% 1.8% 1.7% 0.2% 24.1% 2.6% 8.0% 2.4% 24.9% 7.6%
311 25 7 9 20 12 17 96 14 30 28 44 14
Switzerland
100% 8.1% 2.1% 2.8% 6.4% 3.8% 5.5% 30.8% 4.5% 9.6% 9.1% 14.2% 4.5%
Europe (18 14,303 2,302 650 912 1,436 981 877 3,437 917 1,001 984 1,735 932
countries) (3) 100% 16.1% 4.5% 6.4% 10.0% 6.9% 6.1% 24.0% 6.4% 7.0% 6.9% 12.1% 6.5%
39 5 1 2 8 3 2 10 1 1 1 8 3
Bulgaria
100% 11.7% 3.4% 5.7% 20.3% 7.4% 4.2% 24.9% 3.8% 3.6% 2.0% 20.6% 7.0%
63 11 3 4 9 6 3 18 2 2 1 10 5
Croatia
100% 18.1% 4.0% 5.7% 15.1% 9.2% 4.9% 28.5% 3.5% 2.7% 2.3% 16.1% 7.7%
28 4 1 2 4 3 0 7 0 0 0 8 3
Estonia
100% 13.5% 4.8% 5.6% 14.9% 10.3% 1.5% 25.1% 1.6% 1.7% 1.7% 28.5% 9.4%
158 16 2 3 19 8 7 29 16 4 5 47 13
Hungary
100% 10.0% 1.0% 1.9% 11.8% 4.8% 4.6% 18.1% 10.0% 2.6% 3.2% 29.5% 8.5%
18 2 0 1 1 1 0 6 1 1 0 5 1
Latvia
100% 11.9% 2.7% 6.4% 8.2% 2.8% 1.9% 31.2% 3.7% 3.0% 1.3% 27.3% 8.0%
46 2 0 1 3 1 21 8 1 1 0 8 2
Lithuania
100% 4.7% 0.8% 3.0% 5.8% 3.1% 45.1% 17.6% 1.8% 1.9% 0.7% 16.3% 4.7%
554 61 12 15 57 28 20 151 30 23 22 121 54
Poland
100% 11.1% 2.2% 2.8% 10.3% 5.0% 3.7% 27.3% 5.4% 4.1% 3.9% 21.8% 9.8%
250 23 7 11 25 10 3 116 10 6 7 25 29
Czech Rep.
100% 9.1% 2.6% 4.5% 10.0% 4.0% 1.2% 46.2% 3.9% 2.2% 2.9% 10.2% 11.6%
162 14 3 4 64 14 2 26 12 4 4 22 11
Romania
100% 8.9% 1.6% 2.3% 39.6% 8.4% 1.3% 16.2% 7.7% 2.4% 2.7% 13.5% 6.6%
102 15 4 6 11 4 2 33 2 3 3 15 17
Slovakia
100% 15.0% 4.3% 6.0% 10.8% 3.9% 1.9% 32.1% 1.5% 2.7% 2.8% 14.7% 17.1%
60 11 3 4 9 7 3 19 2 2 1 7 4
Slovenia
100% 18.9% 5.5% 6.5% 15.3% 12.3% 5.7% 32.3% 2.8% 2.7% 2.3% 11.4% 7.4%
11 new EU 1,479 165 37 53 211 84 65 422 77 46 46 275 143
members 100% 11.2% 2.5% 3.6% 14.2% 5.7% 4.4% 28.5% 5.2% 3.1% 3.1% 18.6% 9.7%
Europe 15,782 2,467 687 965 1,647 1,064 941 3,859 993 1,047 1,030 2,010 1,074
(29 countries) 100% 15.6% 4.3% 6.1% 10.4% 6.7% 6.0% 24.4% 6.3% 6.6% 6.5% 12.7% 6.8%
(1) Opel is included in PSA group since August 1, 2017.
(2) Respectively 635,943 units for Citroën and 49,681 for DS in EU-29.
(3) Europe (18 countries): EU (15 countries) and EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland).
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REGISTRATIONS
The special French Temporary Transit series was included in the new passenger car registrations as of 2004.
► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP IN WESTERN EUROPE
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)
76 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
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REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN NEW EU MEMBER STATES (1)
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)
(1) New EU member states not including Cyprus and Malta, including Croatia.
(2) Not including Bulgaria in 2005.
The scope of the groups reflects their situation as at 01/01/2019 (see page 74).
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REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY IN WESTERN EUROPE (IN UNITS)
REGISTRATIONS
► NEW CARS WITH HYBRID ENGINES (RECHARGEABLE OR NOT) OR ELECTRICAL REGISTRATIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE
(IN UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)
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REGISTRATIONS
► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE (UP TO 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY (IN UNITS)
► NEW HEAVY TRUCK (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY, EXCLUDING COACHES AND BUSES (IN UNITS)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Germany 96,830 88,364 75,014 85,002 87,695 88,071 90,117 93,717
Austria 8,508 8,235 5,138 7,151 7,829 8,041 8,094 7,946
Belgium 11,061 11,657 7,133 8,188 9,497 9,952 10,803 11,518
Denmark 4,597 5,902 2,682 4,687 5,033 4,950 4,917 4,951
Spain 33,700 39,753 13,215 22,043 24,340 24,190 23,587 24,020
Finland 3,072 3,492 2,368 2,400 2,924 3,182 3,226 3,237
France 57,918 55,281 34,221 41,714 47,134 50,419 54,284 55,215
Greece 1,633 1,589 1,081 439 276 426 315 402
Ireland 4,666 4,621 1,011 1,867 2,511 2,275 2,152 2,230
Iceland - - - 183 282 391 399 273
Italy 38,388 35,313 17,532 15,020 23,548 24,121 25,264 23,268
Luxembourg 1,451 1,394 803 1,089 1,232 1,234 1,290 1,290
Norway 3,564 4,952 3,126 4,366 5,060 5,097 5,658 6,117
The Netherlands 16,835 13,405 9,390 13,546 15,148 14,490 15,822 15,220
Portugal 7,403 4,588 3,116 3,956 4,783 5,236 5,073 4,770
United Kingdom 51,864 53,344 27,988 44,364 46,715 45,501 43,544 47,700
Sweden 5,549 5,688 4,605 5,289 6,340 6,662 6,690 7,165
Switzerland 4,733 3,817 3,388 4,079 4,165 4,605 4,474 4,405
TOTAL EUROPE (17
351,772 341,395 211,811 265,383 294,512 298,843 305,709 313,444
then 18 countries) (1)
► NEW COACH AND BUS (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY (IN UNITS)
80 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
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REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN NEW EU MEMBER STATES (IN UNITS)
► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE (UP TO 5T) REGISTRATIONS IN THE NEW EU MEMBER STATES (IN UNITS)
2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Bulgaria - 3,211 4,875 4,873 5,129 4,699 4,667
Croatia 7,671 2,845 6,909 8,359 8,535 9,149 9,143
Estonia 2,944 1,406 3,962 4,423 4,834 5,070 4,487
Hungary 20,479 9,337 17,719 21,545 20,200 23,053 26,410
Latvia 1,753 649 2,473 2,324 2,337 2,447 2,783
Lithuania 3,371 1,044 2,533 3,003 3,410 3,884 4,606
Poland 35,985 42,852 55,207 57,416 59,170 67,263 68,010
Czech Republic 16,024 11,318 17,595 19,472 19,529 20,456 20,612
Romania 35,842 10,404 13,471 15,269 16,898 18,870 19,122
Slovakia 14,428 6,953 7,321 7,499 7,584 9,048 8,534
Slovenia 6,897 4,744 6,686 7,782 8,742 9,021 8,653
TOTAL NEW EU MEMBER
101,881 91,918 138,751 151,965 156,368 172,960 177,027
STATES (1)
► NEW LIGHT VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES) IN THE NEW EU
MEMBER STATES (IN UNITS)
2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Bulgaria - 18,857 29,131 32,035 38,394 42,205 43,785
Croatia 78,212 41,432 42,624 52,465 59,304 69,190 72,081
Estonia 22,584 11,701 24,995 27,420 30,452 31,367 32,072
Hungary 219,461 52,813 94,890 118,100 136,465 159,654 184,316
Latvia 18,355 7,014 16,239 18,681 19,035 19,325 21,016
Lithuania 13,838 9,014 19,604 23,287 29,246 36,266 50,994
Poland 271,507 376,342 407,585 475,449 546,763 598,598 621,952
Czech Republic 167,723 180,898 248,452 279,165 291,124 281,893 270,527
Romania 251,396 116,737 94,633 110,188 121,981 149,789 180,684
Slovakia 71,553 70,986 85,300 95,664 103,689 107,243 110,102
Slovenia 66,221 65,886 66,350 66,745 71,264 74,136 68,515
TOTAL NEW EU MEMBER
851,242 910,248 1,129,803 1,299,199 1,447,717 1,569,666 1,656,044
STATES (1)
► NEW HEAVY TRUCK, COACH AND BUS (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS IN THE NEW EU MEMBER STATES (IN UNITS)
(1) New EU member states: 8 countries in 2000; 10 countries between 2006 and 2012; 11 countries since 2013.
(2) CCFA estimates.
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 81
france • production
► WORLD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE PRODUCTION (ALL WEIGHTS, INCLUDING COACHES, BUSES AND ROAD TRACTORS) BY
BRAND (IN UNITS)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Citroën 192,238 205,376 180,462 185,969 195,360 204,000 204,210 192,631
Peugeot 186,917 187,300 210,252 208,075 217,665 230,862 245,871 241,559
Opel - - - - - 35,635 104,183 115,509
Others - - - 22,191 16,527 17,125 16,508 17,092
PSA group 379,155 392,676 390,714 416,235 429,552 487,622 570,772 566,791
Renault 312,801 401,785 302,706 387,670 420,564 426,425 470,440 457,961
Dacia 12,580 19,871 17,704 28,208 31,238 34,484 35,312 27,434
Renault group (1) 325,381 421,656 320,410 415,878 451,802 460,909 505,752 485,395
C.B.M. - - - - - - - -
Renault Trucks (2) 96,040 63,961 31,874 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
of which Mack Trucks 34,562 - - - - - - -
Etalmobil (Sovam) 44 27 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unic - - - - - - - -
Heuliez (3) 391 - - - - - - -
Irisbus-Renault (3) 2,547 - - - - - - -
TOTAL (4) 803,558 878,320 742,998 832,113 881,354 939,824 1,052,457 1,025,369
84 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • production
2000 2010 2013 (1) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Renault Trucks 87,719 31,874 32,295 25,702 31,598 31,933 34,026 36,621 36,870
of which Mack Trucks 34,562 - - - - - - - -
Others 2 0 - - - - - - -
TOTAL 87,721 31,874 32,295 25,702 31,598 31,933 34,026 36,621 36,870
of which production in France 44 402 29 702 - - - - - - -
Renault Trucks 44 400 29 702 - - - - - - -
Others 2 - - - - - - - -
(1) The perimeter of industrial vehicles bears from 2012 on invoices of 7 tonnes and more.
16t and more 30,771 25,302 21,266 26,111 25,976 28,327 30,521 30,002
Weight Models
7 to <16t D
Source: CCFA
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 85
france • production
(1) Excluding double production of Opel Movano and Opel Vivaro from 2017.
(2) Cars derivatives have been accounted for in cars.
Source: CCFA
86 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • échanges
The data reflects the activity of companies with From 2016, INSEE was basing its work on the
French and foreign capital, located in France, and notion of ‘enterprise’ defined by decree 2008-
whose main activity can extend outside France. 1354 in application of the ‘modernisation of the
Units 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 (1) 2019 (1)
PHYSICAL DATA
Employees (2) units 190,830 - - - - - -
Employees on 12/31 (excluding temporary
units - 137,527 118,952 111,268 110,778 109,000 107,000
staff)
Production in France (only light vehicles
thousands 3,348 2,229 1,978 2,082 2,226 2,270 2,175
since 2012)
Production per employee units 17.5 16.2 16.6 18.7 20.1 20.8 20.3
FINANCIAL DATA
Net sales € million 73,684 78,969 83,969 89,477 98,021 103,000 102,000
Export sales € million 42,290 45,526 54,290 57,447 61,678 65,000 64,000
Exports as a % of total sales % 57.4% 57.6% 64.7% 64.2% 62.9% 63.1% 62.7%
Value added value before tax € million 13,282 10,112 11,332 11,853 12,251 12,900 12,800
Value added / sales % 18.0% 12.8% 13.5% 13.2% 12.5% 12.5% 12.5%
Value added per employee € thousand 70 74 95 107 111 118 120
Social costs € million 2,153 2,302 2,072 2,031 2,051 - -
Social costs per employee € thousand 11.3 16.7 17.4 18.3 18.5 - -
Wages and salaries € million 5,093 5,696 5,186 5,097 5,129 - -
Wages and salaries per employee € thousand 26.7 41.4 43.6 45.8 46.3 - -
Personnel costs € million 7,246 7,999 7,258 7,128 7,180 - -
Personnel costs per employee € thousand 38.0 58.2 61.0 64.1 64.8 - -
Personnel costs / value added % 54.6% 79.1% 64.0% 60.1% 58.6% - -
Gross operating surplus € million 5,201 1,340 3,293 3,884 4,253 - -
Gross operating surplus / value added % 39.2% 13.3% 29.1% 32.8% 34.7% - -
Interest expense € million 1,178 2,862 2,337 2,099 561 - -
Interest expense / value added % 8.9% 28.3% 20.6% 17.7% 4.6% - -
Interest income € million 2,508 2,191 2,523 2,536 3,087 - -
Interest income / value added % 18.9% 21.7% 22.3% 21.4% 25.2% - -
Net interest income € million 1,330 -671 186 437 2,526 - -
Net interest income / value added % 10.0% -6.6% 1.6% 3.7% 20.6% - -
Cash flow € million 5,499 1,078 3,291 3,905 4,394 - -
Cash flow / value added % 41.4% 10.7% 29.0% 32.9% 35.9% - -
Taxes, payments, assimilated payments € million - - 822 866 864 - -
Net income € million 2,851 293 1,244 2,395 2,769 - -
Net income / sales % 3.9% 0.4% 1.5% 2.7% 2.8% - -
Capital expenditure € million 3,807 - - - - - -
Gross fixed investments exclusive of contri-
€ million - 2,078 1,959 2,182 2,027 1,950 2,100
butions
Capital expenditure / sales % 5.2% 2.6% 2.3% 2.4% 2.1% 1.9% 2.1%
Capital expenditure / value added % 28.7% 20.6% 17.3% 18.4% 16.5% 15.1% 16.4%
88 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • data about the automotive industry
Units 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 (1) 2019 (1)
PHYSICAL DATA
No. of companies (>20 employees up to 2007) units 243 639 611 571 561 - -
Employees (2) units 94,171 - - - - - -
Employees on 12/31 (excluding temporary staff) units - 61,759 81,309 94,038 96,015 97,000 96,000
FINANCIAL DATA
Sales before tax € million 17,766 16,056 22,157 28,573 32,227 32,000 32,000
Export sales € million 7,512 7,865 11,159 14,191 15,256 - -
Exports as a % of total sales % 42.3% 49.0% - - - - -
Exports as a % of production (source: FIEV) % - 51% 55% 54% 55% 54% 53%
Value added before tax € million 4,643 3,885 5,664 7,549 7,659 7,700 7,600
Value added / sales before tax % 26.1% 24.2% 25.6% 26.4% 23.8% 24.1% 23.8%
Value added per employee before tax € thousand 49 63 70 80 80 79 79
Social costs € million 902 937 1,357 1,714 1,727 - -
Social costs per employee € thousand 9.6 15.2 16.7 18.2 18.0 - -
Wages and salaries € million 2,213 2,302 3,186 4,026 4,122 - -
Wages and salaries per employee € thousand 23.5 37.3 39.2 42.8 42.9 - -
Personnel costs € million 3,115 3,239 4,543 5,740 5,849 - -
Personnel costs per employee € thousand 33.1 52.4 55.9 61.0 60.9 - -
Personnel costs / value added % 67.1% 83.4% 80.2% 76.0% 76.4% - -
Gross operating surplus € million 1,206 412 818 1,411 1,395 - -
Gross operating surplus / value added % 26.0% 10.6% 14.4% 18.7% 18.2% - -
Interest expense € million 440 177 301 1,253 1,580 - -
Interest expense / value added % 9.5% 4.6% 5.3% 16.6% 20.6% - -
Interest income € million 337 217 661 1,868 2,401 - -
Interest income / value added % 7.3% 5.6% 11.7% 24.8% 31.4% - -
Net interest income € million -103 40 360 615 821 - -
Net interest income / value added % -2.2% 1.0% 6.4% 8.2% 10.7% - -
Cash flow € million 889 341 1,188 1,614 2,246 - -
Cash flow / value added % 19.2% 8.8% 21.0% 21.4% 29.3% - -
Taxes, payments, assimilated payments € millions - - 316 416 431 - -
Net income € millions -92 -17 702 1,208 1,995 - -
Net income / sales % -0.5% -0.1% 3.2% 4.2% 6.2% - -
(1) CCFA and FIEV estimates based on industry data and INSEE.
(2) Actual employees: average employee numbers, corrected by the balance of employees hired (temporary staff) and quoted as hired staff.
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france • markets & vehicles in use
REGISTRATIONS
The special French Temporary Transit series was included in the new passenger car registrations since 2004.
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY BRAND (IN UNITS)
(1) Opel is included in PSA group since August 1, 2017. Thus, its registrations are included in PSA group from 08/01/2017 to 12/31/2017.
(2) Including others.
TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 5,082,122 5,383,361 5,386,007 5,562,082 5,643,348 5,678,595 5,632,361 5,790,612
Used/new ratio 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6
TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 651,033 718,948 806,398 789,073 805,011 797,223 785,852 817,241
Used/new ratio 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7
90 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
france • markets & vehicles in use
REGISTRATIONS
The special French Temporary Transit series was included in the new passenger car registrations since 2004.
► NEW DIESEL PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY BRAND (IN UNITS)
► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (UP TO 5T) BY BRAND (IN UNITS)
(1) Opel is included in PSA group since August 1, 2017. Thus, its registrations are included in PSA group from 08/01/2017 to 12/31/2017.
(2) Including others.
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france • markets & vehicles in use
REGISTRATIONS
The special Temporary Transit series was included in the new passenger car registrations since 2004.
► NEW PASSENGER CAR AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY BRAND (IN UNITS)
(1) Opel is included in PSA group since August 1, 2017. Thus, its registrations are included in PSA group from 08/01/2017 to 12/31/2017.
Used/new ratio 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0
► NEW COACH AND BUS (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP (IN UNITS)
(1) Iveco Bus group: Iveco and Iveco Bus, Irisbus, Heuliez.
(2) Evobus: Kässbohrer-Setra and Mercedes-Benz.
(3) VGF: MAN and Neoplan, Scania since 2015.
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france • markets & vehicles in use
VEHICLE OWNERSHIP
► MOTORISATION RATE IN EUROPE ► TOTAL VEHICLES IN USE (ON JANUARY 1, 2020)
NUMBER OF CARS PER 1,000 INHABITANTS (IN THOUSANDS)
All fuels Diesel Others
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Passenger cars
Germany 550 555 557 563 569 5 HP and less 18,562 9,373 9,189
Belgium 493 497 501 505 507 From 6 HP to 10 HP 17,674 12,062 5,611
Spain 474 481 493 508 516 11 HP and more 1,979 1,065 915
France 481 482 486 489 493 Total passenger cars 38,215 22,500 15,715
Greece 467 470 475 480 481 Light commercial vehicles (LCV)
Hungary 314 324 337 354 372 Less than 2.5t 2,997 2,737 260
Italy 610 614 624 636 645 From 2.5t to 3.5t 3,032 3,009 23
The Netherlands 487 493 497 503 511 Total LCV up to 3.5t 6,029 5,746 283
Total passenger cars and LCVs 44,244 28,246 15,998
Poland 526 545 571 593 617
Heavy trucks over 3.5t
Portugal 431 437 445 466 487
Rigids
Czech republic 470 490 509 529 547
From 3.5t to less than 12t 98 96 2
Romania 246 259 277 305 330
From 12t to less than 20t 152 152 1
United Kingdom 507 517 526 527 526 20t and more 133 132 1
Sweden 475 479 484 485 481 Total rigids 384 380 4
EUROPEAN UNION 497 504 513 523 531 Tractors 217 215 2
Norway 497 502 507 512 514 Total heavy trucks 601 595 6
Switzerland 544 547 549 549 550 Coaches and buses 69.1 68.6 0.5
EFTA 526 529 533 535 536 Total commercial vehicles over 3.5t
670 664 6
(excluded buses)
Russia 284 284 289 294 301
Total commercial vehicles all weights
Turkey 129 136 144 151 153 6,699 6,410 290
(excluded buses)
EUROPE 417 423 430 438 446 Total all vehicles (excluded buses) 44,914 28,910 16,005
Source : ACEA, Vehicles in use Europe 2019 Sources: MTE/SDES, CCFA estimates
► VEHICLE OWNERSHIP units 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 2019 (1)
Households without a vehicle % 19.7% 18.8% 16.5% 17.1% 16.1% 15.1% 15.0%
Households with a vehicle % 80.3% 81.2% 83.5% 82.9% 83.9% 84.9% 85.0%
Households with one vehicle % 50.7% 46.4% 47.6% 48.4% 47.5% 48.4% 48.3%
Households with two vehicles % 25.4% 29.4% 30.7% 29.4% 31.1% 31.2% 31.5%
Households with three or more
% 4.2% 5.4% 5.2% 5.1% 5.3% 5.3% 5.2%
vehicles
Households without any vehicle % 58% 51% 45% 55% 57% 56% 56%
Average age of the vehicle year 7.25 7.71 8.0 8.9 9.1 9.1 8.9
Average ownership period year 4.43 4.73 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.5
Used passenger cars % 56.1 59.9 58.9 58.5 58.7 58.5 58.0
Total average kilometres km 13,670 12,960 12,240 11,710 11,950 11,900 11,900
Petrol average kilometres km 11,690 10,090 8,440 8,030 8,440 8,290 8,850
Diesel average kilometres km 18,240 16,330 14,720 13,990 14,340 14,540 14,410
Domestic passenger road transport
billions of
By passenger car 697.6 n/a n/a 787 801 801 799
passengers-km
billions of
By coach-bus 49.7 n/a n/a 58.4 60.2 60.74 60.68
passenger-km
billions of
Total traffic 845.0 n/a n/a 964.4 987.5 985.7 988.2
passenger-km
Road transport as a % of total traffic % 88.4 n/a n/a 87.6 87.3 87.4 87.0
Annual change
By passenger car % -0.0 n/a n/a +0.7 +0.8 -0.0 -0.0
By coach-bus % +2.7 n/a n/a +1.5 +0.8 +1.0 -0.0
(1) Provisional.
Sources: KANTAR TNS PARC AUTO and MTE/SDES
Source: MTE/SDES
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france • taxation & emissions
► CO2 EMISSIONS IN METROPOLITAN FRANCE BY BUSINESS SECTOR (IN MILLIONS OF TONNES OF CO2)
► AVERAGE CO2 EMISSIONS OF NEW PASSENGER CARS IN FRANCE AND EUROPE (IN GRAMS OF CO2 PER KM) (IN GRAMS OF CO2 PER KM)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 2019 2019/2000
FRANCE
Petrol 168 159 130 116 117 116 116 -52
Diesel 155 149 130 111 110 112 113 -42
TOTAL FRANCE 162 152 130 111 111 112 112 -50
EUROPEAN UNION
Italy 161 149 134 115 113 n/a n/a -
Spain 162 150 140 115 115 n/a n/a -
United Kingdom 180 169 145 121 121 n/a n/a -
Germany 179 170 152 128 127 n/a n/a -
EU 15 COUNTRIES AVERAGE 171 161 141 119 119 n/a n/a -
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france • taxation & emissions
TOTAL ROAD FUEL millions of litres 50,627 51,273 50,629 50,697 50,918 51,198 50,326 50,345
Source: CPDP
Source: DGEC
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 95
useful addresses
USEFUL ADDRESSES
► FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE Groupement pour l’Amélioration des ► AUTOMOTIVE ASSOCIATIONS IN
MANUFACTURERS Liaisons dans l’Automobile (GALIA) FRANCE
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 20, rue Barthélémy Danjou ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
92100 Boulogne-Billancourt
PSA group Tel: 01 41 31 68 68 40 millions d’automobilistes
Route de Gisy www.galia.com 75 boulevard Marie et Alexandre Oyon
78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay 72100 Le Mans
Tel: 01 55 94 81 00 Groupement Plasturgie Automobile (GPA) Tel: 02 43 50 06 30
www.groupe-psa.com 125, rue Aristide Briand www.40millionsdautomobilistes.com
92300 Levallois
Renault group Tel: 01 44 01 16 38 ACA - Automobile Club Association
13-15, quai Le Gallo www.autoplasticgate.com Head office: 38, avenue du Rhin
92153 Boulogne Billancourt cedex 67027 Strasbourg Cedex
Tel: 01 76 84 50 50 PFA, Filière automobile et mobilités Tel: 09 70 40 11 11
www.renault.com 2, rue de Presbourg Paris office: 9 rue d’Artois
75008 Paris 75008 Paris
Renault Trucks Tel: 01 41 44 94 30 Tel: 01 40 55 43 00
99, route de Lyon www.pfa-auto.fr www.automobileclub.org
69800 St Priest
Tel: 04 69 09 60 00 S N LV L D / S E S A M l l d ( S y n d i c at d e s F é d é r at i o n Fr a n ç a i s e d u S p o r t
www.renault-trucks.fr Entreprises des Services Automobiles Automobile (FFSA)
en LLD et des Mobilités) 32, avenue de New-York
Alpine-Renault Immeuble Arc en Ciel 75781 Paris Cedex 16
Avenue de Bréauté 17, rue de la Vanne Tel: 01 44 30 24 00
76885 Dieppe cedex 92120 Montrouge www.ffsa.org
Tel: 01 76 86 31 50 Tel: 01 85 65 11 25
www.alpinecars.com/fr www.sesamlld.com Association Prévention Routière
33, rue de Mogador
►AUTOMOTIVE PROFESSIONAL Syndicat des Véhicules de Loisirs (UNI VDL) 75009 Paris
ORGANISATIONS IN FRANCE 3, rue des Cordelières Tel: 01 44 15 27 00
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 75013 Paris www.preventionroutiere.asso.fr
Tel: 01 43 37 86 61
Association Française du Gaz Naturel www.univdl.org Société des Ingénieurs de l’Automobile (SIA)
pour Véhicules (AFGNV) 79, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau
8, rue de l’Hôtel de Ville Industries et Métiers de la Métallurgie 92158 Suresnes cedex
92200 Neuilly‑sur‑Seine (UIMM) Tel: 01 41 44 93 70
Tel: 01 80 21 08 00 56, avenue de Wagram www.sia.fr
www.afgnv.org 75017 Paris
Tel: 01 40 54 20 20
Fédération Française de Carrosserie www.uimm.fr
Industries et Services (FFC)
Immeuble Le Cardinet Union Routière de France (URF)
8, rue Bernard Buffet 9, rue de Berri
75017 PARIS 75008 Paris
Tel: 01 44 29 71 00 Tel: 01 44 13 37 17
www.ffc-carrosserie.org www.unionroutiere.fr
96 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
useful addresses
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 97
THE CCFA PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE AUTOMOTIVE WORLD
AND SUPPORTS THE SECTOR IN ITS MAJOR EVENTS
WWW.CCFA.FR
CONTACT: [email protected]
98 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
SUPPORT THE SECTOR
ON KEY SUBJECTS
DAILY INFORMATION ON
THE FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 99