THE FRENCH

AUTOMOTIVE 7.3
INDUSTRY
MILLION VEHICLES
produced by French manufacturers
worldwide

Long-arrow-alt-right ANALYSIS & STATISTICS

2020 EDITION
79%
OF VEHICLES
produced by French manufacturers
are sold abroad

€6.8 BILLION
French automotive industry
research and development
budget in 2018

€50 BILLION
French exports of industrial
automotive products

81%
Share of domestic
travel in France
using passenger cars

86%
Share of domestic
freight transport
in France by road
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

World
Production ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Markets & vehicles in use ................................................................................................................................................. 10

Trade ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Europe
Markets & vehicles in use ................................................................................................................................................. 14

Data on the automobile industry ...................................................................................................................................... 23

France
French groups .................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Data on the automobile industry ...................................................................................................................................... 28

Competitiveness ................................................................................................................................................................. 30

Sector ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32

Research & development .................................................................................................................................................. 34

Trade ................................................................................................................................................................................... 36

Markets & vehicles in use ................................................................................................................................................. 38

Transport: passengers & goods ................................................................................................................................................... 46

Car purchases ..................................................................................................................................................................... 60

Environment ....................................................................................................................................................................... 64

Economic impact & employment ............................................................................................................................. 66

Statistics
World ................................................................................................................................................................................... 70

Europe ................................................................................................................................................................................ 73

France ................................................................................................................................................................................. 82

Useful addresses ................................................................................................................................................................ 96

This brochure was produced by CCFA, 2, rue de Presbourg, 75008 Paris • Telephone: +33 1 49 52 51 00 • Fax: +33 1 47 23 74 73 • Website: www.ccfa.fr •
E-mail: [email protected] • Design, production: In Kom Veritas • Photo credits: PSA Group, Renault Group, Renault Trucks
 editorial

A WORD FROM THE PRESIDENT

and customers; the market level must remain high

to ensure decent fleet renewal.

• The digital transition continues to rely on

connectivity, now a basic requirement in almost all
manufacturers’ new models. Autonomous vehicle
projects have taken on a different pace, with R&D
budget moderation due to the crisis.

• The service transition has been even more deeply

affected by the health crisis. Carpooling and car-
sharing are directly affected, presaging slower
emergence.

More than ever, we are in a period of major

investments. Manufacturers have to invest,
not only to satisfy customers and comply with
environmental and other regulatory standards,
but also to cope with digital and service-sector
transitions. Between 2015 and 2018, total R&D
spending increased by 25% to almost €7 billion.
2019, 2020, 2021: not an easy editorial...
The challenge can be met if French groups’
Writing an editorial in 2021 for the year 2019 competitiveness is not too seriously affected
shows just how crazy 2020 was! We were unable by their national roots. Importantly, despite the
to publish our Analysis and Statistics brochure in government’s efforts with the CICE benefit and
the first half of the year, since a lot of the data were production taxation assistance, competitiveness
not available. We really hope 2021 will be different. has continued to deteriorate. In this context, the
threats to the research tax credit (CIR) are to
In 2019, the world automotive markets contracted be taken seriously, because dropping it would
to 91 million vehicles, a drop of 4.5%, after eight inevitably lead to a significant contraction in the
consecutive years of growth. This decline is R&D ecosystem of France’s automotive industry.
explained by sales slowing in Asia, which began
in 2018 (-1.4%) and accelerated in 2019 (-7.6%). 2019, 2020… and what does 2021 have in store
And even though sales held up in Europe (+0.4%), for us? French manufacturers are equipped to take
particularly in Western Europe (+1.0%), it was not their place in the market for passenger cars, light
enough to offset the fall in the American and Asian commercial vehicles and industrial vehicles. The
markets. formidable technical and environmental challenges
are difficult but not unattainable, provided that
The French groups, with 28% of the European the public authorities tread carefully around the
light vehicle market, have a solid anchorage issues of ecological transition and loosen the
to cope with fluctuations in emerging markets. fiscal straitjacket that is so detrimental to French
Nevertheless, the slowdown in global automotive industry’s competitiveness.
markets is affecting the production of French
groups compared with the record level reached Enjoy the read!
in 2018. French manufacturers produced 7.3 Thierry COGNET
million cars in 2019, or more than 8% of world
car production.

For 2020, the Covid-19 crisis is having a profound

effect on the world market, which is expected to
fall by 15%, with the European market suffering
a 25% drop, more marked than in North America
or Asia, helped by the more limited downturn in
China. Like the European market, the French
market, the leading outlet for French groups, is
also falling.

In this context, French groups’ worldwide sales

will fall very significantly, despite the specific
strategies deployed by manufacturers to deal
with this situation, adjusting, for example, the
pace of previous plans linked to the three expected
disruptions:

• The energy transition has accelerated, with the

development of sales of electric and rechargeable
hybrid vehicles, which, thanks to a broader
range of products, made strong inroads in 2020.
However, they need to keep pace with that industry

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 1
 organisation

THE FRENCH AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION

The "Comité des Constructeurs Français Electrical, Electronic and Communications Industry Internationale de l’Automobile et du Motocycle).
d’Automobiles" (CCFA) is the French automobile Federation, FIM, Fédération des Industries
manufacturers’ trade association. Its members are: Mécaniques - Mechanical Industry Federation, CCFA is associated with Brussels-based ACEA
Alpine, PSA (Automobiles Citroën – Automobiles GPA, Groupement Plasturgie Automobile - (Association des Constructeurs Européens
Peugeot), Renault and Renault Trucks. Its mission Automotive Plastics Group, SNCP, Syndicat d’Automobiles), the European Automobile
is to study and defend the business and industrial National du Caoutchouc et des Polymères - Manufacturers’ Association.
interests of all French automobile manufacturers National Union of Polymers and Rubber Industries,
on both national and international levels (excluding etc.). In 2009, during the crisis, French automobile CCFA is also a member of the International
labor issues which are the remit of the UIMM – the manufacturers and their suppliers established the Organisation of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
union of specialties and metallurgical industries). PFA, Automotive Industry and Mobilities, which (OICA – Organisation Internationale des
It has a subsidiary AAA DATA. has the task of contributing to reinforcing the Constructeurs de l’Automobile), which brings
French automotive sector. In 2012, the Automotive together national associations representing the
CCFA’s activities include information, analysis Technical Committee (CTA - Comité Technique sector from around the world.
and communication for its members as well as Automobile) with its two boards, the Automotive
for government agencies, public officials, members Technical Standardisation Council (CSTA - Conseil
of parliament, the manufacturing sector, the de Standardisation Technique Automobile) and
automotive and road industry, research bodies, the Automotive Research Council (CRA - Conseil
the media and the general public. de Recherche Automobile), which role is to guide
research and development, were created. At the
Other sectors of the automotive sector (parts end of 2017, PFA entered into a new phase with

1909
and equipment manufacturers, dealers, body the following missions: boosting the innovation
manufacturers) have their own trade associations dynamic, competitiveness initiatives right through
(FIEV, Fédération des Industries des Équipements the sector, planning ahead for employment and
pour Véhicules - French Automotive Equipment skill requirements, expressing joint positions
Industries Association, CNPA, Conseil National for the sector, coordination and organisation
des Professions de l’Automobile - National Council of professional shows and communications
of Automotive Professions, FFC, Fédération throughout the sector.
Française de Carrosserie, Industries et Services The "chambre syndicale des
- French Bodybuilding, Industry and Services Foreign brands are represented by the constructeurs d’automobile"
Federation, FIEEC, Fédération des Industries
Electriques, Electroniques et Communication -
International Association of the Automobile and
the Motorcycle (CSIAM – Chambre Syndicale
was founded

CHAIRMAN
THIERRY COGNET

PHONE: 33 1 49 52 51 00 - FAX: 33 1 47 23 74 73 - WEBSITE: www.ccfa.fr - E-MAIL: [email protected]

2 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 partners

THE CCFA ANS ITS PARTNERS

INDUSTRY
INTERNATIONAL, PARTNERS
EUROPEAN PFA, GALIA, UTAC,
PROFESSIONAL
AND NATIONAL GARAC, URF,
ECONOMIC CIRCLES
MANUFACTURERS AUTF
MEDEF,
ASSOCIATIONS FRANCE INDUSTRIE,
OICA, UIMM, GIM
ACEA, VDA

PROFESSIONAL
SPECIALIST BODIES AUTOMOBILE
& RESEARCH ASSOCIATED
INSTITUTIONS
CEPII, SIA, REXECODE CCFA ORGANISATIONS
CSIAM,
Groupe
AIRPARIF, GERPISA, FFC, FIEV, FIM,
ADEME, CITEPA, FFF, SNCP, GPA,
UNIFAB CNPA, UFIP

ROAD
AUTO CLUBS SAFETY
ACF, ACA, CNSR, INSERR,
40M AFR

AUTOMOTIVE
SHOWS GOVERNMENTAL
MONDIAL PARIS AUTHORITIES,
MOTOR SHOW, PARLIAMENT
EQUIP'AUTO, CNI, CSF,
SOLUTRANS CCTN

► INTERNATIONAL, EUROPEAN UNIFAB : Union des Fabricants pour la protection Parisienne (Paris region metallurgical industries group)
AND NATIONAL MANUFACTURERS internationale de la propriété intellectuelle
ASSOCIATIONS ADEME : Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise ► PROFESSIONAL AUTOMOBILE
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ de l’Energie ASSOCIATED ORGANISATIONS
OICA : International Organisation of Motor Vehicle CITEPA : Centre Interprofessionnel Technique ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
Manufacturers d’Etudes de la Pollution Atmosphérique CSIAM : Chambre Syndicale Internationale de
ACEA : European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association REXECODE : Centre de Recherche pour l’Expansion de l’Automobile et du Motocycle
VDA : Verband der Automobilindustrie l’économie et le Développement des Entreprises FFC : Fédération Française de la Carrosserie
FIEV : Fédération des Industries d’Equipements pour
► INDUSTRY PARTNERS ► AUTO CLUBS Véhicules (French Automotive Equipment Industries
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ Association)
PFA : French Automotive & Mobility Cluster ACF : Automobile Club de France FIM : Fédération des Industries Mécaniques (Federation
GALIA : Groupement pour l’Amélioration des Liaisons ACA : Automobile Club Association of Mechanical Industries)
dans l’Automobile 40M : 40 millions d’Automobilistes SNCP : Syndicat National du Caoutchouc et des
UTAC : Union Technique de l’Automobile, du Motocycle Polymères (National Union of Rubber and Polymer
et du Cycle ► GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES, Workers)
GARAC : École Nationale des Professions de PARLIAMENT GPA : Groupement Plasturgie Automobile (Automotive
l’Automobile ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ Plastic Converters Association)
URF : Union Routière de France CNI : Conseil National de l’Industrie CNPA : Conseil National des Professions de l’Automobile
AUTF : Association des Utilisateurs de Transport de Fret CSF : Comité Stratégique de Filière (National Council of Automotive Professions)
CCTN : French National Transport Accounting UFIP : Union Française des Industries Pétrolières
► SPECIALIST BODIES & RESEARCH (French Association of Petroleum Industry)
INSTITUTIONS ► PROFESSIONAL ECONOMIC CIRCLES
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ► ROAD SAFETY
CEPII : Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations MEDEF : Mouvement des Entreprises de France ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
Internationales (Employers’ association) CNSR : Conseil National de la Sécurité Routière
SIA : Société des Ingénieurs de l’Automobile FRANCE INDUSTRIE : Représentation de l’Industrie (National Road Safety Council)
AIRPARIF : Association de surveillance de la qualité en France (Industry representation in France) INSERR : Institut National de la Sécurité Routière et
de l’air en Ile-de-France UIMM : Union des Industries et Métiers de la Métallurgie de Recherches (National Institute of Road Safety and
GERPISA : Groupe d’Études et de Recherches (Mettallurgy employers’ association) Research)
Permanents sur l’Industrie et les Salariés de l’Automobile GIM : Groupe des Industries Métallurgiques de la Région APR : Association Prévention Routière

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 3
 world • highlights

A SLOWDOWN IN THE GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE MARKETS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF FRENCH

GROUPS COMPARED TO THE RECORD LEVEL REACHED IN 2018
The European markets, which had fallen to very market and their success in the light commercial this backdrop, French groups saw a fall in
low levels during the financial crisis, are continuing vehicle market in Europe outside France saw them their deliveries outside Europe for the second
their recovery begun in 2014, enabling French consolidate their market share at a high level. year running, as well as a decline in worldwide
groups to maintain their positions. By 2018, French production.
groups had gained nearly 4 points in market share Outside Europe, automotive markets suffered
in Europe, notably thanks to their broader market from the economic slowdown, declining in
scope. In 2019, the ruddy health of the French 2019, particularly in Asia and America. Against
► KEY DATA (in thousands)
Change Change
Rang 1997 2007 2018 2019
2019/2018 2019/2007
World production of French groups 4,046 6,188 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Passenger cars 3,472 5,301 6,912 6,246 -9.6% 17.8%
Light commercial vehicles 507 830 1,052 1,025 -2.6% 23.5%
All light vehicles 3,979 6,131 7,965 7,271 -8.7% 18.6%
Heavy trucks (at constant scope) 36 58 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Production of French groups in France 2,525 2,573 1,937 1,885 -2.7% -26.7%
Passenger cars 2,235 2,165 1,441 1,375 -4.5% -36.5%
Light commercial vehicles 258 352 496 510 2.7% 44.7%
All light vehicles 2,493 2,518 1,937 1,885 -2.7% -25.1%

Heavy trucks 30 55 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Vehicles deliveries outside France 2,822 4,697 6,399 5,765 -9.9% 22.7%
Passenger cars 2,526 4,110 5,303 4,674 -11.9% 13.7%
Light commercial vehicles 276 549 1,073 1,064 -0.9% 93.7%
All light vehicles 2,802 4,659 6,376 5,738 -10.0% 23.2%
Heavy trucks 20 38 22 27 24.0% -27.1%
Vehicles deliveries outside Europe (17 countries) 659 2,110 3,349 2,742 -18.1% 29.9%
Passenger cars 563 1,914 2,773 2,194 -20.9% 14.6%
Light commercial vehicles 88 178 565 532 -5.9% 198.7%
All light vehicles 651 2,092 3,338 2,726 -18.4% 30.3%
Heavy trucks 8 18 11 17 53.9% -7.4%
Vehicles registrations in France 2,068 2,629 2,693 2,756 2.3% 4.8%
Passenger cars 1,713 2,110 2,173 2,214 1.9% 5.0%
Light commercial vehicles 313 461 459 480 4.5% 4.0%
All light vehicles 2,026 2,571 2,633 2,694 2.3% 4.8%
Heavy trucks 39.3 52.5 54.3 55.2 1.7% 5.1%
Coaches and buses 3.1 5.5 5.8 6.4 9.8% 16.9%
Registrations in Europe (17 countries)
3,300 3,906 4,612 4,613 0.0% 18.1%
of vehicles from French groups
Passenger cars 2,841 3,181 3,777 3,738 -1.0% 17.5%
Light commercial vehicles 432 690 808 849 5.0% 23.0%
All light vehicles 3,273 3,871 4,585 4,587 0.0% 18.5%
Heavy trucks 27 35 26 26 -1.6% -25.4%

In 2019, global production of light vehicles by vehicle renewal (conversion bonuses). Road traffic,
French groups fell by 8.7% after reaching a on the one hand, has grown at a slower pace in
record level in 2018. This decline occurred against recent years. With higher fuel prices and record
the backdrop of a global economic slowdown traffic levels, registered in France passenger car
that led to a sharp drop in global automotive traffic has even declined over the past two years.
markets (-4.5% in 2019). French manufacturers On the other hand, light commercial vehicle traffic

+ 1,8 MILLION
have managed to limit the decline in their sales remains buoyant (+1.5% in 2019). Automotive
thanks to the resilience of the French market spending increased by 2.2% in 2019 and now
and despite the downturn in southern European represents 9.6% of total household spending.
markets, where they have a strong presence. They However, the share of the budget devoted to new
continued to increase their investments (+11% in vehicle purchases continues to decline in favour
2019) in order to meet the many challenges facing of second-hand vehicles, whose registrations
the automotive industry: the competitiveness of increased sharply in 2019 (+2.8%, compared with
the industrial apparatus, the internationalisation of 1.9% for new vehicles). More registrations of vehicles
markets and production, environmental protection made by French groups
and the development of digital and new mobility in Western Europe since 2013
services.

In France, the automotive market remained

dynamic in 2019, supported in particular by aid for

4 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 world • highlights

FRENCH GROUPS OCCUPY 28% OF THE EUROPEAN LIGHT VEHICLE MARKET AND HAVE A SOLID
ANCHORAGE TO COPE WITH FLUCTUATIONS IN EMERGING MARKETS

French groups had an 8% share in global vehicle production in 2019, down 0.4 point compared with 2018, but up 1.7 point compared with 2014.

Change
Rang Units 2018 2019
2019/2018
Market share of French groups (new light vehicles)
In France % 58.8% 58.5% -0.3 point
In Europe (17 countries) excluding France % 22.4% 22.1% -0.3 point
In Europe (17 countries) % 28.3% 28.1% -0.2 point
Market share of French brands (new heavy trucks)
In Europe (17 countries) % 8.6% 8.3% -0.3 point
French groups’ share in world production (PSA and Renault Groups)
Passenger cars % 9.7% 9.3% -0.4 point
Commercial vehicles % 4.3% 4.3% 0.0 point
Total % 8.3% 8.0% -0.4 point
French automobile international trade
Exports € billions 52.9 51.7 - 2.2%
Imports € billions 65.0 66.7 + 2.7%
Balance € billions -12.1 -15.0 + 24.4%
Automotive industry contribution to foreign trade goods balance
Exports % 10.8% 10.2% -0.6 point
Imports % 11.8% 11.8% 0.0 point
World key figures for french manufacturers (PSA and Renault Groups)
Sales € billions 131.4 130.3 - 0.9%
Capital expenditure € billions 5.1 5.7 + 10.8%
Number of employees thousands of people 394 388 - 1.4%
Jobs related to the automotive industry in France
Automotive industry thousands of people 205 224 -
As a share of industry % 7% (1) 7% (1) -
Total jobs (directly and indirectly related) thousands of people 2,200 2,216 -
As a % of the employed working population % 8% 8% -

(1) 2017 figure.

In Western Europe, new vehicle markets year running, after an extended period of growth.
progressed slightly in 2019, with the downturn After rising steadily since 2013, French groups’
in the southern European markets, detracting Asian sales (500,000 vehicles) fell sharply in 2019
somewhat from the good performance of the (-51%), following the halt in deliveries to Iran and
German and French markets. Thus, in a context the sharp fall in the Chinese market.
of continuing intense competition, the market share
of French groups remained stable in 2019, after In Latin America, markets declined in 2019,
increasing in 2018 thanks to new brands coming except in Brazil and Colombia. Sales by French
onto the market. The weight of European sales manufacturers to this zone fell accordingly (-7%),
in the overall sales of the French groups will not with the exception of Brazil and Colombia, where
last in the long term, due to the differences in they increased by 8% and 14% respectively.
car density between this mature zone and the
emerging countries. Finally, in 2019, French groups’ sales in Africa
declined in a stable market. In the Maghreb, where

6
In Eastern Europe, markets have progressed in they are industrially present, market shares were
the member countries of the European Union and consolidated.
the French groups, which are well established
industrially (Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, In the emerging countries, where sales should
Slovakia, Slovenia), are consolidating their eventually grow, the French groups continue to

PROJECTS OF SITES
commercial outlets at elevated levels. In Russia, develop both commercially and industrially, with
the market declined sharply, but French groups’ or without local partnerships, in order to satisfy
sales increased slightly. the needs of motorisation. In particular, efforts
continue in Asia (PSA, with its partners in China Being implemented
The weight of the Chinese market and its rate of and India, as well as Renault in these same in 2019
variation explain the changes in the Asian market countries) and in various countries in Africa.
as a whole, which fell back in 2019 for the second

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 5
 world • production

WORLD VEHICLE PRODUCTION

In 2019, global vehicle production fell 5.3% to In mature areas, the level of production observed
a little bit more than 5 million vehicles. It fell in in 2019 compared to the pre-crisis period (2007)
Europe (-4.4%), America (-3.6%) and Asia (-6.4%). is mixed, with similar levels in Western Europe,
It was growing continuously after the fall of 2009 North America and Japan, and even South Korea.
until 2017, then returned in 2019 to the level close
to that observed in 2015, to a little bit more than Nevertheless, in emerging zones and countries,
91 million units. including Asia, which is the current automotive

-5%
expansion pole, production remains much higher
Global production of vehicles amounted to than in the pre-crisis period. In 2019 it was up
approximately 50 million units in 1990, then to 137% compared to 2017 in Asia excluding Japan-
nearly 60 million in 2000. It exceeded the threshold South Korea, up 30% in Central and Eastern
of 70 million vehicles before the crisis, before Europe, up 25% in South America and Mexico.
falling in 2009. It increased again until 2017 when
production peaked at 97.1 million units. Between Decrease of the number of vehicles
2000 and 2017, the annual growth rate averaged produced in the world in 2019
+3%.
compared to 2018

In thousands 2018 2019 Change % CHANGES IN WORLD VEHICLE PRODUCTION

SINCE 2000
EUROPE 22,264 21,285 -4.4 In thousands of units
Western Europe 14,261 13,337 -6.5 100,000

Germany 5,120 4,661 -9.0 90,000

Belgium 308 286 -7.4
80,000
Spain 2,820 2,822 0.1

France 2,270 2,175 -4.2 70,000

Italy 1,062 915 -13.8

60,000
The Netherlands 214 176 -17.7
50,000
United Kingdom 1,604 1,381 -13.9 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Sweden 291 279 -4.1

Central and Eastern

5,237 5,223 -0.3
Europe

Russia 1,769 1,720 -2.8

Turkey 1,550 1,461 -5.7

America 20,848 20,103 -3.6

NAFTA (1) 17,424 16,783 -3.7

South America 3,423 3,319 -3.0

Asia-Oceania 52,657 49,267 -6.4

ASEAN (2) 4,575 4,382 -4.2

China 27,809 25,721 -7.5

South Korea 4,029 3,951 -1.9

India 5,143 4,516 -12.2

Japan 9,729 9,684 -0.5

AFRICA 1,102 1,105 0.3

TOTAL 96,871 91,760 -5.3

(1) NAFTA: Canada, USA, Mexico.

(2) ASEAN: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.
Sources: OICA - CCFA estimates March 2020

In Western Europe, production fell 6.5% in 2019 In America, production is falling by more than 3%, mature countries (Japan and South Korea) than
compared to the previous year, with significant whether in North America or South America. It also in new areas (ASEAN, Iran, India, etc.). In China,
declines in the major countries: Germany fell in Mexico (-3%), which was the dynamic zone which constitutes half of the region’s production,
(-9% after three consecutive years of decline), of North America. it fell for the second year in a row. After declining
United Kingdom (-14%), Italy (-14%). It fell more 4% in 2018, vehicle production in China is down
moderately in France (-4%) and remained stable As for Asia-Oceania, which accounts for more 7.5% in 2019.
at high level in Spain and Eastern Europe. than half of world production, production trends
are more mixed. The decline is more moderate in

6 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 world • production

WORLD VEHICLE PRODUCTION

Between 2010 and 2018, the automotive industry In emerging regions or countries, production only area to experience a decline in production
remained broadly dynamic globally. Vehicle increased by 12.9 million vehicles between 2010 over the same period (-820,000 vehicles and a
production rose 25% to 19 million units. Only South and 2018 (+35%) but fell more sharply in 2019 market share of over 3%, compared to 6% in
America and South Korea were an exception with than in mature regions (-5%). Within these areas, 2010).
a drop of productions over the same period. China experienced the strongest increase (+9.5
million vehicles), but lost 2 million units in 2019 In Central and Eastern Europe (6.1 million units),
In 2019, the international context marked by and now accounts for 28% of world production, the dynamism observed in the new Member States
political and economic uncertainties weighed on compared to 24% in 2010. Central and Eastern of the European Union contrasts with the severe
trade and global growth. The automotive industry Europe and Turkey also made strong progress decline in recent years in Russia, with 1.7 million
was hit by this slowdown, and global vehicle between 2010 and 2018 (+30%, +1.9 million units), vehicles produced in 2019 (-23% compared to its
production fell 5.3% from 2018, a loss of 5 million but stagnated in 2019 and represent 9% of global 2012 high point).
vehicles. All areas saw their production drop in production. Indian production increased by more
2019, but since 2010 they have experienced than 30% over the same period (+1.6 million
contrasting trends. units and a share of 5%), but fell by 9% in 2019.
Finally, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia and Thailand
In mature regions or countries, production grew grew by 660,000 units between 2010 and 2018
by more than 5 million vehicles between 2010 and stagnated in 2019 at 5% of world production
and 2018, reaching a level of 45 million units. (compared to 6% in 2010). South America is the
Within these zones, production in North America
increased by 5.3 million units (+43%), mainly
thanks to Mexico. In Western Europe, it increased
by 410,000 vehicles (+3%). Japan’s production
was slightly up (+1% compared to 2010).
However, South Korea decreased by 6%. In 2019,
production in mature countries fell by 3.7%, a loss
of 1.7 million vehicles. Western Europe suffered
the most with a 6.5% drop. In 2019, mature areas
accounted for 44% of world production, compared
to 51% in 2010.

In millions of units MATURE REGIONS AND COUNTRIES In millions of units EMERGING REGIONS AND COUNTRIES
20 28
24
16
20
12 16
8 12
8
4
4
0 0
WESTERN EUROPE NAFTA JAPAN SOUTH KOREA CHINA CENTRAL AND EASTERN SOUTH INDONESIA, IRAN, INDIA
EUROPE, TURKEY AMERICA MALAYSIA AND TAILAND
2000 2008 2015 2019 Sources: CCFA, OICA
2000 2008 2015 2019 Sources: CCFA, OICA
In thousands MARKETS OF FRENCH GROUPS OUT EU-17: WORLD MARKETS OF FRENCH GROUPS:
of units ALL VEHICLES EVOLUTION COMPARED WITH 1997
1,200 In thousands of vehicles
1,000 3,000
800 2,500
600 2,000
1,500
400 1,000
200 500
0 0
AFRICA LATINE AMERICA ASIA CEE/CI, TURKEY -500
(INCLUDING MEXICO) 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018
2000 2008 2015 2019 Source: CCFA FRANCE EUROPE 17 COUNTRIES EXCLUDING FRANCE Source: CCFA
OUTSIDE EUROPE 17 COUNTRIES

In this context of economic slowdown and fall in (-580,000 units) due to the difficulties on China’s

52 %
global production, French groups experienced and Iran’s markets. They are almost stable in
a drop in their deliveries outside Europe for the Latin America including Mexico (-64,000 units).
second consecutive year. Over two years, the Deliveries are up in Central and Eastern European
decline is over 30%, while deliveries to Europe countries and Turkey (+352,000 units) and Africa
17 countries excluding France have more than (+58,000 units). In Europe, deliveries to Spain and
doubled. The integrations of Lada into the Renault Italy continued to grow (+172,000 and +204,000
group on January 1, 2017, then of Jinbei and
Huasong on January 1, 2018 and finally of Opel
units respectively since 2010), following the fall
due to the crisis.
Share of emerging regions and
within the PSA group since August 1, 2017 have countries in global vehicle
a major impact on delivery volumes. Since 2010, production
deliveries have increased overall except in Asia

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 7
 world • production

WORLD RANKING OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS

The top 10 manufacturers, including the French Car manufacturers have become highly
groups Renault and PSA, accounted for 70% internationalised since 2000 and continue to
of world production. The French manufacturers develop their industrial sites outside of their aera
together produced a little bit more than 7 million of origin. European, American, Japanese and

8%
vehicles and respectively occupy the ninth and Korean manufacturers produced between 60%
tenth ranks. and 70% in their area in 2000; currently the ratio
oscillates in a range of 30 to 50%. Japanese
In 2019, French groups maintained their position in manufacturers were the most internationalised
a global slowdown context. They took advantage (they only made one third of their production in
of the pursuit of the European market growth Japan), followed by Korean manufacturers (44% in
Market share of French groups and their external growth marked in 2018 by the
integration of Jinbei/Huasong into the Renault
Korea). Even manufacturers in emerging countries,
such as Geely or Tata, made a very large part
in global vehicles production Group on January 1, 2018 and Opel in the of their production outside their country of origin
in 2019 PSA Group in full year. The output of French (respectively 31% and 57% in 2017).
manufacturers accounted for 8.3% of world
production, 9.3% for passenger cars, a level well
above that observed in 2013 and 2014 (6%).

► WORLD VEHICLES PRODUCTION IN 2019 (1)

(in thousands) SHARE OF THE HOME REGION OF THE MANUFACTURER
As a % AS A PERCENTAGE OF ITS TOTAL PRODUCTION
Rank GROUP 2018 2019 % Change
100
1 VOLKSWAGEN 11,018 10,823 -1.8
2 TOYOTA 10,567 10,725 1.5
90
3 GM (2) 8,384 7,332 -12.5 80
4 HYUNDAI-KIA 7,275 7,200 -1.0 70
5 FORD (2) 5,982 5,386 -10.0 60
6 HONDA 5,357 5,171 -3.5 50
7 NISSAN 5,654 4,958 -12.3 40
8 FCA 4,842 4,600 -5.0 30
9 RENAULT 4,120 3,862 -6.3
2000 2005 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017
10 PSA 3,868 3,436 -11.2
EUROPEAN MANUFACTURERS AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS TATA (INDIA)
11 DAIMLER AG 3,352 3,295 -1.7
KOREAN MANUFACTURERS JAPANESE MANUFACTURERS GEELY (CHINA)
12 SUZUKI 3,437 3,056 -11.1
13 BMW 2,542 2,564 0.9
14 SAIC 2,848 2,529 -11.2
15 GEELY 2,177 2,178 0.0
16 MAZDA 1,597 1,488 -6.8
17 MITSUBISHI 1,271 1,441 13.4
18 DONGFENG MOTOR 1,122 1,297 15.6
19 TATA 1,221 1,274 4.3
20 CHANGAN 1,367 1,172 -14.3
21 GREAT WALL 1,027 1,087 5.8
22 SUBARU 1,019 987 -3.1
23 BAIC 1,022 953 -6.7
24 CHERY 612 659 7.6
25 ISUZU 626 648 3.5
VOLVO-UD TRUCKS-RENAULT
37 235 243 3.2
TRUCKS-MACK
Note: The production of Chinese manufacturers does not include joint-ventures.
(1) The vehicles include passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, and coaches
and buses. There may be double counts between manufacturers.
(2) The output of GM and Ford include their activities in China.
Sources: OICA, annual reports, CCFA estimates

After a long period of growth, world production fell Japanese manufacturers are mostly affected by have managed to maintain increased production
by 5.3% in 2019, after a decline of 1% in 2018, the decline in Asia. Only Hyundai-Kia managed in 2019.
with an impact on most of the major automotive to contain the drop, which remains limited to 1%,
groups. while Honda, Suzuki and Nissan are experiencing For heavy vehicle manufacturers, the global
decreases of 3.5% to 12%. economic situation remained positive and the
The Volkswagen group, which is very active Volvo group (including Renault Trucks) increased
in emerging countries, experienced a decline As for the European groups, the situation is also by 3.5%.
in production of 1.8% but retained its leading contrasted, with manufacturers whose production
position in 2019. The Toyota group, one of the fared better, such as Renault (-6.3%), or has even
few to increase its production, also remains in grown slightly, such as BMW (+0.9%). Conversely,
second place. General Motors, still impacted other manufacturers, such as PSA, have sharply
by the evolution of its scope, now without Opel, declined.
fell back but remained in third position. Ford’s
production was severely affected by the decline Manufacturers in emerging countries (China,
in North America. India), such as Tata, Dongfeng or Great Wall

8 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 world • production

TRENDS IN PRODUCTION AND TRADE AMONG THE WORLD’S LEADING AUTOMOTIVE REGIONS
China, which has become the largest manufacturer is destined for the local market and exports only
in the world since 2010, produces mainly to satisfy represent 13% of production. Imports, on the other
its domestic market: imports and exports, with hand, amount to 30% of production.
volumes around one million units in recent years,

53%
each represent 4% of production. In Japan, exports account for about 50% of
production. Imports still account for around 6% of
The European Union (28 countries) is the second total registrations.
largest producing area in the world, thanks to
growth in the domestic market and dynamic
exports (one-third of production).
Percentage of vehicles manufactured In North America, including Mexico, production has
for export in Japan in 2019 declined since 2000 but remains at a high level. It

European Union (1) USA, Canada et Mexico (2) Japan

PASSENGER CARS
PRODUCTION in thousands index (100=2000) in thousands index (100=2000) in thousands index (100=2000)
2000 14,779 100 7,092 100 8,359 100
2010 15,260 103 5,084 72 8,310 99
2018 16,747 113 5,022 71 8,359 100
2019 15,828 107 4,357 61 8,329 100
IMPORTS (3) in thousands share of production in thousands share of production in thousands share of production
2000 2,629 18% 2,225 31% 268 3%
2010 1,900 12% 2,310 45% 186 2%
2018 3,721 22% 1,906 38% 308 4%
2019 4,316 27% n/a n/a 298 4%
EXPORTS (3) in thousands share of production in thousands share of production in thousands share of production
2000 2,715 18% 1,130 16% 3,796 45%
2010 3,400 22% 857 17% 4,275 51%
2018 5,427 32% 1,825 36% 4,358 52%
2019 5,319 34% n/a n/a 4,373 53%
LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
PRODUCTION in thousands index (100=2000) in thousands index (100=2000) in thousands index (100=2000)
2000 2,327 100 8,669 100 1,782 100
2010 1,819 78 7,089 82 1,319 74
2018 1,858 80 12,402 143 1,370 77
2019 1,880 81 12,427 143 1,356 76
IMPORTS (3) in thousands share of production in thousands share of production in thousands share of production
2000 242 10% 915 11% 8 0%
2010 310 17% 1 136 16% 2 0%
2018 460 25% 3 339 27% 1 0%
2019 493 26% n/a n/a 1 0%
EXPORTS (3) in thousands share of production in thousands share of production in thousands share of production
2000 248 11% 339 4% 659 37%
2010 330 18% 177 2% 566 43%
2018 462 25% 479 4% 460 34%
2019 471 25% n/a n/a 445 33%
(1) The number of countries included in the "European
Union" corresponds to the number of member states in ► CHINA Production Exports Imports
the year in question. ALL VEHICLES
(2) Mexico is included since 2009. In Index In Share of In Share of
Sources: OICA, CAAM
(3) EU community trade is not included. Sources: OICA, thousands (100=2010) thousands production thousands production
Eurostat, CCFA since 1991, Ward’s since 1999, JAMA
2010 18,265 100 499 3% n/a -

2017 29,015 159 891 3% 1,247 4%

2018 27,809 152 1,041 4% - -

2019 25,721 141 n/a - - -

Since 2000, the evolution of the automotive to 2000. Imports, already very significant in 2000, and exports. The latter had increased markedly,
industry has been contrasted in the three major increased by 67% between 2000 and 2018 and in line with the depreciation of the yen, and in
automotive industry zones. account for more than a third of production, 2008 exceeded the level of 2000 by 51%; in 2019,
both for passenger cars and light commercial they were only 8% above their 2000 level, mainly
In the European Union (28 countries), the vehicles. As for exports, in 2018 they represented due to the production of factories of Japanese
growth in vehicle production was 9% compared only 13% of production (a third for the EU and manufacturers outside Japan.
to 2000 and 2018 (compared to approximately half for Japan), with a very significant weight
15% between 2000 and 2007) and trade, which for passenger cars (31%, against 3% for light In China, production increased by 41% between
is already substantial, increased significantly. In commercial vehicles). 2010 and 2018, and exports by 109%, but the
2019, despite a 5% drop in production, vehicle latter only represent a small volume.
exports fell only by 2%. Finally in Japan, vehicle production fell by 5%
since 2000, but is above its 2010-2018 average,
In North America, production fell by 6% compared due to the dynamism of the domestic market
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 9
 world • markets & vehicles in use

WORLD VEHICLE MARKETS

In 2019, global automotive markets contracted to 91 This zone has experienced a triple-digit growth since the decline in the Russian market (-2.3%) while the
million vehicles, a drop of 4.5% after eight consecutive 2005, in particular thanks to the explosion of sales in new EU member countries are showing a 5% growth.
years of increase. This decrease is explained by the China and India, and now accounts for nearly 50% of Likewise, while sales fell in North America and even
decline in sales in Asia, which began in 2018 (-1.4%) global sales (compared to 31% in 2005). Conversely, more sharply in Central and South America (-5.5%),
and which accelerated in 2019 (-7.6%). Thus, even if the European market fell by 1% over the same period some countries, such as Brazil, posted strong growth
sales are resilient in Europe (+0.4%) and particularly and only represents 23% of the total, against 32% in (+8.6% in Brazil).
in Western Europe (+1.0%), this is not enough to offset 2005. NAFTA, which weighed 31% of the world market,
the fall in the American (-2.5%) and Asian markets. now represents 23% of sales.
Africa, which observed an 8% increase in registrations
in 2018, also saw its market decline in 2019 (-4.2%). In 2019, the Asia-Oceania zone lost 2 points of market
share but it still represents 48% of global sales. China

CHINA :
Automotive markets are strongly correlated with alone accounts for 28.2% of the total, followed by
economic situation, with cyclical phenomena thus the United States (19.1%), Japan (5.7%), Germany

28%
mainly explaining their evolution. They are also (4.4%) and India (4,2%). These top five world markets
characterised by short-term fluctuations of significant represent 62% of the total. Europe is gaining 1 point
magnitude, be they renewal or first equipment. in market share, but contrasting developments can be
observed between Western Europe and Central and
Since 2005, the global automotive market has grown by Eastern Europe.
39% and its center of gravity has shifted from Western
Europe and North America, mature markets (56% of While Western Europe is showing a very weak growth, Of world market
the global market in 2005 and 41% in 2019) to Asia. the decline in the Eastern countries is mainly due to

Passenger cars Commercial vehicles Total Change

2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2019/2018

thousands thousands % thousands thousands % thousands thousands % %

EUROPE 17,910 17,973 27.9 2,715 2,733 10.2 20,625 20,706 22.7 +0.4
Western Europe 14,210 14,308 22.2 2,326 2,399 8.9 16,536 16,707 18.3 +1.0
Central and Eastern Europe 3,700 3,665 5.7 617 563 2.1 4,317 4,227 4.6 -2.1
AMERICA 10,563 9,540 14.8 15,397 15,769 58.7 25,960 25,309 27.8 -2.5
NAFTA (1) 6,752 5,973 9.3 14,455 14,842 55.3 21,207 20,816 22.8 -1.8
USA 5,304 4,715 7.3 12,398 12,765 47.5 17,701 17,480 19.2 -1.3
Central and South America 3,811 3,567 5.5 942 927 3.5 4,753 4,494 4.9 -5.5
ASIA-OCEANIA 39,284 35,960 55.9 8,363 8,043 30.0 47,647 44,003 48.3 -7.6
China 23,710 21,444 33.3 4,371 4,324 16.1 28,081 25,769 28.3 -8.2
South Korea 1,525 1,539 2.4 302 256 1.0 1,827 1,795 2.0 -1.8
India 3,395 2,962 4.6 1,005 855 3.2 4,400 3,817 4.2 -13.3
Japan 4,391 4,301 6.7 881 894 3.3 5,272 5,195 5.7 -1.5
ASEAN (2) 2,447 2,424 3.8 1,130 1,067 4.0 3,577 3,491 3.8 -2.4
Other Asia-Oceania 3,816 3,290 5.1 674 647 2.4 4,490 3,937 4.3 -12.3
AFRICA 921 869 1.4 307 308 1.1 1,229 1,177 1.3 -4.2
TOTAL 68,678 64,342 100.0 26,783 26,854 100.0 95,461 91,196 100.0 -4.5
CHANGE 2019/2018 -6.3% 0.3% -4.5%

(1) NAFTA: Canada, USA and Mexico.

(2) ASEAN: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.
Source: OICA

Global automotive sales were strongly impacted (+8.6%) with 2.8 million units. In the Asia-Oceania zone, the market, excluding
in 2019 by the slowdown in growth in emerging China, India and South Korea, has fluctuated around
countries and in particular in China and India. The In Western Europe, the market, which has been 12 million vehicles since 2012. Developments in
Chinese market, which is the world’s largest market growing since 2014, grew 1% in 2019 to 16.7 million 2019 were very mixed, with increases as in Vietnam
with 28% of sales, fell for the second year in a row, vehicles. This level is high compared to the period (+13.9%) and decreases as in Thailand (-3.3%).
after several years of strong growth. The market lost after the crisis of 2008 or the bottom of the cycle
more than 2 million vehicles in 2019 and now stands in 2013, when sales were around 13 million. The In South America, the market continued to recover
at 26 million vehicles, down 8.2% from 2018. India situations are contrasted with increases in Germany (+5.3%) in 2018, supported by the dynamism of the
has seen its automotive sales fell by more than 10% (+5.1%), France (+2.3%) and Italy (+0.5%), and Brazilian market (+13.6%) and other countries except
in 2019, which now places it in fifth place in the world decreases in the United Kingdom (-2.4%) and Spain Argentina (-10%).
behind Germany. In Japan and South Korea, the (-4%).
market fell by 1.5% and 1.8% respectively after a In Africa, after a rebound in sales in 2018, the market
first decline observed in 2018. Central and Eastern Europe, which represents contracted in 2019 (-4.2%) including Algeria (-1.8%),
4.5% of the global market, experienced a decline in Morocco (-6.5%), Egypt (- 7.8%) and South Africa
In the United States, the market fell 1.3% to 17.5 2019 (-2.1%), after a first decline in 2018 (-0.5%). (-2.8%), countries which had seen an increase in
million vehicles. This remains a high cycle level, 7 The growth rate of the new Member States of the sales the previous year. Africa’s market share in the
million units higher than that observed during the European Union continues to slow (+5%), after five world market remains extremely low at just 1.3%.
crisis in 2009 (10.6 million). The Mexican market years of strong growth. The Turkish market fell again
continued to contract (-7.2%). sharply (-23%), after three years of decline. The
Russian market is also declining, after rising 10%
In Central and South America, only the Brazilian in 2018, and stands at 1.8 million units, far from its
market, which continues to recover, is growing pre-crisis level (3.2 million vehicles).

10 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 world • markets & vehicles in use

VEHICLES IN USE IN THE WORLD

In 2015, the global vehicle fleet (passenger and Automobile density across the world was on
commercial vehicles) was 1.3 billion units (of which average 182 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants
almost 75% passenger cars), i.e. a growth of 4% (+27% compared to 2005). However, the gap is
compared to the previous year. The average rate large between 42 vehicles in Africa and 670 in the

1.3
of growth since 2011 is 4%, i.e. a faster pace of NAFTA zone (USA, Canada, Mexico) via 85 in Asia
growth than before the crisis (average growth of (excluding Japan and South Korea), 176 in Central
+3% between 2007 and 2009). and South America and over 500 for the EU and
Japan/South Korea. Density in Europe overall is
Fleet were practically stable in the mature markets slightly above 471.

BILLION
of developed countries (increases generally
between 0 and 2%) and showed strong growth North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and
in emerging countries (between 3% and 12%). Tunisia), which is close to Europe, has shown
strong vehicle fleet growth with an average rate of
The US fleet is the biggest in the world with almost 6% per year since 2005, from 10 to 19 million units. Number of vehicles
264 million vehicles, ahead of China and Japan in the world
(163 and 77 million units respectively). France is
in eighth position worldwide.

Total
Change
2015/2014
2014 2015

thou- thou-
%
sands sands

EUROPE 380,136 387,519 +1.9

Western
246,641 250,037 +1.4
Europe

Central and
133,496 137,482 +3.0
Eastern Europe

AMERICA 403,022 413,725 +2.7

NAFTA (1) 316,631 324,763 +2.6

USA 258,027 264,194 +2.4

Central and
86,390 88,962 +3.0
South America
VEHICLE DENSITY BY REGION
ASIA-OCEANIA 409,362 436,222 +6.6
(NUMBER OF VEHICLES PER 1,000 INHABITANTS)
China 145,981 162,845 +11.6 800
+6% World:
700
South Korea 20,118 20,990 +4.3 +9% +7% 2005: 143 vehicles / 1,000 inhabitants
600
2015: 182 vehicles / 1,000 inhabitants
India 26,510 28,860 +8.9 500 (27% increase)
Japan 77,188 77,404 +0.3 400
300 +59%
ASEAN (2) 55,415 58,419 +5.4 +60%
200
Other
100 +143% +35%
84,150 87,704 +4.2
Asia-Oceania
0
AFRICA 42,366 44,803 +5.8 NAFTA EU28 JAPAN RUSSIA CENTRAL ASIA AFRICA
+ EFTA(1) SOUTH KOREA TURKEY AND SOUTH (EXCLUDING JAPAN
TOTAL 1,234,887 1,282,270 +3.8
OTHER EUROPE AMERICA SOUTH KOREA)

(1) NAFTA: Canada, USA and Mexico. 2005 2015 (1) EFTA: European Free Trade Association.
(2) ASEAN: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Source: OICA
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.

In 2015, the mature zones represented more than In the Americas, NAFTA, with 25% of the global In Asia, Japan and Korea (8% of the global fleet),
50% of the global vehicle fleet and 15% of global fleet, is a mature market with a high level of car which are mature markets, have car ownership
production. They have lost around 15 percentage ownership, especially in the US (821). Mexico levels of 609 and 417 respectively. However,
points to the emerging areas since 2005. has the highest progression in terms of number of emerging countries with bigger populations
vehicles (+4% between 2010 and 2015). However, have lower automobile density: 22 in India, 87 in
Within the European zone, accounting for almost Central and South America is an emerging zone Indonesia and 118 in China. Since 2005, almost
one third of the global fleet, the increase was which accounted for 7% of the global car market all of the vehicle fleet growth has come from Asia,
quicker in the east than in the west (see page 19). in 2015, with a density ratio of 176. The number excluding Japan and South Korea. China (131
The number of vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants is of vehicles in America has swelled by 86 million million additional units) is way ahead of India (+19
also contrasted, ranging from 166 in Albania to 796 units since 2005, almost at the same pace as million) and Indonesia (+13 million).
in Iceland, via 308 in Romania, and 550-600 in the NAFTA and Central and South America. The three
main countries of Western Europe. The number countries with the highest progression in terms of
of vehicles in the zone has grown by almost 65 number of vehicles are the US, Brazil and Mexico
million units since 2005, of which 73% outside with 26, 20 and 16 million units respectively.
Western Europe (+20 million additional units in
Russia).

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 11
 world • trade

WORLD TRADE IN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS

In 2018, world trade in automotive products grew Faced with high-level markets in the European The European Union ($783 billion), NAFTA ($320
5.5% according to the WTO. They now stand Union and NAFTA, the share of intraregional billion), Japan ($158 billion) and South Korea ($63
at $1,547 billion, accounting for 8% of world trade in global trade had stabilised around 60% billion) are major exporters. Chinese exports are
merchandise exports and 12% of manufactured from 2011 to 2016, before rising to 67% in 2017, growing in recent years, but are at a lower level
goods. This growth, slightly lower than that of 2017 a level close to that of 2009 (66%). In NAFTA and ($61 billion).
(+7.4%), achieves an increase of 25% compared Europe (excluding CIS), this share rises to around
to before the crisis (2008). 75%. In South America, this ratio, after two years Without taking intra-zone trade into account, the
around 75%, increases to 79%; it stood at more European Union’s imports exceeded those of
Global trading in auto products is particularly than 80% between 2011 and 2014. However, it China for the third consecutive year (102 vs 87
influenced by multilateral agreements under the reaches barely 30% for Asia-Oceania, which is billion dollars in 2018), unlike in previous years.
auspices of the WTO and increasingly, bilateral or very outward-oriented with national markets that These imports remain, however, well below those
regional agreements which are signed between are not as open (Japan, etc.). of NAFTA, which amounted to $186 billion.
different geographical areas.
Auto balances are positive in the European Union
In 2018, the euro strengthened against the dollar (+$150 billion), Japan (+$134 billion) and South
while the Japanese yen was virtually unchanged. Korea (+46 billion dollars). On the other hand, they
The Chinese yuan and the pound sterling are in deficit, at a record level in the United States
strengthened slightly. (-$169 billion) and in China (-$26 billion).

► EXPORTS (FOB)/IMPORTS (CIF) TO

THE MAJOR REGIONS
(in us$ billion)

$1,550
Areas World
Countries EXP. IMP. Balance
USA
2010 99.7 189.8 -90.0

billion
2015 129.5 292.9 -163.4
2018 135.5 314.8 -179.4
CANADA
2010 50.1 59.6 -9.5 Total global trading
2015 61.8 68.1 -6.2 in automotive industry products
2018 60.8 76.0 -15.2 in 2018
EUROPEAN UNION (1)
2010 546.4 426.9 119.4
2015 655.1 497.5 157.6
2018 782.8 632.2 150.6
JAPAN
2010 149.5 14.2 135.3
2015 136.8 19.4 117.3
2018 158.4 24.6 133.8
SOUTH KOREA
2010 54.5 8.0 46.5
2015 70.9 15.1 55.8
2018 63.4 16.9 46.4
CHINA (EXCLUDING HONG-KONG)
2010 28.0 53.0 -25.0
► INTRAREGIONAL TRADE BY AREA (as a percentage of total trade in the area)
2015 49.5 73.0 -23.5
2018 60.7 86.8 -26.2 2005 2010 2016 2017
BRAZIL Intra Asia 24% 32% 30% 31%
2010 12.6 17.7 -5.1 Intra Europe 78% 73% 73% 72%
2015 9.9 14.2 -4.4 Intra North America 83% 76% 78% 77%
2018 13.0 14.6 -1.5 Intra Latin America 51% 79% 75% 79%
Source: WTO

► TRADE OF THE MAIN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES (1) (in us$ billion)

Germany France Spain Italy United Kingdom

2010 203,2 85,0 118,2 51,1 54,9 -3,8 44,8 31,6 13,1 29,8 40,3 -10,5 38,8 52,6 -13,9
2015 246,5 103,1 143,3 47,0 52,7 -5,7 53,6 41,4 12,2 36,2 35,5 0,7 51,4 76,7 -25,3
2018 267,0 131,2 135,8 59,4 71,7 -12,3 60,0 49,8 10,2 43,6 49,4 -5,8 56,3 72,8 -16,5

(1) For the comparisons, 27 countries have been included in the European Union from 2006 and 28 from 2014.
Sources: WTO

12 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 world • trade

WORLD TRADE IN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS

IMPORTS FROM THE MAIN REGIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES OF AUTOMOTIVE
PRODUCTS (NOT INCLUDING INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE) PRODUCTS
In US$ billion In US$ billion
267.0
200 270
186.1 230
160
190 158.4
120
102.5 150
80 86.8 135.5
110
40 63.4
70
0 30 59.4
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018
NAFTA CHINA EU(1) GERMANY JAPAN USA SOUTH KOREA FRANCE

Source: WTO Source: WTO

SURPLUSES IN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS DEFICITS IN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS

In US$ billion In US$ billion
200 20 -1.5
150.6 -21.6
150 -20
-26.2
133.8 -60
100
-100
50 -140
46.4
-179.4
0 -180
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018
EU(1) JAPAN SOUTH KOREA BRAZIL CHINA RUSSIA USA
Source: WTO Source: WTO

SHARE IN EXPORTS FROM THE EU TO THE NON EU

4%
As a % ROAD VEHICLES (SITC 78)
60
52.1
50
40
30
20
10
12.6
5.9
France’s share of global automotive industry
0 3.9 product trading in 2018
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018
GERMANY UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE ITALY
Source: Eurostat
(1) For the comparisons, 15 EU countries have been included since 1993, 25 since 2004, 27 since 2006 and 28 since 2014.

Between 2005 and 2018, changes in sales in the compared to more than 50% in the early 2000s). a record level of $179 billion in 2018. Chinese
automotive industry were very different between Its exports to China fell between 2011 and 2018 imports increased again in 2018 (+4% to $87
the countries-zones. South Korea, Japan and the to $14 billion. They are to be compared to the $19 billion). Since 2005, they have grown by 15%
European Union have seen their trade surpluses billion going to the EU28. per year. In 2012, the origins of the latter were
increase. South Korea’s rose 38% to $46 billion the EU28 (56% vs 42% in 2009), ahead of Japan
in 2018. Japan’s rose from 110 to 134 (+22%), Exports from the European Union 28 countries (22% vs 36% in 2009), NAFTA (13%) and South
while that of the European Union rose 89%, from reached $783 billion dollars, of which 68% were Korea (7%). Reflecting the evolution of their oil
80 to $150 billion. Conversely, the deficit of the intra-community trade (74% in 2009). EU exports resources, imports have grown strongly since
United States increased further in 2018 and stands to China amounted to €41 billion. They reached 2005 in Russia, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
at -$179 billion, compred to -118 billion in 2005. $10 billion to Russia, $17 billion to Africa and Emirates. In Russia, they increased almost fourfold
$13 billion to the Middle East. Based on Eurostat between 2005 and 2013, then fell sharply between
In other areas, the trade balance in automotive data, more than half of EU exports to non-EU are 2013 and 2016 (-60%) to start again in 2017 and
products, which was positive, turned negative. In made by Germany (52% in 2018), ahead of the 2018 and return to a level close to that of 2010
Canada, for example, the balance of $9 billion in United Kingdom (13%), the Italy (6%), Spain and at $25 billion. Finally in Australia, imports have
2005 turned into a deficit of $15 billion in 2018, France (around 4%). The share of the six new almost doubled since 2005 to reach $29 billion;
in line with the place taken by Mexico in trade entrants (Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and this country has ceased to have light vehicle
within NAFTA. Thus in Mexico, the trade surplus Slovenia) amounted to 9%. France accounted for production sites since the end of 2017.
was multiplied by 7 between 2005 and 2018. In nearly 4% of world exports of automotive products
Brazil, the positive balance of $7 billion in 2005 with $59 billion (including intra-EU trade), against
became negative from 2010, except in 2016 and nearly 7.6% in 2004.
2017. Finally, China, which became the world’s
largest automotive market, increased its trade The decline in the UK domestic market has led to
deficit tenfold, from -$4 billion to -$26 billion a decline in imports, but the automotive balance
between 2005 and 2018. India’s surplus fell from remains sharply negative in 2018, at $16.5 billion,
$500 million in 2005 to nearly $9 billion in 2018, up from 25 in 2015, which was a record level. After
following a six-fold increase in exports to more a very strong increase in trade between 2010 and
than $15 billion. 2015, exports have since increased by 9%, while
imports decreased by 5%.
In 2018, Germany, with $267 billion, remained the
leading exporter of automotive industry products The United States remained the world’s largest
with 18% of world exports. Second in the world, importer of automotive products, with $315 billion;
Japan exported $158 billion, 61 of which went due in particular to the high level of its domestic
to North America (or 41% of its total exports, market, its deficit in automotive products reached

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 13
 europe • market & vehicles in use

NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS PER COUNTRY

The passenger car market in Western Europe (90% In 2019, the developments in these countries were
of the European market) amounted to 14.3 million contrasted. The United Kingdom suffered a decline
units in 2019 (+0.7% compared to 2018). Since (-2.4%) for the third consecutive year, after reaching
the low point in 2013, the market gained 2.7 million a record level in 2016. Germany and France are still
units, which gradually made up for the fall of the at the top of the cycle, above their levels of before

+24%
years of crisis (-3.3 million cars between 2007 and the crisis and grew by 5% and 1.9% respectively
2013). The current level nevertheless remains down in 2019.
3.5% compared to the level observed in 2007.
Conversely, the markets of Southern Europe (Italy,
The main markets for passenger cars in Western Spain, Greece, Portugal) fell in 2019. Italy posted
Europe are Germany (25.2% of the Western an increase of only 0.3%, while the Spanish market
European market), followed by the United Kingdom (-4.8 %) and the Portuguese market (-2%) are down
Increase of the new passenger (17.8%), France (16.2%), Italy (13.4%) and Spain after experiencing sustained growth in 2018. Thus,
car market in Western Europe (8.8%). despite a growth of 60% since the low point in 2013,
since 2013 the markets of Southern Europe remain down 22 %
from their 2007 level.

► NEW PASSENGER CARS REGISTRATIONS IN EUROPE

In millions of units In millions of units In thousands of units

4.0 650
15
14.3 3.5 3.6 600 605
14 3.0 550
500
2.5 2.3
13 2.2 450 - 445
2.0
1.9 400
12 1.5
1.3 350 329
1.0 311
11 300
0.5 250
10 0.0 200
2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019
EUROPE GERMANY ITALY UNITED KINGDOM BELGIUM-LUX AUSTRIA

FRANCE SPAIN THE NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND

In thousands of units In thousands of units

400 350
356
350 300
300 250 224
250 225
200
200
150
142 150 117
100 100
114 114
50 50
0 0
2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019
SWEDEN NORWAY PORTUGAL GREECE

DENMARK FINLAND IRELAND

As a % of Western European market MARKET SHARES OF COUNTRIES ON THE NEW PASSENGER CAR MARKET
30
25
25
20 18
16 15
15 13

10 9

5 3
0
GERMANY NORTHERN EUROPE (1) UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE ITALY SPAIN OTHER EUROPE (2)

2007 2019 (1) Austria, Belgium-Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, Norway, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland.
(2) Portugal, Greece, Ireland.
Source: CCFA

The West European market comprises 18 countries 2008. The latter led to a fall in the market of 22% Today, the countries of the first group have caught
(15 pre-2004 EU members, plus European Free between 2007 and 2013 (-3.3 million units) with a up to their pre-crisis level while the countries of
Trade Association - EFTA countries: Switzerland, contrasting impact depending on the geographic Southern Europe are still below this level. All in all,
Norway and Iceland). These countries have similar area. The group of countries comprising Northern the Western European market is still down 3.5%
environments and obey similar economic rules. Europe, Germany and the United Kingdom compared to the level observed in 2007.
suffered a decline of only 5% during the crisis,
The market experienced two strong crises: in 1993 while it reached more than 50% for Southern
(-16% or -2.2 million units) and from the end of Europe (Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece).

14 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 europe • market & vehicles in use

NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS PER GROUP

In 2019, the market of French groups in the Foreign groups are mainly represented by the
Western European market remained stable Volkswagen group, which holds a 24% market
compared to 2018 and amounted to 26%. share in 2019, and by five other large generalist
groups and two groups specialising in higher
French groups rely on their different brands that ranges, each with a market share of between 6%

26%
complement each other. The Renault group is and 7%.
based on the Renault (6.9% market share) and
Dacia brands (3.2%); the latter only represented
0.5% of the market in 2007. As for the PSA group,
it now includes four brands: Peugeot (6.4%),
Citroën (4.2%), Opel/Vauxhall (5.2%) and DS
(0.3%). Share of new passenger cars sold
in Western Europe manufactured
by a French group

► MARKET SHARES OF GROUPS (1) IN WESTERN EUROPE (EU18)

As a % of the total market As a % of the total market

26
24.0 14
24
12
20
10
16 16.1
8 7.0
12 7.0
10.0 6
8
6.4
4
6.1
4 2

0 0 0.0
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

PSA (2) RENAULT FORD DAIMLER

VW FCA GM (2) BMW GROUP

As a % of the total market

7
6.4
6

5
4.7
4

3
2.5
2

0
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
NISSAN HYUNDAI-KIA TOYOTA GROUP
(1) The scope of the groups reflects their situation as at 01/01/2020.
(2) Opel in included in GM group until July 31, 2017 and PSA group since August 1, 2017.
See page 74 for groups definitions.
Source: CCFA

Market share of the French PSA and Renault below the record level of 2014. a result of the diversification of its vehicle range,
groups (26% in total) fell slightly in 2019 but gained another 0.3 point of market share in 2019
remained higher than that of 2007. It exceeded The Fiat group, including the Chrysler group to 6.9%. BMW, including the Mini brand, remained
25% between 2001 and 2003, a more favorable brands, represented 6.1% of the Western stable at 7%.
period when the French and Southern European European market in 2019, compared to nearly 13%
markets weighed heavily. 45% of the Western in 1997 and 15% in 1989. In 2019, the market
European market, compared to 39% in 2019. The share of the Fiat brand amounted to 4.2%. Toyota Group market share, which rose
Opel brand, which joined the PSA group on August continuously from 1995 (3%) to 2007 (6%) fell to
1, 2017, confirms its market share above 5%. The American Ford group has experienced a 4.1% in 2016. Since then, the market share has
The market share of the Dacia brand is growing similar development to that of the Fiat group, grown again and reached 4.7% in 2019.
steadily each year and exceeds 3% in 2019, or a halving its market share between the early 1990s
volume of more than 450,000 units. DS’s market and today to stand at 6.4% in 2019. The Hyundai-Kia group’s market share, which was
share is 0.3%. almost non-existent in 1990 (0.1%), has grown
The German groups Daimler and BMW, specialists steadily over the past thirty years. From 2.1% in
Since 1995, the Volkswagen group (VW), with its in premium ranges and corporate sales, are 2000 to 4.2% in 2010, its market share reached
four main brands, has consolidated its positions pursuing a strategy to expand their range and 6.4% in 2019.
and reached 24% in 2019 after declining between continue to gain market share. Daimler (Mercedes-
2014 and 2018. This level remains however slightly Benz and smart), which has grown since 1997 as

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 15
 europe • market & vehicles in use

RANGE RANKING IN 2019

The French groups expanded their vehicle ranges
by proposing 50 or so models (excluding Opel
integration) compared to 27 in 2000. Over recent
years, they have developed their ranges on different

71 & 99
product segments (multipurpose vehicles, 4WD,
SUV, sedan). They regularly renew existing models
(3008, 5008, Koleos, Megane Scenic, Captur) or
develop new ones (C3 Aircross). In addition, each
body includes different versions depending on the
Models and body styles offered equipment of the car which involves the marketing
of several thousand possible combinations (more
by French groups than 8,000 according to ADEME).

Groups Brands Economy and low range Low-mid range High-mid range Premium range
C-Zero, C1, C3, C4 Cactus, Nemo, C4, C3 Air Cross, C5 Air Cross,
CITROËN C-Elysée
Berlingo, E-Mehari Jumpy, SpaceTourer, Jumper
DS DS3, DS3 Crossback DS4 DS5, DS7
PSA group 308, 3008, 5008, Expert,
PEUGEOT 108, 208, 2008,Partner, Rifter 508, 301
Traveller, Boxer
Corsa, Adam, Combo, Karl, Mokka, Ampera, Ampera-E, Astra, Cascada, Antara, Insignia,
OPEL
Crossland, Grandland Zafira, Movano Vivaro
Megane (including Scenic,
RENAULT Twingo, Clio, Captur, Kangoo, ZOE Trafic, Kadjar, Koleos Espace, Talisman
Grand Scenic), Master
RENAULT DACIA Logan, Sandero, Duster, Dokker Lodgy
group ALPINE A110
LADA Niva
3, 5, 6, 7, 8, X3, X4, X5,
BMW i3 1, 2 Series, M2 4, X1, X2 Series X6, X7, Z4, I8, M3, M4, M5
BMW group Series
MINI Mini
C, E, G,S, SL,V,CLS,
MERCEDES-BENZ Citan Classes A, B, CLA, Vito, Sprinter GLA EQC,GLC, GLE, GLS,GT
DAIMLER group classes, G, SLC, SLK Series
SMART fortwo, forfour
ALFA ROMEO Mito Giulietta Giulia, 4C, Stelvio
Panda, 500, G.Punto, Punto, Fiorino,
FIAT 124 Spider, Ducato, Tipo Talento
Doblo, Qubo
FIAT group Wrangler, Compass,
JEEP Renegade Grand Cherokee
Cherokee
LANCIA Ypsilon
Ka+,Fiesta, T. Courier, T. Connect, Focus, Kuga, Transit, Transit S-Max, Mustang, Galaxy,
FORD EUROPE FORD Mondeo
Ecosport Custom Edge
S60, S90,V60, V90, XC60,
GEELY VOLVO V40, XC40
XC90
HONDA HONDA Jazz Civic, HR-V CR-V
HYUNDAI I10, I20, IX20, Kona I30, Elantra, H-1 I40, Santa Fe, Tucson, Ioniq
HYUNDAI KIA Carens, Cee-d, Ceed, Niro,
KIA Picanto, Soul, Stonic, Venga Optima, Sportage, Stinger Sorento
Proceed, Rio, Xceed
MAZDA MAZDA 2, CX-3 3, MX5, CX-5 6, CX-30
MITSUBISHI MITSUBISHI i-MiEV ASX, Spacestar, Outlander, ECL-Cross Pajero
NISSAN NISSAN Micra, Juke Leaf, Pulsar, NV200, NV300 Qashqai, X-Trail 370Z, T-R, NV400
Impreza, Legacy, Forester,
SUBARU SUBARU BRZ
Outback, Levorg

SUZUKI SUZUKI Celerio, Ignis, Jimny, Swift, SX4, Vitara Baleno Grand Vitara

F-Pace, F-Type, XE, XF, XJ,

JAGUAR E-Pace
F-Type, I-Pace
TATA group Discovery, Discovery.Sp,
LAND ROVER RR Evoque Range Rover, Rangsport,
RR-Velar
TESLA TESLA Model 3, Model S, Model X
LEXUS CT UX ES, GS, IS, LS, RX, NX, RC
TOYOTA Avensis, Prius, CH-R, RAV4, GT86, Land Cruiser, Camry,
TOYOTA Aygo, Yaris Auris, Corolla, Proace
Mirai Supra
A6, A7, A8, Allroad, Q5, Q7,
AUDI A1, Q2 A3 A4, A5, TT, Q3
Q8,R8, E-Tron
911, 718 Boxster, Cayman,
PORSCHE
VOLKSWAGEN Macan, Cayenne, Panamera
group SEAT Mii, Ibiza, Arona Leon Toledo, Ateca Alhambra, Tarraco
SKODA Citigo Fabia, Rapid, Kamiq, Scala Octavia, Karoq Superb, Kodiaq
Passat, Arteon, Tiguan,
VOLKSWAGEN Up!, Polo, Caddy, T-Cross, T-Roc Golf,Touran, Crafter Sharan, Touareg
Transporter

16 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION Source: CCFA
 europe • market & vehicles in use

BREAKDOWN AND RANKING BY MODEL

Of the 15 best-selling models in Western Europe in 2019, six belonged to a French group.

► RANGES AND BODY STYLES IN 2019 (as a % of new registration by country)

Economy
Low-mid High-mid Premium Station Conver-
and low Others Sedans Coupés MPVs Others
range range range wagons tibles
range
GERMANY 31.4% 28.4% 19.9% 18.9% 1.4% 34.5% 15.7% 3.1% 9.3% 32.9% 4.4%
AUSTRIA 37.8% 26.5% 20.8% 14.7% 0.1% 33.3% 13.3% 1.2% 10.7% 38.3% 3.2%
BELGIUM 38.4% 26.1% 21.5% 14.0% 0.0% 35.6% 11.8% 1.9% 8.9% 40.7% 1.1%
DENMARK 42.8% 25.6% 19.9% 11.6% 0.1% 48.7% 15.4% 1.0% 5.0% 28.9% 1.0%
SPAIN 42% 29% 21% 7% 0% 44% 5% 1% 4% 47% 0%
FINLAND 26% 30% 26% 17% 2% 38% 23% 0% 3% 33% 3%
FRANCE 56% 25% 13% 6% 0% 49% 4% 1% 6% 38% 1%
GREECE 62% 19% 15% 3% 0% 61% 1% 0% 1% 35% 2%
IRELAND 32% 26% 29% 12% 0% 45% 5% 1% 3% 47% 0%
ITALY 62% 17% 14% 6% 0% 47% 5% 1% 5% 42% 1%
LUXEMBOURG 31% 26% 20% 23% 0% 31% 12% 4% 7% 43% 3%
THE NETHERLANDS 44% 25% 14% 16% 0% 52% 12% 1% 2% 32% 2%
PORTUGAL 47% 28% 15% 9% 1% 46% 14% 2% 3% 32% 2%
UNITED KINGDOM 37% 23% 21% 18% 0% 45% 6% 3% 4% 42% 1%
SWEDEN 18% 23% 27% 32% 1% 29% 25% 1% 3% 40% 2%
EU 15 43% 25% 18% 13% 1% 42% 9% 2% 6% 38% 2%
ICELAND 31% 21% 31% 16% 1% 24% 3% 0% 2% 61% 10%
NORWAY 20% 24% 23% 33% 0% 43% 12% 0% 3% 40% 1%
SWITZERLAND 29% 22% 24% 24% 1% 31% 12% 3% 7% 44% 3%
ALL 18 COUNTRIES 42% 25% 19% 14% 1% 42% 9% 2% 6% 39% 2%

BREAKDOWN OF NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS

As a %
BY RANGE IN EU-18
of the total market
50

40
42.2%
11 OUT OF 15
Best-selling models in Western
30
24.9% Europe in 2019 were in the economy
20 18.6% and low range
13.7%
► RANKING OF THE 25 LEADING
10 MODELS IN 2019
Market
0.6% Models Units
0 share
ECONOMY AND LOW-MID RANGE HIGH-MID RANGE PREMIUM RANGE OTHERS VOLKSWAGEN GOLF 422,319 3.0%
LOW RANGE RENAULT CLIO 291,853 2.0%
VOLKSWAGEN POLO 247,026 1.7%
2000 2006 2017 2019 VOLKSWAGEN
242,686 1.7%
Source: CCFA TIGUAN
FORD FIESTA 219,078 1.5%
PEUGEOT 208 216,007 1.5%
In 2019, the diversity of the offer remains very Renault Captur, etc.). Of the top 15 models sold
RENAULT CAPTUR 206,763 1.4%
strong; the market shares of the top 15 vehicles in Western Europe, five models belong to the OPEL CORSA 206,393 1.4%
sold in Western Europe amounted to 24%, against MPVs category, which now accounts for 39% of FORD FOCUS 205,859 1.4%
30% in 2015 and 40% in 2000. On the lower the market, up from 21% in 2014. CITROEN C3 202,355 1.4%
ranges, the French groups, which offered eight NISSAN QASHQAI 200,701 1.4%
models, now offer forty. Of the 5 best-selling lower- Each European country kept its characteristics DACIA SANDERO 198,663 1.4%
end models in Western Europe in 2019, 3 belong until 2008: Southern Europe favoured the low and VOLKSWAGEN T-ROC 195,311 1.4%
to a French group. low-mid ranges while Northern Europe always TOYOTA YARIS 189,669 1.3%
favoured higher ranges and station wagons. In FIAT 500 186,986 1.3%
The economy and lower range dominates the West 2009, the success of the low range and sedans, PEUGEOT 3008 186,551 1.3%
European market with 11 models in this category particularly in Germany and the United Kingdom, FIAT PANDA 181,379 1.3%
among the 15 best-selling models and 42.2% of reduced the contrast between the different regions, DACIA DUSTER 177,686 1.2%
registrations in 2019 (vs 40% in 2012), a figure but after the crisis these two countries regained PEUGEOT 2008 157,917 1.1%
that has been stable since 2014. On the other their specificities. In these two countries, the RENAULT MEGANE 155,600 1.1%
hand, the ratio of the lower mid-range, which is market shares of the lower ranges remain 5 to 11 SKODA OCTAVIA 155,414 1.1%
rich in sedans, fell by nearly 5 points over the points below the European average, while those of FORD KUGA 149,198 1.0%
same period, to stand at 24.9% in 2019. The upper the higher ranges remain above (39% compared PEUGEOT 308 136,609 1.0%
ranges (upper-middle, upper and luxury) are up 4 to 32% on average in Europe). MINI MINI 129,400 0.9%
points compared to 2014 and reached 32.4% of SEAT LEON 126,105 0.9%
the market in 2019. Source: CCFA

The share of sedans, still dominant, has declined

since the recovery of the European market in
2014, in favour of the MPVs category. The latter
benefits from a varied and growing offer in the
particularly popular low range (Peugeot 2008,
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 17
 europe • market & vehicles in use

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW PASSENGER CARS

After increasing from 1997 to 2007, the share of On the European diesel car market, which counted
new passenger cars equipped with a diesel engine 4.4 million units in 2019 (compared to 6.9 in 2016),
in registrations in Western Europe hovered around the French groups market share amounted to 26%,
52% until 2016. Then, from 2017, it fell sharply and a stable level compared to 2018 and comparable
set up at 31.1% in 2019 (a drop of 18 points in to that other energies.
three years and 25 points compared to the record

-18 POINTS
level of 2011). France, Belgium and Spain, starting Hybrid and electric powertrains, still emerging,
from diesel market share above 70% experienced continue to develop in Western European markets.
the strongest declines over this period (-45 points). The hybrid cars market share accelerated in 2019
Conversely, Greece, starting from a very low (+2.2 points) to 7.5%, thanks to the contribution
Drop in the share of new cars fitted level (10% in 2011), saw the diesel market share of the German, Dutch and English markets. The
continue to increase until 2014. But, since that date, electric cars market share also increased in 2019
with diesel engines as a proportion it has followed the same downward trend as in other (+1 point) to 2.4%, thanks to significant sales growth
of total registrations between 2016 countries. in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom.
and 2019

► TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW PASSENGER CARS IN EUROPE (18 COUNTRIES) IN 2019

Average cylinder
Average power 4WD Diesel Electric Hybrid
capacity
cc kW % % % %
GERMANY 1,686 116 21.0 31.9 1.7 6.5
AUSTRIA 1,566 99 23.8 38.2 2.8 5.0
BELGIUM 1,493 96 0.1 30.6 1.6 6.2
DENMARK 1,467 94 6.4 26.0 2.5 7.7
SPAIN 1,468 93 7.7 27.7 0.8 9.0
FINLAND 1,554 104 20.0 18.6 1.7 18.3
FRANCE 1,405 88 6.7 34.1 1.9 5.7
GREECE 1,347 0 4.4 26.6 0.2 6.0
IRELAND 1,530 92 8.5 45.5 2.9 8.9
ITALY 1,439 83 11.6 39.7 0.6 6.0
LUXEMBOURG 1,790 127 23.7 41.8 1.8 5.9
THE NETHERLANDS 1,377 91 10.0 7.4 13.8 7.8
PORTUGAL 1,445 87 5.2 50.9 2.5 5.6
UNITED KINGDOM 1,610 110 18.0 25.2 1.6 8.6
SWEDEN 1,747 120 37.9 32.2 4.4 16.1
EUROPEAN UNION 15
1,543 101 14.6 31.4 2.0 7.2
COUNTRIES
ICELAND 25.1 30.0 7.7 19.3
NORWAY 1,828 119 48.1 16.0 42.4 26.5
SWITZERLAND 1,812 133 49.3 25.6 4.2 8.6
ALL 18 COUNTRIES 1550 102 15.7 31.1 2.4 7.5

As a % DIESEL MARKET SHARE PER COUNTRY As a % EUROPEAN (18 COUNTRIES)

80 of total registrations DIESEL PASSENGER CARS MARKET
70 60
55
60
50
50
39.7 45
40 34.1
31.9 30.6 40
30 27.7 25.2 31.1
35
20 30
10 25
0 20
GERMANY BELGIUM SPAIN FRANCE ITALY UNITED KINGDOM
1997 2002 2007 2012 2019
2000 2010 2018 2019
Source: CCFA

In Europe, the engine sizes and average power 2010; in 2019, it accounted for 15.7% of the Europe, in a market which grew very slightly in
of the car engines differ considerably from one Western European market, doubling its market 2019, sales of diesel cars fell by 14% and now
country to another. They depend largely on the share in ten years and a volume of 2.2 million account for 31.1% of total sales. The situation
economic, tax and geographical conditions of units. The equipment rate varies widely according remains contrasted in terms of level and variation
each national market. Due to the minimisation of to national characteristics. In Switzerland, Austria depending on the country. Portugal is now the only
the engines (downsizing, identical power of the and the Nordic countries, this share is higher to country in which more than half (50.9%) of new
engine with a smaller cylinder capacity, boosting meet the demands of mountainous topography cars registered remain diesel cars. Spain, Italy,
the petrol energy), the average capacity of new or weather conditions. It reaches almost 50% in Ireland and Greece experienced the biggest drops
passenger cars in Europe decreased by 190 cc Norway and Switzerland. In Germany, it is also in diesel market share in 2019 (-10 points as an
between 2007, high point, and 2019. On the other higher than the European average with 21% average). In Italy, this sharp drop (-11 points)
hand, the average power has increased by 12 kW market share, an increase of 13 points in ten brought the rate below 40%, while in Ireland it
since 2013 to reach 102 kW in 2019. The levels years. remains around 45%. On the contrary, this rate
of these indicators are higher in Northern Europe. practically stagnated in Germany, where it stands
The diesel share is largely influenced by the at 32%.
The share of 4WD continuously increased since regulations and taxation of each country. In

18 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 europe • market & vehicles in use

PASSENGER CARS IN USE IN EUROPE

In Western Europe, an area of high auto density of the fleet is more sustained. It averaged 4.8% and 2009, the share of cars of more than 10 years
(from 436 passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants between 2000 and 2009, then slowed between of age in Western Europe has constantly increased
in Ireland to 645 in Italy), the fleet increased on 2010 and 2014 with the economic and financial to reach 46% in 2018. This high level can be
average by 1.5% between 2014 and 2018. The crisis. From 2015, the growth of the fleet becomes explained by the low levels of new passenger cars
strong contrast observed since 2013 between dynamic again and amounts to 4.7% on average. registrations, especially in Southern Europe, where
Northern Europe, dynamic, and Southern Europe, The demand at lower cost remains mainly satisfied the share of cars over 10 years old exceeds 50%
affected by the crisis, disappeared. by imports of used vehicles. In 2018, this zone now in Italy and 60% in Spain and Portugal. Among
accounts for 21% of the European fleet against the new EU member states, 76% of the fleet is
In the new EU member states and in Turkey, 15% in 2005. over 10 years old.
where car ownership is generally lower (from
153 in Turkey to 617 for Poland), the growth rate Having settled at around one third between 2000

► PASSENGER CARS IN USE ON JANUARY 1 EACH YEAR

In millions IN EUROPE 17 COUNTRIES: In millions IN THE 12 NEW EU MEMBERS STATES

of units EU-15, SWITZERLAND AND NORWAY As a % of units AND TURKEY As a %
230 4.2 59.7 9
60
220 228 3.6 55 8
210 3.0 50 7
200 45 6
2.4
190 40 5
1.8 35
180 4
1.2 30 4.3
170 1.3 3
25
160 0.6 2
20
150 0.0 15 1
1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018
CAR IN USE GROWTH RATE: RIGHT-HAND SCALE CAR IN USE GROWTH RATE: RIGHT-HAND SCALE

As a % of DIESEL CAR OWNERSHIP IN EU-17 As a % of SHARE OF CARS OVER TEN YEARS OLD IN EU-17
all cars in use all cars in use
50 46.1
46
42.8
40 44
42
30 40
38
20
36
10 34
32
0 30
1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Sources: ACEA, professional organisations

As of January 1, 2018, the passenger car fleet in In the new EU member states and Turkey, the
Western Europe (European Union 15 countries, fleet grew by 20% over the period 2014-2018 (an
Switzerland and Norway) amounted to 228 million. average of 4.7% per year) but with contrasting
High levels of ownership and the crisis affected trends depending on the country. In Slovenia,
the fleet growth, which was on average 1.9% per the fleet grew by only 10%, or barely more than
year between 1992 and 2009. From 2009, this rate in Spain (+9%), while in Turkey and Romania, it
slowed down to 1.1% per year on average over the grew by 26% and 31% respectively over the same
period 2009-2018. In 2018, the fleet increased in period. Within these new EU member states and
all European countries, except Greece, where it fell Turkey, the share of diesel engines is 33% on Share of vehicles in use in Western
by 0.1%. In France, Italy and the United Kingdom, average, up about one and a half points per year Europe which were over ten years
the fleet is growing less quickly than the European for several years. old in 2018
average.

Having increased 2 percentage points per year

between 2002 and 2009, the share of diesel cars
in Western Europe increased by more than 1
percentage point per year since and stood at 43%
on January 1, 2018. In six countries, this engine
type remains the majority: Austria, Belgium, Spain,
France, Ireland and Luxembourg. On the other
hand, this share, although growing, is lower in
Germany (32%), while it is close to the average in
the United Kingdom (40%) and Italy (44%).

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 19
 europe • market & vehicles in use

NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN EUROPE

The Western European market for light commercial since 2013, the markets of Italy and Spain remain
vehicles, badly affected by the 2009 crisis, hovered below their pre-crisis level (-48,000 units for Italy
around 1.5 million units in the following years. and -60,000 for Spain compared to 2007).
From 2014, it has grown steadily (+3% in 2019).
It has thus exceeded 2 million units (+50% since In 2019, French groups sales in Europe increased
2013), a volume almost identical to its record level by 5% to reach a market share of 41.4% (34%

41%
in 2007. outside France), eight points higher than the
level observed in 2007. This growth was driven
In 2019, Italy, Germany and France experienced in particular by market share gains in the United
growth in light commercial vehicle registrations Kingdom (+2.4 points) and Italy (+1.1 point).
above the European average. Germany and
Share of French groups in sales France, as well as the United Kingdom, have
now exceeded their pre-crisis level, gaining over
of light commercial vehicles in the period 2007-2019 respectively 82,000 units
Western Europe in 2019 (+38%), 18,000 units (+4%) and 28,000 units
(+8%). Conversely, although in very strong growth

LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN EUROPE FRENCH MARKET SHARE

In millions of units (18 COUNTRIES) As a % of total market
2.2
42 41.4
2.0
2.0 40

1.8 38

36
1.6
34
1.4
32
1.2 30

1.0 28
2000 2002 2004 2006 (1) 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2019 2000 2002 2004 2006 (1) 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2019
(1) In 2006, there was a change of scope in Spain: see note on page 74.

SHARE OF LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN LIGHT VEHICLE

REGISTRATIONS (PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT MARKET SHARE OF FRENCH MANUFACTURERS
COMMERCIAL VEHICLES) IN 2019 IN MAJOR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
As a % As a %
25 60
55.2
55
20 50
44.5
45
40
15 35 34.3
Europe 18 countries 31.6 31.1
30
10 25 22.6
20
15
5
10
5
0 0
CE AN
Y
UR
G
AL
Y
AN
D
AN
D
RI
A
AN
D EN AR
K
IU
M M AI
N
ND
S ND CE AY SPAIN BELGIUM THE NETHERLANDS ITALY UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY
EE IT ST ED LG DO SP LA AN RW
RM BO EL RL NL NM NG LA IR
GR GE M IC E AU FI SW DE BE KI R FR NO
XE I TZ D HE
LU SW I TE NET
UN
TH
E 2005 2010 2018 2019
Source: CCFA

The tax rules are not identical in all European For many years, the renewal of products and the of the Renault Trafic and Master, the Peugeot
countries, so the share of light commercial vehicles adapted answer they bring to today’s economy Boxer and the Citroën Jumper. In the small van
(commercial vehicles of less than 5.1t) in all light in terms of transportation, services and mobility segment (23% of sales), French manufacturers
vehicles varies from 6.6% in Greece to 20.7% in have improved sales of these vehicles. 2009 occupy the first three places in the ranking with
Norway. It accounted for 12.2% as an average in crisis had a substantial impact on the market, the Renault Kangoo, the Peugeot Partner and
Western Europe in 2019. which had returned to its 1996 levels. Since the Citroën Berlingo. The Opel Combo is also in
2014, this market has been growing steadily and seventh position.
In terms of volume, France remains the leading French manufacturers have gained market share
European market, with 479,780 units, ahead of compared to 2007.
the United Kingdom (367,390 units), Germany
(309,960 units), Spain (215,790 units) and Italy In the van segment, which accounts for nearly half
(188,590 units). of sales, the market shares of the French groups
have been maintained, thanks to the success

20 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 europe • market & vehicles in use

HEAVY TRUCK MARKET AND PRODUCTION IN EUROPE

The western European market for commercial In France, on the other hand, where the market
vehicles over 5.1 tonnes grew steadily in 2019 is one of the most dynamic in Europe (+8% as an
(+3%). It amounted to more than 310,000 units, average for 5 years), registrations exceeded their
against less than 210,000 in 2009. Since 2014, pre-crisis level in 2019 (55,250 units compared to

26,000
the market has grown steadily (+6.3%), a sign that 52,537 in 2007). The French market is historically
the 2009 crisis is over. But unlike the 1993 crisis, the second largest European market behind
when the market had returned to high levels five Germany with 18% of volumes sold in Western
years later, the 2009 crisis seems to be leading Europe.
to a new equilibrium, at a lower level.
Renault Trucks registrations in
Western Europe in 2019

► HEAVY TRUCKS MARKET AND PRODUCTION IN WESTERN RENAULT TRUCKS' MARKET SHARE
EUROPE (in thousands of units) As a % IN THE MAIN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
36
Change
2010 2015 2018 2019
2019/2018
32
NEW HEAVY TRUCK REGISTRATIONS 28 27.8

24
From 5.1t to
54 48 55 57 5.0%
15.9 t 20

16 10.8
16t and more 159 217 251 257 2.6% 12

8
6.2
6.0 5.1
TOTAL 212 265 305 314 3.0% 4 3.2
1.3
0
FRANCE SPAIN BELGIUM ITALY UNITED THE GERMANY
KINGDOM NETHERLANDS
2005 2010 2015 2019

NEW HEAVY TRUCK REGISTRATIONS RENAULT TRUCKS' MARKET SHARE

In thousands of units IN WESTERN EUROPE As a % of total market IN WESTERN EUROPE
380 13

360
12
340

320 314 11

300
10
280

260 9
8.2
240
8
220

200 7
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
Source: CCFA

In Europe, the heavy truck market reached a record The favourable trend for heavy trucks is slow and Renault Trucks’ international development has been
level in 2007; the recovery in investment and that regular. Vehicles of 16 tonnes and more (rigids or affected by the collapse of the Southern European
of world trade since the second half of 2003 had tractors) represent more than 8 vehicles out of 10. markets, which accounted for more than a quarter of
boosted that recovery. However, it was strongly registrations in Western Europe in 2002, compared
impacted by the financial and economic crisis in The share of commercial vehicles using alternative to 19% in 2019.
2009. energy (gas, electric, hybrids) remains very low
(around 1.6% of the market in Western Europe) but Renault Trucks’ market share in Western Europe has
Heavy truck investment cycles are very long: the the energy transition is a growing concern for players been slowly rising since the low point in 2014 (7.6%)
high points of 2000, 2006-2008 represent 75% more in the sector (CO2 reduction objectives, city traffic and stood at 8.3% in 2019. In France, the market
than the lowest point in 1993, i.e. nearly 150,000 restrictions and sustainable urban logistics). share has been rising since 2016 and accounts for
additional vehicles. Compared to the two dark years 27.7% in 2019. Outside Europe, Renault Trucks
for commercial vehicles (1993 and 2009), the market In France, the NGV market continues to grow sells significant volumes in Africa (Maghreb) and
is finding it more difficult to recover after the most and represents 2.7% of registrations in 2019. The the Middle East.
recent crisis than in 1990s. In 2019, with 55,250 alternative energy range will soon be extended
units, the French market nevertheless returned to to electric vehicles, which will be very relevant to
its average level of 2006- 2008. meeting environmental requirements in urban areas.

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 21
 europe • market & vehicles in use

FRENCH MANUFACTURERS IN THE NEW EU MEMBER STATES

Vehicle production in the new EU member states integration of Opel into the group August 1, 2017);
amounted to 4.3 million units in 2019 (+0.6% Renault in Slovenia and Romania. All of these
compared to 2018). New vehicle sales increased sites accounted for more than one million units in
4.9% to 1.7 million units and are now 10% above 2019. New vehicle registrations by French groups

27%
the level observed in 2007. The difference between represented 416,000 units in 2019. The market
production and sales of new vehicles is thus 2.6 should grow further, given the low car densities
million vehicles. observed in these countries, compared to Western
Europe.
French groups have been commercially present in
New light vehicle market share of this area for many years and also have industrial
French groups in the major new EU sites: PSA in Slovakia, the Czech Republic (with
Toyota in the latter country) and Poland (with the
member states
In thousands of units NEW LIGHT VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (UP TO 5T)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
VI
A
NI
A
RI
A
NI
A
NI
A
TI
A
KI
A IA RY P. ND
TI TO GA UA VE OA VA AN GA RE LA
LA ES L H O CR O M N H PO
BU LIT SL SL RO HU EC
CZ

FRENCH GROUPS MARKET SHARE:

As a % of total market NEW LIGHT VEHICLES
50

40

30

20

10

0
IA P. VI
A ND Y EC IA IA IA IA IA IA
►THE VEHICLES MARKET AND PRODUCTION IN THE NEW AN RE TI AR AK ON AR EN AT AN
U OA G CE V T V O
TH CH LA L
UN LL LO ES UL
G
LO CR
M
EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES (in thousands of units) LI E PO H A S B S RO
CZ
2018 2019 Change
FRENCH GROUPS MARKET SHARE:
VEHICLE PRODUCTION (1) As a % of total market NEW HEAVY TRUCKS
15
Passenger cars 4,131 4,150 0.4%
Light commercial vehicles
203 209 3.1% 10
Heavy vehicles
NEW VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (2)
5
Passenger cars 1,397 1,479 5.9%
Light commercial vehicles 173 177 2.4%
0
Heavy vehicles (excluded
74 68 -7.2% IA IA KI
A
VI
A P. IA ND IA NI
A RY
coaches and buses) OAT ON VA TI RE AN LA AN VE GA
T LA U M
CR ES O H
TH PO RO
O N
SL EC LI SL HU
CZ
(1) 6 countries.
(2) 11 countries, excluding Malta and Cyprus. 2008 2015 2019
Sources: CCFA, OICA Source: CCFA

Whilst the EU-15 automotive market is now In 2019, the passenger car market evolved in a the exception of those relating to the engine. The
dominated by replacement demand, the same contrasting manner depending on the country. weight of diesel in registrations in new EU member
does not apply to new member states and Sales increased in most countries, very strongly in states stood at 19% in 2019, 12 points less than in
neighbouring countries, where the potential for Hungary (+16%) and Romania (+23%), and more Western European countries. The share of electric
access to vehicle ownership is much higher. moderately (around 4%) in others. The Czech and hybrid passenger cars in 2019 was 0.5% and
Republic and Slovenia are the only countries 6.3% respectively (compared to 2.4% and 7.5%
In 2019, passenger car registrations in the new where sales fell (-4% and -8% respectively). in Western Europe).
member states of the European Union grew by Developments in the light commercial vehicle
5.9%, a very strong growth, while that of Western market range from -6% in Slovakia to +14.6% in
European countries was almost zero (+0.7%). The Hungary.
light commercial vehicles market grew by 2.4%
(compared to 2.9% in the 18 EU countries). That The technical characteristics (cylinder capacity,
of commercial vehicles fell by 7.6% (vs. +3% in power, body) of passenger cars registered in this
Western Europe). zone are close to those of Western Europe with

22 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 europe • data about the automotive market

THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

In 2017, the European automotive industry the increase in the workforce continued to reach
employed 2.6 million people, 43% of whom in +410,000 people over the period.
vehicle manufacture. In the 7 countries of Western
Europe where the automotive industry is historically In 2019, the added value per person employed

2.6
present, the sector’s workforce fell sharply between amounted to 84,000 euros as an average in Europe,
2005 and 2010 (-270,000 people), while it increased compared to €51,000 in 2012. In France, it stood
in the 6 new member states (+190,000). Then, at €87,000 in 2019. The level of personnel costs
thanks to the markets growth and the value per person employed is also higher than that of the
maximisation of products manufactured in this zone,
the workforce regained 170,000 people between
European Union.
MILLIONS
2010 and 2017, in particular thanks to Germany The weight of employers’ social contributions in
(+117,000 people), the United Kingdom (+18,000) personnel costs was 29% in France, compared to
People employed in the automotive
and Spain (+17,000), without however returning 17% in Germany, the European average being 21%. industry in Europe
to their 2005 level (-100,000). In Eastern Europe,

► THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN THE EU 28 IN 2017 (1)

European 6 new EU
United
Units Union (28 Germany France Spain Italy Sweden Belgium member
Kingdom
countries) states (1)
People employed thousands 2,597 866 228 154 158 175 81 29 756
of which automobile
thousands 1,126 546 111 - 71 71 55 15 135
assembly
of which body and trailer
thousands 164 46 21 18 10 11 4 5 26
manufacturers
of which automotive
thousands 1,307 274 96 - 77 93 21 9 594
equipment manufacturing
Sales € million 1,144,502 495,683 135,077 89,297 72,427 79,197 45,070 14,905 164,907
Production € million 943,184 391,800 94,460 77,997 66,478 62,678 34,213 14,206 158,573
Production/Sales % 82.4 79.0 69.9 87.3 91.8 79.1 75.9 95.3 96.2
Value added (to factor costs) € million 217,821 104,418 19,865 19,781 11,264 14,453 8,531 2,384 28,130
Value added/production % 23.1 26.7 21.0 25.4 16.9 23.1 24.9 16.8 17.7
€ thousand 83.9 120.5 87 128.2 71.4 82.6 105.7 81.6 37.2
Value added per employee base 100: 6 new EU
225 324 234 344 192 222 284 219 100
member states
Purchases of goods and
€ million 940,919 395,012 115,352 70,835 63,040 67,490 37,463 12,712 138,971
services
Purchases as a % of
% 99.8 100.8 122.1 90.8 94.8 107.7 109.5 89.5 87.6
production
Staff expenditures € million 134,269 68,569 14,000 9,534 6,794 8,695 5,488 1,764 13,893
€ thousand 51.7 79.1 61 61.8 43.1 49.7 68.0 60.4 18.4
Expenses per employee base 100: 6 new EU
281 430 334 336 234 270 370 329 100
member states
Gross operating surplus
€ million 83,553 35,849 5,865 10,247 4,470 5,758 2,658 619 14,237
(GOS)
GOS/Value added % 38.4 34.3 29.5 51.8 39.7 39.8 31.2 26.0 50.6

In € thousands VALUE ADDED PER EMPLOYEE IN 2017 In € thousands PERSONNEL COSTS PER EMPLOYEE IN 2017
160 100
140
80
120
100 EU-28 60 EU-28
80
60 40
40 20
20
0 0
6 NEW EU SPAIN BELGIUM ITALY FRANCE SWEDEN GERMANY UNITED 6 NEW EU SPAIN ITALY BELGIUM FRANCE UNITED SWEDEN GERMANY
MEMBER STATES(1) KINGDOM MEMBER STATES(1) KINGDOM

(1) 6 main new EU member states: Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia: body and trailer manufacturing employees are included in the figures
for vehicle manufacturers.
Sources: Eurostat, CCFA estimates

The automotive industry, one of the essential industry. Germany accounted for 34% and Spain, six new member states.
sectors of the European economy, comprises: Italy and the United Kingdom about 6% each. New
• vehicle manufacture; member states, represented here by 6 countries According to ACEA, the ratio of auto industry jobs
• body and trailer manufacture; (Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, as a portion of the working population averaged
• automotive equipment manufacture. Slovakia and Slovenia), represent an increasing 1% in the European Union in 2017 with disparities
share of the total workforce. They reached 29% between the member countries. In Germany,
The data collated in this table come from national in 2017. Slovakia and the Czech Republic, this ratio is
company surveys, harmonised by Eurostat. The between 2 and 3%, against 0.5% in the United
difficulties encountered both at national level and The automotive industries remain very different Kingdom and 0.7% in France and Italy. In Poland,
at European level, both for the collection and the from one country to another, in terms of structure the share of jobs in the automotive industry in
homogenisation of the data, do not allow us to and salary costs. In Germany and Sweden, more the working population is very slightly above the
have reliable figures after 2017. than 60% of the workforce in the automotive European average at 1.1%. In addition to direct
industry was employed by the automotive industry jobs, the automotive industry also generates
In 2017, France represented 9% of the total in 2017. This share is 49% in France, 41% in Italy indirect jobs which are estimated by ACEA to be
workforce in the European Union automotive and 45% in Spain, while it is around 18% in the one third of direct jobs.

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 23
 france • french automotive groups

FRENCH AUTOMOBILE GROUPS IN 2019

PSA group: www.groupe-psa.com 2021 period with Opel/Vauxhall. The objectives At the end of 2017, the group launched a new strategic
In 2019, against a backdrop of a declining global relate to increasing operating margin and revenue, plan: "Drive the future - 2017-2022". Its priorities are
market, PSA Group’s sales totalled 3.5 million vehicles. product development, internationalisation of the group, to increase competitiveness, strengthen its global
In Europe, the group ranks top in the light commercial expansion of activities in after-sales, used vehicles and presence through internationalisation, and build the
vehicle segment (25% of sales) and second in mobility services (Free2Move). mobility of tomorrow (electric, connected, autonomous,
the passenger car segment. In other regions, the shared) by 2022. Quantified objectives relate in
manufacturer’s sales increased in India-Pacific and Renault group: www.renault.com particular to increases in turnover and operating margin.
Eurasia, but fell sharply in Latin America and South- In 2019, the Renault group held its position in a Finally, to accelerate its development in new forms of
East Asia. declining world market. Its sales increased in Europe, mobility and forge strategic partnerships, the group
Russia, India and Brazil, but declined in other regions. created Renault M.A.I. (Mobility As an Industry) at the
The international development strategy is essentially In Europe, the Renault brand is still in second place end of 2019.
based on long-term, targeted cooperation with other on the light vehicle market. Dacia’s worldwide sales
manufacturers. In China, the group cooperates grew by 5%. Renault Trucks : www.renault-trucks.com
with Dongfeng Motor, with whom it is developing a Renault Trucks maintained its volumes in a contrasted
strategic partnership. It continues to set up production The cooperation begun in 1999 with Nissan within European market, with a very dynamic first half, then
or assembly plants, with further projects in markets the Alliance is optimised and extended over time with a downward second semester. Its market share in
with development potential (Turkey, Algeria, and India the integration of Mitsubishi in 2016. New synergies Western Europe hit 8.5% in 2019.
with CK Birla). (industrial, electric vehicles, support functions, etc.) and
new projects are being set up. The strategic partnership Renault Trucks assembles its truck models in France
On December 17, 2019, Peugeot S.A. and Fiat Chrysler with AvtoVAZ (Lada) has reached a new stage with the at its Bourg-en-Bresse and Blainville-sur-Orne plants.
Automobiles N.V. signed a Combination Agreement integration of the Russian manufacturer into the Renault The manufacturer relies on partners for local assembly
committing to form the fourth largest automobile group. The Alliance 2022 Plan includes heightened outside Western Europe, including Saudi Arabia.
manufacturer in the world in volumes and third in cooperation with the setting up of a reference brand
turnover, with a view to a 50/50 merger of their activities. by zone (Renault for Europe, Nissan for China and As a part of the Volvo group which employs 100,000
Mitsubishi for South East Asia) and the acceleration of people worldwide, Renault Trucks has 10,000
The PSA Group has a workforce of more than 209,000 the sharing of platforms, engines and new technologies employees, 80% of whom work in France. In addition
people worldwide, including 51,000 (excluding applying the leader/follower model. to complete vehicle assembly, Renault Trucks has
Faurecia) in France, spread over some 20 sites: engine assembly and stamping activities in Vénissieux,
assembly, engine production (Trémery) and powertrain The group’s priorities in terms of innovation are studies and research in Saint-Priest, on the outskirts
plants; R&D centres (Vélizy), spare parts shops electric, connected and autonomous vehicles and of Lyon, and parts reconditioning in Limoges. In 2013,
(Vesoul). Downstream development is taking place mobility services. It is also developing partnerships Renault Trucks completely renewed its range of trucks
thanks to Distrigo and MisterAuto in the distribution of (universities, partner companies, etc.). In 2019, (T, C, K, D and D Wide), designed around robustness
parts; as far as the automobile trade is concerned, its Renault brought hybrid motorisation (E-TECH) into and reduced operating costs, notably through energy
alliance with AramisAuto is increasing its presence on its product range. This is part of the group’s strategic efficiency gains.
the second-hand market. plan, which calls for massive electrification of the range
with 8 100%-electric models and 12 electrified models The manufacturer now offers a complete range of
In the technological field, the group has set itself the (hybrids and rechargeable hybrids). The Group is also alternative energy vehicles (gas, biodiesel, electric) and
goal of designing and developing cars that are more experimenting with hydrogen technology in its LCV a range of services (fleet management, maintenance
environmentally friendly, intelligent, connected and range with the Renault Kangoo Z.E. Hydrogen. and repair, financing and insurance) including fuel-
autonomous. The group has already launched 10 new saving solutions (Optifuel Solutions), one of the
rechargeable hybrid or all-electric models, designed to Renault Group employs more than 180,000 people main cost items for operators, as well as predictive
reach 100% of its electrified product range by 2025. worldwide, including 48,000 in France at some 15 sites: maintenance services (launch of Start & Drive
assembly plants, engine and powertrain production Excellence Predict). Renault Trucks is developing
In 2019, the group invested €2.7bn in tangible plants (Cléon, Le Mans); R&D centres (Guyancourt); its used vehicle sales activities, "reconditioned" in
investments and spent €2.8bn on research and head office, etc. Its downstream presence relies on its factories and benefiting from a manufacturer’s
development. Renault Retail Group which distributes new and used guarantee. In 2019, the manufacturer continued to
vehicles as well as parts. market electric trucks from a starting point in 2018, and
At the beginning of 2016, the manufacturer now offers a 100%-electric range from 3.1 to 26 tonnes.
implemented a performance and profitable organic In 2019, Renault Group invested €2.9bn in tangible
growth plan entitled "Push to pass" for the period investments and spent €2.7bn on research and
2016-2021, which has been updated for the 2019- development.

Groupe Units PSA group Renault group 388,000

PEOPLE
Sales € million 74,731 55,537
Capital expenditures € million 2,765 2,936
Research and development expenditure € million 2,852 2,658
Net income € million 3,584 19
Employees worldwide (1) no. of people 208,780 179,565 Worldwide employees
of which France no. of people 68,000 (2) (152,662) 47,978 (73,087) of French groups
PSA group Renault group
Automotive
Groupe activity: Automotive
Units Financing: Automotive Financial
Groupe Peugeot , equipment: Others Eliminations Others
PSA Finance sector sector
Citroën and Faurecia
Opel/Vauxhall
Sales € million 58,943 17,768 2,163 - - 52,132 3,405 -
Operating income € million 5,037 1,227 60 1,445 1,223 -
Capital expenditures (3) € million 2,765 - - - - 2,926 10 -
Employees worldwide (1) no. of people 114,320 93,699 761 175,862 3,703 -
(1) On December 31.
(2) 2018 data.
(3) The capital expenditure given for automotive activities are those for all industrial and commercial activities, excluding financing.
Sources: PSA and Renault Groups annual reports, press releases
24 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • french automotive groups

FRENCH AUTOMOBILE GROUPS IN 2019

EUROPE
France Belarus Romania
01 Batilly 20 Minsk 31 Mioveni (Pitesti)(Dacia)
02 Blainville
03 Bourg-en-Bresse Spain United Kingdom
04 Dieppe 21 Barcelone 32 Ellesmere Port (Opel)
05 Douai 22 Palencia 33 Luton (Opel)
06 Flins 23 Saragosse
07 Fourchambault
08 Hordain
24 Valladolid Russia
25 Vigo
09 Limoges 34 Izhevsk (AvtoVAZ )
26 Madrid (Villaverde)
10 Marolles-en-Hurepoix 35 Kalouga (PSA-Mitsubishi)
36 Moscow
11 Maubeuge
12 Mulhouse
Italy 37 Togliatti (AvtoVAZ)
13 Poissy 27 Val di Sangro
14 Rennes Slovakia
15 Saint-Nazaire Poland 38 Trnava
16 Sandouville 28 Gliwice (Opel)
17 Sochaux Slovenia
Portugal

80
Germany 29 Mangualde
39 Novo Mesto
18 Eisenach (Opel)
Turkey
19 Rüsselsheim (Opel)
Czech Republic 40 Bursa (Tofas)
30 Kolín (PSA-Toyota) 41 Bursa (project)

PSA GROUP RENAULT TRUCKS Number of production and assembly

plants used by French groups
RENAULT GROUP SEVELSUD
worldwide, including 6 projects

52

AMERICA
Argentina
42 Buenos Aires
43 Cordoba (Santa Isabel)

Brazil
44 Curitiba
45 Porto Real

Colombia
46 Envigado (Medellin)

United States
47 Orion (General Motors)
ASIA
Ethiopia China
Mexico 54 Wukro (MIE)
62 Chengdu (DPCA)
48 Cuernavaca (Nissan) 63 Shenzhen (CAPSA) Indonesia
64 Wuhan (DPCA)
Kenya 75 (Indomobil)
Uruguay 65 Wuhan (DFPV2)
55 Thika (URYSIA) 66 Wuhan (Dongfeng)
49 Montevideo (Nordex) 56 CMC Motors (project) 67 Shenyang (RBJAC) Japan
68 Wuhan (DRAC) 76 Mizushima (Mitsubishi)
Morocco
AFRICA
69 Shiyan (eGT-NEV)
57 Kenitra Malaysia
58 Casablanca South Korea 77 Gurun
Algeria 59 Tanger 70 Changwon (General Motors) 78 (Tan Chong Motors) (project)
50 Oran (Oued Tlelat) 71 Bupyeong (General Motors)
51 Oran (Tafraoui) Nigeria 72 Busan (Renault Samsung Motors) Pakistan
(project) 60 Kaduna (PAN Nigéria Ltd) 79 Karachi (Al-Futtaim) (project)
India
Saoudi Arabia Tunisia 73 Dehli (HMFCL) (project) Vietnam
53 KAEC 61 Tunis (STAFIM) 74 Chennai (Renault-Nissan) 80 Chu Lai (Thaco)

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 25
 france • french groups

WORLD PRODUCTION OF FRENCH GROUPS

In 2019, global production of French groups fell units, a drop of 9.6% after a record level in 2018 (6.9
by 9% to 7.3 million vehicles. Organic growth and million units); that of light commercial vehicles stood
extensive operations carried out in recent years by at 1,025,000 units, down 2.6% from 2018, but this
French groups (integration of Lada into the Renault level remains higher than in 2017 (+86,000 units).

251
group on January 1, 2017, of Jinbei and Huasong Compared to 2007, before the crisis, production
on January 1, 2018; integration of Opel into the increased by 18% for passenger cars (+945,000
PSA Group on August 1, 2017) strengthened their units), and it increased by 24% for commercial
European presence, but the volatility of outlets vehicles (+195,000 units).
outside Europe, on a global market that fell by 4.5%,
affected their production in 2019. Since 1996, their The French groups have a great diversity of sites:
production has nevertheless increased by 92%, ie the historical factories (Sochaux, Flins), recent
an average annual growth by 3%, both thanks to factories in emerging countries (Tangier, Kenitra),
the increase in outlets in Europe outside France, large ones (Vigo, Pitesti), those producing only
Vehicles produced by French then, subsequently, in those outside Europe. The one type of model (Trnava, Novo Mesto) or a
automotive groups worldwide groups have notably developed their production great diversity (Mulhouse, Togliatti), those of light
capacities in the latter zone. commercial vehicles or their derivatives (Hordain,
since 1898 Batilly), those of partnership (Val di Sangro,
Passenger car production amounted to 6.2 million Chennai) and those of small size.

► PRODUCTION OR ASSEMBLY SITES PER MODEL

PSA group RENAULT group
Brands and models Production or assembly sites in 2019 Brands and models Production or assembly sites in 2019
Peugeot: i0n / Citroen: Alpine: A110 Dieppe (France)
Mizushima (Japan) (Mitsubishi)
C-ZERO Renault: Twingo 2,
Novo Mesto (Slovenia)
Peugeot: 108 / Citroen: Twingo Electric
Kolin (Czech Republic) (TPCA)
C1 Renault: Kwid Chennai (India), Curitiba (Brazil), Shiyan (China)
Poissy (France), Trnava (Slovakia), Morocco, Porto Flins (France), Bursa (Turkey), Novo Mesto (Slovenia),
Peugeot: 208 Renault: Clio
Real (Brazil), Buenos Aires (Argentina) Oran (Algeria)
Citroën: C3, C3 Aircross, Renault: ZOE Flins (France)
Poissy (France), Trnava (Slovakia), Saragosse (Spain),
C3 Picasso DS: DS3, DS3 Valladolid (Spain), Moscou (Russia), Curitiba (Brazil),
Porto Real (Brazil) Renault: Captur
Crossback Chennai (India)
Peugeot: 301 / Citroën: Oran (Algeria), Casablanca (Morocco), Cordoba
Vigo (Spain), Wuhan (China) (DPCA) Renault: Sandero,
C-Elysée (Argentina), Curitiba (Brazil), Envigado (Colombia),
Logan
Sochaux (France), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Wuhan Togliatti (Russia) (AvtoVAZ), Pitesti (Romania)
Peugeot: 308, 308 S
(China) (DPCA) Renault: Kadjar Palencia (Spain), Wuhan (Chine) (DRAC)
Mulhouse (France), Porto Real (Brazil), Wuhan (China) Renault: Koleos Busan (South Korea) (RSM), Wuhan (China) (DRAC)
Peugeot: 2008
(DPCA), Vigo (Spain) Curitiba (Brazil), Envigado (Colombia), Chennai (India),
Sochaux (France), Chengdu/Wuhan (China) (DPCA), Renaullt: Duster
Moscou (Russia), Pitesti (Romania)
Peugeot: 3008 Malaysia (Naza Automotive Manufacturing), Vietnam Renault: Lodgy /
(THACO) Tanger (Morocco)
Ludospace
Chengdu/Wuhan (China) (DPCA), Malaysia (Naza Renault: Triber Chennai (India)
Peugeot: 4008
Automotive Manufacturing) Renault: Dokker Cordoba (Argentina)
Rennes (France), Chengdu/Wuhan (China) (DPCA), Renault: Arkana Moscou (Russia), Chennai (India)
Peugeot: 5008 Malaysia (Naza Automotive Manufacturing), Vietnam Renault: Mégane / Mé-
(THACO) Palencia (Spain), Bursa (Turkey)
gane 4 Sedan C
Citroën: C4,C4 AIR- Buenos Aires (Argentina), Kaluga (Russia) (PCMA), Renault: Scenic Douai (France)
CROSS Wuhan (China) (DPCA), Shenzen (China) (CAPSA)
Renault: Espace Douai (France)
Citroën: C4 Cactus, C4
Madrid (Spain), Vigo (Spain), Porto Real (Brazil) Renault: Talisman Douai (France)
Spacetourer
Renault: Kangoo, Kan-
Citroën: C5, C5 Aircross Rennes-la-Janais (France), Wuhan (China) (DPCA), Maubeuge (France)
goo ZE
/ DS: DS5 Shenzen (China) (CAPSA)
Renault: Master, Master
Citroën: C6 / DS : DS6 Shenzen (China) (CAPSA) Batilly (France), Curitiba (Brazil)
ZE
DS: DS7 Crossback Mulhouse (France), Shenzen (China) (CAPSA)
Renault: Trafic Sandouville (France)
Buenos Aires (Argentina), Kaluga (Russia) (PCMA),
Peugeot: 408 Pitesti (Romania), Tanger (Morocco), Casablanca
Wuhan (China) (DPCA), Vietnam (THACO) Dacia: Logan 2
(Morocco), Oran (Algeria)
Peugeot: 508 Mulhouse (France), Wuhan (China) (DPCA)
Dacia: Duster Pitesti (Romania)
Peugeot: Partner, Rifter
Vigo (Spain), Mangualde (Portugal), Buenos Aires Dacia: Lodgy / Ludos-
/ Citroën: Berlingo / Tanger (Morocco)
(Argentina), Russia pace
Opel: Combo
RSM: Fluence Busan (South Korea)
Peugeot: Expert / Ci- Hordain (France), Kaluga (Russia) (PCMA), Uruguay
RSM: Latitude Busan (South Korea)
troën: Jumpy (CKD-Nordex), Luton (UK)
RSM: Koleos Busan (South Korea)
Peugeot: Traveller / Hordain (France), Kaluga (Russia) (PCMA), Luton
Citroën: Spacetourer (UK), Vietnam (THACO) RSM: Talisman Busan (South Korea)
Peugeot: Boxer / Ci- RSM: XM3 / SM7 Busan (South Korea)
Italy (Sevelsud) RSM: Rogue (Nissan) Busan (South Korea)
troën: Jumper
Opel: Vivaro, Zafira Life Luton (UK), Hordain (France) City K-ZE Shiyan (China)
Opel: Corsa, Adam Eisenach (Germany), Saragosse (Spain) Lada: XRAY, Largus,
Opel: Astra, Cascada Gliwice (Poland), Ellesmere Port (UK) Kalina, Granta, Granta Togliatti (Russia) (AvtoVAZ)
Hatchback, Priora, 4X4
Opel: Zafira, Insignia Rüsselsheim (Germany)
Lada: Vesta Izhevsk (Russia) (AvtoVAZ)
Opel: Crossland Saragosse (Spain)
Opel: Grandland Sochaux (France), Eisenach (Germany) Source: Renault group
Changwon, Bupyeong (South Korea), Saragosse
Opel: Viva, Mokka, Karl
(Spain)
Opel: Ampera Orion (USA)

Source: PSA group

26 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • french groups

MARKETS FOR NEW VEHICLES FROM FRENCH GROUPS

In 2019, French groups’ sales outside France However, since 2018, the share of deliveries from
fell by two points in a global market down 4.5%. French manufacturers to the European Union
In recent years, the integration of Lada into the has again exceeded the 50% mark, a level it
Renault group, on January 1, 2017, then of Jinbei had not reached since 2009. In 2019, deliveries

79%
and Huasong, on January 1, 2018, and finally of to the European Union (see page 87) represent
Opel within the PSA group since August 1, 2017, 61% of French groups sales, against 54% in
is reflected in by new sales volumes outside 2018 and 40% in 2012. The growing share of
France, which offset declines observed in 2019, Europe in French groups sales since 2013, can
particularly in China and Latin America. be explained both by the partial recovery of the
markets of Southern Europe, the integration
Sales in France have been growing steadily since of Opel but also by the fall of part of the world
2012, but the French market is now around 20%. markets. Share of outside France
Thus, foreign markets now represent 80% of the in French groups’ sales
outlets for French manufacturers, against two
thirds in 2000 and less than 60% in 1990.

► WORLD PRODUCTION OF FRENCH GROUPS

NEW PASSENGER CARS NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES NEW HEAVY TRUCKS
(UP TO 5T) (OVER 5T)
In millions of units In thousands of units In thousands of units
7.5 90
1,025
7.0 1,050 80
6.5 6,2
6.0 70
850
5.5 60
5.0
4.5 650 50
(1)
4.0 40
3.5 450 37
30
3.0
2.5 250 20
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
(1) Since 2012, the scope of heavy trucks deals with
► VEHICLES REGISTRATIONS IN FRANCE invoices for 7t and more (see note page 81).

NEW PASSENGER CARS NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES NEW HEAVY TRUCKS
In millions of units In thousands of units (UP TO 5T) In thousands of units (OVER 5T)
2.5 500 60
450 480 55
2.2 50
2.0 400
350 40
1.5
300 317 30
1.0
1.3 250
20
200
15
0.5 150 10
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

TOTAL GROUPES FRANÇAIS

► DELIVERIES BY FRENCH GROUP OUTSIDE FRANCE

NEW PASSENGER CARS NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES NEW HEAVY TRUCKS
In millions of units In thousands of units (UP TO 5T) In thousands of units (OVER 5T)
6.0 900 40
5.5 800
5.0
700 782 35
4.9
4.5 30
600
4.0
3.5 500 25
3.0 400
20
2.5 300 22
2.0 15
1.5 200
1.0 100 10
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
Source: CCFA

French groups developed their activities around the same manufacturers reached 6.2 million units. compared to 2013). Finally, deliveries of industrial
world further to the opening up and development of vehicles fell by 2% in 2019 (22,000 units), or 15%
emerging markets. In 1990, the French market for From 2009 to 2015, the impact of the crisis in more than their low point in 2013.
new passenger cars represented 2.3 million units, countries where French groups have a strong
compared to 3.3 million units produced worldwide presence affected their deliveries of passenger cars
by the PSA and Renault groups. These data outside France. In 2019, they fell 12% to 4.9 million
amounted respectively to 2.1 and 4.6 million cars units, but remained 28% higher than their low point
in 2000. In 2019, registrations in France reached in 2013. Those of light commercial vehicles held up
2.2 million units, while the world production of these well in 2019 with 782,000 units (+2% and +53%
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 27
 france • data about the automotive industry

ECONOMIC RATIOS OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN FRANCE

x2
The automotive industry is distinguished by a high level the automobile requires significant investments: since
of export turnover: around 63%, compared to 39% on the 2009 crisis, the automotive industry has devoted
average in the industry. an average of 2.4% of its turnover to it each year. In
2017, tangible investments in the automotive industry
The value added per employee amounted to 120,000 represented 5% of total investments in industry
euros in 2019, compared to 88,000 euros on average (including mining, manufacturing, and water and energy
Doubling of value added per in the industry. Expressed in 2015 euros, it rose from production and distribution), up from 7% in 2009.
56,000 euros in 2012 to 115,000 in 2019 thanks to
person employed in the automotive the growth of the European market and to the internal In addition, the automotive sector has a significant
industry between 2012 and 2019 efforts of manufacturers in terms of productivity. impact on other sectors, in particular through its
purchases. The automotive sector’s total purchases
At the crossroads of many and various techniques, amounted to 55 billion euros, up 43% since 2013.

TOTAL PURCHASES OF THE AUTOMOTIVE BRANCH

In € billion
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Source: INSEE, National accounts base 2014 (see also page 66).
AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING EMPLOYEES (1) VALUE ADDED PRODUCED BY THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING (1)
In thousands of people In 2015 € thousand per employee
200 120 115
110
175 100 94
90 87
80
150
70
60 56
125 50
40
100 30
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE BY THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING (1) DOMESTIC AND EXPORT SALES BY THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING (1)
As a % of sales In 2015 € billion
6 110
5.2 100
90
80
4 70
3.4
3.0 60
50
2 2.1 40
30
20
10
0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
DOMESTIC REVENUE TOTAL REVENUE
EXPORT REVENUE

(1) CCFA estimates for 2018 and 2019 : see also pages 88 and 89.
Source: SESSI, INSEE since 2008

Each year, INSEE produces annual company feature in other business nomenclature categories investments, there are intangible investments
surveys, one of the main aids to reading French (see also page 67). which are not included in these figures (see page
industry trends. A major revamp of these 34 on research and development expenses).
surveys has been undertaken with the ESANE After 2004, in line with booming vehicle production, The share of export turnover has grown steadily
information system. Also, a new economic activity the added value (before tax) in automotive industry, since 1990, when it reached 38%, now hovering
nomenclature was introduced at the beginning of at constant value and per employee, fell under around 63%, compared to around 39% for the
2008 (see pages 88 and 89). the impact of different factors: costs linked to new manufacturing industry as a whole.
environmental standards, stagnation and decline
The automotive industry includes the production of the West European market for new vehicles.
of automobiles, bodywork, caravans and leisure In 2019, it more than doubled compared to the
vehicles, but also upstream, the manufacture of low point of 2012. So as to develop new models
automotive equipment. However, the statistics and optimise production capacities, automotive
do not cover the whole scope of suppliers to the manufacturing has dedicated 2.4% on average
automotive industry, since certain products like of its turnover to its investments, around 2 billion
tyres, plastics, equipment supplies and glass euros per year. In addition to these tangible

28 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • data about the automotive industry

THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN FRANCE’S REGIONS

All told, including direct jobs (manufacturers’ by suppliers’ workload), the automotive industry
production and research sites), indirect jobs often represents an essential pillar of local

4.1
(suppliers’ sites) and trickle-down jobs (generated economies.

► AUTOMOTIVE RELATED JOBS IN THE REGIONS

Direct Indirect Induced Reference
Regions Sources
jobs jobs jobs year
INSEE Bourgogne-Franche-Comté,
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 45,000 n/a 2015
Analyses #33, May 2018
Nord Franche-Comté Insee Franche-Comté - L'essentiel #113
(Sochaux)
11,800 2,400 6,200 2007
- May 2009 Units of value added in the national
South Alsace (Mulhouse) Insee Alsace, Chiffres pour l'Alsace #2, economy generated for each unit
9,400 3,500 2,345 2007
and Nord Franche-Comté March 2009 of added value in the automotive
Horizon éco #290 - October 2019 (ARIA,
sector
Hauts-de-France 56,000 n/a 2018
I-Trans, CCI, Hauts-de-France region)

Panorama of industry in the Seine Valley

Seine Valley (1) 109,894 n/a 2017 (INSEE dossier, Normandy November
2020)
IAU IdF - L'automobile en Île-de-France,
Île-de-France 73,200 n/a 2018
may 2019 (1) The Seine Valley is made up of 9 departments:
Manche, Calvados, Seine-Maritime, Val d’Oise, Eure,
L’industrie automobile en région Centre
Centre 29,095 n/a 2013 Seine-Saint-Denis, Paris, Yvelines and Hauts-de-Seine.
(December 2014, CENTRECO)

► VALUE ADDED MULTIPLIERS BY SECTOR (EXCLUDING COKING-REFINING)

Other transport
Agri-food Aeronautics equipment Other industrial Power, water,
Sectors Agriculture Capital goods Automotive Construction Trade, services
products and space (excl. products waste
aeronautics)

Multipliers 2.3 2.8 2.3 4.1 4.8 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.5

Source: INSEE - Outlook report - March 2012

The automotive sector has powerful spillover and services. Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, regions. They also cooperate with automotive
effects on the rest of the economy. According to traditionally closely related to the automotive and competitiveness clusters, or even integrate them.
INSEE, one unit of value added in the automotive metallurgical sectors, had 45,000 non-temporary
sector generates 4.1 units of value added in the employees in the automotive sector in 2015,
national economy. Thus, the automotive industry including 14,570 in the automotive industry
has the largest multiplier of value added, after and 14,820 in the manufacture of automotive
aircraft and space construction. In addition, an equipment. Despite the absence of large local
industrial site generates local economic activity manufacturers, the Center region has 29,000 jobs
that is not limited to its employees (direct in the automotive sector where subcontractors,
employment). Indirect and induced jobs are also material suppliers and service providers revolve ► NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN THE
created, as shown by various INSEE works in the around world-class equipment manufacturers. In CORE OF THE SECTOR (IN THOUSANDS)
regions. Indirect jobs correspond to personnel all of these regions, the number of such jobs has
employed by suppliers, subcontractors and service declined over the past 20 years. Between 2008
providers, while induced jobs are those necessary and 2015, the decrease is 24% on average in
to satisfy the consumption of employees (direct France. 2008 2015
and indirect) and their families.
The research and development activities of the
Île-de-France 60,600 46,700
The Institute of Urban Planning and Development entire automotive industry are located in Île-de-
of Île-de-France estimates that in 2018, the France (such as PSA in Vélizy and Renault in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 54,300 44,000
automotive sector in this region included around Guyancourt), but also in other regions. INSEE
73,000 employees in 1,600 establishments; 57% Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie estimated that 12% Grand Est 51,200 40,200
of the workforce works for bodybuilders, 13% (13% on average in France) of Domestic Research
Hauts-de-France 45,400 32,900
for equipment manufacturers, 19% for industrial and Development Spending (DRDS) in the region
suppliers and 11% for technological services were carried out by the automotive industry in Bourgogne-Franche-
34,600 28,200
(design offices and IT Services and Engineering 2013. In Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, in 2016, Comté
Company). In the Seine Valley, which brings the automotive industry concentrated, according
together the departments of the west of Île-de- to INSEE, 70% of research and development Normandie 27,600 20,100
France and the Normandy departments on the spending by mid-size companies and large locally Pays de la Loire 20,800 16,800
coast or crossed by the Seine, there are 54,400 based companies.
jobs directly linked to the automotive industry, Nouvelle-Aquitaine 15,400 9,600
including 42,530 in automobile manufacturing. In 2019, 11 Regional Associations of the Bretagne 14,600 8,800
The broader automotive sector, which includes Automobile Industry (ARIA), regional relays of the
manufacturing, trading and maintenance and PFA, Automotive Industry and Mobilities, bring Centre-Val de Loire 13,000 8,200
repair activities, employs 110,000 people. together companies (manufacturers, equipment
Occitanie 7,600 6,800
suppliers and other suppliers) of the automotive
The automotive industry is also a structuring sector in the region, with public authorities and Provence-Alpes-Côte
1,600 1,400
sector for the Hauts-de-France economy with educational and research institutions. Their d'Azur
56,000 direct and indirect jobs, including 15,400 missions are diverse: increasing competitiveness,
in automotive manufacturing, 15,000 in the improving industrial performance, access to new Metropolitan France 346,700 263,700
manufacture of automotive equipment and 26,300 opportunities, emergence of new projects and
in the supply of materials, intermediate products also promoting the image of the sector in the Source: Insee Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Analyses #33

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 29
 france • competitiveness

COMPETITIVE FACTORS IN THE FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

In a highly competitive global market, French levers they had to develop their activities and Industry is a sector highly exposed to international
groups must be competitive whilst addressing keep industrial and research sites in France. All competition and its investment capacity helps to
factors affecting the whole industry. The latter of these actions have given results, but the French strengthen non-price competitiveness.
includes the scale of compulsory charges on the industrial apparatus continues to show degraded
factors of production, exchange rates, and other, economic competitiveness, particularly within its
more automotive-sector-specific elements like the European environment.
opening up of the base market to competition, etc.
All these factors affect profit margins (difference The INSEE defines taxes on production as all
between gross operating profit and added value). taxes that companies pay on account of their
This ratio has an impact on companies’ capacity production activities, irrespective of the quantity
to invest in production (modernisation of sites), in or value of its assets and services produced or

3.5%
developing products to challenge the competition, sold. In France, they represent, in 2019, 3.5% of
in research and development particularly to meet GDP, against 1.5% in Italy, 1% in Spain and 0.5%
energy transition, digital, new mobilities etc. In in Germany according to Eurostat. The CNI also
order to cope with these current revolutions, estimates that more than 20% of the receipts of
investments remain important (see pages 24, 88 three (property contribution of companies - CFE,
and 89). contribution on the added value of companies -
CVAE, social solidarity contribution of companies
Share of production taxes in GDP
In France, after the crisis, the government - C3S) of the five main taxes on production come in France compared
introduced a policy to improve competitiveness; from the industry, which in 2018 represented to 0.5% in Germany
manufacturers have also used all the internal 13% of the added value of the entire economy.

LABOR COSTS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY MARGIN RATE (GOS/VA) AND INVESTMENT RATE (GFCF/GOS)
Results of the four-yearly ECMOSS survey and extrapolation using the quarterly index As a % OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
of labor costs
60
In euro per hour
44
2008: change in classification
55
40
50
36

45
32

40
28

24 35

20 30
2000 Q1 2004 Q1 2008 Q1 2012 Q1 2016 Q1 2020 Q1 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
EURO ZONE GERMANY FRANCE SPAIN ITALY MARGIN RATE INVESTMENTS RATE
Source: Eurostat, Rexecode calculation The margin rate is the ratio of the gross operating surplus to the added value before
tax, and the investment rate is the ratio of gross fixed capital formation to value added,
before tax.
Source: INSEE (national account, base 2014)

Competitiveness reflects the industry’s ability to in France continues to be one of the highest in On the other hand, there are factors linked to the
cope with competition and develop its sales. It is the European Union, including the euro zone. It is opening up of the market whether domestically
a relative notion, in this sense that reflects their superior to those of the UK, Italy, Spain, and much and abroad. In general, the domestic market,
position in respect of other actors on their markets. more than those of Eastern Europe. Under these known as the "base market", is a solid pillar for
conditions, the production in France of vehicles in sustaining growth in external markets through
The French automobile industry must ensure the lower range segment is no longer profitable. international development and innovation. For the
a performance comparable to that of its global Other measures that may also relate to corporate French automotive industry, the French market and
competitors in order to continue to develop. tax charges should be taken to continue to bring especially the European market can be considered
Among the factors that affect the competitiveness the production conditions of the France site closer like their base market; it is open to competition and
of French industry are wage costs, which are to those of the euro zone average. non-European manufacturers enjoy a significant
particularly linked to the weight of social charges and constantly growing share. In other car-
on the work factor. Between 2000 and 2009, Beyond the problems of the overall manufacturing countries such as Japan, access to
wage costs in the manufacturing industry moved competitiveness of the economy or industry the market is more difficult and local manufacturers
closer to German costs and away from average (wage, social and fiscal costs), there are also therefore have a broader base market upon which
costs in the euro zone, which penalised the competitiveness factors specific to the French they can build their international development.
competitiveness of French manufacturers and automobile industry, which result from both the
their suppliers in France. characteristics of the good automotive industry and
those of the global automotive industry.
In 2012, as part of a competitiveness drive, the
government introduced the Competitiveness Exchange rate fluctuations can have a non-
and Employment Tax Credit (CICE), calculated negligible impact on terms of trade because of
according to the total wage bill, but excluding the substantial and growing share of production
salaries more than 2.5 times the minimum wage outside the euro zone. However, the latter
(SMIC). The tax reduction rate fell from 4% of represented 55% of total foreign outlets in 2019,
gross wage in 2013 to 7% in 2017. From 2019, against 47% in 2002. In 2019, the euro remains
the CICE will be transformed into permanent relief on average at a lower level than between 2009
from employers’ social contributions. Nevertheless, and 2014 against the dollar and the won.
the weight of social charges on the work factor

30 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • competitiveness

COMPETITIVE FACTORS IN THE FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

SHARE OF FOREIGN BRANDS IN PASSENGER CAR MARKETS

As a %
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
FRANCE INCL. TT EU-15: USA (1): JAPAN SOUTH KOREA
JAPANESE AND EXCL. GM, FORD,
KOREAN BRANDS CHRYSLER,
DODGE,TESLA, JEEP
2005 2019
(1) USA: market share based on light vehicles.The Big Three are General Motors,
Ford and Chrysler (excluding European brands).
Source: CCFA

SHARE OF EXPORTS BY FRENCH MANUFACTURERS EURO EXCHANGE RATE VARIATION: FOR 1 EURO
As a % OUTSIDE THE EURO ZONE (AS A %)
75 1.9

70 1.7

65 1.5

60 1.3

55 1.1

50 0.9

45 0.7

40 0.5
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
PASSENGERS CARS LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN DOLLARS IN YENS
HEAVY TRUCKS IN POUND STERLING IN WONS
Source: CCFA Source: BCE
RAW MATERIAL PRICES IN EURO
Base 100 in 2015
350

300

250

200

150
127
119
100 107
94
50
J08 J09 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14 J15 J16 J17 J18 J19 janv-20

STEEL (WORLD PRICE, COLD ROLLED COIL) RUBBER (MALAYSIA PRICE) OIL (ROTTERDAM PRICE) PLATINUM (US PRICE)

Source: Rexecode

Raw materials prices, which can impact the reach a peak in February 2017. But after that date,
production costs of user companies, fluctuate the price of rubber fell sharply, while that of steel

55%
significantly, even during the same year. remained at a high level, reaching a new peak
Expressed in euros, the prices of raw materials in September 2018, to then decrease during the
had increased significantly from 2001 to 2012 year 2019. Conversely, the price of platinum fell
but the repercussion of these in the final sales continuously until January 2019, to then increase
prices had proved difficult, in a context of intense regularly throughout the year. Finally, when it
competition and arbitrage in terms of consumption comes to the price of crude oil, its variations are
Share of exports by French within households. Prices then hit a low point at much more erratic. After having fallen sharply at
the beginning of 2016 and then changed in a the end of 2018, it showed an upward trend during
manufacturers outside contrasting manner depending on the product 2019. In January 2020, the price of the main raw
the euro zone and fluctuating strongly during the year. Steel and materials used in the automotive industry remained
rubber saw their prices rise sharply in 2016 to at a level above the average for last five years.

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 31
 france • sector

CONSOLIDATION OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

The automotive industry has had to consolidate In order to cope with the crisis in 2009, the
in the face of several types of events. The first automotive industry was structured. The
was the 2009 crisis. Following wide fluctuations "Plateforme de la Filière Automobile" (PFA) was
in the European automotive market, the industrial set up by the French automotive groups and
production index of the automotive industry in their suppliers brought together in the Automotive
France, measured by the INSEE, fell sharply in Suppliers Liaison Committee (CLIFA), in order to

2018
2008, from 143 in January to 70 in December. Then improve the efficiency of the automotive industry. It
it rebounded in 2010-2011 and, after fluctuating is now called PFA, "Filière Automobile et Mobilités".
around 93 until 2013, it progressed steadily to return As part of the industry’s national council (CNI), the
above 100 from 2015. automotive sector strategic committee (CSF) was
set up. The automotive CSF includes all members
The sector must now face three major disruptions of the segment, upstream and downstream,
(technological, digital and societal) which are including trade unions. A new sector contract was
Signing of the 2018-2022 leading to a profound reorganisation of the value signed in the spring of 2018.
sector contract chain. Companies must adapt to the reduction in
their traditional opportunities related to combustion
vehicles and invest in new products by training the
workforce in future technologies.

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INDEX (CVS-CJO DATA)

Base 100 in 2015
160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60
January 2005 January 2008 January 2011 January 2014 January 2017 January 2020

ALL, INDUSTRY AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Source: INSEE

The financial and economic crisis had major innovation dynamics, promoting competitiveness decline in diesel in Europe or to facilitate and prepare
repercussions for the automotive sector, upstream throughout the sector, anticipating jobs and skills, for the emergence of electrified mobility in France.
with suppliers and downstream through to vehicle and expressing common positions in the sector, the
sales/maintenance, via transport of goods, equipment coordination of the organisation of trade fairs and the In 2019, the sector is mobilising in several areas. In
manufacturing and service to companies, including sector’s communication. March, it launched with Bpifrance the first promotion
research and development. Because of reduced of an automobile accelerator (Trajectoire PME-ETI).
business levels, degraded competitiveness and The automotive CSF was created in 2010 within In April, the consortium gathered around the PFA was
cut-throat competition, the fabric weakened and the the existing CNI, further to the industry conference chosen by the government for an autonomous vehicle
PFA had to fix new priorities to address the situation: signed up the same year, which now includes 15 experimentation program. Finally in December,
lean manufacturing, skills and professions of the other committees. It includes passenger car and the online platform www.monfuturjobauto.fr was
future, better management of communication, and heavy truck manufacturers present in France, Tier launched, developed by the sector with the support of
medium- and long-term competitiveness strategies 1 equipment manufacturers and a large number of the Investments for the Future Program (PIA) in order
for automakers and their suppliers. SMEs and mid-tier firms which supply the automotive to promote professional mobility and the development
industry and come from different sectors (mechanical, of skills in the automotive sector.
Since 2010, it has relied at the regional level plastics, die-stamping, foundry, etc.). The downstream
on the Regional Associations of the Automobile activities of the sector (distribution and repairs) are
Industry (ARIA). After an initial active phase, it was also present, as are R&D companies, in particular
consolidated in 2012, notably around the Automotive competitiveness clusters and the major public
Technical Committee (CTA) and its two councils, the research organisations (IFPEN, IFSTTAR). The trade
Automotive Technical Standardisation Council (CSTA) unions of the industrial branch are also represented.
and the Automotive Research Council (CRA). Five
programs have been defined: 2L100 (car consuming In May 2018, a new sector contract was signed for
2L per 100 km), Autonomous Vehicle, VALdriv PLM the period 2018-2022. It includes four structuring
(structuring and federating the digital transformation projects: being a player in the energy transition,
of the sector), FORCE (Optimised and Realistic creating the autonomous vehicle ecosystem and
Economic Carbon Fiber) and the Plant of the Future. experimenting on a large scale to offer new mobility
In addition, the PFA works in partnership with the services, anticipating changes in skills and jobs
competitiveness clusters. It is also a stakeholder needs, and strengthening the automotive industry
in automotive CSF. The PFA entered a new stage competitiveness. In 2018, the CSF took particular
at the end of 2017. Its missions focus on fostering action to deal with the industrial impacts of the sharp

32 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • sector

INTERVENTION FUNDS, RESEARCH TAX CREDITS, FUTURE INVESTMENTS

The automotive industry requires major physical consolidation of equipment manufacturers that are help to stimulate project financing.
investment (production site, etc.) that are written strategic to the automotive sector, so as to foster
down over very long periods. Furthermore, during larger, more profitable equipment manufacturers Moreover, the large traditional countries of the
design and before sale, vehicles require several able to sign up to long-term partnerships with the automotive industry and those members of the
years’ work in research centres, onboarding manufacturers. BRIC’s also strongly support their automotive
continuous improvements, so as to be able in industry, particularly in terms of R&D.
particular to meet societal demands, whether To meet research and development (R&D)
they are linked to safety or the environment, within funding needs, the public authorities have set up
the energy transition. Manufacturers must also the Research Tax Credit (CIR), which makes it
meet new digital challenges (autonomous and possible to fill the fiscal and social competitiveness
connected car) and new mobility services. The deficit of France compared to other large countries
automotive industry is a capitalistic industry that in which automobile manufacturers are present, in
relies on substantial financing. particular through their R&D centres. The public

2015
authorities also provide sustainable support for the
During the financial crisis, this particularity was financing of structuring projects in the automotive
debilitating for the automotive industry and the industry. Since 2011, they have committed, through
public authorities introduced structural instruments various mechanisms, 650 million euros for a total
to finance them over the long term. Created in investment of 2 billion euros.
2009 under the banner “fund for the modernisation
of automotive equipment suppliers”, which became In addition, loans from the European Investment The first year of existence of the
the “automotive future fund” (FAA) in 2015, its Bank (EIB) or support programs for R&D (current
Automotive Future Fund
mission is to contribute to the development and "horizon 2020" plan) of the European Union also

► INVESTMENT FUNDS

FSI and FMEA Objectives and attributions

Originally a sovereign fund initiated by the public authorities to meet
The strategic investment fund (FSI) (created in November 2008) became
the funding requirements of companies with potential for growth and
'Bpifrance Participations’ in 2013 when Bpifrance was created.
competitiveness to help the economy. Capital exceeded €15 billion at the end
of 2014
Taking minority shareholdings in companies from the automotive sector
Fund for the modernisation of automotive equipment manufacturers (FMEA) with value-creating industrial projects and bringing competitiveness to the
(created in January 2009 and which in January 2015 became the ‘automotive economy. The scale of investment is €5-€60 million.
future fund’). Initial allocation of €600 million equally shared between PSA, Renault and FSI
(now Bpifrance Participations).

Automotive future fund (FAA) (since January 2015) Objectives and attributions
€600 m distributed equally between three subscribers (Bpifrance, Renault and
Automotive future fund (FAA) Tier 1 PSA) to accompany Tier 1 supplier projects, investing amounts between €5
million and €60 million.
€50 m comprising five reference automotive equipment manufacturers (Bosch,
Faurecia, Valeo, Hutchinson and Plastic Omnium) and FAA Tier1, specially
Automotive future fund (FAA) Tier 2
dedicated to Tier 2 automotive suppliers, investing amounts between €1 million
and €5 million.

Source: Bpifrance

As part of the long-term financing, the strategic for the Future Program (PIA) was set up by the and training centres and local authorities. The year
investment fund (FSI), which subsequently became State at the end of 2009 to finance innovative budget is around €30 million. VEDECOM is also
Bpifrance Participations with the creation of the and promising investments in the regions, in working with PFA on the autonomous vehicle. The
public investment bank Bpifrance, had invested order to strengthen productivity and increase the Institute grew in 2016 when the City on the Move
in three automotive companies. The fund for competitiveness of French companies. A program Institute (IVM) joined. Their field is research and
the modernisation of automotive equipment endowed with €1.2 billion and operated by ADEME action in urban mobility.
manufacturers Tier 1 (FMEA Tier 1), into which is dedicated to "Vehicles and transport of the future"
French manufacturers had injected €400 million and aims to accelerate the marketing of innovative French automobile manufacturers are also
in addition to the €200 million by the FSI, invested and ambitious solutions, in particular on energy stakeholders in the "Institut de Recherche
with the fund for the modernisation of automotive transition issues. Technologique" (IRT) Jules Verne, based in Nantes.
equipment manufacturers Tier 2 (FMEA Tier 2) Created in 2012 as part of the PIA, its mission is
in several companies supplying the automotive The automotive industry also has access to other to accelerate innovation and technological transfer
industry. ‘investment for the future’ programmes, including to factories in 4 strategic industrial sectors linked
a worldwide project to create an ‘institute of to transport, including automotive. Its budget
The public authorities also support the development excellence in decarbonated energies’. VEDECOM covers more than 180 million euros spread over
of business R&D through the Research Tax Credit institute, ‘the communicating decarbonated 97 projects, including 10 launched in 2019. Its work
(CIR), a tax measure created in 1983, simplified vehicle and its mobility’ is based on three Paris in connection with the automotive sector focuses
and amplified by the 2008 Finance Act. In 2014, area sites and will become the reference of the on the development of manufacturing processes for
the manufacturing industry benefited from 59% new eco-mobility sector. It supports three research multi-material (composite-metal) parts and robotic
of the total amount of the CIR (€3.4 billion). The themes: the electrified vehicle, delegated driving solutions to develop the plant of the future.
automotive industry was the third industrial sector and connectivity, mobility and shared energy. It
to benefit from the CIR, with 6% or €323 million. includes nearly 50 members and partners: major
industrial groups, including PSA and Renault,
Endowed with 57 billion euros, the Investments SMEs, research centres and laboratories, schools

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 33
 france • research & development

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE IN THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR

In 2018, the automotive industry was the leading especially with respect to the environment, but also to

€6.8
sector in terms of domestic research and development cope with the increasing development of digital towards
spending (DRDS) within companies in France, ahead the connected and autonomous vehicle and towards
of aeronautics and space construction and the the mobility services. Since 2015, total R&D spending
pharmaceutical industry. This innovation expenditure has increased by 25% and amounted to nearly 7 billion

BILLION
amounted to €4.5 billion in 2018, or 13% of all BERD euros in 2018.
by companies. External research and development
spending (ERDS) has doubled since 2015 and stands Cumulative over the past five years, the sector has
at €2.3 billion. invested more than €21.6 billion in domestic research
Amount of internal and external and development spending. These expenses have a
research and development The crisis substantially reduced financial resources pull effect on its suppliers, such as plastics, electronics,
expenditure in the automotive but domestic R&D spending fell only by 2% in 2009 etc. The automotive is ahead of the aerospace and
sector in 2018 and 2010, emphasising the vital importance of the then the pharmaceutical industry. It is also the first filer
long-term view. Since, they oscillate around €4 billion. of patents.
It represents one third of the gross added value of the
sector. In Europe, the automotive sector is also the one that
spends the most on research and development with,
Manufacturers must invest not only to satisfy the according to ACEA figures, 57.4 billion euros spent in
customer and comply with regulatory standards, 2017, or 28% of total R&D expenditure.

► GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE MAIN CORPORATE RESEARCH SEGMENTS (1)

DRDS in 2018 (2) ERDS (3) in 2018

in € millions As a % of total in € millions As a % of total

Automotive industry 4,518 13% 2,256 16%

Aeronautics and space 3,452 10% 4,203 30%
Specialised, scientific and technical activities 3,093 9% 718 5%
Pharmaceutical industry 2,879 9% 2,548 18%
IT and information services 2,535 7% 222 2%
Chemical industry 1,870 6% 542 4%
Manufacture of measuring devices and instruments, testing and navigation, clocks 1,637 5% 230 2%
Components, electronic cards, computers, peripheral equipment 1,610 5% 159 1%
Publishing, audiovisual, and broadcasting 1,425 4% 236 2%
Manufacture of electrical equipment 1,257 4% 586 4%
Manufacture of machinery and equipment not included elsewhere 1,256 4% 224 2%
Manufacture of communications equipment 802 2% 135 1%
Other sectors 7,522 22% 1,973 14%
TOTAL 33,853 100% 14,031 100%
(1) Semi-final data.
(2) DRDS: Domestic Research and Development Spending.
(3) ERDS: External Research and Development Spending.
Source: Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESR DGESIP-DGRI SIES)

TOTAL CORPORATE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE IN FRANCE IN 2018 AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY RESEARCH
IN THE MAIN RESEARCH SEGMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT SPENDING
In € billion In € billion
COMPONENTS, ELECTRONIC CARDS, 8
COMPUTERS, PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURE OF MEASURING DEVICES AND 7
INSTRUMENTS,TESTING AND NAVIGATION,CLOCKS
6
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
5
IT AND INFORMATION SERVICES
4
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
SPECIALISED, SCIENTIFIC 3
AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
2
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
1
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
DRDS TOTAL ERDS

Source: Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESR DGESIP-DGRI SIES)

The research statistics study office (Ministry of organisations or to public research organizations; researchers). These numbers were down 2%
Higher Education, Research and Innovation) some of the latter expenditure may be incurred compared to 2003 but the number of researchers
conducts surveys on R&D spending by companies abroad. increased by 48% over the same period.
and the wider public sphere. From 2008, the
data are disseminated in a new classification of In 2017, 17% of DRDS in the automotive sector According to the national industrial property
economic activity. The total R&D budget breaks was triggered by subsidiaries of companies under institute (INPI), in 2019 the PSA and Renault
down into internal expenditure (DRDS), which foreign control (owning over 50% of their capital). groups were in the top five in the list of patent
corresponds to work carried out in France, applicants in 2019; four major automotive suppliers
regardless of the source of the funds, and external In 2018, companies in the automotive sector were also ranked in the top 20.
expenditure (ERDS), corresponding to R&D work located in France employed 32,200 full-time
entrusted to other companies or to public research equivalent people in R&D (including 20,400

34 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • research & development

AUTOMOTIVE COMPETITIVENESS CLUSTERS IN FRANCE

Initiated by the State and local authorities in Phase IV of the poles policy was launched in 2019,
2005, the competitiveness clusters federate with a requirement for excellence and a reinforced
companies (large groups and SMEs/mid-cap European ambition. The objectives of phase III are
companies), research units and training centres maintained (action focused on the products and
in collaborative project mode. Companies can services to be industrialised, taking into account
belong to several poles with different specialties economic opportunities and employment) but
in order to obtain know-how (example: software from now on, they must be more integrated into
skills for autonomous vehicles). The clusters also European innovation networks. Thus their size
offer many services: economic intelligence, help and their interest in merging and getting closer to
with patenting, networking, etc. other structures is important.

1,500
Their role is to be a lever for the competitiveness of There are four automotive competitiveness
the French economy by emphasising its capacity clusters. They have developed their lines of work
for innovation and by encouraging anchoring and around innovation, skills, networking and bringing
structuring in their territories. Several studies have new solutions to market. They are associate
shown their impact on companies’ R&D spending: members of the structure of the automotive
one euro of public subsidy received under this industry: the PFA, Automotive Industry and Member establishments of
policy would have generated an average of 2.5 Mobilities. In 2019, they joined forces to form the
euros of additional R&D spending by beneficiary "auto and mobility" inter-hubs, a benchmark in
automotive competitiveness
SMEs. Europe and internationally. clusters in 2019

► AUTOMOTIVE COMPETITIVENESS CLUSTERS IN FRANCE

Mov'eo Vehicle of the Future CARA iD4CAR

Number of companies with a business unit in a competitiveness cluster 201 204 128 87

of which SMEs 149 135 71 57

of which intermediate-sized enterprises 25 47 34 22

Employees of business units involved in the cluster (number of people)

28,028 47,686 20,355 18,375
(1)

Number of members (2019) 380 500 210 319

Number of labeled projects since their creation (2019) 405 469 270 278

Number of projects funded since their creation (2019) 230 227 159 -

(1) Information concerning employees is calculated on the basis of 2014 data.

Sources: DGE (annual survey with the clusters in 2015), Mov’eo, Vehicle of the Future, CARA, ID4CAR

In 2019, the automotive industry continued its recycling and mobility services. In June 2020, strategic areas of activity are: vehicle materials
research and development efforts through those the Vehicle of the Future Pole completed the and architecture, embedded systems intelligence,
clusters. Their action is transversal and includes merger-absorption of the Champagne-Ardenne innovative vehicles and uses, and digital mobility
car manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, and Lorraine ARIA, PerfoEST (historically Alsace services and infrastructure. The cluster has also
innovative SMEs/intermediate-sized companies, & Franche-Comté) ARIA having already joined played the role of an ARIA on its geographical
research laboratories and training organisations, the Pole in 2008. The objective of this merger is perimeter since the start of 2017. As part of phase
including universities. to consolidate the Automobile & Mobility sector IV of the competitiveness clusters, ID4CAR is
over the entire territory of the Grand Est and extending by developing in New Aquitaine, in
The Mov’eo hub extends over the Île-de-France Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Pole. order to strengthen the hub territorial Great West.
and Normandy regions. It is dedicated to the
mobility of the future. The areas of research and The ambition of the CARA cluster is to support Other clusters, not specifically dedicated to the
development are: safety of road users, intelligent changes in urban mobility and to represent and automotive industry, have applications which are
mobility solutions, innovative vehicles and energy animate the automotive and industrial vehicles of interest to the sector. These clusters work on
storage, materials and systems, powertrains and sector in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. materials, rubber, plastic, mechanics or mobility.
energy management. In 2019, the cluster merged At the end of 2017, the LUTB Transport & Elastopole, a national cluster, including the
with the Normandy ARIA and the Automobility & Mobility Systems competitiveness cluster and regions of Val de Loire, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes,
Vehicles Network in Île-de-France (RAVI) to create the Automotive Cluster of the Auvergne-Rhône- Pays de la Loire and Île-de-France, is dedicated
Mobility Valley, a territory of European excellence Alpes Region took the name of CARA. The latter to rubber and polymers, and three quarters of
where solutions are invented, developed, tested coordinates structuring activities for the region: its applications concern the automotive sector.
and industrialised to meet the challenges of future manufacturers, transport operators, research It also works in collaboration with the automotive
mobility. centres. The activity revolves around five research clusters. I-Trans, a global cluster in Hauts-de-
programs: motorisation and driveline, safety and France which specialises in sustainable terrestrial
security, vehicle architecture, intelligent transport transport solutions, with five target sectors,
The Vehicle of the Future cluster mobilises the system, modelling and management of mobility. including automotive equipment. In 2015, 13%
historic automobile basins of Alsace and Franche- In this new phase, CARA aims to focus on of the employees of the member establishments
Comté. Its mission revolves around three themes: experimentation, in real conditions, of innovation of this cluster worked for the automobile industry.
innovation, industrial excellence in the service of projects with the territories, and to accelerate
businesses and support for business growth. support for European projects.
The cluster, in terms of innovation, is focused
on automotive components, electric vehicles, Located in the west of France (Brittany, Pays
hydrogen vehicles with the DINAMHySE plan de la Loire), the iD4CAR cluster is focused on
in 2019 as part of the Grand Investment Plan, specific vehicles and sustainable mobility. The four

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 35
 france • trade

FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE FOREIGN TRADE

The year 2019 was marked by political and economic engines fell by 2.5%. The historically surplus balance
uncertainties (protectionist tensions, Brexit, slowdown of the "parts and engines" item turned into a deficit in
in China) which weighed on trade and global growth. 2018 and this deficit increased further in 2019 (-€2.2
billion) with an even sharper decline in exports than in
In this context, exports of automotive products from imports. Only engines maintained a surplus in 2019,
France fell by 2.1% in 2019 to reach €50 billion. thanks to the sharp drop in imports (-24%).
This decline is mainly due to the sharp contraction

€50
in exports of parts and engines (-6.2%) and, to a In total, the balance of the industrial automobile branch
lesser extent, to that of exports of new passenger widened in 2019 to stand at -€15.1 billion.
cars (-0.9%). The automotive sector nevertheless

BILLION
remains the 2nd exporter behind aeronautics with France has historically had a surplus balance with the
10% of total exports. United Kingdom (+€1.6 billion) thanks in particular to
parts and engines (+€0.9 billion) and this remains
On the import side, they increased by 2.7% in 2019, stable in 2019. The United Kingdom represents 8.5%
in line with imports of new passenger cars (+6%) and
industrial vehicles (+10%), while imports of parts and
of exports from the French industrial automotive sector
and is the fifth destination country.
Exports of industrial automotive
products from France in 2019
► FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE FOREIGN TRADE (IN € BILLION)

New New light Automotive

New heavy Parts and Used Automotive All products Share of the
passsenger commercial industry
trucks engines vehicles sector (1) automotive
cars vehicles sector
EXPORTS (FOB)

2010 15.2 1.7 2.3 20.4 39.6 1.1 40.7 389.7 10.4%
2017 18.5 4.7 3.4 22.5 49.2 1.6 50.8 464.0 11.0%
2018 20.1 5.1 4.3 21.7 51.2 1.7 52.9 482.3 11.0%
2019 19.9 5.1 4.7 20.4 50.1 1.6 51.7 496.8 10.4%
Change 2019/2018 as a % -0.9 +0.8 +9.2 -6.2 -2.1 -4.9 -2.2 +3.0 -
IMPORTS (CIF)

2010 22.4 2.9 2.4 15.3 43.0 1.2 44.2 458.0 9.6%
2017 29.6 4.2 4.2 21.1 59.1 1.2 60.3 535.5 11.3%
2018 31.0 4.6 4.7 23.2 63.5 1.5 65.0 560.8 11.6%
2019 32.8 4.5 5.2 22.6 65.2 1.6 66.7 575.7 11.6%
Change 2019/2018 as a % +6.0 -1.4 +10.0 -2.5 +2.7 +6.0 +2.7 +2.7 -
BALANCES

2010 -7.1 -1.2 -0.1 +5.1 -3.4 -0.1 -3.5 -68.2 -

2017 -11.1 +0.6 -0.7 +1.4 -9.9 +0.4 -9.5 -71.5 -

2018 -10.9 +0.5 -0.4 -1.5 -12.3 +0.2 -12.1 -78.5 -

2019 -12.9 +0.6 -0.5 -2.2 -15.1 +0.0 -15.0 -78.9 -

► THE AUTOMOBILE EXCHANGES BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 2019 (IN € BILLION)

All vehicles Parts and engines Industrial automotive sector

EXPORTS (FOB) 2.6 1.7 4.3

IMPORTS (CIF) 1.9 0.7 2.7

Balance +0.7 +0.9 +1.6

(1) Not including military equipment.

FOB: Free-on-board: transaction value including freight and insurance up to the border of the exporting country.
CIF: Cost, insurance, freight; fell by transaction value including freight and insurance up to the border of the importing country.
Sources: Customs data processed by CCFA

Automotive industry exports amounted to over 50 slightly below this level in 2019. Competitiveness industrial vehicles again increased significantly
billion euros in the mid-2000s, before dropping difficulties and the crisis have changed production in 2019, in line with the high levels of the French
to 34 billion in 2009 with the crisis. They then in France, which is moving towards passenger market.
settled in a range between 39 and 45 billion euros, cars with higher added value, to the detriment of
then grew steadily from 2014, to reach 51 billion those of lower range. Exports of parts and engines fell by 6.2% in 2019,
euros in 2018. The year 2019 however marks an while imports fell by 2.5%. The negative balance
inflection point with a decline of 2.1%. After a sharp drop in 2009, exports of light since 2018 increased further in 2019 (-€2.2 billion).
commercial vehicles are growing continuously, This deterioration can also be explained in large
After 2009, exports of passenger cars varied thanks to the production of new vans in France and part by the competitiveness difficulties of the
between 13 and 16 billion, following in particular the development of production by French groups French industry.
the weakness of Southern Europe markets where for economic partners. They now stand at €5.1
the French groups are strongly present. Then, billion, a new record level. As for the exports of
from 2016, exports returned to strong growth industrial vehicles, they have seen growth since
thanks to the dynamism of the European market. 2013 and reached a record level of €4.7 billion in
They reached €20 billion in 2018 and remain 2019. Imports of light commercial vehicles and
36 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • trade

FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE FOREIGN TRADE

The main customers of the French automobile euros, ahead of Belgium (751 million euros) and the to 2015. Exports to Italy rose sharply between 2010
industry are generally European. In 2019, five Western United Kingdom (572 million euros). Poland is in sixth and 2018 (+56%) but fell in 2019 (-6%).
European countries accounted for 63% of industrial place with 250 million euros and China is eighth with
automotive exports. In the top 10 customers of French 134 million euros. In 2019, the export amount of light On the import side, there is a greater diversity of
automotive exports, there are also Eastern Europe commercial vehicles reached a record level with 5.14 supplier countries: mainly Western Europe but also
emerging countries. billion euros. Eastern Europe (including Turkey) and Japan. For
light vehicles, Germany is the leading supplier (7.1
For new passenger cars, the opportunities are mainly Exports of heavy trucks and coaches and buses have billion euros) followed by Spain. The United Kingdom
the four other main markets of the European Union increased by 90% since 2010 with an increase in 2018 (1.8 billion euros) and Japan (1.3 billion euros) are
(Germany, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom) and Belgium. (+25%) and in 2019 (+9%). Exports to Germany also important suppliers. For industrial vehicles,
In 2019, Germany passed Belgium with exports increased by 100% and those to Spain and the United Germany leads the way with imports from this country
valued at 3.6 billion euros, followed by Italy, Spain Kingdom more than doubled (+160% on average). amounting to 2 billion euros.
and the United Kingdom which occupies fifth place
with 1.6 billion euros. Poland comes in sixth place The top five destinations for parts and engines exports
with almost 600 million euros. are also European. Germany leads with 4.3 billion
euros, followed by Spain. To the United Kingdom, the
Light commercial vehicles are also mainly exported third recipient country, exports fell by more than 10%
to these 5 countries. Germany leads with 1.2 billion for the second consecutive year, down 28% compared

GERMANY
Leading business partner of the
automotive industry in France
► LEADING DESTINATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS FROM FRANCE
NEW PASSENGER CARS NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
In € million In € million
4,000 1,400
3,500 1,200
3,000
1,000
2,500
800
2,000
600
1,500
1,000 400

500 200
0 0
2010 2018 2019 2010 2018 2019
GERMANY BELGIUM ITALY SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY BELGIUM UNITED KINGDOM ITALY SPAIN

HEAVY TRUCKS PARTS AND ENGINES

In € million + COACHES AND BUSES In € million
1,200 5,000

1,000 4,000
800
3,000
600
2,000
400
1,000
200

0 0
2010 2018 2019 2010 2018 2019
GERMANY SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM ITALY BELGIUM GERMANY SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM ITALY BELGIUM

Sources: Customs data processed by CCFA

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 37
 france • markets & vehicles in use

PASSENGER CARS BY ENERGY (DIESEL, HYBRID AND ELECTRIC, ETC.)

Sales of new passenger cars equipped with a diesel development of the offer of 3-cylinder petrol engines;

-39
engine continued to decline in 2019 (-10.6%) and but also by more subjective factors (Volkswagen
represented 34% of the market (compared to 73% in problem in the United States, implementation of Crit’air
2012). Since 2012, the year when the diesel market stickers and Low Emission Zones in France, etc.).
share was the highest, volumes have fallen by 45%

POINTS
(-629,000 units). In Western Europe, the share of Sales of hybrid and electric passenger cars, still
diesel passenger cars reached a record high (58%) emerging in France, continued to grow in 2019 to
in 2011. This ratio has fallen sharply since 2016 and reach a market share of 5.7% (+0.8 point compared
reached 31% in 2019. to 2018) and 1.9% (+0,5 point). In Western Europe,
the market share of hybrid cars was 7.5% in 2019,
This evolution can be explained by objective factors: that of electric cars 2.4% (see page 79). In contrast, Declining share of new passenger
taxation less favourable towards diesel, higher prices in Eastern Europe, this share is lower with 6.3% and
for diesel engines due to changes in standards, 0.5% of registrations respectively. cars with diesel engines registered
in France compared to 2012
► PASSENGER CARS BY ENERGY
Change 2019/2018
2000 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
as a %
REGISTRATIONS
Petrol
In units - 741,215 884,619 1,006,091 1,191,145 1,290,268 +8.3
As a % of total registrations 51.0% 39% 44% 48% 55% 58% -
Diesel
In units 1,046,485 1,097,124 1,050,418 998,116 844,878 755,583 -10.6
As a % of total registrations 49.0% 57% 52% 47% 39% 34% -
Electric
In units - 17,268 21,751 24,910 31,059 42,764 +37.7
As a % of total registrations - 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 1.9% -
Hybrid
In units - 61,619 58,389 81,559 106,369 125,435 +17.9
As a % of total registrations - 3.2% 2.9% 3.9% 4.9% 5.7% -
including non rechargeable
In units - 56,030 50,960 69,691 91,841 106,843 +16,3
As a % of total registrations - 2,9% 2,5% 3,3% 4,2% 4,8% -
including rechargeable
In units - 5,589 7,429 11,868 14,528 18,592 +28.0
As a % of total registrations - 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.8% -
VEHICLES IN USE (1)
Petrol
In thousands of units 18,080 13,316 13,665 14,185 14,756 15,354 +4.1
As a % of total stock 64.4% 35.5% 36.0% 37.0% 38.5% 40.2% -
Diesel
In thousands of units 9,980 23,900 24,008 23,899 23,263 22,500 -3.3
As a % of total stock 35.6% 63.8% 63.3% 62.3% 60.7% 58.9% -
Electric and rechargeable hybrids
In thousands of units - 66 92 124 162 214 +32.1
As a % of total stock - 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% -

(1) Fleet as of December 31

Sources: CCFA, MTE/SDES (Ministry of Ecological Transition)

In 2019, France is still in third place in the 59% of the passenger cars in use in France on the public authorities and which sets a target of 1
European market for new diesel passenger cars, January 1, 2020 were equipped with a diesel million electrified vehicles and 100,000 charging
with 756,000 registrations, behind Germany (1.1 engine. This ratio has fallen by more than 4 points points by 2022.
million units), Italy (760,000 units) and ahead of since the high point in 2015. The electrified fleet
the United Kingdom (583,000 units). Elsewhere is emerging but remains low with 214,000 cars on At the end of 2019, in France, there were 28,666
in Western Europe, the decline in diesel market January 1, 2020. charging points in France (AVERE) for a fleet of
share in the new car market accelerated to 30.8% 141,000 electric cars and 73,000 rechargeable
in 2019, -5.4 points compared to 2018 and 31.1% In 2019, registrations of new hybrid passenger cars hybrid cars (MTE/SDES).
including France. amounted to 125,435 units, an increase of 17.9%
(+28% for plug-in hybrids). Those of new electric The electrified vehicle market is also driven by the
Diesel market share is around 20 percentage passenger cars grew by 37.7% to reach 42,764 diversification of the offerings of manufacturers
points higher in registrations by "non-individuals" units, which consolidates the French market in who had to expand their range before the
customers than in purchases by individuals. In third place in European markets behind those of implementation of monitoring of the CO2 targets
2019, the share of diesel among individuals was Germany and Norway. This growth was driven by set at European level and the risk of penalties
22% on average against 44% for non-individuals. the maintenance of the 6,000 euros bonus of for in the event of non-compliance. French groups
These figures are also observed in most Western the purchase of an electric vehicle, supplemented have thus invested heavily to develop new electric
Europe countries. The diesel engine is now by a super bonus in the context of the scrapping products in 2019 (DS3 Crossback, Peugeot 208,
preferred by car owners with significant annual of an old vehicle, the two devices being able to new Renault Zoe) and to prepare hybrid versions
mileage. go up to 11,000 euros. This aid is also part of the for 2020.
Automotive Sector Strategic Contract signed with

38 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • markets & vehicles in use

NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY MODEL, RANGE AND BODY STYLE

In 2019, the 10 best-selling models in France (+3 points). The market shares of the other ranges
belong to the lower economy range and the lower continue to decline.
middle range, which represent 56.3% of the market
share (compared to 42% in Western Europe). After Sales by body type show that 4WD, SUV
having reached its peak in 2010 thanks to the continued their strong growth (+29 market share

38%
bonus/penalty system and the scrapping premium, points since 2010) thanks to the offer in the lower
this range fell in 2011-2012. Then, the renewal of (Captur, 2008, Duster) and low-mid ranges (C3
the cars of the economy range (108, C1, Twingo, Aircross, C5 Aircross, 3008, 5008, Kadjar) and
ZOE), the success of the sales of the models of the represent, in 2019, 38.3% of sales. Sedans, down
existing lower range (208, C3, Clio, Sandero) and sharply (from 72% in 2000 to 51% in 2015), since
the development of the product offer in 4WD, SUV 2017 represent less than half of sales (49.7% in
on this range (C4-Cactus, 2008, Captur, Duster) 2019). Finally, over the same 2010-2019 period,
again stimulated the segment, which stabilised the share of MPVs (-13 points to 6.4%), station
Share of new passenger cars
around 53% market share until 2017. In 2018 wagons (-3 points to 4.2%) and coupés-convertible registered in 2018 in the 4WD,
and 2019, its market share again rose sharply (-2 points to 1%) moved back. SUV segment
► MAIN NEW PASSENGER CARS
RANKINGS IN 2019
%
Rank Brand Model As a % MARKET SHARE OF RANGES IN THE TOTAL MARKET
market
1 RENAULT CLIO 5.9 60 56
2 PEUGEOT 208 4.8
50
3 CITROËN C3 3.6
4 RENAULT MEGANE 3.6 40
5 PEUGEOT 3008 3.3
6 RENAULT CAPTUR 3.2 30 25
7 DACIA SANDERO 3.1
20
8 PEUGEOT 2008 2.8 13
9 PEUGEOT 308 2.5 10 6
10 RENAULT TWINGO 2.3 0
11 DACIA DUSTER 2.2 0
ECONOMY AND LOW LOW-MID HIGH-MID PREMIUM OTHERS
12 CITROËN C3 AIRCROSS 2.1
13 FIAT 500 2.0
14 TOYOTA YARIS 1.9 2000 2010 2015 2019
15 VOLKSWAGEN POLO 1.8
16 CITROËN C5 AIRCROSS 1.6 As a % NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY BODY STYLE
17 RENAULT KADJAR 1.3 80
18 PEUGEOT 5008 1.3 70
19 OPEL CORSA 1.3
60
20 MINI MINI 1.2 49
21
50
VOLKSWAGEN TIGUAN 1.2
40 38
22 VOLKSWAGEN GOLF 1.2
23 FORD FIESTA 1.1 30
24 VOLKSWAGEN T-ROC 1.0 20
25 PEUGEOT 108 1.0
10 4 6
26 CITROËN C4 CACTUS 0.9 1
27 NISSAN QASHQAI 0.9 0
SEDAN STATION WAGON COUPÉ- ALL MPVS 4WD, SUV
28 MERCEDES-BENZ CLASSE A 0.9
CONVERTIBLE
29 RENAULT ZOE 0.8
30 CITROËN C4 0.8 2000 2010 2015 2019
units
Source: CCFA

► NEW PASSENGER CARS REGISTRATIONS BY RANGE

2000 2010 2017 2018 2019
Ranges
units % units % units % units % units %
Economy and low ranges 855,161 40.1 1,283,902 57.0 1,091,792 51.7 1,195,321 55.0 1,246,492 56.3
Low-mid range 695,146 32.6 627,694 27.9 601,368 28.5 582,054 26.8 557,062 25.2
High-mid range 303,028 14.2 234,664 10.4 278,439 13.2 275,894 12.7 277,185 12.5
Premium range 163,293 7.7 105,313 4.7 139,149 6.6 120,212 5.5 133,540 6.0
Others 117,256 5.5 96 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
TOTAL 2,133,884 100.0 2,251,669 100.0 2,110,748 100.0 2,173,481 100.0 2,214,279 100.0

► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY BODY STYLE

2000 2010 2017 2018 2019
Bodies
units % units % units % units % units %
Sedan 1,527,676 71.6 1,377,498 61.2 1,034,952 49.0 1,079,757 49.7 1,094,467 49.4
Station wagon 119,739 5.6 153,476 6.8 118,337 5.6 95,388 4.4 92,487 4.2
Coupé-Convertible 50,527 2.4 70,353 3.1 25,230 1.2 19,933 0.9 21,562 1.0
All MPVs 369,434 17.3 430,857 19.1 232,103 11.0 172,007 7.9 142,540 6.4
of which compact MPVs 241,190 11.3 233,363 10.4 146,825 7.0 111,038 5.1 84,954 3.8
4WD, SUV 57,116 2.7 205,106 9.1 680,792 32.3 788,187 36.3 847,850 38.3
Others 9,392 0.4 14,379 0.6 19,334 0.9 18,209 0.8 15,373 0.7
TOTAL 2,133,884 100.0 2,251,669 100.0 2,110,748 100.0 2,173,481 100.0 2,214,279 100.0
Source: CCFA comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 39
 france • markets & vehicles in use

USED PASSENGER CARS

Used passenger car registrations have exceeded In recent years, the incentives to renew the fleet
five million units per year since 2000. In 2019, they contributed to the increase in the number of second-
reached a record 5.8 million units, up 2.8% from hand car registrations under the age of five (37% in
2018. 2019, compared to 32% in 2016) and to the decrease
in those over 10 years (41% in 2019 compared to

37%
Every year, two to three used cars are traded for 44% in 2016).
a new car. In 2018 and 2019, the used/new ratio
decreased to 2.6, after having sharply increased until Diesel cars are the most numerous among used cars
2016. Around 15% of cars in use change hands each sold (3.5 million, 60.7% of sales) but their share in
year, while this rate was closer to 20% in the 2000s. sales has declined steadily since 2016. This decline
is more than 2 points in 2019, in particular due to
In 2019, according to the Parc-Auto survey (page their exit from the conversion bonus scheme from
Share of vehicles over 5 years old
45), households averaged nearly five and a half August 2019. Electric used cars are still very few
years of vehicle ownership (compared to five years in number, with a volume of 19,652 units in 2019 registered in 2019
in 2010 and four years in 1995). (0,2% of the market).

► USED PASSENGER CARS

Units 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018 2019

REGISTRATIONS
New passenger cars thousands 2,134 2,118 2,252 2,111 2,173 2,214
Used cars thousands 5,082 5,383 5,386 5,679 5,632 5,791
Used/new ratio 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.6
Cars less than 5 years old % used 40 40 37 33 36 37
- Cars less than 1 year old % used 12 10 8 9 10 10
- Cars less than 1 year old % new 29 25 19 25 26 27
Cars more than 5 years old % used 60 60 63 67 64 63
Cars 5 to 9 years old % used - 25 26 23 22 21
Cars 10 to 14 years old % used - 22 21 23 22 22
% used - 13 15 21 20 19
Cars 15 years old and more
% VO - 55.7 66.1 64.6 62.8 60.7
CARS IN USE (ON 12/31) thousands 28,825 - - 38,371 38,336 38,215
USED :(REGISTRATIONS)
Source CCFA / CARS IN USE RATIO % 17.6% - - 14.8% 14.7% 15.2%

Sources: CCFA, MTE/SDES

USED/NEW CAR RATIO As a % USED (REGISTRATIONS)/CARS IN USE RATIO

3.0

2.8 16

2.6 15
2.4
14
2.2

2.0 13
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

The passenger car is a long-term purchase that system, conversion bonus, etc.). 2001). In the years of the scrapping, the prices
households buy, use, maintain and possibly re-sell of new cars were indeed more competitive.
on the second-hand market. The aging of the fleet and the development of Since then, they have grown each year, reaching
multi-vehicle households resulted in an increase 593,243 registrations in 2019, or more than 10% of
Second-hand cars can be sold via car dealers or in the share of cars older than 5 years in second- used car registrations and 27% of the new market.
directly between private individuals. Professionals hand transactions between 1990 and 2016 (68%
generally concentrate on ‘newer’ second-hand in 2016, compared to 48% in 1990). However, The share of diesel in used cars amounted to
cars, i.e. under 5 years of age, around 60% of over the past three years, incentives to renew the 60.7% in 2019, a decline of 6.6 points since 2015,
the total market, the remainder being transactions fleet have increased the share of used cars under thus reflecting the developments observed in the
between individuals. 5 years old and lowered that of older vehicles. new market.
Indeed, the penetration of used cars aged 15 years
Between 5 and 6 million second-hand cars are and over, which had more than doubled since the In 2019, according to the Parc-Auto survey (Kantar
traded per year. This market is subject to less beginning of the 2000s, especially after the crisis, TNS), 58.2% of cars owned or made available to
fluctuations than the new car market. In 2019, has declined slightly over the past two years (-2 households were purchased second-hand, against
demand for new cars continued to increase points) and stands at 19% in 2019. 51% in 1991. For cars purchased in 2019, this
to reach 2.2 million units (+1.9% compared to share rose to 64%. When purchased, their average
2018), and that for used cars rebounded (+2.8%) Used cars less than a year old can be compared mileage was around 68,333 kilometres, and more
after a slight decrease in 2018. The used/new to the new market. In fact, these are often cars than a quarter of used vehicles purchased by
ratio therefore increases slightly in 2019. The first registered by an automotive professional households had more than 100,000 kilometres
demand for used vehicles is generally closer to (demonstration car or rental car), then sold on the clock.
the evolution of the fleet; it is less influenced by to individuals. From 2001 to 2009, the share
economic factors than the demand for new cars. of vehicles under one year of age in all used
It was nevertheless affected by measures to passenger car registrations fell steadily, before
stimulate the new home market (bonus/penalty rising to around 8% between 2010-2016 (12% in

40 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • markets & vehicles in use

NEW VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS (DOM)

Sales of new vehicles in the five overseas 11% for coaches and buses) after an increase units). The ratio of used/new vehicles sold fell to 1.9
departments (Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, of 5% in 2018. However, their share in the total after hovering around 2.3 between 2012 and 2016.
Mayotte and Reunion) increased by only 1% in 2019 number of registrations remains lower (1.1%) than
after growing 6% in 2018. However, they established in metropolitan France (2%), given the geographic As of January 1, 2020, the number of passenger
a new record of 80,326 vehicles, an increase of context. cars in the overseas departments was estimated at
37% compared to the low level in 2013. Like in 876,220 units according to the data and statistical
metropolitan France, the share of the diesel market The share of French groups on the passenger car studies service (SDES) of the Ministry of Ecological
continues to decline, down 5 points in 2019 (29% market amounted to 53% in 2019. After falling to and Solidarity Transition.
compared to 64% in 2012). The share of electric 45% in 2009, it is growing steadily and gained 3
cars in registrations remains very low (0.7%) except points in 2017, in particular thanks to the integration
in Reunion, where it reaches the same level as in of Opel into the PSA group from August 1. In the
metropolitan France (1.9%). light commercial vehicle market, the share of French
groups has increased by nearly 5 points, going from

80,326
Sales of light commercial vehicles fell sharply 57% in 2018 to 62% in 2019, which remains slightly
in 2019. They fell by 10% on average in the lower than in metropolitan France (around two-thirds
five overseas departments (including 20% in of the market). On the narrow market for industrial
Guadeloupe) after increasing by 11% in 2018. Their vehicles, Renault Trucks’ market share remained
share in the overall sales thus fell to 15.1% compared at 26% in 2019.
to 17.4% in metropolitan France.
Second-hand passenger car registrations stood at
Conversely, registrations of commercial vehicles over 127,746 units, an increase of 3.7% in 2019, and Number of new vehicles registered
5 tonnes increased in 2019: +8% in 2019 (including 33% from the low level observed in 2009 (96,000 overseas in 2019

Change Change
NEW PASSENGER CARS 2000 2010 2015 2018 2019
2019/2010 2019/2018
GUADELOUPE 13,691 13,438 13,409 16,962 16,741 24.6% -1.3%
FRENCH GUIANA 4,031 4,382 4,414 5,373 5,450 24.4% 1.4%
MARTINIQUE 14,424 13,147 12,931 15,358 15,853 20.6% 3.2%
MAYOTTE (1) - - 1,083 1,335 1,729 - 29.5%
REUNION ISLAND 21,463 20,295 22,288 26,174 27,556 35.8% 5.3%
TOTAL FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS (DOM) 53,609 51,262 54,125 65,202 67,329 31.3% 3.3%
TOTAL DOM USED PASSENGER CARS N/A 104,381 125,457 123,247 127,746 22.4% 3.7%

NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (UP TO Change Change

2000 2010 2015 2018 2019
5T) 2019/2010 2019/2018
GUADELOUPE 2,685 2,394 2,214 3,067 2,465 3.0% -19.6%
FRENCH GUIANA 1,143 1,239 1,159 1,517 1,311 5.8% -13.6%
MARTINIQUE 2,368 2,016 2,156 2,362 2,059 2.1% -12.8%
MAYOTTE (1) - - 230 396 401 - 1.3%
REUNION ISLAND 5,200 4,166 4,975 6,175 5,863 40.7% -5.1%
TOTAL FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS (DOM) 11,396 9,815 10,734 13,517 12,099 23.3% -10.5%

NEW COMMERCIAL VEHICLES INCLUDING Change Change

2000 2010 2015 2018 2019
COACHES AND BUSES (OVER 5T) 2019/2010 2019/2018
GUADELOUPE 146 135 97 171 183 35.6% 7.0%
FRENCH GUIANA 66 85 50 90 88 3.5% -2.2%
MARTINIQUE 187 84 128 173 170 102.4% -1.7%
MAYOTTE (1) - - 48 57 81 - 42.1%
REUNION ISLAND 362 293 434 344 376 28.3% 9.3%
TOTAL FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS (DOM) 761 597 757 835 898 50.4% 7.5%

(1) Since April 1, 2011

Source: CCFA
NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN FRENCH MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARE IN FRENCH MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARE IN
FRENCH VERSEAS DEPARTMENTS AND USED/NEW FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS
RATIO (NEW PASSENGER CARS) (LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES)
In number of vehicles As a % of the total market As a % of the total market
70,000 54 62 62
53
60
60,000 2.5 52
58
50,000 50 56
2.0 54
54
40,000 48 52
1.5 47
30,000 46 50
1.0 48
20,000 44 46
0.5 44
10,000 42
42
0 0 40 40
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
NUMBER OF NEW PASSENGER CARS
USED/NEW RATIO (RIGHT-HAND SCALE)

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 41
 france • markets & vehicles in use

NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN FRANCE

In 2019, registrations of new light commercial The new light commercial vehicles fleet, estimated
vehicles increased by 4.5% (after +4.7% in 2018) at 6 million units as of January 1, 2020, is still
and reached a record level of 480,000 units, largely dominated by diesel engines, which
20,000 units more than the peak observed in 2007. represent 95% of vehicles. The fleet of electric
light commercial vehicles, although small (it is

44%
Diesel vehicles have seen their share of estimated at 38,500 units as of January 1, 2020),
registrations drop slightly over the past 4 years in is progressing significantly. The fleet is made up
favour of petrol and electric. They represent 93% of more than 50% of vehicles from 2.6 tonnes to
of sales in 2019 compared to 97% in 2015. The 3.5 tonnes.
share of electric vehicles reached 1.7% in 2019
with 7,958 units sold. French manufacturers are
particularly present in this segment with 75% of the
Share of vans in light commercial
market share, compared to 66% for all energies
combined. vehicle registrations

► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY BODY

2000 2010 2015 2018 2019
BODIES
units % units % units % units % units %
CARS DERIVATIVES 133,679 32.2 116,582 27.9 85,976 22.7 79,109 17.2 74,776 15.6
SMALL VANS 110,727 26.7 113,152 27.1 99,227 26.2 110,431 24.1 120,532 25.1
VANS 99,953 24.1 136,647 32.7 140,153 36.9 193,462 42.1 209,299 43.6
MINI-BUSES/COACHES 867 0.2 525 0.1 621 0.2 388 0.1 363 0.1
PICKUP 6,327 1.5 12,126 2.9 12,877 3.4 22,487 4.9 15,320 3.2
4WD, SUV 4,470 1.1 9,302 2.2 9,908 2.6 10,609 2.3 11,312 2.4
OTHERS 58,943 14.2 29,278 7.0 30,666 8.1 42,654 9.3 48,147 10.0
TOTAL 414,966 100.0 417,612 100.0 379,428 100.0 459,139 100.0 479,749 100.0

NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES REGISTRATIONS ► LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ► LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
In thousands IN FRANCE AND USED/NEW RATIO REGISTRATIONS BY WEIGHT REGISTRATIONS BY ENERGY
480
460 2.0 2005 2010 2019 2015 2019

440
1.5 < 1,5T 3% 4% 1% units % units %
420
400 1,5T TO <
56% 52% 42% DIESEL 368,150 97% 446,350 93%
380 1.0 2,5T

360 2,5T TO PETROL 5,317 1% 22,155 5%

41% 43% 57%
0.5 3,5T
340
ELECTRIC 4,919 1% 7,958 2%
320 > 3,5T TO
0.2% 0.5% 0.3%
5T OTHERS 1,042 0% 3,321 1%
300 0.0
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
TOTAL REGISTRATIONS TOTAL 100% 100% 100% TOTAL 379,428 100% 479,784 100%
USED/NEW RATIO (RIGHT-HAND SCALE)

Source: CCFA

Light commercial vehicles are defined as vehicles registrations; their share reached 57% of sales trade sector.
of less than 5 tonnes gross vehicle weight rating in 2019 (+22 points since 2001), while that of
(GVWR), allowed for carrying goods. In many vehicles from 1.5 to 2.5 tonnes rose from 59% to Light commercial vehicles are intensively used:
sectors (agriculture, construction, services, 42% over the same period. Since 2010, sales of they travel 15,000 km/year each year, compared to
etc.), they are also used to come and go in the vehicles from 2.5 to 3.5 tonnes have increased an average of 12,000 km/year for a private car (see
workplace, for transfers between sites, transport 52%, while sales of all other categories have page 48 for the traffic report). While individuals
of equipment. They come in different categories: declined. travel fewer kilometres with their light commercial
derivatives of passenger cars, combispaces, vans, vehicle (around 10,000 km per year), some sectors
vans, pick-ups and 4WD, SUV. In 2019, registrations of used light commercial are very intensive users and reach 20,000 km/
vehicles reached a high level around 817,000 units year, or even more: transport, messaging, storage,
In 2019, sales of vans continued to grow (+9% (page 90), up 4% compared to 2018. However, as well as specialised activities (scientific and
and +53% since 2010) to reach 43.6% of new the used/new ratio remains below 2 for the third technical, and administrative and support service
registrations. The second segment is that of small consecutive year, due to the increase in sales of activities) and manufacturing industry. These
vans which represent a quarter of sales, a slight new vehicles, a level well below that observed for vehicles are mainly used in urban areas or on
drop compared to 2010. Sales of pick-ups, which passenger cars. Indeed, for a new passenger car, the road (except motorway). Routes of more than
experienced strong growth between 2015 and it trades between 2 and 3 used cars (2.6 in 2019). 150 km only represented 10% of the kilometres
2018 (+75%), collapsed with the implementation traveled in 2010 by professionals.
in 2019 of the penalty and tax on company cars Specific to France, nearly 9% of new registrations
for this category of vehicle. Finally, derivatives of of new commercial vehicles are made by private
passenger cars only represented 15.6% of sales individuals, who prefer vans and small vans in their
in 2019 compared to 32% in 2000. purchases as well as pick-ups. As of January 1,
2020, 46% of the fleet is owned by natural persons
Light commercial vehicles from 2.5 to 3.5 tonnes (individuals and craftsmen), 14% by legal persons
have been the majority since 2016 in new operating in the construction sector and 9% in the
42 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • markets & vehicles in use

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN FRANCE

French groups are traditionally more present in French groups are benchmark manufacturers
the light commercial vehicle market than in the and also produce on their sites for their partners
passenger car market. With the opening up of (Renault for Fiat, Nissan and Daimler; PSA for
markets in Europe, such as for passenger cars, Toyota). Production in France, entirely carried
their market share has decreased in France, but out by French groups, represents 2% of global

64%
has grown in our European neighbours. In 2019, production, i.e. 510,000 units in 2019, including
the sales of French groups represented 64.3% of 65,000 units for partners (13% of their production
the total light commercial vehicle market in France, in France).
up 0.4 point compared to 2018, but at a level more
than 5 points lower compared to 2005. In Europe
excluding France, their market share is significant
and has been consolidating year by year, going
from 24% in 2011 to 34% in 2019 (see page 20). French groups market share

MARKET SHARE OF FRENCH LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ► RANKING OF MAJOR NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL
ON THE FRENCH MARKET VEHICLES IN 2019
As a %
74
Brand Model 2019 Market share
72
RENAULT KANGOO 44,572 9.3%

70 RENAULT MASTER 32,552 6.8%

68 RENAULT TRAFIC 30,885 6.4%

PEUGEOT PARTNER 28,474 5.9%

66
64.3 CITROËN BERLINGO 26,773 5.6%
64
FIAT DUCATO 25,341 5.3%

62
RENAULT CLIO 22,953 4.8%

60 PEUGEOT EXPERT 22,338 4.7%

58 CITROËN JUMPY 16,796 3.5%

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2019
PEUGEOT BOXER 14,502 3.0%
PRODUCTION OF FRENCH LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
In thousands IN FRANCE CITROËN JUMPER 13,837 2.9%
600
CITROËN C3 13,378 2.8%
510
500 PEUGEOT 208 13,165 2.7%

MERCEDES-BENZ SPRINTER 13,003 2.7%

400 371
FORD T.CUSTOM 10,614 2.2%
300
FORD TRANSIT 9,772 2.0%

200 VOLKSWAGEN TRANSPORT 8,541 1.8%

RENAULT TRUCKS MASTER RT 7,660 1.6%

100
MERCEDES-BENZ VITO 7,348 1.5%

0 VOLKSWAGEN CRAFTER 5,785 1.2%

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2019
Source: CCFA Source: CCFA

Thanks to the success of their models (Renault 13 are models from French manufacturers. than doubled and now represents 26% of the total
Kangoo, Citroën Berlingo, Peugeot Partner, production of light vehicles in France (compared
Opel Combo), the French groups are particularly Light commercial vehicles are vehicles with to 16% in 2013). In line with the growth of the
present in the small van segment (82% of sales high value-added products that are more easily French and European market for light commercial
in this market) as well as in that of passenger manufactured in France. Over the last twenty vehicles, their production in France further
cars derivatives (87%) (Renault Clio, Peugeot years, the production of light commercial vehicles increased by 3% in 2019.
208). Regarding the largest market, the van by French manufacturers in France has increased
segment, competition is more marked: French from 371,000 units in 2000 to 510,000 in 2019.
groups represent 61%, up 5 points since 2010. It first fluctuated between 300,000 and 400,000
All segments combined, out of the 20 best-selling units between 2000 and 2008, then collapsed to
light commercial vehicle models in France in 2019, 180,000 units in 2009. Since that date, it has more
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 43
 france • markets & vehicles in use

HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES IN USE

In 2019, the household car ownership rate 66% of low-income households (less than 15,000
increased by 0.1 point to reach 85%. Multi- euros per year) are equipped with at least one car.
car households represented nearly 37% of all
households, against 30% in 2000, 26% in 1990 84% of households aged between 65 and 74 and
and 16% in 1980. Households with 3 or more cars 78% of over 75s have cars (75% in 2017). The

85%
represent 5.2% of all households (see page 93). possession of a driving licence and the share
of drivers in this age group continue to increase
93.2% of households living in rural or peri-urban steadily.
areas (rural areas close to towns) own a vehicle.
The rate of possession of a driving licence among
65.5% of households living in the Paris region are individuals under 25 is not declining: it is around
Car ownership rates motorised. In other French urban areas, the rates 65% among 18-21 year olds and around 84%
remain closer to 80%. among 22-25 year olds. It is 90% for those over 75.

► CAR OWNERSHIP RATE (HOUSEHOLDS WITH AT LEAST ONE CAR) (AS A %)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019

BY SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL CATEGORY
Farmers 95.9% 98.9% 91.1% 100.0% 92.1% 88.0% 93.3%
Farm workers 74.7% - - - - - -
Tradesmen, craftsmen, business owners 95.2% 89.4% 90.6% 91.2% 91.1% 90.9% 90.3%
Self-employed professionals, executives 94.4% 85.5% 84.6% 83.7% 84.1% 83.2% 84.9%
Middle management 93.3% 88.7% 90.8% 87.6% 89.8% 88.0% 89.2%
White collar workers 78.3% 75.9% 77.5% 80.9% 82.5% 80.1% 82.1%
Blue collar workers 87.2% 89.7% 88.7% 89.1% 91.2% 90.9% 92.0%
Non-working population 54.6% 65.8% 70.9% 72.8% 77.1% 77.6% 80.9%
of which retired persons 59.4% 70.9% 76.0% 76.2% 80.1% 80.6% 83.2%
BY AREA OF RESIDENCE
Rural areas 82.1% 88.6% 91.1% 92.4% 92.7% 92.9% 93.2%
Towns with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants 76.6% 84.7% 86.1% 88.4% 90.2% 91.1% 92.7%
Towns with 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants 77.3% 80.0% 84.2% 83.7% 87.1% 87.8% 88.8%
Towns with over 100,000 inhabitants 74.2% 75.1% 76.6% 78.5% 80.8% 81.4% 83.1%
Greater Paris 77.0%
60.8 60.4 61;5 63.6 59.7 65.5
Inner Paris 47.3%
BY LOCATION OF RESIDENCE
Town center - 67.6% 69.4% 69.2% 73.0% 71.6% 74.0%
Suburb - 79.3% 80.5% 80.9% 83.2% 82.1% 84.0%
Peri-urban area - 88.5% 89.8% 91.2% 91.6% 92.5% 93.5%
Rural area - 85.3% 90.4% 92.6% 94.8% 94.4% 91.3%
BY AGE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
Under 25 - 51.2% 49.3% 63.3% 64.9% 74.0% -
25 to 34 - 85.1% 82.4% 82.3% 83.9% 82.5% 85.2%
35 to 44 - 86.7% 86.3% 87.5% 88.0% 87.3% 88.5%
45 to 54 - 87.5% 87.4% 86.1% 88.1% 84.7% 85.9%
55 to 64 - 84.9% 87.0% 86.7% 86.9% 85.1% 87.2%
65 to 74 - 84.0%
61.9% 69.0% 70.8% 76.2% 78.6%
Over 75 - 77.7%
ALL 76.5% 78.4% 80.3% 81.2% 83.5% 82.9% 85.0%
VEHICLES WITH A WOMAN AS THEIR MAIN DRIVER - - 40.4% 40.7% 41.5% 41.9% 43.7%
Sources: INSEE until 1993, KANTAR TNS PARC AUTO since 1994

The car ownership rate is measured by the workers and farmers are highly multi-vehicled
percentage of households with at least one car. categories. Their car ownership rate averages
After several years of decline, it has increased over 90%.
since 2015 (+2 points) to stand at 85% in 2019.
● The categories of employees and inactive
It is largely linked to the income, the age of (including retirees) are relatively less equipped but,
the head of household, the socio-professional since 2000, their car ownership rate has increased
category, the geographical area and the number steadily (+3.5 and +10 points respectively).
CAR OWNERSHIP BASED ON AREA
of people in the household.
As a % OF RESIDENCE
From 2010 to 2017, the proportion of households
● While the wealthiest 20% of households have a that were “demotorised” (among those without 100
93.2 92.7
car ownership rate higher than 90% in 2018, the a vehicle) increased steadily, from 2 to 3% per
90 88.8
lowest 20% have at least one car at 60%. year. However, for 2 years, the demotorisation
83.1
rate has stabilised around 56%. The main cause
80
● Car ownership rates in cities with more than of non-motorisation remains the lack of a driving
100,000 inhabitants stabilised around 84% in licence, followed by the lack of need, preference
70
2019, compared to 75% in 1995. It is down slightly for public transport, cycling or walking, the cost of 65.5
in the greater Paris district (-2 points to 65.5%) but ownership too high and difficulty in parking. Among 60
up in the greater Marseille, Lyon and Lille districts non-motorised households, 14% of them plan to
after declining in 2018. In Lille and Lyon, car buy again in the next two years, up slightly from 50
ownership rate now exceeds their previous levels. last year. RURAL FEWER THAN 20,000 TO OVER GREATER
● Rural households, large families, as well as AREAS 20,000 100,000 100,000 PARIS
INHABITANTS INHABITANTS INHABITANTS REGION

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
1995 2005 2015 2019
44
 france • markets & vehicles in use

HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES IN USE

After declining steadily from the 2000s, daily car use years in 1995.
stabilised at around 72% between 2013 and 2018. In
2019, it fell by 3 points: the share of vehicles in the fleet The drop in the share of diesel vehicles in registrations
used daily or almost daily reached 69%, compared to has an impact on the composition of the fleet. The
72.5% in 2018 and 79% in 2000. The share of vehicles share of diesel in the fleet has declined for 4 years to
used for home-work journeys has however stabilised at stand at 54% in 2019.
around 52%. In 2019, that of business trips other than
home-work trips amounted to 15%. As for trips related The average accumulated mileage on the clock has

7 10
to education, their share was 22%. fluctuated since 2005 around 104,000 km, compared
to 70,000 km at the start of the 1990s. It has declined
The average age of the household fleet and the length slightly for 4 years and stood at 102,100 km in 2019.

OUT OF
of vehicle ownership tend to increase over the long Average mileage for diesel cars dipped slightly in
term. But in 2019, for the first time in 10 years, these 2019 (127,500 km), but remained 17,000 km above
two indicators fell slightly: the average age of the fleet its 2000 level; that of a petrol cars, less intensively used,
stood at 8.9 years, compared to 9.1 years in 2018, continues to decline to 71,800 km (-11,000 km since Cars are used on a daily
and the length of vehicle ownership reached 5.5 years, 2000).
compared to 5.6 in 2018, 4.4 years in 2000 and 4.1 (or almost daily) basis

► VEHICLES IN USE (OWNED, LEASED OR LOANED) BY HOUSEHOLDS

units 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Total millions 23.0 25.1 27.4 31.0 33.6 34.1 36.1
Average age year 5.8 6.6 7.3 7.7 8.0 8.9 8.9
Average ownership period year 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.5 5.5
BREAKDOWN BY AUTOMOTIVE GROUP
Renault Group % 33.3 33.3 33.3 30.2 28.6 28.3 27.6
PSA Group (1) % 38.3 36.2 35.2 36.4 38.2 36.5 39.2
Foreign brands % 28.4 30.5 31.4 33.2 33.2 35.2 33.2
BREAKDOWN BY FISCAL POWER
2 and 3 CV % 3.4 1.6 0.7
43.3 44.4 49.2 51.7
4 and 5 CV % 38.4 38.9 40.5
6 and 7 CV % 47.1 48.6 50.0 46.6 42.5 39.0 35.7
8 CV and above % 12.8 10.9 8.8 10.1 13.1 11.8 12.6
BREAKDOWN BY VEHICLE RANGE
Low range % 39.4 43.4 45.1 44.5 46.8 49.3 47.7
Low-mid % 20.8 24.3 27.3 32.2 30.9 29.2 25.7
High-mid % 26.0 22.2 19.9 16.2 11.5 7.9 4.9
Premium range % 8.7 7.0 7.0 5.7 5.0 3.0 2.3
Others % 5.1 3.2 0.8 1.4 5.7 10.6 18.5
Percentage of vehicles purchased new % 50.4 45.2 43.9 40.1 41.1 41.5 41.8
BREAKDOWN BY TYPE OF FUEL USED
Premium unleaded - Petrol % 16.2 38.4 49.1
51.1 40.1 38;8 46.0
Premium leaded - AVSR % 65.6 28.8 11.9
Diesel % 18.2 30.9 38.1 48.9 59.9 61.2 54.0
Kilometres on clock km 69,500 84,080 93,140 99,460 103,470 105,590 102,120
Percentage of vehicles used on daily or near daily basis % 75.1 77.4 78.7 75.7 71.8 71.9 69.0
Percentage of vehicles used for travel to and from work % 55.4 54.3 55.1 55.2 53.7 52.2 52.0
Note: Years after 2007 cannot be compared directly with previous years; the scope of light commercial vehicles has been enlarged.
(1) Since 2017, Opel is integrated within PSA group.
Sources: INSEE until 1993, KANTAR TNS PARC AUTO since 1994

The PARC AUTO survey, conducted by KANTAR the fleet, compared to 7% for cars in the high-
TNS every year, provides a detailed description of mid range. The share of cars in the miscellaneous
vehicles on the road, which are owned or available range, made up mainly of 4WD, SUV, is growing
to households. strongly. It stands at 14.6%, a doubling of their
weight compared to 2015.
This fleet mainly includes passenger cars, but also
light commercial vehicles (around 4% of the total). The high average age of the fleet implies a low rate
of equipment in terms of automatic gearboxes and VEHICLE USE
The renewal of the petrol fleet continues with an emergency systems (eCall) even if it is progressing As a %
average age that has fallen by a year and a half steadily. In 2019, this ratio was respectively 14% 80
since 2014, to reach 8.6 years. The average age (compared to 9% in 2016) and 6% (compared to
of diesel has stabilised at around 9.2 years. The 3% in 2016). This share is higher in multi-vehicle 69
70
weight of vehicles over 5 years old in the fleet has households at 18% and 7%.
been declining for 2 years and amounted to 65% in
2019. This is explained by the decline in the share Regarding the frequency of driving, more than 80% 60
of 5-10 year olds (-3 points in 2 years), while that of rural and small town residents use their vehicle 52
of those over 10 stabilised at around 33%. regularly. In the greater Paris area, this frequency 50
is only 50% and tends to decrease in inner Paris
The most popular fiscal powers are between 2 and the inner suburbs. By contrast, in other large 40
and 5 CV. Low and low-mid ranges cars are very urban areas, use is intensifying: nearly 7 out of 10 PERCENTAGE OF VEHICLES PERCENTAGE OF VEHICLES
popular and their share in the fleet has remained households regularly use their car in 2019. USED ON DAILY OR NEAR
DAILY BASIS
USED FOR TRAVEL
TO AND FROM WORK
high compared to those of higher ranges: in 2019
they represented 48% and 26% respectively of 1995 2005 2015 2019

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 45
 france • transport: passengers and goods

DOMESTIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT

Personal mobility is a social and economic (+0.2%) to reach 988 billion passenger-kilometres.
necessity which allows exchanges between After stagnating in 2018, passenger car mobility
individuals, as is a source of wealth and job fell very slightly in 2019 (-0.3%), despite the
creation. stability of fuel prices.

+0.2%
Expressed in passenger-kilometres and limited to Unlike 2018, passenger transport is driven by
domestic transport, the road is the primary means public transport, which grew by 2.7% thanks
of transport of individuals and its share remains to rail transport. It returned to growth after the
stable in 2019: 81% for the passenger car and 6% strikes in 2018, and rose 4.3% in 2019, despite the
for buses, coaches and trams. social unrest in December. Conversely, public road
transport fell by 0.1% in 2019. Even if urban public
The private car but also the light commercial transport grew by 2.8% and so-called “Macron”
Stability of domestic passenger vehicle, is used for door-to-door mobility. They coaches continue to develop (+8.1%), half of the
transport all modes expressed in cater to a large number of individual constraints passenger-kilometres of collective road transport
passenger-kilometres in 2019 (the elderly, children, disabled, transport of heavy are carried out by the “other coaches” category,
or bulky objects) and provide a suitable solution which fell by 2.3% in 2019.
in low-density housing areas or where flows are
not sufficient (shift work) for public transport to Finally, air transport continues to grow (+2%),
be a good solution from an economic or societal driven by the installation of low-cost companies
point of view. and the increase in transverse lines (province-
province).
After a slight decline in 2018 (-0.2%), domestic
passenger transport grew very slightly in 2019

BREAKDOWN OF PASSENGER DOMESTIC TRANSPORT BY MODE IN 2019

CHANGES IN DOMESTIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT CHANGES IN DOMESTIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT

Base 100 in 1990 Base 100 in 1990
PER INHABITANT (INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE)
130 145
125 135
+2.7 %
120 125
115 115
-0.3 %
110 105
+0.1 % 95 Change
105
2019/2018
FOR 2019/2018
100 85
1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
ALL POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN FRANCE DOMESTIC TRANSPORT PER INHABITANT INDIVIDUAL TRANSPORT (PASSENGERS CARS) PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Sources: MTE/SDES, INSEE

Individual mobility is of course linked to the of transport, for the transport of merchandise, other modes of transport (bicycles, motorcycles,
economy, as is freight transport, but also include origin-destination, distance, time and etc.) may play a major role, or in passenger-
comprises a social dimension, i.e. bringing people quantities/volumes of merchandise transported. kilometres for long-distance international travel,
together, which remains a crucial element. These choices now being impacted by the digital each mode of transport appears pertinent and
economy that has given rise to the development complementary.
Whilst freight transport is more of a productive of new individual transport services.
industrial, artisanal or agricultural function, Domestic passenger transport, expressed in
individual mobility clearly covers a much broader Individual transport for each mode of transport passenger-kilometres relative to the number of
economic scope. requires major investments which are generally inhabitants, increased continuously between 1990
written down over a long period for the construction and 2002 (+1.1% per year). Then, due in particular
Whilst home-to-work travel is the foundation of it, and maintenance of infrastructures. to the rise of fuel prices, a ceiling seems to have
the development of the economy – including the been reached and an average drop of 0.5% was
tertiary sector – relies on individual mobility. This When mobility is expressed in passenger- observed between 2002 and 2013. Since 2014,
situation is accentuated in the case of services kilometres, light vehicles come out dominant in domestic passenger transport per inhabitant
to individuals in the areas of health, tourism, etc. domestic passenger transport. When expressed in has increased again, related to the increase in
terms of the number of daily trips, and in particular individual mobility, but this growth stopped in 2018
The determining factors in the choice of type in dense urban areas, where public transport and and remains very weak in 2019.

46 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • transport: passengers and goods

DOMESTIC FREIGHT TRANSPORT

Freight transport is the drive-belt of the economy: each year. From 2016, the economic recovery
it physically links together merchandise production is fueling growth, accelerating in 2017 (+6.7%)
sites, and those sites to the point of consumption, thanks to the dynamism of the foreign pavilion,
and then those points of consumption to but also the French pavilion. In 2018 and 2019,
reprocessing and recycling sites. As well as this growth continued (+3% then +2.8%) as well

+2.6%
these geographical dimensions linked to territorial as the good performance of French and foreign
planning, there is also the notion of time. pavilions. Over the 2015-2019 period, road freight
transport is growing at an average rate of 4% per
Road freight transport ticks a number of boxes year, but the level of activity remains below its
in favour of modal transport. Its share in the pre-crisis level of 2008.
freight transport remains stable (around 85% of
tonnes-kilometres covered) and distances under Rail freight transport, affected by the strikes in
300 kilometres stand out, making the transfer the second half of the year, fell sharply in 2018
Increase of domestic freight
to modal transport more difficult: 53% of tonnes (-4.2%). It recovered in 2019 and increased by transport measured in tonnes-
loaded under the French flag are delivered fewer 1.7%, despite the social movements of the fourth kilometres in 2019
than 50 kilometres away in 2018. quarter. Since the 2009 crisis, it has fluctuated
around 33 billion tonne-kilometres (60% of its 2000
Between 2010 and 2015, road freight transport level) and its market share stood at 9% in 2019
fell by 1.5% on average annually, in line with the (compared to 16% in 2000). After several years
decline in the activity of French operators (-2.6%/ of stagnation at a very low level, river transport
year), whilst foreign operators increased 0.8% rebounded strongly in 2019 (+9.8%).

DOMESTIC FREIGHT TRANSPORT IN FRANCE BREAKDOWN OF FREIGHT TRANSPORT USING

In billions of tonnes-kilometres FRENCH HAULIERS ACCORDING TO THE LONG DISTANCE IN 2018
450 As a %
100
400 90
350 80
300 70
250 60
50
200
40
150 30 Less than
300 km
100 Road share (1984-2019) 58%  86% 20
50 10
Rail share (1984-2019) 27%  9%
0 0
TONNES TONNES-KILOMETRES
1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 500 KM AND OVER 150 TO UNDER 300 KM LESS THAN 50 KM
OIL PIPELINES FLUVIAL TRANSPORT RAIL TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT 300 TO UNDER 500 KM 50 TO UNDER 150 KM
Source: MTE/SDES Source: MTE/SDES, Road Freight Haulage survey

Demand for freight transport is closely linked to Domestic demand from the different economic because of unloading and reloading between
the country’s economy and its interactions with actors concerns a wide variety of freight and different modes of transport.
other nations; on the one hand it corresponds to goods. It is satisfied by national (auto)production
domestic demand from the different economic or by imports, and transport allows the production Because of its ability to use the convenient
actors involved and on the other, exports of sites to be linked up physically between them, routing facilities of the road network, its flexibility,
companies producing in the country. Also, some and then with sites of consumption, and finally its capacity for adaptation and quality of service,
countries, like Germany and France, because with reprocessing and recycling sites: in France road freight transport meets all these criteria,
of their geographical position, are key areas for in particular, spatial planning policies play a major which show that transport is not a homogenous
the transit of freight. In road freight transport, role. ensemble but a multitude of sub-markets, which
this translates into a phenomenon of cabotage in most cases is difficult to replace. Thus, modal
but also, over recent years, the arrival of foreign Because of the great variety of freight and goods, transfer is not possible for most freight flows, in
players who are taking increasing market share numerous factors come into play and shape the particular over the final kilometres, or because
from the French operators. choice of modes of transport. Such is the case for: it extends transport distances too much. Good
- the weight of freight: automotive manufacturers inter-modality is based on an acceptable economic
Physical transfer of freight and goods exported by transport their spools of steel mainly by rail or river; cost and efficient transfers between the different
a country is one of the routes to competitiveness of - the value of freight and goods transported; modes of transport.
an economy. Amongst other things, the cost must - delivery time: perishable goods such as fresh
not be too high, compared to other countries, so as products must be transported quickly, and are Apart from the geographical position of the
to facilitate export activities. Thus, the social and therefore primarily transported by road; departure and arrival points, two main factors are
fiscal cost on the road mode, whether common law - the departure and arrival point of freight; as much used to measure the freight transport: per tonne
or specific (fuel tax), should not differ too much during the production phase linked with spatial at the time of loading and tonnes-kilometres. The
from that prevailing in other European countries, planning as during the consumption phase. The road remains dominant in freight transport with a
in order to cope with the competition and facilitate latter is primarily in urban areas, because that is stable 86% share of tonne-kilometres completed.
export activity. where people mostly live. The road freight transport survey carried out by
the Transport Ministry shows the predominance
The destination and type of freight or goods Also, different modes of transport require the of distances under 300 kilometres: 49% of tonnes
exchanged are criteria which are often decisive efficient use of infrastructure, which means are transported by French hauliers over distances
in the choice of modes of transport. Liquids can substantial investment, generally written off over under 50 kilometres and 53% of tonnes-kilometres
be transported by road, thus avoiding unloading long periods. Intensive use, i.e. massification under 300 kilometres.
and reloading, and ports are used, amongst other of flows, becomes all the more pertinent in this
things, for trade with distant lands. respect. The same applies if, during the transport
chain, several modes of transport are used

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 47
 france • transport: passengers and goods

ROAD TRAFFIC
between 1990 and 2000, its growth slowed down The circulation of light commercial vehicles
over the following decades. Between 2000 and 2012, registered in France, although less dynamic than
it grew by 1.2% per year, then, from 2012, its growth in 2018, remained strong in 2019 (+1.5%). On the

+0.6%
rate was divided by 2 (+0.6% per year). It remained other hand, that of heavy goods vehicles, which was
on the rise between 2015 and 2018, then stabilised very dynamic in 2017, slowed down sharply in 2018
in 2019 (+ 0.1%). and fell slightly in 2019 (-0.1%), under the effect of
the economic slowdown.
Traffic is mainly carried out by light vehicles, which
represent 92% of the total traffic. In a context At the end of 2019, more than 50% of the passenger
Average annual increase of higher fuel prices and record traffic levels, the car fleet meets Euro 5 or Euro 6 standards. For
circulation of passenger cars under the French flag heavy goods vehicles, the percentage of the fleet
in traffic since 2012 has been declining for 2 years (-0.3% in 2018 and complying with Euro V or Euro VI standards now
-0.2% in 2019). This is explained both by the drop in exceeds 60%. Their virtuous presence in traffic is
While road traffic, expressed in billions of vehicle- average journeys per vehicle, but also by the stability all the more important as they are more on the road
kilometres increased by an average of 2.1% per year of the passenger car fleet in 2019. than old vehicles.

► OVERVIEW OF ROAD TRAFFIC Average annual change as a %

Units 1990 2000 2012 2015 2018 2019
2012/1990 2019/2012 2019/2018
TOTAL VEHICLES (ANNUAL AVERAGES) thousands of vehicles 28,106 33,464 41,653 42,929 44,465 44,382 +1.8 +0.9 -0.2
New passenger cars 23,280 27,770 35,623 36,567 37,732 37,728 +2.0 +0.8 -0.0
Petrol 19,760 18,150 13,132 12,874 14,140 14,756 -1.8 +1.7 +4.4
Diesel 3,520 9,621 22,264 23,460 23,293 22,636 +8.7 +0.2 -2.8
Electric and hydrogen - - 7 33 92 121 - +51.3 +31.7
Rechargeables hybrids and gas - - 202 184 194 203 - +0.1 +4.5
Light commercial vehicles (LCV) 4,223 5,062 5,357 5,701 6,051 5,967 +1.1 +1.6 -1.4
Petrol 2,279 1,302 279 243 229 222 -9.1 -3.2 -3.2
Diesel 1,944 3,761 5,049 5,420 5,772 5,691 +4.4 +1.7 -1.4
Electric and hydrogen - - 6 17 31 36 - +29.7 +18.2
Rechargeables hybrids and gas - - 18 16 16 15 - -2.5 -1.6
Heavy trucks (>5t) 535 551 587 573 590 593 +0.4 +0.2 +0.5
Coaches and buses 68 81 86 89 91 93 +1.1 +1.1 +1.9
KILOMETRES (ANNUAL AVERAGES) thousands of km
New passenger cars 13.4 13.5 12.6 12.5 12.3 12.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.2
Petrol 11.9 10.7 8.1 8.1 8.7 8.9 -1.7 +1.4 +3.1
Diesel 21.3 18.8 15.2 14.8 14.5 14.4 -1.5 -0.8 -0.4
Electric and hydrogen 0.0 0.0 8.7 9.6 9.2 9.3 - +1.0 +1.7
Rechargeables hybrids and gas 0.0 0.0 13.3 12.4 12.4 12.7 - -0.6 +2.5
Light commercial vehicles (LCV) 14.6 15.5 15.0 14.3 14.3 14.7 +0.1 -0.3 +2.9
Diesel 20.2 18.0 15.6 14.8 14.6 14.9 -1.2 -0.6 +2.2
Electric and hydrogen 0.0 0.0 14.5 10.5 16.3 19.0 - +3.9 +16.6
Rechargeables hybrids and gas 0.0 0.0 10.1 9.5 11.0 12.3 - +2.9 +11.9
Heavy trucks (>5t) 36.1 41.2 44.6 43.8 44.7 44.4 +1.0 -0.1 -0.7
Coaches and buses 31.0 30.2 34.8 34.3 35.0 34.3 +0.5 -0.2 -2.0
CONSUMPTION PER VEHICLE litres/100 km
Passenger cars: petrol 8.68 8.12 7.66 7.42 7.18 7.10 -0.6 -1.1 -1.1
Passenger cars: diesel 6.73 6.74 6.36 6.16 6.01 6.04 -0.3 -0.8 +0.5
LCV: diesel 9.77 9.67 9.20 8.93 8.71 8.80 -0.3 -0.6 +1.0
Heavy trucks: diesel 36.23 36.62 34.97 34.50 33.72 33.32 -0.2 -0.7 -1.2
Buses and coaches: diesel 32.00 32.99 32.78 31.81 31.09 30.72 +0.1 -0.9 -1.2
FUEL CONSUMPTION (ALL ROAD
millions of litres
TRANSPORT)
Petrol 24,110 18,729 9,805 9,389 10,418 11,053 -4.0 +1.7 +6.1
Diesel 17,977 30,779 41,911 41,483 40,910 40,283 +3.9 -0.6 -1.5
Total 42,086 49,508 51,716 50,872 51,329 51,336 +0.9 -0.1 +0.0
billions of
TOTAL TRAFFIC (1) 420 518 598 606 623 623 +1.6 +0.6 +0.1
vehicles-km
Light vehicles and motorcycles 389 476 551 558 573 573 +1.6 +0.6 +0.1
Heavy trucks 22.4 29.5 32.9 33.1 34.9 34.9 +1.8 +0.8 -0.1
(1) Including vehicles registered abroad.
Source: MTE/SDES/CCTN

Road traffic is estimated by cross referencing The decline in diesel engines is accelerating in 2015 and 2019 after 15 years of decline. In recent
information from vehicle accounting on the different 2019. Overall, for light vehicles, its share in the years, the drop in unit consumption of heavy goods
road networks (national, county, local and urban) fleet has decreased to 65% and its share in traffic vehicles has been accentuated, falling by almost
with annual average kilometre distances covered is 71%. Regarding the petrol fleet, more than four 3.5% between 2015 and 2019. The heavy trucks
by vehicles on the road and fuel consumption data, out of five cars are now compatible with unleaded fleet has also changed and now includes more
including vehicles registered abroad. 95-E10, which accounts for 48% of total petrol than 45% of vehicles responding to the Euro VI
deliveries. standard, which came into force on January 1,
In 2020, the traffic balance was partially “rebased”. 2014. This proportion is even higher within the
It is now based on the new SDES road vehicle Since 2017, the decline in average unit consumption tractor fleet, with 2 out of 3 vehicles meeting the
directory, which combines information from of cars, observed in recent decades, is going down. Euro VI standard. Over the past ten years, there
registration certificates and technical inspections. Continuous improvement in technical performance has also been a steady increase in the proportion of
Based on this new source of information, the fleet of is more difficult to compensate for the impact of the vehicles over 20 tonnes in the heavy vehicle fleet.
vehicles registered in France has been reassessed renewal of petrol in registrations and the appeal of They represented 27% of the fleet in 2011. Their
and amounts to 44.4 million vehicles in 2019. It SUVs. In 2019, the average unit consumption of share has now reached 35%. The rejuvenation of
grew by an average of 0.9% per year between 2012 cars even increased slightly (+0.3%). the vehicle fleet as well as the increase in vehicle
and 2019, period for which the data in the new carrying capacity help to optimise the energy
database are available. As for the heavy vehicle fleet, it has returned to efficiency of road freight transport.
growth since 2015 and grew by 3.4% between
48 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • transport: passengers and goods

ROAD TRAFFIC AND CO2 EMISSIONS

Since 1990, traffic of French and foreign vehicles gains of petrol, which were greater than for diesel.
in France has increased by 48%; the associated But in 2019, the decline came to a halt again with
CO2 emissions, net of renewable energies, have the continued increase in the share of petrol cars
only increased by 8%. in the fleet (+2 points) and their average annual
mileage (+3%).
Different factors explain this improved energy
efficiency. The drop in unitary average Energy efficiency in merchandise transport
consumption of passenger cars registered and continued to improve. According to the latest
Drop in average unitary in use in France was 23% since 1990. This figures, the quantity of CO2 emitted by a heavy
consumption of passenger cars on downward trend is due to the dieselisation of the truck, when moving one tonne of goods over
car fleet, the efforts of manufacturers and drivers one kilometre on French territory, has fallen by
the road since 1990 and the impact of the bonus/penalty system 16% since 1990. This improvement is primarily
introduced in 2008. The trend was interrupted explained by improved vehicle performance (better
punctually in 2017, mainly due to the increase, engine performance, bigger vehicle size, allowing
since 2013, in the share of petrol vehicles, which massification), optimisation of logistics (better fill
consumes more energy (7.1 l/100 km of petrol, rates, fewer returns empty), and the dissemination
compared to 6 l for diesel). In 2018, passenger of good eco-driving practices.
car consumption fell mainly due to the efficiency

TRAFFIC IN FRANCE AND CORRESPONDING CO2 EMISSIONS AVERAGE CONSUMPTION OF A PASSENGER CAR ON THE ROAD (1)
NET OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Base 100 in 1990 Litres per 100 km
150
145
9
140
135
130
8
125
120
115 7
110
105
100 6
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018
OVERALL ROAD TRANSPORT NET EMISSIONS TOTAL TRAFFIC (LIGHT VEHICLES, HEAVY ALL PETROL DIESEL
TRUCKS, COACHES AND BUSES) INCLUDING
Sources: CITEPA, MTE/SDES/CCTN FOREIGN VEHICLES IN BILLIONS OF VEH-KM (1) Unit consumption includes the overconsumption effects associated with biofuels
Source: Road traffic report (MTE/SDES)

CHANGE IN TRANSPORT ENERGY EFFICIENCY (2)

Base 100 in1990

102

97

92

87

82
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018
FREIGHT PASSENGERS

(2) Energy efficiency relates to the change in the amount of CO2 emitted in order to transport one ton of goods (or a passenger) one kilometre by heavy truck (or passenger car) driving on
French roads. The reduction of CO2 emissions due to the use of biofuels is taken into account.
Sources: MTE/SDES, CCFA calculations

The circulation of passenger cars results from two mileage, meanwhile, is down (-3% since 2012), in linked among other things to the effects of the
components: the car park and their average annual a context of a slowdown in the cycle. economic crisis. Since then, CO2 emissions have
mileage. Over a long period, the rate of growth stabilised at around 125 million tonnes, thanks to
of the park has slowed down considerably, after In 2019, new estimates from the "Centre improved energy efficiency.
the access-to-vehicle phase. The development of Interprofessionnel d’Etudes de la Pollution
multimotorisation, followed by significant increases Atmospérique" (CITEPA) for road transport show
in fuel prices, are the main factors linked to the net CO2 emissions from renewable energies of 123
decline in average annual mileage. Since 2012, million tonnes. After the ceiling observed at the
we have seen an increase in the growth rate of beginning of the 2000s, around 135 million tonnes,
the fleet of 0.8% on average. The average annual a sharp decline was recorded from 2004 to 2009,

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 49
 france • transport: passengers and goods

NEW USES OF THE AUTOMOBILE

New improving technologies, economic constraints Among the changes, there has also been strong
and the people growing awareness of environmental growth in the number of chauffeur-driven vehicles
issues have fostered the development of new (voitures de transport avec chauffeur - VTC) and
consumption and lifestyle trends in several sectors new mobility services (passenger information, route
that favour the use rather than ownership. planning, ticketing, parking assistance).

14%
In transport, the trend has taken the form of the The automotive groups have adapted their offers to
development of new uses for cars, favouring these new needs and are positioning themselves as
vehicle sharing by the use of information and true mobility operators by creating new dedicated
communication technologies. These include entities (Renault M.A.I, Free2Move) and offering
carpooling, car-sharing and rental between private a whole range of new services: short rentals,
individuals. car-sharing for businesses or individuals, "free-
floating", but also platforms for rental services
of respondents carpooled in 2019
Car-sharing reduces operating and maintenance with drivers (taxis, VTC) and MAAS (Mobility As (KANTAR TNS survey)
costs and increases the availability of transport A Service) combining multimodal information and
in outer-urban and rural areas at a lower cost to ticketing tools. They have also invested in mobility
the community. In densely-populated areas, it is and connected services companies: acquisition of
also a complement to public transport (loading TravelCar for PSA, investments in various start-ups
and staggered timetables) that improves vehicle (Karhoo, Yuso, Como, iCabbi, Glide) for Renault.
occupancy rates, with positive effects on the
environment and energy consumption.
MAIN REASONS FOR CARPOOLING

CARPOOLING PRACTICE SURVEY OVER LAST 12 MONTHS 12%

As a % of respondents
16 5%

14 13.7 7%

12 11.0 7%

10
69%
8.5
8
6.6
6.1
6 5.4
4.7
4 Cheaper

2 More practical

0 More friendly
CARPOOL CARPOOL COMMUTING CARPOOL LONG JOURNEYS CARPOOLING SHORT TRIPS
Quicker
PRACTICE (NOT EXCLUSIVE) (NOT EXCLUSIVE) (NOT EXCLUSIVE)
More convenient timewise
2012 2014 2017 2019
Source: PARCAUTO TNS Sofres survey handled by CCFA and IFSTTAR Source: 6t/ADEME

CARPOOLING for journeys over 100 km and 6.1% for journeys and the State has set itself the target of tripling
under 100 km. In total, 13.7% of respondents the number of daily journeys made by carpooling
Carpooling is defined in France’s energy made a carpool trip in 2019, unchanged compared by 2024.
transition law for green growth as "the joint use to 2018. The latest ADEME (French environment
of a motorised land vehicle by a driver and one or agency) study shows that carpooling is gradually Within the framework of Renault’s Guyancourt
more passengers, without charge, except for the becoming a transport solution in its own right, with Technocentre inter-company mobility plan, the
sharing of costs, in the context of a journey that the the average carpooler age increasing (now 33), no firm offers its employees the possibility of using
driver makes on his own account. For this purpose, longer the exclusive domain of young urbanites, and Klaxit to carpool. 86% of those registered found
they may be brought together subject to a charge" now encompassing rural communities and older carpoolers on their journeys and at the times
(Art. L. 3132-1). The French mobility framework people. 69% of car-poolers cited economic reasons they needed. In addition, through its MOBILIZE
law (LOM) promulgated on December 24, 2019 as their drivers. fund, Renault supports ECOV, which works with
gives substantial column-space to carpooling. local authorities to build reliable spontaneous and
Financial aid comes from the sustainable mobility Occasional carpooling, generally over long dynamic carpooling lines that are accessible to all
package set up for home-to-work journeys, as well distances, is the most structured. Digital in outer-urban and rural areas.
as through the possibility for local authorities to pay applications secure the transaction between drivers
an allowance to drivers or passengers. The law and passengers. According to the Parc Auto survey,
also encourages the creation of carpooler lanes. the proportion of long journeys organised via a
networking structure rose from 25% in 2012 to 63%
In practice, the spread and development of car in 2019. The average distance travelled is around
sharing is still difficult to measure. According to 239 km per journey, with an average of 3.5 people
the various surveys, regular car-pooling concerns per vehicle (BlaBlaCar, Zero Empty Seats, 2019).
5-10% of the country’s population. The Kantar TNS
Parc Auto survey indicates that in 2019, 4.7% of Home-to-work journeys and short journeys are
people surveyed had used carpooling for their more likely to be between friends or colleagues,
home-to-work journeys in the last 12 months, 8.5% but this is growing as a proportion of market players,

50 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • transport: passengers and goods

NEW USES OF THE AUTOMOBILE

PROFIL OF CAR-SHARING CAR-SHARING RENTALS

USERS IN 2019 IN 2019

59%
of trips are less
75% 55% than 50 km
of graduates of 3 years of men
higher education (53% in 2012)
or more (71% in 2012)
54%
of rentals take place
during the week

51€ / 30€
average and medium
61% 47 ans
cost of a rental
(56 € / 28 € in 2016)
of executives
years of age
and higher intellectual
on average (42 in 2012) 2.4
professions (57% in 2016)
average number of
rentals per user and
per month (2.2 in 2016)
75%
live in central cities
of agglomerations

Source: National Survey on car-sharing,6t/ADEME, 2012, 2016, 2019

► THE REASONS FOR JOINING A CAR-SHARING SERVICE

82% Avoid problems related to vehicle maintenance

81% Lower cost compared to a private car

74% Ecological nature of car-sharing

63% Avoid parking problems

46% Convenience compared to public transport

Source: National Survey on car-sharing,6t/ADEME, 2019

CAR-SHARING are getting older (now 47 years old on average), its corporate customers via RCI Mobility (which
are more qualified (73% have a baccalaureate became Glide.io in November 2020).
Car-sharing is defined in the Grenelle II Act +3 years or higher) and are financially better off
(Article 54) as the pooling of a vehicle or a fleet than the average population of the large cities in With the Free2Move application, PSA group
of motorised land transport vehicles for the benefit which they live. offers mobility services in 34 cities in 11 European
of users who are subscribers or authorised by the countries and the United States, with car-sharing
organisation or person managing the vehicles. The mobility framework law, passed at the end of services operated directly by the group, such as
Each subscriber or authorised user may access 2019, aims to facilitate the allocation of parking in Paris (Free2Move Paris), Madrid and Lisbon
a vehicle without a driver for the journey of his spaces reserved for car-sharing vehicles by the (Emov) and Washington DC (Free2 Move
or her choice and for a limited period of time. A authorities responsible for organising mobility Washington DC). PSA also offers services directed
distinction is made between P2P (rental between (AOM). These reserved parking spaces will include at companies, with a connected fleet management
private individuals), B2B (for company employees) a "car-sharing label" granted to vehicles that system (Connect Fleet), a car-sharing service
and B2C (for private individuals) commercial car- comply with the conditions defined by the AOM (Fleet Sharing) and a fleet electro-mobility advisor
sharing. (type of vehicles authorised, minimum number of service.
rentals per month, etc.).
In commercial car-sharing, the round-trip service
is when the customer picks up the vehicle at THE B2C AND B2B RANGE OF FRENCH
a station and returns to drop it off at the same CAR MANUFACTURERS:
station. Conversely, the "one-way" service allows
the user to drop the vehicle off at a different With the Renault Mobility application, Renault
station, or anywhere within a given perimeter. In group offers various car-sharing services in several
the latter case, this is known as "free-floating". major cities. In Nice, users have access to a fleet
These different systems correspond to very of self-service closed-loop car-sharing zones. In
different periods of use and needs. Paris, the group offers 100%-electric vehicles on
a free-floating basis (Moov’in Paris). Elsewhere
The latest ADEME survey, carried out in 2019, in Europe, it is joining forces with other players to
reminds us that the round-trip option is more offer car-sharing services (Zity in Madrid) or equip
substantial and longer-standing than “one-way”. car-sharing fleets with electric vehicles (Fetch
Nevertheless, free-floating has been growing since Car Sharing in Amsterdam, Aimo in Stokholm,
2016. It also shows that B2C car-sharing users etc.). Finally, Renault also offers solutions for

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 france • transport: passengers and goods

NEW USES OF THE AUTOMOBILE

SHARE OF TAXIS AND CHAUFFEUR-DRIVEN VEHICLES IN THE OFFER OF

PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS (T3P)

22%
32%

78% 68%
Share of chauffeur-driven vehicles
(VTC) in public transport for private
individuals (T3P) in 2017
2016 2017

Taxis Chauffeur-driven vehicles

Source: National Observatory of Special Public Transport of People, CGDD, July 2018

CHAUFFEUR-DRIVEN TRANSPORT • Fares are not regulated, unlike taxi fares, i.e. 10 points less than those who use traditional
VEHICLES (VOITURES DE TRANSPORT which are fixed by decree. rentals.
AVEC CHAUFFEUR - VTC)
The National Observatory of Public-Private In February 2019, PSA group acquired a French
The VTC activity involves public transport for Transport, created in 2017, and responsible start-up, TravelCar, which offers parking and rental
private individuals (T3P), defined by the transport for drawing up an inventory of the sector, has solutions for private individuals at airports.
code, which also includes taxis and two- or three- published an initial assessment of the sector.
wheeled motorised vehicles, commonly called It indicates that there were 15,000 VTCs on
“motorbike taxis”. the register in 2016 (22% of the Public-Private
Passenger Transport offer), which jumped to
Since their arrival in France at the beginning 26,000 in 2017 for 56,000 taxis, (32% of the
of 2010, VTC services have helped to broaden Public-Private Transport offer). This increase is
the mobility offer by bringing a pre-ordered the consequence of the Grandguillaume law, which
passenger transport service. However, their rapid requires drivers to register before December 31 in
development has raised many questions about order to continue their business. The observatory
their legality and about their competition with taxis, also indicates that the VTC offer is highest in Île-
leading the public authorities to review prevailing de-France, which accounts for 80% of the national
regulations. supply, compared with one-third of the taxi supply.

Originally, VTC status was inherited from "voiture In August 2017, Renault group acquired Marcel, a
de grande remise", chauffeur-driven cars whose VTC operator in Île-de-France, which it has been
origins lie in the 17th century, and the profession of operating for three years, offering the first range
"Grand Remisier", by extension, the name given to of 100%-electric VTCs.
the drivers of luxury passenger cars. In 2009, this
regime was transformed by the Novelli law, which
deregulated the activity and created the status of HIRE BETWEEN PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS
passenger car with driver. The Thévenoud (2014) Share of rentals between private
and Grandguillaume (2018) laws made it possible
to set new regulations applicable to VTCs, now
More recently, car sharing outside the private
sphere has also developed and car rental services
individuals in the short-term rental
called "chauffeur-driven transport vehicles", and between private individuals have emerged. The market in 2016
to specify the activity of the profession. rental is carried out through specialised websites,
bringing together people who do not know each
Today, VTC vehicles are subject to special set- other. It allows individuals to share their vehicle
up and operating conditions that distinguish them in return for a fee and thus make it profitable to
from taxis own and maintain their vehicle when stationary.

• The vehicle used must meet certain "top- According to the KANTAR TNS PARC AUTO
of-the-range" requirements. It must have survey, 7% of households that used a rental car in
between four and nine seats (including the 2019 (i.e. 6% of the sample) rented from a private
driver), have been on the road for less than individual, which is still a very marginal activity
six years (excluding vintage vehicles) and within the population.
meet certain technical requirements (size,
power). However, a survey conducted by the CNPA
• The driver must obtain a VTC professional indicates that this activity represented 6% of all
card and register with the national register short-term rentals (expressed in number of days)
of VTC operators. in 2016, compared to 3% the previous year, and
• Passengers must reserve in advance, that 5% of permit holders have already used it.
meaning that the vehicle may neither park The users are young (44% are under 35), less
nor drive on the public highway touting for often in work than clients of traditional agencies
business. Booking via digital platforms is (70%, compared with 83%), and less well-off: 47%
prohibited and remains reserved for taxis belong to the higher socio-professional categories,

52 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • transport: passengers and goods

THE AUTONOMOUS AND CONNECTED VEHICLE

Connected vehicles use wireless connectivity In technical and technological terms, the safety requirements for the "ALKS" function, a
systems that allow communication and "autonomous vehicle" is defined by the SAE low-speed driving delegation system that can be
information-sharing with the outside world (either (Society of Automotive Engineers) nomenclature, activated by the driver only on eligible separate
between vehicles - VTV - or between vehicles which characterises automation systems by lanes of carriageways and in traffic jams. It keeps
and the road or communication infrastructure distinguishing between driver assistance systems the vehicle in its lane at a maximum speed of 60
- VTX). Different types of services are thus (levels 1 and 2 available on the market today) and kph, or at a lower speed, by lateral and longitudinal
offered to vehicle users: music stored on their automation systems enabling the driver to delegate control for a long period of time and without driver
smartphone via Bluetooth, videos stored on the the driving task to the system (levels 3 to 5, which intervention. The regulation comes into force in
Cloud thanks to 4G LTE, remote information with are not yet on the vehicle market). January 2021.
radar connectivity, geolocation data with GNSS
systems, but also real-time traffic info, calculation Automation is developing incrementally, with an
of energy consumption, etc. increase in the number of driving functions that
can be delegated to the driver and a gradual
In addition, the development of Advanced broadening of environments in which they can
Electronic Driver Assistance and Support Systems be used.
(ADAS) on board vehicles allows the immediate
environment of vehicles to be perceived through The energy transition for green growth law of

3,000
sensors. They make driving easier or safer for August 17, 2015 legally qualifies "autonomous
the driver with, for example, parking assistance vehicles" as vehicles with partial or total delegation
(ParkingAssist), automatic windscreen wipers or of driving functions, whether they are passenger
automatic headlight control. Certain safety devices cars, goods vehicles or passenger transport
(intelligent speed adjustment, warning systems in vehicles.
case of drowsiness / loss of attention / distraction) Autonomous Vehicles
will be made compulsory by European regulations. The UNECE Regulation on Automated Lane
The progressive development of connectivity and Keeping Systems (ALKS), adopted on 24 June to be deployed
automation technologies should eventually enable 2020, is the first technical regulation on level 3 in the SCOOP project
the deployment of highly automated vehicles. automation. It establishes the strict technical and

LEVELS OF DRIVING AUTOMATION

The driver must monitor the system constantly. The driver does not have to monitor the system The driver is not required.
constantly.
Non-driving activities are Non-driving activities Non-driving activities
not permitted. are allowed on a limited are permitted at all
basis. times during the use
case.

The system is not able When the system The system identifies The system identifies The system identifies
to detect the limits of all identifies its limits, the the limit of its the limit of its the limit of its
of its capabilities. driver must be able to performance, however it performance and can performance and can
regain control of the is not able to bring the automatically cope with automatically cope with

AUTOMATION
vehicle. system back to a any situation that arises any situation occurring
DRIVER

minimum risk state for during the use case. At during the entire
all situations. As a the end of the journey.
result, the driver must emergency, the driver
be able to regain control must be able to regain
of the vehicle within a control of the vehicle.
certain period of time.
Emergency situations
can be taken into
account by the system,
provided that it can be
relayed by a human
driver.

LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

NO AUTOMATION ASSISTED DRIVING PARTIAL AUTOMATION CONDITIONAL AUTOMATION HIGH AUTOMATION FULL AUTOMATION

Automation levels were defined by SAE J3016.

Uses and issues objectives (e.g. traffic fluidity, improvement of road

There are many uses for connected and safety and environmental footprint, infrastructure
Connected to the infrastructure and other vehicles, autonomous vehicles: those relating to driving, management) and those used for the development
the automated vehicle is intended to have positive road safety, warning systems, information of commercial services.
effects on safety and the environment. It must also feedback, others relating to the vehicle itself
provide greater user comfort, freeing up travel (maintenance and repair services), others still An these applications concern all types of
time for tasks other than driving. However, its related to road infrastructure (traffic management vehicles: cars, lorries, buses, shuttles; driving
acceptability to users is subject to fundamental or management of the infrastructure itself) or on fluid or low-speed motorways in dense
issues of safety, infrastructure optimisation, the driver (insurance services or infotainment traffic, automatic valet parking, small collective
reduction of environmental impact and also local services). A clear distinction can be made between vehicles, flow control vehicles in logistics centres
employment and business. the use of the data to serve general interest or zones, urban shuttle streams (rebalancing

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 france • transport: passengers and goods

THE AUTONOMOUS AND CONNECTED VEHICLE

of car-sharing stations). In long-distance DIFFERENT TYPES OF USE
road haulage, driverless lorries could follow a Road safety
mannedvehicle at the head of the convoy, guiding Infotainment Warning systems related to
them. Multimedia and communication driving behaviour, a known
services, targeted offers, travel event or degraded traffic
experience, on-board conditions.
In the coming years, manufacturers plan to deploy payment, etc.
several Level 3 use cases: autonomous driving
in traffic jams (Traffic Jam Driver), on motorways Car insurance Traffic management
(Highway Driver) and automated parking. The Personalised insurance Management of road
based on driver behaviour occupancy and transport
deployment of multi-passenger transport using and use of the vehicle. incidents.
(driverless) robot-taxis on well-defined routes is
also envisaged.
Maintenance and repair Infrastructure management
Traditional repair and Improved knowledge of the
maintenance services. New state of heritage. Surface and
online diagnostics, predictive markings condition.
and proactive troubleshooting
services, etc.
Source: Rapport Deloitte/CCFA report (January 2020)

► EXAMPLES OF ONBOARD INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING

Detection of obstacles,
vehicles and passengers.
RADARS DIGITAL GEO- RADARS Front/rear visibility.
Line crossing prevention aid.
CAMERAS CAMERAS LOCALISATION CAMERAS Distance measurement

12 km
(laser teledetection).

of dedicated lanes for autonomous

and connected vehicles,
inaugurated in Montlhéry in 2019

According to the terms of the Vienna

Convention of November 8, 1968, only
driver-controlled vehicles are authorised
to use roads and the driver must be able
to “neutralise or deactivate” said vehicle,
worded in the Convention as follows:

• Every moving vehicle must have a driver

(§ 8.1); every driver shall at all times be
able to control his vehicle (§ 8.5); a driver
of a vehicle shall at all times minimise
SUPER-
any activity other than driving (§ 8.6);
RADARS AUTOMATED Acceleration, CALCULATOR Processing of data, RADARS
CAMERAS CONTROLS
braking
and steering /CONTROL decision making CAMERAS • Every driver of a vehicle shall in all
UNIT circumstances have his vehicle under
control (§ 13.1).

Public authorities’ suppor t for the development of new services or for road safety Experiments and tests on connected and
development of the autonomous and purposes. autonomous vehicles
connected vehicle
The French government has embarked on The State’s public actions are continuing to The general framework
an ambitious approach to the development of develop technical innovation, establish a national In France, the regulatory framework for
automated vehicles with the objective of French framework for the validation of automated public experiments was established by the order of
leadership based on three principles: safety, transport systems, develop the action of local August 3, 2016, which requires prior authorisation
progressiveness and acceptability. Its national authorities and continue international work on from the Minister of Transport for the experimental
strategy on autonomous vehicle development technical regulations and the specific approval of use of vehicles with partial or total delegation of
aims to enable automated vehicles to be used on automated vehicles. driving authority on a road open to traffic. This
public roads by 2022. framework was supplemented by the law of
In addition, in September 2020 France worked May 22, 2019, known as “PACTE law”, which
The year 2021 should therefore see the adoption actively for the adoption of an amendment to the authorises experimentation with vehicles of the
of the implementing orders for the mobility Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (International highest levels of automation with an adapted
guidance law (known as the "LOM" law), firstly, Treaty of 1968) to allow the circulation of vehicles liability regime, and by the mobility orientation
to adapt the existing legal framework, in particular using automated driving systems, which refers bill to draw up a framework for the circulation of
the highway code and transport code, to allow to systems combining hardware and software autonomous vehicles.
automated vehicles of SAE levels 3 to 5 to use elements that enable the dynamic control of a
public roads, and secondly, to ensure that data is vehicle over a long period of time.
made available to private or public players for the
54 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • transport: passengers and goods

THE AUTONOMOUS AND CONNECTED VEHICLE

are equipped with detectors to pick up on events against the competitors to internationally. In
The programme (slippery road, impacts, sudden breaking, etc.) addition, Transpolis, with which Renault Trucks
An experimental programme has been set up in and on-board units which send information to is associated, is a laboratory city located in Ain,
conjunction with the public authorities with the the vehicles upstream (V2V) as well as to the dedicated to urban mobility.
aim of rationalising feedback (use cases) and operator (V2I), via roadside units. The operator
their deployment in the territory. In April 2019, can thereby send information (on roadworks, Use of 5G networ k technology for
the Government presented a list of 16 authorised etc.) to the on-board units in the vehicles (I2V). autonomous vehicles
experiments with autonomous vehicles, in both The project involves numerous public and Numerous projects have been launched at several
collective and individual transport, freight and private partners working with its coordinator, sites in France to carry out use case tests of
logistics, under real road conditions, spread the ministry of transport: local authorities, road automated vehicles with 5G technology. The
throughout the territory (rural and urban areas). operators, car manufacturers PSA and Renault, fifth generation of mobile networks (5G) should
universities and research centres. SCOOP is improve existing services and the development
Some examples looking to deploy 3,000 vehicles over 2,000 km of new services with better speed and greater
of road scattered around five sites: Île-de-France, capacity. For example, the "5G OpenRoad"
EVRA-SAM A4, Isère, the Bordeaux ring-road, and Brittany. project, combining public and private partners,
A call for experimental projects on an autonomous One of SCOOP’s objectives is to improve road is planning open road trials to test use cases of
road vehicle (EVRA), was launched for large-scale safety, worker safety for those who intervene on autonomous vehicles and provide services on
experiments of autonomous vehicles marketable roads for roadworks and other road-management board connected vehicles.
in the coming years in the field of individual operations, make traffic management more
mobility, collective, freight or logistics. It aims efficient and contribute to reducing emissions, At the European level, numerous projects have
to create an automated vehicle deployment optimise infrastructure management costs, prepare also been launched: 5GMED: 21 European players
ecosystem (consortium involving manufacturers, the vehicle of the future and roll out new services. have joined forces to test and deploy 5G on road
transport operators, local authorities, infrastructure and rail between France and Spain.
managers, research laboratories) with a shared Test centr es for autonomous and
vision of the issues and results for the production connected vehicles
of shared knowledge (common good). The A test centre for autonomous and connected
selected projects (SAM and ENA) make it possible cars, TEQMO, has just been inaugurated in June
to gather experiments in various conditions of 2019 by UTAC in Montlhéry, in the presence
vehicles or shuttles. of public authorities and interested partners:
Renault, PSA, but also Orange, Ericsson, Colas,
SCOOP Bouygues Telecom, Nokia, Valeo and Vedecom.
This is a European pilot implementation Consisting of 12 km of test tracks associated
project for the roll-out of cooperative intelligent with modern laboratories (environment, safety,
transport systems, i.e. based on the exchange endurance), the UTAC and TEQMO become a
of information between connected vehicles and major tool for the development of the autonomous
between the vehicle and the road. The vehicles and connected vehicle, creating a French solution

THE EXTENDED VEHICLE (EXVE) AND ITS STANDARDISED INTERFACES services, repair and maintenance diagnostics,
entertainment, etc.) with the impact that such
Remote diagnostic an extension implies in terms of system
Others support
(to be defined)
integrity and safety.
(ISO 20080)

• Coherent, because it involves a joint

standard that every company will need to
Online services
(ISO 20078)
respect and because it avoids a multiplication
of heterogeneous access systems which
ISO 20077
would lead to a multiplication of risks in terms
of safety for property and individuals.
• Responsible, because they limit
the chances of vehicle functions being
compromised (steering, breaking, etc.) for all
Vehicles to vehicles Onboard diagnostics
(OBD) situations encountered, whatever the external
or vehicles to infrastructure
application (ISO13400-4 & 15031-3) solicitations, including malevolent ones (the
issue of cyber security).
• Interoperable, because the creation
Source: ACEA of an internationally applied and supported
standard means cross boarder data
management systems will be inter-compatible.
The question of access to vehicles data between private operators.
Connected technologies and autonomous
The increased use of automated vehicles In addition, European regulations on cyber driving prepare new mobility scenarios and the
will increase the data produced for a variety security and cooperative intelligent transport development of a broader ecosystem in which
of uses, with a significant impact on the systems are also key contributors. This car manufacturers play a decisive role (see
development of mobility services. The rules mechanism is supplemented by “flexible” Deloitte / Fréget report from January 2020). The
concerning the management of data related legal rules with the CNIL’s compliance pack on development of artificial intelligence has a key
to the automated vehicle, which can exchange connected vehicles in progress and technical role to contribute to innovation and the digital and
information with its environment, constitute a standardisation (ISO). ecological transformation of the automotive sector.
major subject for the respect of the privacy of
individuals. As such, the European regulation The “extended vehicle” (ExVe) is a concept
on the protection of personal data (RGPD), that the auto manufacturers, in league with
which came into force in May 2018, reinforces the major equipment manufacturers and
the protection of users’ personal data. The independent dealers, have been trying to
mobility orientation law project also provides standardise at international level (ISO) since
rules for the provision of some data for 2014. The concept is based on the idea of
public authorities or infrastructure managers, taking into account the extension of the now
manufacturers to improve vehicle safety or very connected vehicle’s field of action (mobility
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 55
 france • transport: passengers and goods

PASSENGER TRANSPORT PRICE INDEXES

In 2019, the price index for private vehicles Over the last fifteen years, the price indices of
(purchases and use) slowed sharply (+1.1% the various modes of passenger transport have
compared to +5% in 2018), in line with the evolved in a very different way. Since 2003,
stability of fuel prices, which slowed down the the real price indices, corrected by the general
increase in the prices of user spending (+1.3% consumer price index, have increased by 18% in
in 2019 compared to +6.7% in 2018), but also public transport for private individuals (taxis, VTC)
thanks to the virtual stability of prices on vehicle and for private vehicles, but have decreased
purchases (+0.6% after +1.4% in 2018). by 1% for other passenger road transport
(buses, coaches) and by 12% in air transport. In
In passenger road transport, the slowdown passenger rail transport, real prices increased
in prices observed in 2018 continued in 2019 by 15% between 2003 and 2015, but have been
(+1.4%, after +1.6% in 2018), in particular thanks declining for four years.
to the deceleration in prices in transport by coach
and despite the high inflation observed in the
public transport for private individuals (taxis,
VTC). The rise in prices remained contained in Respective price index variations
air transport (+0.9% in 2019, after +0.5% in 2018)
and prices fell in rail transport (-0.3%, after +0.3%
in 2019 for passenger cars and
in 2018). passenger road transport

► ANNUAL VARIATION IN PRICE INDICES FOR DIFFERENT PASSENGER TRANSPORT MODES (AS A %)

Including passenger
Passenger road Including passenger
transport by taxi or Passenger air transport
Passenger cars Passenger rail transport transport (buses, transport by buses and
transport services with (1)
coaches and taxis) coaches
drivers
2010 4.3% 2.1% -1.7% -3.0% 1.4% -2.1%
2015 -2.0% 3.1% 1.8% 2.2% 1.0% -0.6%
2016 -0.9% 0.0% 1.2% 1.6% 0.2% -4.0%
2017 3.3% 0.7% 3.1% 4.1% 0.6% 2.4%
2018 5.0% 0.3% 1.6% 1.5% 1.8% 0.5%
2019 1.1% -0.3% 1.4% 0.7% 3.2% 0.9%

PASSENGER TRANSPORT MODES REAL PRICE INDEXES

Base 100 in 2003
120
118
115
115
110 111
105

100

95
92
90
88
85

80
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
PASSENGER CARS RAIL TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS
ROAD TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS (BUSES, COACHES AND TAXIS) AIR TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS (1)
PASSENGER TRANSPORT BY TAXI OR TRANSPORT SERVICES WITH DRIVERS

(1) The methodology for calculating the price index for air transport services changed in January 2012.
Source: INSEE

The price indexes of the different modes of primarily concern inter-urban connections. The 2003 but has been declining for 4 years. The real
passenger transport reflect price trends including index for private vehicles was created taking into index of road passenger transport (coaches and
VAT. Thus, for air travel, airport taxes are included; account both the cost of purchase, but also their buses) fell sharply between 2003 and 2013, then
likewise for the other forms, charges related to use. To identify actual price changes in these increased again until 2017, the decline being 12%
infrastructure are only shown up to what can main means of transport, the different indexes over the period 2003-2019, while that of public
be incorporated into the sale price. In addition, are corrected using the general consumer price transport for private individuals (taxis, VTC) is
only the part directly paid by the household is index as illustrated in the graph above. growing continuously (+18%). Finally, the real air
monitored. For example, if a region or a local transport price index continues to decline, which
authority decides, as part of a spatial planning After remaining close to their 1995 level, the real began in 2009.
policy or social measures, to subsidise part of price indexes of the various modes of passenger
the costs related to transport, a decrease will be transport have experienced stronger and more
recorded in household spending. Fuel surcharges contrasting trends since 2003: between 2003 and
are incorporated in the monitoring of the passenger 2019, the real index linked to personal vehicles
air transport index. (purchases and use) has increased continuously
(+15%), with the exception of the years 2014 to
Rail and road passenger transport indexes 2016. Rail transport has grown by 11% since

56 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • transport: passengers and goods

FREIGHT TRANSPORT PRICE INDEXES

In 2019, freight transport prices are slowing or falling +1.2% per year. The price index for international
on all forms, except air, where prices, which were road transport rose slightly more (+6%) than that of
down in 2018, rose 1.5%. In the fluvial and maritime local or interurban road transport (+4%). Over the
sectors, prices fell by 0.2% and 1.5% respectively in same period, the price index for river transport and
2019. In rail transport, the price index was stable on air transport has experienced more erratic trends, with
average but the national transport index fell (-1,3% in phases of increases between 2006 and 2013 and a
2019) while that of international decelerates slightly downward trend since that date.
(+1.5%, after +1.8% in 2018).
In rail transport, the price index has only been released
In road transport, prices rose less strongly than last since 2014, with a history going back to the first
year, ranging from +2.1% in 2018 to +1.6% in 2019. quarter of 2012. Over the observation period 2012-
The price deceleration can be observed on interurban 2019, we see a drop in prices of 4.5%, mainly due to
and international road transport, while the prices of a decline in national rail prices (-7%), while those of
local road freight accelerated (+1.6% in 2019, after international rail increased by 9%. Since opening up
+0.5% in 2018). to competition in 2006, new operators have grown
and now represent 40% of the transported volumes, Respective price index increase in
Since 2006, the price index for road freight transport a level comparable to that of Germany.
has risen steadily: +17% in total, or an average of
2019 for road and rail freight

FREIGHT TRANSPORT INDEXES IN FRANCE

Base 100 in 2015
120
115
110
105 105
103
100
99
95
93
90
85
80
75
2006 T1 2008 T1 2010 T1 2012 T1 2014 T1 2016 T1 2018 T1 2020 T1
ROAD AIR RAIL FLUVIAL SEA(1)

FREIGHT TRANSPORT INDEXES IN FRANCE: ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT INDEXES IN FRANCE: RAIL AND FLUVIAL
Base 100 in 2015 Base 100 in 2015
106 130

102 120

98 110

94
100
90
90
86
80
2006 T1 2008 T1 2010 T1 2012 T1 2014 T1 2016 T1 2018 T1 2020 T1 2006 T1 2008 T1 2010 T1 2012 T1 2014 T1 2016 T1 2018 T1 2020 T1
ROAD TRANSPORT: INTERCITY ROAD TRANSPORT: INTERNATIONAL RAIL TRANSPORT: NATIONAL RAIL TRANSPORT: INTERNATIONAL
ROAD TRANSPORT: LOCAL FLUVIAL TRANSPORT: NATIONAL FLUVIAL TRANSPORT: INTERNATIONAL

(1) 2006-2011: very high volatility of sea freight price indexes.

Source: MTE/SDES

Freight transport price indexes are calculated services entrusted by a sample of 22 shippers to (bulk and ferry). Calculations are based on
by the transport ministry’s SDES statistics rail transport operators. international price indexes, unitary prices and
department. For road, fluvial and rail transport, tariffs. It is very volatile, in line with bulk price
these indices are drawn up using the so-called For air freight the price index is calculated trends.
‘representative services methodology’, defined according to freight services departing from
according to loading and unloading site, type of France by air waybill. The service is defined by the Concerning road freight, infra-annual variations are
merchandise and characteristics of the contract point of unloading and the airline responsible for less substantial, compared to fluvial or air, even
linking the shipper to the haulier. Prices are shipment. The index is drawn up using so-called though fuel does represent between 20 and 30%
recorded on a quarterly basis. In road and fluvial ‘unitary value methodology’ which includes the of total road freight transport as the CNR survey
transport, only activities performed on behalf of excess charges for fuel and security, paid to the shows (see page 59).
third parties by companies domiciled in France, for airline doing the shipping. It is in line with highly
whom freight is the main business, are monitored. volatile fuel prices.

For rail transport, the price index, which has The sea transport price index comprises transport
been monitored since the first quarter of 2012, is services for third parties, performed by companies
calculated on the basis of representative transport registered in France whose activity is sea freight

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 57
 france • transport: passengers and goods

HOUSEHOLD MOTORING COSTS

According to the latest "Family Budget" survey in to the 5th quintile (3.3%). Finally, the breakdown
2017, metropolitan households spend on average by socio-professional categories also shows
15% of their budget on cars. This budget varies significant contrasts in terms of car spendings.
from 20% among rural households to only 9% The category of executives and employees, who
in the Paris area and represents more than half frequently hold tertiary jobs in urban areas, devote

6%
(57%) of the expenses related to the use of the a lower share of their budget to the automobile
vehicle (fuel, repair, maintenance, tolls, insurance). (13% and 15% respectively). Conversely, the
These user expenses amount to 8% of the total category of farmers, workers and artisan traders,
budget, but reach 11% among rural households less present in urban areas and more forced to
and 9% on average among households belonging use their vehicles for work, devote 18% of their
to the first 3 income quintiles (compared to 7.4% budget to cars.
for the 5th quintile). The item that weighs the most
within this group is fuel, which represents 4% of the
Weight of fuel in the total
total and reaches 6% in rural areas, against only consumption of the least well off
2% in the Paris area. The least well-off households households (Q1-Q3) according to the
(Q1-Q3) also devote a larger part of their budget to
it (4.3%) than the richest households which belong
2011 “Family budget” survey

►AUTOMOTIVE BUDGET IN 2017

BY RESIDENCE AREA BY INCOME QUINTILES
As a % of total consumption As a % of total consumption
25 18
16.5
16 15 14.9
20 14.3
20 14
18 16
15 12
15 14 10 9.0 8.9
11 8 7.5
8 7.5 7.4
10 8.5 8 9 7
7 6 5
5 4 5 4
2
0 0
ALL RURAL TOWNS WITH MIDSIZE TOWNS CITIES PARIS ALL Q1-Q3 Q4 Q5
AREAS FEWER THAN (20,000 - (MORE THAN AREA
20,000 inhab. 100,000 inhab.) 100,000
inhab.)
Automotive budget Of which acquisition expenses Of which user expenses

►SHARE OF FUEL IN HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION IN 2017

BY RESIDENCE AREA BY INCOME QUINTILES
As a % of total consumption As a % of total consumption
6 5.8 4.5 4.3 4.2
4.0 4.0
5 4.7 3.5 3.3
4.0 4.3
4 3.0
3.4
2.5
3
2.1 2.0
2 1.5
1.0
1
0.5
0 0.0
ALL RURAL TOWNS WITH MIDSIZE TOWNS CITIES PARIS ALL Q1-Q3 Q4 Q5
AREAS FEWER THAN (20,000 - (MORE THAN AREA
20,000 inhab. 100,000 inhab.) 100,000
inhab.) Source: INSEE, Family budget survey 2017

The “Family budget” surveys carried out every of total consumption excluding taxes, duties, the most taxed, it thus appears that households
five years by INSEE give an idea of the share loan repayments and major works. Expenses are belonging to Q1-Q3 pay more for the use of their
of the major consumption items in household broken down here according to the category of vehicles, in proportion to their consumption, than
budgets and provides data according to their municipality of residence, and income quintiles. households belonging to the richest quintile.
characteristics: socio-professional category, age, The 5th quintile, for example here corresponds to
income, category of commune of residence, etc. the 20% of households with the highest incomes. Breaking down by category of municipality of
residence, the fuel item appears to be higher
In terms of automobile-related items, there are In 2017, the automobile budget of metropolitan the smaller the size of the municipality. Thus,
two major differences compared to national households represented 15% of their total households in the Paris area devote nearly 2% of
accounting (see page 61). For the processing of consumption. The purchase item weighs less their consumption to it, compared with more than
vehicle insurance expenses, the whole amount is than half of the total (43%) varying from 5% of 6% for households in rural municipalities, which
taken into account in surveys, whereas only the the budget for the 60% of households with the benefit less from public transport and travel more
service (spending that is the least reimbursed) lowest incomes (Q1-Q3) to almost 8% for the 5th frequently and over longer distances.
is accounted for at a macroeconomic level. For quintile. Conversely, the item "user expenditure"
second-hand car expenditure, the whole amount weighs more for households belonging to the first
is accounted for in the surveys, whilst at a quintiles (9%) against 7.4% for the 5th quintile.
macroeconomic level, the amount taken is more This difference is in particular related to the
or less the margins of professionals involved at weight of the fuel item for which the most modest
the time of a transaction, without taking trading households devote 1 point more in their budget to
between private individuals into consideration. it than the most well-off households.

The budget survey used in this edition is limited to The same phenomenon is observed for insurance
metropolitan France. The breakdown of the various related to transport, which represents 2.6% of the
automotive items is expressed as a percentage budget of the most modest. As these two items are

58 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • transport: passengers and goods

ROAD FREIGHT COST PRICE

According to the National Road Committee Since the end of 2015, the share of professional
(CNR), the cost of long-distance and regional diesel in the cost of long-distance road freight
road freight transport increased in 2019 by 1.1% transport has started to rise again (+4 points) and
and 1.3% respectively, a slowdown compared to stood at 24.5% at the end of 2019. Conversely,
the growth observed in 2018. This slowdown is the share of the driving staff fell 2.6 points

12%
explained by the stagnation of the price of crude over the same period. The share of equipment
oil in 2019 and therefore the cost of professional ownership in long-distance freight transport has
diesel which accounts for a quarter of the costs remained virtually stable since 2016.
of long-distance transport.

Share of material held in the CNR

long haul road freight cost index
in 2019

ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT COST PRICE

Base 100: 2002 T1
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
2002 T1 2006 T1 2010 T1 2014 T1 2018 T1 2020 T1
LONGUE DISTANCE REGIONAL Source: CNR

ROAD FREIGHT COST PRICE STRUCTURE FOR LONG DISTANCE ROAD FREIGHT COST PRICE STRUCTURE IN DECEMBER 2019
As a % As a %
35 45
30 40
35
25 30
20 25
15 20
10 15
10
5 5
0 0
L E E T F L E E T F
NA L NC UR EN IP AF ES ST
S NA L NC UR EN IP AF ES ST
S
SIOFUE ENA CT IPM SH ST NS CO SIOFUE ENA CT IPM SH ST NS CO
S
E L T TR
U U R N G PE E S
E L T TR
U U R N G PE E
OF SE MAIN AS EQ NE I V I E X
U R OF SE MAIN AS EQ NE I V I E X
U R
PR DIE FR OW DR EL CT PR DIE FR OW DR EL CT
IN AV RU IN AV RU
TR ST TR ST
DEC-13 DEC-15 DEC-19 REGIONAL RIGID LONG DISTANCE

The National Road Committee (CNR) publishes, entry into force, to make them comparable with the The maintenance cost index, which includes
amongst other things, two indexes reflecting post 2019 period. The CICE is indeed transformed tyres and vehicle maintenance and repair, has
changes to the cost of long distance and regional from January 1, 2019 into long-term relief from remained stable at 8.2% since 2016. Tyre prices
road freight transport. employers’ social contributions. have been trending up between 2013 and 2015,
before coming closer, of their starting level and
Long distance corresponds to national or In long-distance road freight transport, the first maintenance on Euro VI standard vehicles, in
international transport performed by a maxi-code expense item is driving staff, which share has force for 4 years, seems more expensive than
articulated unit whose operating constraints mean remained stable since 2013, around 29% but for previous generations (example: exhaust with
that the driver’s return home every night is either which fell by 1 point in 2019. Second expense particle filtering). Finally, the “infrastructure” item
impossible or very difficult to plan. item, the commercial diesel ratio rose to 27% of increased slightly in 2019 (+0.4 point), reaching
the cost price in 2013 before decreasing by 7 7% of the total cost.
Regional transport, which is performed using points until 2015, then growing again to oscillate
rigid trucks with a total weight between 3.5 and at around 24% over the following three years. In regional transport, the share of driving staff
19 tonnes, applies to transport within a region continued to drop slightly, which began in 2015, to
and across into neighbouring regions whereby The share of equipment ownership (tractor stand at 39.7% at the end of December 2019. The
the driver is able to return home every night. and semitrailer) has remained stable, at a level weight of professional diesel comes in second in
slightly above 12% since 2016, after two years of the cost of regional transport. After falling between
The cost structure resulting from the CNR annual increase, following the increase in the price of new 2013 and 2015 (-4 points), it has risen by more
survey depends both on the evolution of each vehicles, linked to the entry in accordance with the than 3 points since that date to stand at 17.8% in
component and on the associated operating environmental standard Euro VI as of January 1, 2019. The holding of equipment, the third item of
conditions (kilometres traveled, number of hours 2014 (approximately 10%) and new mandatory expenditure, stagnated in 2019 at 22.1% of costs.
worked). Thus, an item can see its weight in safety equipment. The impact of these increases Finally, repair maintenance costs stabilised at
the structure vary differently than the evolution is diluted in the calculation of the cost of ownership around 7.4% of the total.
of its unit cost can suggest. Here we are mainly by the gradual renewal of vehicles (around 1/6 of
interested in the evolution of the cost structure, the fleet per year) and by the slight drop in price
which better reflects the reality experienced by observed for semi-trailers. In addition, in 2019,
carriers. interest rates remain at historically low levels. On
the other hand, the cost of automobile insurance,
The CNR now takes into account, in the calculation which is also included in the “material” item, grew
of its indices, the CICE since 2013, the year of its by 4.3% in 2019.

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 59
 france • car purchasing

AUTOMOTIVE PRICE INDEXES

In 2019, the new car price index rose 0.7%, a rate after an increase of 2.4% in 2018. This index
lower than inflation (+1.1%), after rising 1.9% in groups together various components that evolve in
2018. a contrasted way. The cost of repair maintenance
which includes the value of the service (cost of
Fuel prices remained almost stable in 2019 labour force and supplies) increased by 2.9%

+0.1%
(+0.1%), after increasing by 14% in 2018. This in 2019, and 49% since 2005 (of which 60% for
sharp slowdown is explained by the decline in the labour force), while the price index for spare parts
average annual price of Brent in 2019, combined and accessories stagnated over the period 2005-
with a stability of taxation of oil products. 2019.

The price index for vehicle parts, accessories and

maintenance-repair increased by 2.7% in 2019,
Stagnation in fuel prices
in 2019
► YEAR ON YEAR AUTOMOTIVE PRICE CHANGES
Prices of car parts,
Of which parts and Of which repair and
Consumer prices New car prices accessories, repair and Fuel prices
accessories maintenance
maintenance
2015 0.0% 1.1% 1.5% -1.9% 1.6% -9.8%
2016 0.2% -0.3% 0.4% 0.0% 0.4% -4.5%
2017 1.0% 1.0% 1.4% -0.7% 1.7% 9.5%
2018 1.8% 1.9% 2.4% 1.7% 2.5% 13.9%
2019 1.1% 0.7% 2.7% 1.5% 2.9% 0.1%
Sources: INSEE, CCFA calculations

NEW PASSENGER CAR, FUEL, PARTS, ACCESSORIES, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PRICE INDEXES

Base 100 in 2000

100
95
Jan. 14
Dec. 08 - Dec. 10
90 VAT 20%
Government scrap incentive
85 April 2000
VAT 19.6%
80
75
70
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR PRIVATE VEHICLES

CARS FUEL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR FOR PRIVATE VEHICLES

Source: INSEE

RETAIL PRICE OF DIESEL IN FRANCE AND THAT FOR JANUARY 1999, HARMONISED PRICE INDICES IN THE EURO ZONE (17 COUNTRIES)
INDEXED FOR CONSUMER PRICES
In € per litre Base 100 in January 2000
1.5 140 138.9
1.4 135 E@42*%""*2.*[email protected]>*&"""

1.3 130
1.2 125
1.1 120 120.3
1.0 115
0.9
0.8 110
0.7 105
0.6 100
0.5 95
J00 J05 J10 J15 J20 J00 J05 J10 J15 J20
RETAIL PRICE OF FUEL OVERALL INDEX (IPCH)
INDEXED PRICE Sources: MTE/SDES, INSEE, CCFA calculations PRICE INDEX FOR NEW AND USED CARS Source: Eurostat

The price index for new cars compares the price effect of measures to boost sales (bonus/ In the euro zone (19 countries), Eurostat calculates
of cars with similar technical characteristics so as penalty system and scrap incentive since 2008). a price index for the purchase of new and second-
not to take into account price increases resulting Nevertheless, the tightening of the ecological hand cars; the data from the different countries
from improved quality or equipment. It takes into bonus/penalty scales, the implementation of new are then collated. Since 1996, the index trend
account promotional offers made occasionally (i.e. standards that increase the cost of pollution control compared to that of the general price index
outside the private sales market), as well as the and the introduction of new elements to improve shows a high pressure phenomenon on prices
bonus/penalty system. road safety have contributed to price growth since linked to intense competition and limitations on
2011. households’ purchasing power, as is the case for
To identify real price trends for the main items France. In 2019, the general price index was up
linked to cars, these indexes have been corrected As for the real price index of repairs and 38% compared to 2000, whilst the price index for
by the general consumer price index in the above maintenance, it started to climb again from 2003 the purchase of new and second-hand cars was
graph. onwards for various reasons linked to labour (the only up 19%.
cost of work, development of skills, etc.) and parts
Between 1992 and 2010, the real price of new (improved reparability, price of raw materials,
cars has declined on a regular basis under the improved service quality, greater diversity of
continuous effect of competition and the occasional models demanded by consumers).

60 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • car purchasing

CONSUMER SPENDING ON PRIVATE VEHICLES

In 2019, the gross disposable income of households vehicles (+4.3%), automobile expenditure was
increased by 3.1% in value (after +3% in 2018) and slowed down (+0.4%) by the decline in purchases
the price index of final consumption expenditure of new automobiles (-1.9% in 2018, after -0.2%). In
slowed significantly (+0.9%, after +1.7% in 2018) 2019, spending on new cars amounted to 26 billion

9.6%
due to the slowdown in energy prices. Thus, the euros and represented only 61% of car spending,
purchasing power of households rose by 0.8 point compared to 82% in 1990.
more in 2019 compared to 2018 (+2.1%, compared
to 1.3% in 2018) and household consumption Spending on maintenance and repairs continued
expenditure is accelerating in volume (+1.5%, after to grow strongly in 2019 to stand at 43.6 billion
+0.9% in 2018). euros, an amount almost identical to the purchase
Share of vehicle purchases as a of vehicles. Likewise, despite the sharp slowdown
Vehicle purchases grew by 1% in 2019 (after +1.9% observed in fuel purchases (+1% in 2019, compared
percentage of total household in 2018) to reach 49 billion euros. Automobile to +12.5% in 2018), they stood at around 41.5 billion
spending in 2019 spending represents 87% of the total, the rest being euros in 2019, compared with 33.6 billion euros in
purchases of motorcycles, cycles and caravans. 2017.
Despite a strong increase in purchases of used

► HOUSEHOLD CONSUMER SPENDING ON TRANSPORT (AMOUNT AND % OF TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS SPENDING)

Change
Units 2000 2010 2018 2019
2019/2018
VEHICLE PURCHASES €billion 37.5 3.8% 44.2 3.1% 48.4 3.0% 48.9 2.9% +1.0%
New and second-hand cars (including tax on registration
33.7 3.4% 39.1 2.8% 42.5 2.6% 42.7 2.6% +0.4%
certificates)
of which new cars 24.5 2.4% 28.3 2.0% 26.5 1.6% 26.0 1.6% -1.9%
of which used cars 9.2 0.9% 10.9 0.8% 16.0 1.0% 16.7 1.0% +4.3%
Caravans, motorcycles, bicycles 3.8 0.4% 5.0 0.4% 5.9 0.4% 6.2 0.4% +4.9%
RUNNING COSTS €billion 63.5 6.4% 82.5 5.8% 99.9 6.1% 102.7 6.2% +2.8%
Maintenance, repairs, spare parts and accessories 24.3 2.4% 34.2 2.4% 41.7 2.6% 43.6 2.6% +4.6%
of which automotive equipment manufacturing 11.1 1.1% 16.9 1.2% 21.6 1.3% 22.7 1.4% +5.1%
of which automotive service 9.2 0.9% 11.9 0.8% 14.6 0.9% 15.3 0.9% +5.1%
Fuel and lubricants 29.9 3.0% 34.8 2.5% 41.1 2.5% 41.5 2.5% +1.0%
Tolls, parking fees, rental, driving lessons 9.3 0.9% 13.5 1.0% 17.1 1.1% 17.6 1.1% +2.8%
INSURANCE €billion 3.9 0.4% 6.1 0.4% 8.4 0.5% 8.6 0.5% +2.7%
TOTAL CONSUMER SPENDING
€billion 105.0 10.5% 132.8 9.4% 156.7 9.6% 160.2 9.6% +2.2%
ON CARS AND MOTORCYCLES
Public transport €billion 15.3 1.5% 24.1 1.7% 30.7 1.9% 32.2 1.9% +4.9%

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS SPENDING €billion 1,000 100% 1,415 100% 1,631 100% 1,668 100% +2.3%

Number of households (metropolitan France) thousand 24,256 27,227 29,092 29,336 +0.8%
Spending on passenger cars per household euros 4,327 4,876 5,387 5,462 +1.4%
Spending on passenger cars per vehicle-owning
euros 5,388 5,840 6,421 6,510 +1.4%
household
Source: INSEE - Household consumer spending, 2019 - base 2014

AUTOMOTIVE BUDGET COEFFICIENTS FROM 2000 TO 2019 TOTAL VEHICLE RELATED EXPENDITURE
As a % of total households spending As a % of total households spending
4.0 11.0 10.3
10.0 9.7 9.8 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.8
3.7 10.0 9.4 9.4 9.7 9.4 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.6
3.5 8.9 8.8 8.9
9.0
3.0 2.9 8.0
7.0
2.5 2.5 6.0
2.0 5.0
4.0
1.5 Difference between new
and used vehicles 3.0
1.0 2.0
1.0
0.0 0.0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
RUNNING COSTS (EXCL.FUEL) USED VEHICLE PURCHASES
FUEL, LUBRICANTS NEW VEHICLE PURCHASES VEHICLE PURCHASES

According to national statistics – based on different As part of this consumption group, the “vehicle and repair of personal vehicles has been rising
fundamentals than those used for the Family budget purchase item”, which now includes the tax on since 2014 and now stands at 2.6%, which is
survey (see page 58) – households in 2019 spent registration certificates, is now in second place equivalent to the purchase of cars.
160 billion euros (+6%) on personal transport. This behind spending on vehicle upkeep (excluding
sum represented 83% of all household expenditure fuel), whereas pre-2003 it was the biggest item Finally, the budget coefficient linked to fuels has
dedicated to transport (individual and public). of expenditure. The downward trend in vehicle fluctuated a lot in recent years in line with the
purchases is affecting this budgetary coefficient, evolution of energy prices. In 2019 it amounted to
The share of automobile consumption as a share of which was only 2.9% in 2019 compared to 4.6% in 2.5% for an amount of 41.5 billion euros.
real national consumption is called the “automotive 1990. Purchases of new passenger cars account for
budgetary coefficient”. This coefficient varied only 61% of overall vehicle purchases, compared
between 9% and 11% at the beginning of the 1990s to 82% in 1990.
until the 2009 crisis. Since, it has vacillated around
the 9% mark and was 9.6% in 2019. The budget coefficient linked to the maintenance
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 61
 france • car purchasing

AUTOMOBILE FINANCING
In 2019, consumer credit continued to grow, driven For second-hand vehicles purchased by
by low interest rates and strong auto purchases. households, cash purchase remains the main
More than 60% of new cars purchased by method of financing (nearly 60%). However,
households are paid for on credit, more than half the use of conventional credit for the purchase

69%
of which is financed by rental. of used cars is increasing (+28% between 2013
and 2019) and rental formulas have also been
The financing arrangements for new car purchases developing since 2016 (+200% in 3 years). Thus,
by individuals have changed significantly over the more than 430,000 used vehicle financing files
past four years, favouring rental formulas to the were registered by ASF in 2019.
detriment of conventional credit (or affected car
credit). Since 2010, the number of loans allocated The credit financing of business equipment in
to the purchase of a new vehicle has fallen by new vehicles (passenger cars, light commercial
Share of rent with or without
54%, while the number of rental transactions has vehicles and industrial vehicles) is also up in 2019
multiplied by more than 3. (+5%), with 716,000 funding applications. Since purchase option in the credit
2013, the rent without purchase option dominated financing of new cars purchased by
Thus, in vehicle credit, rental has become the by the long term rental, has increased by 54%, households in France in 2019
dominant form of financing (69% of credit in 2019) compared to 33% for the rent with purchase
ahead of specific car loans (30%) and personal option. It now represents 61% of the financing
loans (1%). Within the rental bracket, rent-to-buy files of companies, compared to 36% for the rent
is highly dominant (90% of rental financing) whilst with purchase option.
rent without option to buy remained marginal.

INTEREST RATES OF NEW CONSUMER LOANS TOTAL AMOUNTS OVER TWELVE MONTHS
TO INDIVIDUALS (NOT INCLUDING OVERDRAFTS, OF NEW CONSUMER LOANS TO INDIVIDUALS
ANNUAL INTEREST RATE) (EXCEPT OVERDRAFTS)
Credit rate as a % In € billion
8.0
75
7.5
7.0 71
6.5 67
6.0 63
5.5 59
5.0 55
4.5 51
4.0 47
3.5 43
J2004 J2008 J2012 J2016 J2020 J2004 J2008 J2012 J2016 J2020

FINANCING THE PURCHASE OF A NEW CAR BY INDIVIDUALS IN 2019 CHANGES IN CREDIT FINANCING OF NEW CARS PURCHASED
As a % BY INDIVIDUALS
0 1 1 2 8
100
9 13 14
80 34
41
39 37
39
61
60
22
40
1
50 47 49
20 42
30
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
RENTALS WITHOUT OPTION TO PURCHASE (INCLUDING LONG-TERM RENTAL)
Source: Banque de France Sources: ASF, CCFA RENTALS WITH OPTION TO PURCHASE PERSONAL LOAN CAR LOAN

New and second-hand car purchases use loan months, or seven years; the purchase option may passenger cars to individuals slowed down in
facilities if they cannot or do not wish to buy in be exercised during the lease or at the end of 2019 (+0.2%) while the financing of used cars
cash. the lease. remains dynamic (+7%). The number of rent with
or without purchase option cases increased by 2%
There are four financing possibilities: • Rentals without purchase option includes and 19% respectively compared to 2018, while
financial leasing and long-term leasing. These the traditional funding allocated fell again by 8%.
• Personal or bank loans granted by a bank or are operations without possibility for the tenant
credit institution. The borrower is free to use his to become owner at the end of the contract. The renewal of fleets and the enthusiasm of
credit as he sees fit. fleets for SUVs have helped maintain demand
Results from various sources (professional for vehicles from companies. Vehicle purchases
• Specific car loan or conventional credit; it is associations, statistics on registrations, surveys) by companies remained dynamic in 2019 and the
provided by financial companies, subsidiaries of allow calculations to be made on credit used for number of financing files reached 716,000 (+5%).
manufacturers and importers, or by independent the purchase of new cars by households. The "Syndicat des Entreprises des Services
finance companies belonging to manufacturers Automobiles en LLD et des Mobilités" (Sesamlld)
and finance or banking subsidiaries or groups. It Having fallen between 2008 and 2014, the total indicates that at the end of 2019, the fleet in long
is used for a specific purchase. number of new loans for private household term rental now stands at 1,455,195 units.
consumption continued to progress with the steady
• Rentals with purchase option, also known decline in interest rates. After an increase of 30%
as lease with promise of sale or leasing; it is a in 3 years, they increased again by 3% in 2019 to
consumer credit that allows the disposal of a reach a record level.
car against the payment of monthly fees during
the lease period, which can be up to eighty-four Within these new loans, the financing of new

62 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • car purchasing

CAR AND MOTORCYCLE SALES AND REPAIRS

Auto trade turnover reached a record level of 98 Finally, the retail fuel trade also fell in 2019 (-3.4%) after branding. It can be seen in the groups' sales statistics
billion euros in 2019, an increase by 4.5% compared an increase of more than 7% in 2018. Turnover stood for new vehicles.
to 2018 compared to +2.9% the previous year. The at 17.3 billion euros in 2019 .
performance of registrations of new passenger cars and In 2019, the 100 largest automotive distribution groups
light commercial vehicles (+1.9% in 2019) as well as the According to INSEE-Esane data, the operating margin sold more than 1.3 million new passenger cars, i.e.
good results of the upper range and luxury segments rate (gross operating surplus/value added at factor cost) 59.6% of volumes. They achieved a turnover of 48.6
explain this dynamism. of the motor vehicle trade rose sharply between 2015 billion euros (up 9% on 2018), which represents 59%
and 2017, from 14.9% at 22.2%. The investment rate of the total turnover of the automotive trade. Within this
Vehicle maintenance and repair, which has seen a (tangible investment/value added excluding taxes) ranking, the 10 largest operators registered 486,870
steady decline since 2009 (-2% per year between rose from 11.3% in 2015 to 21.8% in 2017. In the units, i.e. 21% of the volumes of new passenger cars,
2009 and 2015), is growing for the fourth consecutive maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, the margin for a turnover of 17.6 billion euros (22% of the turnover
year (+3.4% in 2018 after +4.8% in 2018). Since 2015, rate changed little, going from 18.1% in 2015 to 19.5% of the automobile trade). Six automotive groups now
turnover has increased by more than 4 billion euros. in 2017, and the investment rate from 10% to 11.8% have a turnover of over 1 billion euros compared to
The activity benefits from the growth of the fleet and its over the same period. just one in 2015.
aging, which nevertheless came to a halt in 2019 (8.9
years in 2019 compared to 8.2 in 2010). Since the 1990s, automotive distribution has
experienced a continuous movement of concentration,
Retail sales of automotive equipment, on the other through external growth operations and numerous
hand, fell by 0.3% after increasing more than 10% mergers. This development is linked to increased
between 2015 and 2018. geographic coverage and the development of multi-

► LIGHT VEHICLE SALES NETWORKS ► REVENUE FROM CARS AND MOTORCYCLES SALES AND REPAIRS
IN FRANCE ON JANUARY 1, 2020 (IN CURRENT € BILLION, INCLUDING VAT)

Primary Change
Brands
dealership in 2020 Activity 2010 2013 2016 2017 2018 (sd) 2019 (p) 2019-
Renault 649 2018
Peugeot 401 Motor vehicle sales 76.9 73.7 86.7 91.1 93.8 98.0 4.5%
Citroën 391 Automotive maintenance
20.5 20.1 20.8 22.5 23.6 24.4 3.4%
Opel 234 and repairs
DS 162 Retail sales of automotive
6.5 7.8 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.2 -0.3%
equipment
French groups 1,837
Motorcycle sales and
Volkswagen 304 4.0 3.6 3.8 4.3 4.4 4.6 5.6%
repairs
Toyota 260
Retail fuel sales 15.6 18.8 15.5 16.7 17.9 17.3 -3.4%
Ford 232
TOTAL 123.5 124.1 134.5 142.7 147.9 152.5 3.1%
Kia 214
Source: INSEE - Trade Accounts, base 2010 of national accounts: (sd) semi-definitive; (p) provisional
Suzuki 207
Nissan 205
Fiat 192
Hyundai 186 As a % SHARE OF THE LARGE RETAIL GROUPS IN THE SALE OF NEW VEHICLES
Mercedes-Benz 169 60 (IN VOLUME AND IN VALUE)
BMW 158
Other Japanese brands 445
Other Korean brands 75 50
Other brands 1,565
TOTAL 6,049 40
Source: Argus
30

20

10

0
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
TOP10 IN VOLUME TOP100 IN VOLUME
TOP10 IN VALUE TOP100 IN VALUE

€98
The automobile requires a very special service: of the environment, availability of spare parts and
throughout its lifetime, it needs to be followed at all information on technical changes.
times and in all places to be maintained or repaired
in the best conditions in order to maintain its initial To guarantee a high level of quality at the point
qualities. According to the Parc Auto Kantar TNS of sale and through after-sales, auto-distribution
survey, a car in the fleet available to households networks rely on a selection procedure for
has an average of two maintenance and repair
operations per year for recent vehicles and three
distributors and repairers able to apply the
exigencies of the brand and the level of customer BILLION
for older vehicles. service required. In terms of automobile repairs,
there are also independent networks (in 2017:
Net turnover, in 2019, of automotive
Cooperation between manufacturers, distributors 14,500 automotive repair mechanics, 1,270 sales and repairs in France,
and approved repairers is therefore very tight to autocentres and 860 quick-repair centres). according to INSEE
provide warranty service, user safety, protection

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 63
 france • environment

CIRCULAR ECONOMY
According to ADEME, the circular economy is An end-of-life vehicle (ELV) is a vehicle that
defined as an economic system of trade and its last holder hands over to a third party for
production which, at every stage of the product destruction. Nearly 1.6 million ELVs were taken
cycle life (goods and services), seeks to increase care of by the approved sector in 2018, compared
the efficiency of the use of resources and reduce to 1.1 million in 2017.
environmental impact.

NEARLY 1.6 MILLION

ADEME measures the re-use and recycling rate
The circular economy in the automotive market of ELVs which has progressed by around 13
concerns vehicles (private vehicles and vans in percentage points since 2010. This ratio is the
particular) and consumables (tyres, oils, batteries, sum of re-use and recycling and energy recovery. Number of ELVs supported in 2018
etc.).

NUMBER OF END OF LIFE VEHICLES (ELVS) DEALT WITH

►SIMPLIFIED CHART OF PROCESSING OF AN ELV in thousands of units
1,600
1,500 Conversion bonus
1,400
Government Scrap
1,300 incentive effect
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
Waste coming from 800
decontamination
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Part that
Decontamination can be reused
-
Ensuring safe storage
-
Removal of part ELV REUSE AND RECOVERY RATE
As a %
Part that can be
recycled
The decree published at the 98
or recovered
beginning of 2016 specifies that 95 94
the consumer has the possibility of
94
FRAME
“opting for spare parts from the circular
economy instead of new parts…”
91
90 8 7
87 5
86
5
Crusher
Ferrous
82
82
metals
residue 3
Crushing 86 87 87
78
- 82
Post crushing
processing 74 79
Recycling Sent
Non
to landfill 70
ferrous metals
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Energy REUSE AND RECOVERY RATE
recovery
ENERGY RECOVERY

Source: ADEME

In France, nearly 1.6 million end-of-life vehicles were non-ferrous metals: 4% and electrical bundles: 1%), 2017. The collection rate was 93.5% (i.e. an increase
taken care of by the sector in 2018 and processed 12% of plastics, 3% of glass and 2 % of textile. This of 1.6% compared to 2017). The tyre recycling rate
by around 1,650 approved establishments: the illustrates the diversity of materials that go into the fell from 98.4% in 2017 to 99.7% in 2018. Around
ELV centres. Their average age was 19 and a half composition of a vehicle and the complexity for the 41% of these tyres were intended for energy
in 2018. The average mass of a passenger car is optimal reprocessing of each of them. recovery in 2018 (substitute fuel in cement plants
around one tonne (source: ADEME). for example), 38.5 % material recovery, half of which
Some vehicle consumables (oils, batteries, etc.) are is granulated (sports fields, street furniture), 16.1%
The resale of second-hand spare parts contributes also recycled during the service life of the vehicle. for reuse (12.6% for second-hand resale and 3.5%
to the achievement of recycling rates and contributes In addition, manufacturers plan to use an increasing for retreading) and 2.4% to public works.
to the economic balance of the automotive industry. share of recycled materials, including some plastics
According to the CNPA, the used parts market is such as polypropylene. Retreading is the technique of giving a used tyre a
rapidly structuring and now represents around 400 new tread. For the first time in many years, retreading
million euros of turnover. Keeping cars on the roads generates 200,000 tonnes increased compared to 2017 (+9.4%). However,
of used engine oil each year. These used oils, which these retreads increasingly face competition from
The level of collection and processing of automobile are collected free of charge by approved collectors new, low-cost tyres from overseas.
components by the ELV centres varies according to are then recycled, only if they have never been mixed
the new vehicle market, the economic context, the with other liquids (water, cooling liquids, solvents,
use of schemes to promote the withdrawal of old etc.). The oils are then regenerated where possible
vehicles and technical progress that reduces the (75% of volume), i.e. used for energy.
frequency of vehicle component renewal.
In 2018, the collection of automobile batteries
The processing of end-of-life vehicles must respect (battery intended to feed a system of starting, lighting
predefined performance levels according to or ignition car) decreased by 2.3% compared to
September 18, 2000 directive: 95% re-use, of which 2017, to just under 170,000 tonnes. The recycling
85% recycling and re-injection, since 2015. Some efficiency of lead-acid batteries reached 86%.
sites already exceed this objective.
Collection from the automotive tyre industry (light
In 2018, the material decomposition of a ELV reveals and heavy vehicles) amounted to nearly 500,000
in particular: 75% of metals (ferrous metals: 70%, tonnes in 2018, an increase of 7.3% compared to

64 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • environment

CIRCULAR ECONOMY
The energy transition law for green growth of network. At the end of the vehicle’s service life,
August 17, 2015 aims to promote the market it has to be handed over to an approved ELV
for parts from the circular economy (CEIP), by centre to be processed according to a precise
requiring maintenance or repair professionals to specification, according to health and environment
inform consumers of the possibility of opting, for regulations. The centre is responsible for

94%
certain categories of spare parts, for parts from depolluting parts (removal of fluids – fuel oil,
the circular economy instead of new parts. brake fluid, air conditioning, etc. –, batteries
and securing pyrotechnic devices), dismantling
The May 30, 2016 decree specifies that parts them for second-hand sale or recycling, and
from the circular economy are components and sending the stripped vehicle to one of the 57 car
elements sold by approved ELV centres and crushers (2017 data, Ademe), responsible for
components and elements reconditioned by the separating the remaining components from the Re-use and reinjection rate within
manufacturer (the manufacturer, for example), body for re-use. The latter, when sorted, can be the automotive sector in 2018
according to a precise specification, either in used again to make other products (recycling).
the manufacturer’s factories or in a controlled If the components are not reused or recycled,
workshop, branded with the ‘reconditioned’ label they can be used for energy purposes (heating,
(decree of October 4, 1978). cogeneration).

Ve h i c l e s a r e l a u n c h e d b y p r o d u c e r s
(manufacturers and importers) via a dealership

► COMPOSITION OF AN END OF LIFE VEHICLE IN 2018

70% 1%
Lead-acid

4%
Ferrous
starter

3%
metals
battery

1% 1%
Non ferrous
Tyres metals

Other Electrical
rubber wiring

1% 2% 3%
1% 1% 12%
Catalytic Textile
converter and other Glass
materials

Used oils
Paint Plastic
and fluids

Source: ADEME
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 65
 france • economic impact & employment

PRODUCTION OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPACT

The production of the automotive industry Since 2010, VA has fluctuated around 13 billion
amounted to 69 billion euros in 2018, an increase euros, a level close to the mid-2000s.
of 2% compared to the previous year and 34%
compared to 2013, the last year of decline in the As a guarantee of future production in a highly
European market. capital-intensive industry, the investment rate

+43%
(GFCF/VA ratio) is generally maintained at a high
In the new 2014 base, where research and level during this period (see the graph on page 30)
development expenses are now recorded in Gross when the European markets are approaching their
Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), total purchases level of before the crisis. In 2018, the margin rate
(or intermediate consumption), including from the (ratio between gross operating surplus and VA)
branch itself, represent more than 4 times its value decreased but remained at a high level compared
added (VA). In 2018, they reached 55 billion euros, to 2013.
Increase in total automotive sector benefiting, with a stable structure, many sectors
purchases between 2013 and 2018 of the economy.

► ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PRODUCTION (AS A % OF TOTAL PURCHASES)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 (1)

PURCHASES FROM OTHER INDUSTRIES % 71.7 76.3 75.6 72.4 72.1 71.6
Electrical, electronic and IT equipment; machines % 20.6 21.0 20.1 18.6 19.2 19.0
manufacture of IT, electronic and optical products % 4.8 4.8 4.5 3.3 3.8 3.5
manufacture of electrical equipment % 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4
manufacture of machinery and equipment not included elsewhere % 12.8 12.8 12.1 11.8 12.0 12.1
Other industries (including coking and refining) % 35.8 39.8 39.7 37.4 36.4 36.3
metallurgy and metalworking % 16.0 16.7 17.5 16.2 15.6 15.9
manufacture of rubber, plastic and mineral products % 9.1 10.8 10.1 9.6 9.6 9.2
other manufacturing industries (including repairs and installations) % 3.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.2
chemical industry % 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.6
manufacture of textiles, clothing industries, leather and shoes % 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7
wood, paper and printing industries % 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3
Extraction, energy and water industries % 1.6 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.9
electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning % 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2
water, sanitation, waste management and decontamination % 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7
Construction % 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Motorcycle and car sales and repairs % 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2
Transport and storage % 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Information and communications % 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
Financial and insurance services % 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9
Real estate activities % 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Corporate services % 7.7 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.5
legal, accounting, control and technical analysis, etc. % 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2
scientific research and development % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
other specialized, scientific and technical activities % 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.0
administrative and support services % 3.4 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other commercial sector industries % 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4
All commercial sector purchases % 13.4 13.6 13.4 14.1 14.3 14.0
PURCHASES WITHIN THE INDUSTRY % 28.3 23.7 24.4 27.6 27.9 28.4
Total industry production at base prices Current € billion 70.3 75.6 58.3 56.5 67.2 68.8
As a % of production at base prices % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Total purchases (2) Current € billion 52.8 58.2 43.9 43.2 53.4 55.5
As a % of production at base prices % 75.1 77.0 75.4 76.6 79.5 80.6
Value added by the industry Current € billion 17.5 17.4 14.4 13.2 13.8 13.4
As a % of production at base prices % 24.9 23.0 24.6 23.4 20.5 19.4
Gross operating surplus (GOS) Current € billion - - - 5.7 6.0 5.5
As a % of value added (margin rate) % - - - 43.0 43.8 40.9

(1) These data are provisional.

(2) Total purchases (intermediate consumption) refers to the value of goods and services transformed or consumed fully during the production process. The distribution of
purchases by industry is expressed by volume. Since 2010 the research and development costs are no longer included in intermediate consumption, but in GFCF. It does not
include the depreciation of fixed production assets, which is recorded in uses of capital employed.
Source: INSEE – National accounts (base 2014 excl. years before 2010: base 2010)

The total purchases of the automobile branch, Purchases to machinery and equipment
which account for more than three quarters manufacturers (excluding electrical, electronic
of its production, are 28% for the branch itself, and computer products) account for 12% of total
compared with 23% in 2012, and for the remaining purchases in the automotive industry.
72% for the other branches. In 2014, where research and development
expenses are recorded in GFCF, the automobile
Purchases to "other industries" account for industry spends 14% of its purchases on the
36% of all purchases, of which metallurgy and tertiary sector, compared to 13% in 2010. A part
manufactured metal products remain the largest of these purchases is mainly intended for business
suppliers (16% of total purchases, down slightly support activities (which ratio hovers around
but steadily). 7.5%).

66 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • economic impact & employment

AUTOMOTIVE OEMS AND AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY SUPPLIERS

Vehicle manufacturing is a structuring industry for its second and third respectively in Europe in terms of
suppliers and for the French economy. turnover.

The development of French manufacturing has a pull

effect on equipment manufacturers and other suppliers
from sectors such as plastics, industrial rubber, foundry,
industrial metal services, etc.

In the 2018-2022 strategic contract for the automotive

sector (see page 32), the number of employees is
estimated at 400,000 and the turnover at €155 billion.

According to Eurostat, vehicle manufacturing and the

French equipment manufacturing industry ranked

► WORKFORCE OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY BY ACTIVITY

(IN THOUSANDS OF "FULL-TIME EQUIVALENTS")

Activity Employees
Assemblers or engine makers 126
OEMs 66
Metal products 50
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 48

MAJOR CLIENT
Metallurgy 38
Manufacture of IT, electronic and optical products 26
Production of mechanical parts 26
Body builders or developers 19 The French automotive industry is
Production of electrical equipment 18
Chemicals 16
one of the three biggest industrial
Production of glass products 5 clients of numerous economic
Textiles 2 sectors such as plastics, industrial
Refined oil products 1
Production leather items 0 rubber and the mechanical
Sources: DGE, survey in 2012 of companies in the automotive industry; INSEE Clap 2011, DGE calculations
industry.

► SALES, VALUE ADDED AND EXPORT RATE OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Sales before tax (in € billion) Added value (in € billion) Export rate (%)
Core (1) 91 12 56
Periphery (2) 52 12 35
Automotive sector 143 24 43
Ratio (sector/core) 1.6 2 -
Manufacturing industry 900 215 34
Weight of the automotive sector in the manufacturing industry 16% 11% -

(1) Auto manufacturers, equipment manufacturers and bodybuilders.

(2) Metal products, rubber products, metallurgy, IT products, mechanical parts, glass products, textiles, etc.
Sources: DGE, 2012 survey of companies in the automotive industry; Insee Esane 2011; DGE calculations

A "Direction Générale des Enterprises" survey equipment in France or for export represents a industrial rubber markets, foundry, industrial
published in 2015 estimates that the industrial little over 80% of the whole. services of metals which are composed in
automobile sector (excluding research and particular of sectors of cutting, stamping, industrial
development, and other services) employs Externalisation has resulted in an increasing use mechanics, bar turning, forging, stamping,
441,000 people "full-time equivalent", of which of suppliers, which services represent a high stamping and metal coatings. According to
211,000 in the core and 230,000 in the periphery and growing proportion of the overall cost of the GIST (Group of industries of mechanical
(see definitions above). It assesses the turnover manufacturing a vehicle (around 85% according subcontracting), the automotive sector accounted
of the entire sector at more than €140 billion and to FIEV). in recent years about 40% of its business turnover.
its value added at more than €20 billion. Also, the To express the total industrial weight of the
export rate from the sector is greater than that In recent years, among other automotive suppliers, automotive sector, it is necessary to add to these
of the manufacturing industry as a whole (43% nearly one-fifth of the plastics and electronics automotive suppliers what is for example the
compared to 34%). Within the auto sector, this business was automotive. In addition, 10% of the purchases in France of the automobile industry
ratio is higher for the core (56%) than for the internal market for the metal trades was for the from other sectors such as the steel industry (of
periphery (35%). automotive industry. For the smithy and smelter, which the automobile industry represents 25%
this share was close to 50%. This ratio was 70% of tonnage), chemistry (10% for all transport
According to FIEV (vehicle equipment for the polymers and rubber sector. Moreover, materials) or energy producers (see page 66).
manufacturers’ federation), headcount of according to the "Observatoire de l'Intérim",
equipment manufacturers amounted to 70,900 the automobile industry (excluding suppliers)
employees at the end of 2019, for a turnover of accounted for more than 4% of total employment
18.5 billion euros, of which 54% was intended for volumes in 2018 (in full-time equivalent).
export. OEMs address two types of market: the
original equipment market, where equipment is The French automotive industry still relies on its
intended for assembly lines, and the aftermarket French industrial base. It represents significant
or aftermarket. The share of turnover from original parts of the activity of technical plastic parts,

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 67
 france • economic impact & employment

EMPLOYMENT

8%
In broader terms, 2.2 million people worked in trades are by nature less sensitive, through their
activities linked to the automotive industry in 2019, links with the vehicle fleet which continues to grow;
i.e. 8% of the working population. nevertheless, the number of jobs fell slightly with
the crisis, but in recent years a ceiling seems to
In the strictest sense, the automotive industry have been reached. These changes are already
employed 224,000 people, i.e. around 7% of incorporating the first impacts of the ecological
French employed active population salaried jobs across industry (including extractive
industries, agrofoods and industrial companies).
and digital transition which will modify professions
and skills. A prospective study carried out by the
in the automotive industry Observatory of Metallurgy in 2018 assesses the
(direct, indirect and road After the crisis, the competitiveness deficit impact of the drop in diesel engines on industrial
transport-related jobs) continued to weigh on automotive industrial employment at around 15,000 fewer jobs by
activities, including upstream ones. However, it 2030. But the new skills will also lead to needs
is easing as the market rises. Concerning use, the for significant recruitment.

► JOBS DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY RELATED TO THE

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN 2019 (IN THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE)

2019

Production operations 470

Raw materials and services 246

GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES
Manufacturing and energy sector 139 ON DECEMBER 31, 2015
As a %
Services 107
25
Automotive industry 224

Automotive manufacturing 107 21.3

Equipements, accessories 96 20

Bodywork, trailers, caravans 21

Cars use 536

15 14.6
13.7
Sales, repairs, automotive equipment sales, vehicle inspections, 13.2
410
short-term rentals, breakers and recycling
11.4
Insurance, experts, financing, long-term rental, etc. 90 10.7
10 8.9
Others (fuel retailing, self-employed, etc.) 28

Motor sport, media, publishing, other 8 6.3

Transports 1,210 5

Road transport (passengers and freight, outsourced and in-house),

1,060
related services

Police, health, education, non-commercial administration 31 0

CE T CE TÉ ES IE E
Road building and maintenance 119 ES IR RS
AN D AN OM ALP AND LO HE
-F
R AN -F
R
E-
C
N E- RM LA OT
Total jobs related to the automotive industry 2,216 -D
E GR -D
E
CH HÔ NO DE
ÎLE UT
S
RA
N
E-
R Y S
Sources: CCFA, DGE, INSEE, SDES, FNTP, URF, CNPA HA E-F GN PA
R
O GN VE
RG AU Source: INSEE
U
BO

The automotive industry, one of the main Vehicle use accounted for 536,000 jobs connected automotive industry (automakers, equipment
contributors to industrial production in France, in particular to services linked to vehicles (sales, manufacturers and body builders). The other
generated 470,000 jobs through its production repair, automobile equipment centres, rental, etc.), leading automotive industry regions were Grand
and its purchases from other branches (source fuel and recycling (oils, demolishers, etc.). These Est (15%), Hauts-de-France (14%), Bourgogne-
ESANE). It is important to remember that the figures include employees, but also individual Franche-Comté and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (11%
number of jobs linked to the automotive industry entrepreneurs (or non-salaried employees). each), Normandie (9%) and Pays de la Loire (6
now excludes temporary workers, since they are %). This geographical distribution can be found
now part of services. The number of temporary Finally, road transport (passengers and goods) and in the figures on the employment of equipment
workers employed – in full time equivalent (FTE) their infrastructure employed around 1.2 million manufacturers in France in 2019, published by
– averaged around 21,000 people between people thanks to the dynamism of urban public the FIEV.
2011 and 2015. Also, further to the change in transport, taxis and VTC, but also road transport of
nomenclature (see pages 88 and 89), staff from goods. On the infrastructure side, the resumption
automotive equipment manufacturers included of orders from public authorities impacted activity
those coming from manufacturers of vehicle seats and employment.
and electrical materials for engines and vehicles,
which previously figured in manufacturing and According to INSEE data, on December 31, 2015,
energy industries’ purchases. Île-de-France accounted for 21% of jobs in the

68 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
THE FRENCH
AUTOMOTIVE 7.3
INDUSTRY
MILLION VEHICLES
produced by French manufacturers
worldwide

Long-arrow-alt-right ANALYSIS & STATISTICS

2020 EDITION
79%
OF VEHICLES
produced by French manufacturers
are sold abroad

€6.8 BILLION
French automotive industry
research and development
budget in 2018

€50 BILLION
French exports of industrial
automotive products

81%
Share of domestic
travel in France
using passenger cars

86%
Share of domestic
freight transport
in France by road
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 69
 world • production

WORLD PRODUCTION
The production of each country corresponds to national declarations. Double counts are eliminated in the totals of the geographical areas.

► PASSENGERS CARS (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

EUROPE 17,407,047 17,585,503 17,330,380 18,545,798 19,054,909 19,457,054 19,662,030 18,713,116
WESTERN EUROPE 14,778,879 14,217,571 12,110,446 12,636,580 13,058,080 13,132,328 12,615,798 11,677,736
Germany 5,131,918 5,350,187 5,552,409 5,708,138 5,746,808 5,645,584 5,120,409 4,661,328
Belgium 912,233 895,109 528,996 369,172 354,003 332,979 265,958 247,020
Spain 2,366,359 2,098,168 1,913,513 2,218,980 2,354,117 2,291,492 2,267,396 2,248,019
FRANCE 2,879,810 3,112,961 1,924,171 1,555,000 1,636,000 1,754,200 1,773,748 1,665,787
Italy 1,422,284 725,528 573,169 663,139 712,971 742,642 670,932 542,007
The Netherlands 215,085 115,121 48,025 57,019 87,609 155,000 214,000 176,113
Portugal 178,509 137,602 114,563 115,468 99,200 126,426 234,151 282,142
United Kingdom 1,641,452 1,596,356 1,270,444 1,587,677 1,722,698 1,671,166 1,519,440 1,303,135
Sweden 259,959 288,659 177,084 188,987 205,374 226,000 291,000 279,000
CENTRAL AND
2,330,692 2,914,269 4,616,540 5,118,191 5,045,941 5,181,820 4,803,177 4,788,248
EASTERN EUROPE
TURKEY 297,476 453,663 603,394 791,027 950,888 1,142,906 1,026,461 982,642
AMERICA 10,022,089 8,795,982 8,228,067 9,394,539 8,778,776 8,236,350 7,690,288 6,973,304
NAFTA 8,371,806 6,523,591 5,084,330 7,019,427 6,712,992 5,691,163 5,022,072 4,356,864
Canada 1,550,500 1,356,271 967,077 888,565 803,230 751,048 655,896 461,370
USA 5,542,217 4,321,272 2,731,105 4,162,808 3,916,584 3,033,216 1,581,012 1,382,714
Mexico 1,279,089 846,048 1,386,148 1,968,054 1,993,178 1,906,899 2,785,164 2,512,780
SOUTH AMERICA 1,650,283 2,272,391 3,143,737 2,375,112 2,065,784 2,545,187 2,668,216 2,616,440
Argentina 238,921 182,761 508,401 308,756 241,315 203,694 208,573 108,364
Brazil (1) 1,351,998 2,011,817 2,584,690 2,017,639 1,778,464 2,307,443 2,387,967 2,448,490
ASIA-OCEANIA 13,573,073 20,249,215 32,408,358 40,125,960 43,884,300 44,937,856 43,622,768 40,666,078
China 605,000 3,941,767 13,897,083 21,143,351 24,420,744 24,806,687 23,529,423 21,360,193
South Korea 2,602,008 3,357,094 3,866,206 4,135,108 3,859,991 3,735,399 3,661,730 3,612,587
India 517,957 1,264,111 2,831,542 3,408,849 3,707,348 3,961,327 4,032,481 3,623,335
Japan 8,359,434 9,016,735 8,310,362 7,830,722 7,873,886 8,347,836 8,359,286 8,328,756
AFRICA 213,444 319,598 356,872 604,130 673,685 671,782 776,967 787,287
South Africa 230,577 324,875 295,394 341,025 335,539 321,358 321,097 348,665
TOTAL 41,215,653 46,950,298 58,323,677 68,670,427 72,391,670 73,303,042 71,752,053 67,139,785

► COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

EUROPE 2,783,468 3,132,236 2,529,925 2,672,648 2,434,598 2,563,228 2,602,435 2,571,856
WESTERN EUROPE 2,326,653 2,246,450 1,686,875 1,794,888 1,571,867 1,608,788 1,645,308 1,658,806
Germany 394,697 407,523 353,576 325,226 nd nd nd nd
Belgium 121,061 31,406 26,306 40,081 45,424 44,023 42,535 38,777
Spain 666,515 654,332 474,387 514,221 531,805 556,843 552,169 574,336
FRANCE 468,551 436,047 305,250 417,000 454,279 471,500 495,941 509,563
Italy 316,031 312,824 265,017 351,084 390,334 399,568 389,136 373,298
The Netherlands (2) 52,234 65,627 46,107 2,252 2,280 n/a n/a n/a
Portugal 68,215 83,458 44,166 41,158 43,896 49,118 60,215 63,562
United Kingdom 172,442 206,753 123,019 94,479 93,924 78,219 84,888 78,270
Sweden 41,384 50,570 40,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
CENTRAL AND
323,203 459,997 351,887 309,991 327,692 401,615 433,438 434,448
EASTERN EUROPE
TURKEY 133,471 425,789 491,163 567,769 535,039 552,825 523,689 478,602
AMERICA 9,761,798 10,488,678 8,119,880 11,567,600 12,042,894 12,478,652 13,157,330 13,129,455
NAFTA 9,325,214 9,795,192 7,069,234 10,935,086 11,438,330 11,787,657 12,402,403 12,426,534
Canada 1,411,136 1,331,621 1,101,112 1,394,742 1,567,426 1,442,955 1,369,898 1,455,215
USA 7,257,640 7,625,381 5,011,988 7,943,180 8,263,717 8,156,769 2,519,758 2,604,080
Mexico 656,438 838,190 956,134 1,597,164 1,607,187 2,187,933 8,512,747 8,367,239
SOUTH AMERICA 436,584 693,486 1,050,646 632,514 604,564 690,995 754,927 702,921
Argentina 100,711 136,994 208,139 217,901 231,461 269,714 258,076 206,423
Brazil (1) 329,519 519,023 797,038 411,782 377,892 429,359 493,051 496,498
ASIA-OCEANIA 4,497,938 5,878,721 8,600,629 7,863,313 7,962,121 8,528,632 9,034,058 8,600,795
China 1,464,000 1,775,852 4,367,678 3,423,899 3,698,050 4,208,747 4,279,773 4,360,472
South Korea 512,990 342,256 405,535 420,849 368,518 394,276 367,104 338,030
India 283,403 374,563 725,531 751,736 811,993 830,904 1,110,328 892,682
Japan 1,781,362 1,782,924 1,318,558 1,447,516 1,330,927 1,342,838 1,370,308 1,355,542
AFRICA 115,305 199,195 158,204 232,291 229,883 224,777 325,069 317,860
South Africa 126,787 200,352 176,655 274,633 263,465 268,593 289,757 283,318
TOTAL 17,158,509 19,698,830 19,408,638 22,335,852 22,669,496 23,795,289 25,118,892 24,619,966
(1) As of 2010, Brazilian production does not include CKDs.
(2) Production in the Netherlands does not include DAF since 2012 and does not include Ginaf and Scania since 2014.
Sources: OICA, CCFA

70 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 world • production

WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY MANUFACTURER AND REGION IN 2017

► IN THOUSANDS
Other Other Asian,
North European
South European Pacific and
Manufacturers/areas America Union 28 Japan South Korea China TOTAL
America countries African
NAFTA countries
and Turkey countries
European manufacturers 3,752 1,531 13,819 1,392 5 314 5,383 1,647 27,841
BMW 405 0 1,650 0 0 0 397 53 2,506
FCA 2,325 560 1,321 329 0 0 32 34 4,601
DAIMLER AG (light vehicles) 287 1 1,685 2 0 0 457 117 2,549
PSA 1 144 2,601 22 5 50 382 444 3,650
RENAULT 1 390 1,827 871 0 264 75 725 4,154
VOLKSWAGEN (light vehicles) 732 435 4,735 166 0 0 4,041 273 10,382
American manufacturers 6,473 847 1,582 462 0 519 5,100 923 15,906
FORD 3,041 323 1,101 393 0 0 923 607 6,387
GM 3,270 524 422 69 0 519 4,176 316 9,298
NAVISTAR 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68
PACCAR 94 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 153
Japanese manufacturers 6,103 413 1,415 382 9,584 122 4,498 6,761 29,278
HONDA 1,851 115 164 29 818 0 1,442 818 5,237
ISUZU 0 0 0 0 234 0 0 379 612
MAZDA 186 0 0 0 971 0 315 136 1,608
MITSUBISHI 0 0 0 0 580 0 0 631 1,210
NISSAN 1,760 47 599 38 1,020 122 1,506 677 5,769
SUBARU 363 0 0 0 710 0 0 0 1,073
SUZUKI 0 0 185 0 988 0 92 2,038 3,302
TOYOTA 1,942 250 468 315 4,265 0 1,143 2,083 10,466
Korean manufacturers 844 183 697 461 0 3,174 1,183 678 7,218
HYUNDAI-KIA 844 183 697 461 0 3,174 1,183 678 7,218
Chinese manufacturers 0 0 612 0 0 0 4,206 0 4,817
GEELY 0 0 612 0 0 0 1,339 0 1,950
SAIC 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,867 0 2,867
Indian manufacturers 0 0 532 0 0 0 0 400 932
TATA 0 0 532 0 0 0 0 400 932
ALL MANUFACTURERS
17,172 2,973 18,657 2,695 9,589 4,131 20,369 10,409 85,994
QUOTED ABOVE

► AS A % OF TOTAL PRODUCTION
Other Other Asian,
North European
South European Pacific and
Manufacturers/areas America Union 28 Japan South Korea China TOTAL
America countries African
NAFTA countries
and Turkey countries
European manufacturers 13% 5% 50% 5% 0% 1% 19% 6% 100%
BMW 16% - 66% - - - 16% 2% 100%
FCA 51% 12% 29% 7% - - 1% 1% 100%
DAIMLER AG 11% - 66% - - - 18% 5% 100%
PSA - 4% 71% 1% 0% - 10% 12% 100%
RENAULT - 9% 44% 21% - 6% - 17% 100%
VOLKSWAGEN 7% 4% 46% 2% - - 39% 3% 100%
American manufacturers 41% 5% 10% 3% 0% 3% 32% 6% 100%
FORD 48% 5% 17% 6% - - 14% 9% 100%
GM 35% 6% 5% 1% - 6% 45% 3% 100%
NAVISTAR 100% - - - - - - - 100%
PACCAR 61% - 39% - - - - - 100%
Japanese manufacturers 21% 1% 5% 1% 33% 0% 15% 23% 100%
FUJI 34% - - - 66% - - - 100%
HONDA 35% 2% 3% 1% 16% - 28% 16% 100%
ISUZU - - - - 38% - 0% 62% 100%
MAZDA 12% 0% - - 60% - 20% 8% 100%
MITSUBISHI 0% 0% - - 48% - - 52% 100%
NISSAN 31% 1% 10% 1% 18% - 26% 12% 100%
SUZUKI - 0% 6% - 30% - 3% 62% 100%
TOYOTA 19% 2% 4% 3% 41% - 11% 20% 100%
Korean manufacturers 12% 3% 10% 6% 0% 44% 16% 9% 100%
HYUNDAI-KIA 12% 3% 10% 6% - 44% 16% 9% 100%
Chinese manufacturers 0% 0% 13% 0% 0% 0% 87% 0% 100%
GEELY - - 31% - - - 69% 0% 100%
SAIC - - - - - - 100% - 100%
Indian manufacturers 0% 0% 57% 0% 0% 0% 0% 43% 100%
TATA - - 57% - - 0% - 43% 100%
ALL MANUFACTURERS
20% 3% 22% 3% 11% 5% 24% 12% 100%
QUOTED ABOVE
Sources: OICA, CCFA estimates July 2018

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 71
 world • markets & vehicle in use

REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Germany 3,378,343 3,319,259 2,916,259 3,206,042 3,351,607 3,441,262 3,435,778 3,607,258
Belgium 515,204 480,088 547,340 501,066 539,519 546,558 549,632 550,003
Spain 1,381,515 1,528,877 982,015 1,094,077 1,147,007 1,234,932 1,321,438 1,258,260
France 2,133,884 2,118,042 2,251,669 1,917,226 2,015,177 2,110,748 2,173,481 2,214,279
Italy 2,415,600 2,244,108 1,961,580 1,575,737 1,824,968 1,970,497 1,910,701 1,916,320
The Netherlands 597,640 465,196 482,531 449,350 382,825 414,306 443,531 446,114
United Kingdom 2,221,670 2,439,717 2,030,846 2,633,503 2,692,786 2,540,617 2,367,147 2,311,140
European Union (15 countries) 14,312,087 14,170,958 12,559,450 12,772,785 13,481,105 13,828,253 13,744,976 13,838,113
Europe (17 countries, 18 since
14,725,982 14,565,695 12,984,549 13,261,258 13,971,468 14,320,223 14,210,016 14,303,469
2015) (1)
Poland - 207,007 315,855 354,975 416,123 486,352 531,889 555,598
Russia - 1,520,225 1,912,794 1,282,740 1,239,680 1,448,700 1,606,676 1,567,743
Turkey 456,696 438,597 509,784 725,596 756,938 722,759 486,321 387,256
Central and Eastern Europe (2) 2,551,000 3,340,760 3,515,314 3,149,305 3,320,351 3,654,058 3,702,320 3,664,535
Canada 849,132 847,436 694,349 712,322 661,088 639,824 581,977 496,603
USA 8,846,625 7,659,983 5,635,432 7,516,826 6,872,729 6,080,229 5,303,580 4,715,005
Mexico 603,010 714,010 503,748 892,194 1,065,912 984,262 866,918 761,720
Argentina 224,950 290,648 522,591 480,952 525,757 663,550 610,943 282,299
Brazil 1,188,818 1,439,822 2,856,540 2,123,009 1,676,722 1,856,450 2,101,884 2,262,069
China - 3,971,101 13,757,794 21,210,339 24,376,902 24,718,321 23,709,782 21,444,180
South Korea 1,057,620 893,159 1,237,482 1,533,670 1,533,813 1,526,660 1,525,150 1,539,060
India - 1,106,863 2,387,197 2,772,270 2,966,637 3,229,109 3,394,756 2,962,052
Indonesia - 364,319 541,475 755,566 834,920 833,681 878,595 798,813
Iran - 730,000 1,410,403 1,055,400 1,320,300 1,361,456 1,128,017 619,028
Japan 4,259,771 4,748,482 4,203,181 4,215,889 4,146,459 4,386,378 4,391,160 4,301,091
Malaysia - 410,892 543,594 591,275 514,545 514,680 533,201 550,179
Thailand - 178,291 346,644 356,063 328,053 665,871 729,709 468,638
Australia - 789,096 827,407 924,154 927,274 915,658 873,713 799,263
South Africa - 419,868 337,130 412,670 361,289 361,289 365,242 355,378
WORLD 38,689,767 45,404,638 55,809,158 66,327,133 69,512,720 70,694,834 68,678,212 64,341,693

► NEW COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Germany 314,804 295,627 282,157 333,783 357,260 369,146 386,282 409,801
Belgium 66,125 71,413 60,157 70,458 78,335 87,084 94,802 99,440
Spain 335,684 430,611 132,104 182,982 200,337 199,661 242,058 242,956
France 477,204 480,122 457,215 427,866 463,295 495,052 519,266 541,416
Italy 268,057 251,328 202,573 150,342 225,324 221,263 211,664 215,596
The Netherlands 114,354 80,787 59,781 71,828 86,585 73,633 95,672 92,628
United Kingdom 301,523 388,410 262,730 427,903 430,969 369,788 375,325 365,778
European Union (15 countries) 2,245,881 2,304,191 1,646,742 1,882,620 2,089,507 2,005,197 2,236,626 2,305,295
Europe (17 countries, 18 since
2,310,844 2,376,384 1,712,171 1,962,508 2,173,752 2,087,531 2,325,540 2,398,755
2015) (1)
Poland - 48,100 50,722 77,464 88,427 90,945 97,634 96,768
Russia - 286,400 194,341 158,183 164,784 208,870 214,644 211,098
Turkey 199,825 276,615 251,129 285,598 250,919 257,518 155,229 104,653
Central and Eastern Europe (2) 579,060 780,487 596,654 662,918 693,287 621,547 617,388 562,588
Canada 736,951 782,706 889,039 1,227,195 1,322,657 1,398,975 1,458,284 1,479,252
USA 8,965,048 9,784,346 6,136,787 10,328,798 10,993,044 11,470,292 12,397,822 12,764,999
Mexico 302,944 454,498 344,606 497,280 581,811 546,236 598,524 597,951
Argentina 81,995 112,042 175,813 163,069 183,725 198,782 192,609 126,375
Brazil 302,288 274,822 658,524 445,967 373,599 316,288 464,310 525,781
China - 1,787,088 4,304,142 3,451,263 3,651,273 4,160,583 4,370,795 4,324,497
South Korea 372,840 252,071 273,891 300,116 289,228 303,328 301,991 256,074
India - 333,592 653,193 652,566 702,640 830,346 1,005,422 854,839
Indonesia - 169,598 223,235 275,856 213,215 235,993 274,162 244,204
Iran - 127,500 232,440 166,600 128,200 67,716 66,488 36,487
Japan 1,703,114 1,103,552 752,967 830,621 823,801 847,788 880,907 894,125
Malaysia - 140,150 61,562 75,402 65,579 61,956 65,499 54,108
Thailand - 514,215 453,713 443,569 440,735 340,191 560,093 538,914
Australia - 199,173 208,167 231,254 250,859 273,458 247,683 235,116
South Africa - 197,538 155,777 205,079 186,117 186,117 186,984 181,233
WORLD 18,723,143 20,513,294 19,149,816 23,380,189 24,398,752 24,965,772 26,782,710 26,854,021

(1) Including Iceland since 2015.

(2) New member states, Russia, Turkey and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Sources: CCFA, OICA since 2005, which uses data from its members and thus local definitions of vehicle types

72 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 europe • production

PRODUCTION PER ENERGY TYPE

► DIESEL PASSENGER CAR PRODUCTION BY BRAND AND COUNTRY (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

FRENCH GROUPS
Citroën+DS 453,604 546,021 586,769 - - - - -
Peugeot 593,349 805,490 622,644 - - - - -
PSA group 1,046,953 1,351,511 1,209,413 932,595 936,425 1,012,098 940,081 957,442
Renault 601,495 966,687 812,306 - - - - -
Dacia - 9,824 132,548 - - - - -
Renault Samsung Motors - 86 24,141 - - - - -
Renault group 601,495 976,597 968,995 915,527 898,864 1,054,351 1,039,526 1,068,797
Total diesel (1) 1,648,448 2,328,108 2,178,408 1,848,122 1,835,289 2,066,449 1,979,607 2,026,239
Total petrol + diesel + others 4,598,617 5,177,852 5,610,340 4,794,079 4,920,471 5,182,320 5,782,453 6,883,000
Diesel share 35.8% 45.0% 38.8% 38.6% 37.3% 39.9% 34.2% 29.4%
GERMANY
Mercedes-Benz 278,772 365,403 363,443 400,324 412,462 420,050 - -
Opel 288,651 361,112 236,982 143,919 157,576 114,241 - -
Volkswagen-Audi-Seat 847,652 1,112,321 1,095,790 1,210,951 1,289,215 1,344,161 - -
Ford 179,130 372,133 347,553 206,654 216,980 272,502 - -
BMW 194,794 345,998 448,604 522,549 519,080 547,713 - -
Total diesel 1,788,999 2,556,967 2,502,419 2,514,363 2,635,285 2,744,586 2,681,647 2,352,091
Total petrol + diesel + others 5,131,918 5,344,098 5,552,330 5,439,904 5,604,026 5,708,138 5,746,808 5,645,584
Diesel share 34.9% 47.8% 45.1% 46.2% 47.0% 48.1% 46.7% 46.7%
SPAIN
Total diesel 681,262 481,923 1,000,000 885,850 1,004,877 1,217,898 1,171,691 948,425
Total petrol + diesel 2,445,421 2,182,176 1,913,513 1,719,700 1,871,985 2,202,348 2,313,409 2,243,202
Diesel share 27.9% 22.1% 52.3% 51.5% 53.7% 55.3% 50.6% 42.3%
ITALY
Alfa Romeo 77,532 92,589 60,095 39,249 32,493 30,437 50,692 57,397
Fiat 223,889 267,801 138,598 60,206 69,632 115,418 113,226 107,247
Lancia 40,891 37,932 40,759 6,339 1,745 - - -
Jeep - - - - 18,593 49,767 63,927 59,149
Others - 164 1,449 - - 5,410 9,300 9,222
Total diesel 342,312 398,486 240,901 105,794 122,463 201,032 237,145 233,015
Total petrol + diesel + others 1,422,243 725,528 573,169 388,465 401,317 663,139 712,971 742,642
Diesel share 24.1% 54.9% 42.0% 27.2% 30.5% 30.3% 33.3% 31.4%
UNITED KINGDOM
Honda 596 46,823 35,908 54,800 51,728 62,773 - -
Jaguar-Land Rover 69,775 126,758 137,824 212,041 213,349 246,542 - -
Mini - 15,656 34,752 29,529 31,280 39,437 - -
Nissan 54,396 43,307 173,050 201,379 233,884 254,800 - -
Opel 125,880 77,225 35,206 42908 25205 9008 - -
Peugeot 37,432 56,431 - - - - - -
Toyota 38,931 90,045 55,599 49,468 44,879 49,624 - -
Others 57,413 8,352 1,814 924 1,376 1,171 - -
Total diesel 384,423 464,597 474,153 591,049 601,701 663,355 - -
Total petrol + diesel 1,641,317 1,594,101 1,274,070 1,439,290 1,439,258 1,489,372 - -
Diesel share 23.4% 29.1% 37.2% 41.1% 41.8% 44.5% - -

(1) Including others.

Source: CCFA

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 73
 europe • markets & vehicle in use

REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (1) + EFTA (2)
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)

2005 (3) 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2,111 1,849 1,395 1,480 1,472 1,886 2,499 2,467
PSA GROUP
13.6% 13.4% 10.7% 10.4% 9.7% 12.1% 16.0% 15.6%
1,635 1,416 1,234 1,350 1,516 1,612 1,621 1,647
RENAULT GROUP
10.5% 10.2% 9.5% 9.5% 10.0% 10.3% 10.4% 10.4%
1,085 1,080 766 871 993 1,044 1,017 941
FCA group
7.0% 7.8% 5.9% 6.1% 6.6% 6.7% 6.5% 6.0%
1,269 1,128 960 1,031 1,049 1,043 1,009 993
Ford group
8.2% 8.2% 7.4% 7.3% 6.9% 6.7% 6.5% 6.3%
1,590 1,196 923 943 994 600 4 3
General Motors
10.2% 8.6% 7.1% 6.6% 6.6% 3.8% 0.0% 0.0%
3,041 2,984 3,307 3,516 3,641 3,712 3,726 3,857
Volkswagen group
19.5% 21.6% 25.5% 24.8% 24.1% 23.8% 23.9% 24.4%
830 676 714 839 954 1,011 983 1,030
Daimler group
5.3% 4.9% 5.5% 5.9% 6.3% 6.5% 6.3% 6.5%
772 753 833 936 1,032 1,043 1,032 1,047
BMW group
5.0% 5.4% 6.4% 6.6% 6.8% 6.7% 6.6% 6.6%
361 407 481 560 561 575 497 395
Nissan
2.3% 2.9% 3.7% 3.9% 3.7% 3.7% 3.2% 2.5%
852 629 563 603 651 730 758 796
Toyota-Lexus-Daihatsu
5.5% 4.5% 4.3% 4.3% 4.3% 4.7% 4.9% 5.0%
911 718 604 695 754 766 800 819
Other Japanese brands
5.8% 5.2% 4.7% 4.9% 5.0% 4.9% 5.1% 5.2%
569 614 773 854 937 985 1,033 1,061
Hyundai-Kia
3.7% 4.4% 6.0% 6.0% 6.2% 6.3% 6.6% 6.7%
249 231 255 285 290 301 322 341
Volvo
1.6% 1.7% 2.0% 2.0% 1.9% 1.9% 2.1% 2.2%
128 100 146 179 233 237 236 224
Tata group
0.8% 0.7% 1.1% 1.3% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4%
168 53 32 46 41 65 71 162
Other brands (including MG-Rover, Saab)
1.1% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 1.0%
15,572 13,832 12,987 14,189 15,118 15,610 15,607 15,782
TOTAL EU + EFTA
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Year-on-year change -5.0% 5.4% 9.3% 6.7% 3.4% 10.0% 4.4%

► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (1) + EFTA (2)
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)

2005 (3) 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

389 344 330 354 380 461 533 557
PSA GROUP
18.1% 21.9% 20.3% 19.5% 18.9% 22.1% 24.7% 25.1%
331 266 258 299 328 338 349 362
RENAULT GROUP
15.4% 17.0% 15.9% 16.5% 16.3% 16.2% 16.2% 16.3%
284 233 207 229 270 265 266 269
FCA group
13.2% 14.9% 12.8% 12.7% 13.4% 12.7% 12.3% 12.2%
235 171 215 268 319 332 355 351
Ford group
10.9% 10.9% 13.2% 14.8% 15.8% 15.9% 16.5% 15.8%
153 78 84 104 106 58 0 0
General Motors
7.1% 5.0% 5.2% 5.7% 5.3% 2.8% 0.0% 0.0%
212 185 225 218 243 251 267 271
Volkswagen group
9.9% 11.8% 13.9% 12.0% 12.1% 12.0% 12.4% 12.2%
166 140 159 172 186 198 201 219
Daimler group
7.7% 8.9% 9.8% 9.5% 9.2% 9.5% 9.3% 9.9%
103 43 47 50 66 68 62 57
Nissan
4.8% 2.7% 2.9% 2.7% 3.3% 3.3% 2.9% 2.6%
65 39 38 41 40 52 56 55
Toyota-Lexus-Daihatsu
3.0% 2.5% 2.3% 2.3% 2.0% 2.5% 2.6% 2.5%
81 38 30 37 41 40 40 46
Other Japanese brands
3.8% 2.4% 1.9% 2.0% 2.1% 1.9% 1.9% 2.1%
52 6 3 4 7 6 5 4
Hyundai-Kia
2.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2%
78 27 30 35 26 20 24 25
Other brands (including MG-Rover, Saab)
3.6% 1.7% 1.9% 1.9% 1.3% 0.9% 1.1% 1.1%
2,149 1,569 1,627 1,813 2,011 2,089 2,157 2,218
TOTAL EU + EFTA
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Year-on-year change 8.8% 10.9% -9.8% 10.9% 3.9% 3.3% 2.8%

(1) For the scope of the new EU member states, see page 77.
(2) EFTA (European Free Trade Association): Iceland (included since 2015) + Norway + Switzerland.
(3) Not including Bulgaria in 2005. In 2006, 135,500 light commercial vehicles, of which no French brand, are included in passenger cars in Spain.
Automobile manufacturers include the following brands:
PSA group = Peugeot + Citroën + DS + Opel/Vauxhall (since August 1, 2017)
Renault group = Renault + Alpine + Dacia + Lada (since January 1, 2017)
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles = Alfa Romeo + Fiat + Iveco + Lancia + Maseratti + Chrysler + Jeep + Dodge
Ford group = Ford Europe + Ford USA + others Ford
General Motors = Opel/Vauxhall (until July 31, 2017) + GM Daewoo + Chevrolet + Pontiac + others
Volkswagen group = Volkswagen + Audi + Porsche + Seat + Skoda + Bentley + Lamborghini + Bugatti + MAN + Scania
Daimler group = Mercedes-Benz + smart + FUSO + others
BMW group = BMW + Mini + Rolls-Royce
Other Japanese brands: Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Suzuki, etc.
Tata group = Jaguar + Land-Rover + Tata
The scope of the groups reflects their situation as at 01/01/2020

74 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 europe • markets & vehicle in use

REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION + EFTA IN 2019 (SEE NOTE PAGE 74)
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)
Citroën Fiat group
PSA Renault Volkswa- Ford Daimler Japanese Korean
Total and DS Peugeot Renault (including BMW-Mini
group (1) group gen group group group brands brands
(2) Chrysler)
3,607 351 62 73 215 133 113 1,314 280 332 390 314 202
Germany
100% 9.7% 1.7% 2.0% 6.0% 3.7% 3.1% 36.4% 7.8% 9.2% 10.8% 8.7% 5.6%
329 36 8 11 27 18 19 114 19 23 17 38 27
Austria
100% 11.0% 2.4% 3.4% 8.2% 5.4% 5.6% 34.5% 5.9% 6.8% 5.1% 11.7% 8.1%
550 104 30 43 70 49 23 119 24 45 39 55 37
Belgium
100% 18.9% 5.4% 7.8% 12.8% 8.8% 4.3% 21.6% 4.4% 8.1% 7.2% 9.9% 6.8%
225 43 16 19 14 12 3 62 13 10 12 43 17
Denmark
100% 19.2% 7.3% 8.5% 6.1% 5.1% 1.2% 27.7% 5.6% 4.3% 5.3% 19.0% 7.5%
1,258 239 72 98 142 86 70 290 57 60 58 188 125
Spain
100% 19.0% 5.7% 7.8% 11.3% 6.9% 5.5% 23.0% 4.5% 4.8% 4.6% 14.9% 10.0%
114 10 2 3 5 3 1 30 8 4 6 27 11
Finland
100% 8.7% 1.8% 2.2% 4.5% 3.0% 1.3% 25.9% 7.2% 3.5% 5.6% 24.0% 9.9%
2,214 708 262 380 549 410 88 286 79 86 81 211 85
France
100% 32.0% 11.8% 17.1% 24.8% 18.5% 4.0% 12.9% 3.6% 3.9% 3.6% 9.5% 3.8%
114 24 7 10 6 4 8 21 4 5 5 27 11
Greece
100% 21.2% 6.1% 8.6% 5.4% 3.7% 7.2% 18.2% 3.4% 4.5% 4.6% 23.7% 9.8%
117 11 1 6 10 7 1 32 10 5 3 26 18
Ireland
100% 9.2% 0.8% 4.8% 8.2% 5.6% 0.5% 26.9% 8.2% 3.9% 2.8% 22.4% 15.0%
1,917 298 91 110 198 114 454 302 123 80 98 210 100
Italy
100% 15.5% 4.7% 5.7% 10.3% 5.9% 23.7% 15.7% 6.4% 4.2% 5.1% 11.0% 5.2%
55 7 2 3 5 4 3 16 3 6 6 4 2
Luxembourg
100% 13.0% 4.1% 6.1% 8.6% 7.1% 5.1% 28.6% 4.6% 10.6% 10.2% 6.9% 4.4%
The 445 77 16 29 29 26 8 94 25 29 20 70 43
Netherlands 100% 17.3% 3.5% 6.6% 6.6% 5.9% 1.8% 21.1% 5.7% 6.5% 4.4% 15.6% 9.6%
224 48 15 24 36 29 17 28 9 17 21 28 11
Portugal
100% 21.7% 6.5% 10.6% 15.9% 13.0% 7.8% 12.4% 4.0% 7.4% 9.2% 12.6% 5.1%
United 2,311 296 55 81 90 59 44 501 236 235 176 352 183
Kingdom 100% 12.8% 2.4% 3.5% 3.9% 2.6% 1.9% 21.7% 10.2% 10.2% 7.6% 15.2% 7.9%
356 16 3 10 16 12 8 98 9 25 20 58 32
Sweden
100% 4.5% 0.9% 2.8% 4.6% 3.4% 2.2% 27.7% 2.6% 6.9% 5.5% 16.2% 8.9%
European 13,838 2,269 641 899 1,413 966 859 3,306 898 959 952 1,650 904
Union (15
100% 16.4% 4.6% 6.5% 10.2% 7.0% 6.2% 23.9% 6.5% 6.9% 6.9% 11.9% 6.5%
countries)
12 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 2
Iceland
100% 4.6% 1.6% 2.0% 7.4% 2.3% 0.9% 11.6% 3.7% 1.7% 1.7% 41.2% 20.3%
142 8 2 4 3 2 0 34 4 11 3 35 11
Norway
100% 5.5% 1.2% 2.6% 1.8% 1.7% 0.2% 24.1% 2.6% 8.0% 2.4% 24.9% 7.6%
311 25 7 9 20 12 17 96 14 30 28 44 14
Switzerland
100% 8.1% 2.1% 2.8% 6.4% 3.8% 5.5% 30.8% 4.5% 9.6% 9.1% 14.2% 4.5%
Europe (18 14,303 2,302 650 912 1,436 981 877 3,437 917 1,001 984 1,735 932
countries) (3) 100% 16.1% 4.5% 6.4% 10.0% 6.9% 6.1% 24.0% 6.4% 7.0% 6.9% 12.1% 6.5%
39 5 1 2 8 3 2 10 1 1 1 8 3
Bulgaria
100% 11.7% 3.4% 5.7% 20.3% 7.4% 4.2% 24.9% 3.8% 3.6% 2.0% 20.6% 7.0%
63 11 3 4 9 6 3 18 2 2 1 10 5
Croatia
100% 18.1% 4.0% 5.7% 15.1% 9.2% 4.9% 28.5% 3.5% 2.7% 2.3% 16.1% 7.7%
28 4 1 2 4 3 0 7 0 0 0 8 3
Estonia
100% 13.5% 4.8% 5.6% 14.9% 10.3% 1.5% 25.1% 1.6% 1.7% 1.7% 28.5% 9.4%
158 16 2 3 19 8 7 29 16 4 5 47 13
Hungary
100% 10.0% 1.0% 1.9% 11.8% 4.8% 4.6% 18.1% 10.0% 2.6% 3.2% 29.5% 8.5%
18 2 0 1 1 1 0 6 1 1 0 5 1
Latvia
100% 11.9% 2.7% 6.4% 8.2% 2.8% 1.9% 31.2% 3.7% 3.0% 1.3% 27.3% 8.0%
46 2 0 1 3 1 21 8 1 1 0 8 2
Lithuania
100% 4.7% 0.8% 3.0% 5.8% 3.1% 45.1% 17.6% 1.8% 1.9% 0.7% 16.3% 4.7%
554 61 12 15 57 28 20 151 30 23 22 121 54
Poland
100% 11.1% 2.2% 2.8% 10.3% 5.0% 3.7% 27.3% 5.4% 4.1% 3.9% 21.8% 9.8%
250 23 7 11 25 10 3 116 10 6 7 25 29
Czech Rep.
100% 9.1% 2.6% 4.5% 10.0% 4.0% 1.2% 46.2% 3.9% 2.2% 2.9% 10.2% 11.6%
162 14 3 4 64 14 2 26 12 4 4 22 11
Romania
100% 8.9% 1.6% 2.3% 39.6% 8.4% 1.3% 16.2% 7.7% 2.4% 2.7% 13.5% 6.6%
102 15 4 6 11 4 2 33 2 3 3 15 17
Slovakia
100% 15.0% 4.3% 6.0% 10.8% 3.9% 1.9% 32.1% 1.5% 2.7% 2.8% 14.7% 17.1%
60 11 3 4 9 7 3 19 2 2 1 7 4
Slovenia
100% 18.9% 5.5% 6.5% 15.3% 12.3% 5.7% 32.3% 2.8% 2.7% 2.3% 11.4% 7.4%
11 new EU 1,479 165 37 53 211 84 65 422 77 46 46 275 143
members 100% 11.2% 2.5% 3.6% 14.2% 5.7% 4.4% 28.5% 5.2% 3.1% 3.1% 18.6% 9.7%
Europe 15,782 2,467 687 965 1,647 1,064 941 3,859 993 1,047 1,030 2,010 1,074
(29 countries) 100% 15.6% 4.3% 6.1% 10.4% 6.7% 6.0% 24.4% 6.3% 6.6% 6.5% 12.7% 6.8%
(1) Opel is included in PSA group since August 1, 2017.
(2) Respectively 635,943 units for Citroën and 49,681 for DS in EU-29.
(3) Europe (18 countries): EU (15 countries) and EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland).
comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 75
 europe • markets & vehicle in use

REGISTRATIONS
The special French Temporary Transit series was included in the new passenger car registrations as of 2004.
► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP IN WESTERN EUROPE
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1,930 2,012 1,776 1,423 1,410 1,785 2,338 2,302
PSA group
13.1% 13.8% 13.7% 10.8% 10.1% 12.5% 16.5% 16.1%
1,559 1,442 1,305 1,230 1,369 1,445 1,439 1,436
RENAULT group
10.6% 9.9% 10.1% 9.3% 9.8% 10.1% 10.1% 10.0%
1,575 951 1,035 841 959 1,001 966 877
FCA group
10.7% 6.5% 8.0% 6.4% 6.9% 7.0% 6.8% 6.1%
1,248 1,210 1,063 966 975 965 931 917
Ford group
8.5% 8.3% 8.2% 7.3% 7.0% 6.7% 6.6% 6.4%
1,720 1,539 1,119 878 919 554 4 3
General Motors
11.7% 10.6% 8.6% 6.7% 6.6% 3.9% 0.0% 0.0%
2,776 2,743 2,757 3,202 3,277 3,317 3,305 3,437
Volkswagen group
18.8% 18.9% 21.3% 24.3% 23.5% 23.2% 23.3% 24.0%
811 819 662 815 919 969 938 984
Daimler group
5.5% 5.6% 5.1% 6.2% 6.6% 6.8% 6.6% 6.9%
499 761 735 906 995 1,000 993 1,001
BMW group
3.4% 5.2% 5.7% 6.9% 7.1% 7.0% 7.0% 7.0%
392 342 384 524 527 538 458 364
Nissan
2.7% 2.4% 3.0% 4.0% 3.8% 3.8% 3.2% 2.5%
576 793 582 539 572 632 647 673
Toyota-Lexus-Daihatsu
3.9% 5.5% 4.5% 4.1% 4.1% 4.4% 4.6% 4.7%
701 820 651 624 666 671 691 697
Other Japanese brands
4.8% 5.6% 5.0% 4.7% 4.8% 4.7% 4.9% 4.9%
303 530 539 760 829 865 903 919
Hyundai-Kia
2.1% 3.6% 4.2% 5.8% 5.9% 6.0% 6.4% 6.4%
230 243 222 274 276 286 304 321
Volvo
1.6% 1.7% 1.7% 2.1% 2.0% 2.0% 2.1% 2.2%
112 125 97 174 226 230 227 216
Tata group
0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 1.3% 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5%
304 207 47 43 50 62 66 155
Other brands (including MG-Rover, Saab)
2.1% 1.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 1.1%
14,738 14,536 12,975 13,198 13,970 14,319 14,210 14,303
TOTAL EUROPE (17 THEN 18 COUNTRIES) (1)
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Year-on-year change -2.1% -1.4% -5.0% 9.1% 5.8% 2.5% -0.8% 0.7%

► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP IN WESTERN EUROPE

(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

349 370 326 329 352 430 496 521
PSA group
18.1% 18.4% 22.1% 19.6% 18.9% 22.3% 25.0% 25.5%
272 296 251 274 300 307 313 328
RENAULT group
14.1% 14.7% 17.0% 16.3% 16.1% 15.9% 15.8% 16.1%
275 256 214 201 238 234 234 236
FCA group
14.2% 12.8% 14.5% 12.0% 12.8% 12.1% 11.8% 11.5%
180 225 161 251 299 311 331 326
Ford group
9.3% 11.2% 10.9% 15.0% 16.1% 16.1% 16.7% 16.0%
92 146 75 96 99 54 0 0
General Motors
4.8% 7.3% 5.1% 5.7% 5.3% 2.8% 0.0% 0.0%
202 189 170 202 227 234 247 250
Volkswagen group
10.5% 9.4% 11.6% 12.1% 12.2% 12.1% 12.4% 12.2%
178 152 133 164 177 189 189 206
Daimler group
9.2% 7.6% 9.0% 9.8% 9.5% 9.8% 9.5% 10.1%
100 101 41 48 63 65 59 55
Nissan
5.2% 5.1% 2.8% 2.9% 3.4% 3.4% 3.0% 2.7%
69 62 37 38 36 46 50 48
Toyota-Lexus-Daihatsu
3.6% 3.1% 2.5% 2.3% 1.9% 2.4% 2.5% 2.4%
102 85 36 35 38 37 37 43
Other Japanese brands
5.3% 4.2% 2.4% 2.1% 2.1% 1.9% 1.9% 2.1%
44 48 5 4 6 6 5 3
Hyundai-Kia
2.3% 2.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2%
69 76 26 34 25 19 23 24
Other brands (including MG-Rover, Saab)
3.6% 3.8% 1.8% 2.0% 1.4% 1.0% 1.2% 1.2%
1,931 2,004 1,475 1,674 1,860 1,933 1,984 2,041
TOTAL EUROPE (17 THEN 18 COUNTRIES) (1)
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Year-on-year change 5.6% 3.8% 11.1% 11.2% 11.1% 3.9% 2.6% 2.9%

(1) Including Iceland since 2015.

The scope of the groups reflects their situation as at 01/01/2020 (see page 74).

76 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
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REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN NEW EU MEMBER STATES (1)
(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)

2005 (2) 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

99 73 57 61 101 161 165
PSA group
9.5% 8.5% 5.7% 5.3% 7.8% 11.6% 11.2%
193 112 120 141 167 182 211
RENAULT group
18.7% 13.0% 12.1% 12.3% 13.0% 13.0% 14.2%
50 45 30 34 43 51 65
FCA group
4.8% 5.3% 3.0% 3.0% 3.3% 3.6% 4.4%
59 65 65 73 78 78 77
Ford group
5.7% 7.5% 6.6% 6.3% 6.0% 5.6% 5.2%
132 76 64 75 46 0 0
General Motors
12.7% 8.9% 6.5% 6.5% 3.6% 0.0% 0.0%
257 226 314 361 396 421 422
Volkswagen group
24.8% 26.4% 31.7% 31.4% 30.6% 30.1% 28.5%
11 13 24 35 42 45 46
Daimler group
1.1% 1.6% 2.5% 3.0% 3.3% 3.2% 3.1%
11 17 30 37 42 40 46
BMW group
1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 3.2% 3.3% 2.8% 3.1%
19 23 36 34 38 39 30
Nissan
1.8% 2.6% 3.6% 3.0% 2.9% 2.8% 2.0%
60 47 65 77 98 111 122
Toyota-Lexus-Daihatsu
5.8% 5.5% 6.5% 6.7% 7.6% 8.0% 8.3%
91 67 71 89 95 109 122
Other Japanese brands
8.7% 7.9% 7.2% 7.7% 7.4% 7.8% 8.2%
39 75 95 108 120 130 141
Hyundai-Kia
3.8% 8.7% 9.5% 9.4% 9.3% 9.3% 9.6%
7 9 12 14 15 18 20
Volvo
0.6% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.3% 1.3%
2 3 4 6 7 8 8
Tata group
0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.5%
7 6 3 5 4 5 5
Other brands (including MG-Rover, Saab)
0.7% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4%
1,035 857 991 1,148 1,291 1,397 1,479
TOTAL NEW EU MEMBER STATES
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Year-on-year change -4.8% 12.0% 15.9% 12.5% 8.2% 5.9%

► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN NEW EU MEMBER STATES (1)

(IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)

2005 (2) 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

20 18 26 27 31 37 36
PSA group
13.6% 19.5% 18.4% 18.1% 19.9% 21.5% 20.5%
35 15 26 29 30 36 34
RENAULT group
24.4% 16.3% 18.4% 19.0% 19.3% 20.9% 19.0%
21 19 28 32 31 32 34
FCA group
14.7% 19.8% 20.4% 21.1% 20.0% 18.5% 19.1%
14 10 18 20 20 24 25
Ford group
9.8% 10.1% 12.8% 13.2% 13.0% 13.7% 13.8%
8 3 8 7 4 0 0
General Motors
5.2% 3.2% 5.8% 4.6% 2.7% 0.0% 0.0%
21 14 16 15 17 20 21
Volkswagen group
14.7% 14.9% 11.6% 10.1% 10.9% 11.3% 12.1%
10 7 9 10 10 11 14
Daimler group
6.8% 7.9% 6.4% 6.6% 6.2% 6.5% 7.7%
2 2 2 3 3 3 2
Nissan
1.4% 2.5% 1.2% 2.0% 1.8% 1.5% 1.3%
2 2 3 4 6 6 7
Toyota-Lexus-Daihatsu
1.6% 2.2% 2.2% 2.7% 3.7% 3.6% 4.1%
3 2 2 3 2 3 3
Other Japanese brands
2.3% 2.1% 1.7% 1.7% 1.6% 1.6% 1.7%
5 1 1 1 1 1 0
Hyundai-Kia
3.2% 0.7% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2%
4 1 1 1 1 1 1
Other brands (including MG-Rover, Saab)
2.5% 0.8% 0.8% 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6%
145 95 139 151 156 173 177
TOTAL NEW EU MEMBER STATES
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Year-on-year change -17.5% 17.5% 8.9% 3.5% 10.9% 2.0%

(1) New EU member states not including Cyprus and Malta, including Croatia.
(2) Not including Bulgaria in 2005.
The scope of the groups reflects their situation as at 01/01/2019 (see page 74).

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 europe • markets & vehicle in use

REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY IN WESTERN EUROPE (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Germany 3,378,343 3,318,259 2,916,259 3,206,042 3,351,607 3,441,261 3,435,778 3,607,258
Austria 309,427 307,915 328,563 308,555 329,604 353,320 341,068 329,363
Belgium 515,204 480,088 547,340 501,066 539,519 546,558 549,632 550,003
Denmark 112,688 146,881 153,583 206,999 222,895 221,592 218,358 225,410
Spain 1,381,515 1,528,877 982,015 1,034,232 1,147,009 1,234,932 1,321,437 1,258,258
Finland 134,646 147,949 107,346 108,844 118,912 118,529 120,480 114,188
France 2,133,884 2,117,561 2,251,669 1,917,226 2,015,177 2,110,748 2,173,481 2,214,279
Greece 290,222 269,728 141,501 75,804 78,873 88,083 103,431 114,226
Ireland 230,989 171,741 88,445 124,804 146,649 131,332 125,557 117,100
Iceland - - - 14,008 18,473 21,324 17,976 11,719
Italy 2,415,600 2,237,272 1,961,578 1,575,614 1,825,608 1,971,204 1,910,610 1,916,523
Luxembourg 41,896 48,517 49,726 46,473 50,561 52,775 52,786 54,923
Norway 97,376 109,907 127,754 150,686 154,603 158,650 147,929 142,381
The Netherlands 597,640 465,160 482,527 448,925 382,514 414,306 443,531 445,420
Portugal 257,834 206,488 223,464 178,503 207,330 222,129 228,327 223,806
United Kingdom 2,221,670 2,439,717 2,030,846 2,633,503 2,692,786 2,540,617 2,367,147 2,311,140
Sweden 290,529 274,301 289,684 345,108 372,318 379,393 353,729 356,036
Switzerland 316,519 264,941 292,453 321,669 315,295 311,996 299,135 311,256
TOTAL EUROPE
14,725,982 14,536,302 12,974,753 13,198,061 13,969,733 14,318,749 14,210,392 14,303,460
(17 then 18 countries) (1)
(1) Including Iceland since 2015.

► NEW DIESEL PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY IN WESTERN EUROPE

(IN UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1,023,997 1,404,479 1,220,675 1,534,990 1,535,436 1,330,413 1,103,886 1,152,034
Germany
30.3% 42.2% 41.9% 47.9% 45.8% 38.7% 32.1% 31.9%
191,402 199,908 167,106 179,821 188,819 175,456 140,051 125,794
Autria
61.9% 64.9% 50.9% 58.3% 57.3% 49.7% 41.1% 38.2%
290,301 348,630 415,728 299,357 279,528 253,243 194,941 168,387
Belgium
56.3% 72.6% 76.0% 59.7% 51.8% 46.3% 35.5% 30.6%
14,898 35,356 72,670 64,095 80,325 77,572 72,090 58,706
Daenmark
13.2% 24.1% 47.3% 31.0% 36.0% 35.0% 33.0% 26.0%
734,256 1,036,789 693,905 647,108 650,569 597,439 474,231 348,671
Spain
53.1% 67.8% 70.7% 62.6% 56.7% 48.4% 35.9% 27.7%
- 25,110 44,574 38,857 39,637 36,279 28,768 21,213
Finland
- 17.0% 41.5% 35.7% 33.3% 30.6% 23.9% 18.6%
1,046,485 1,466,296 1,593,173 1,097,124 1,050,418 998,116 844,830 755,583
France
49.0% 69.2% 70.8% 57.2% 52.1% 47.3% 38.9% 34.1%
2,006 4,189 5,661 47,792 42,991 39,022 36,900 30,390
Greece
0.7% 1.6% 4.0% 63.0% 54.5% 44.3% 35.7% 26.6%
23,259 36,953 55,016 88,618 102,610 85,630 68,238 53,281
Ireland
10.1% 21.5% 62.2% 71.0% 70.0% 65.2% 54.3% 45.5%
812,203 1,308,548 901,310 872,493 1,040,194 1,109,747 975,833 759,926
Italy
33.6% 58.5% 45.9% 55.4% 57.0% 56.3% 51.1% 39.7%
21,110 36,561 37,403 32,694 32,661 28,474 24,759 22,961
Luxembourg
50.4% 75.4% 75.2% 70.4% 64.6% 54.0% 46.9% 41.8%
8,761 43,146 95,733 61,482 47,622 36,613 26,352 22,744
Norway
9.0% 39.3% 74.9% 40.8% 30.8% 23.1% 17.8% 16.0%
134,426 123,990 98,477 129,804 72,526 72,451 57,391 32,773
The Netherlands
22.5% 26.7% 20.4% 28.9% 19.0% 17.5% 12.9% 7.4%
62,417 131,731 149,046 121,650 135,103 136,203 123,039 113,899
Portugal
24.2% 63.8% 66.7% 68.2% 65.2% 61.3% 53.9% 50.9%
313,149 897,887 936,448 1,275,411 1,285,383 1,067,506 747,574 583,033
United Kingdom
14.1% 36.8% 46.1% 48.4% 47.7% 42.0% 31.6% 25.2%
18,325 26,527 147,802 198,956 191,510 183,723 131,505 114,803
Sweden
6.3% 9.7% 51.0% 57.7% 51.4% 48.4% 37.2% 32.2%
29,466 75,247 88,760 124,898 124,204 113,007 89,891 79,533
Switzerland
9.3% 28.4% 30.4% 38.8% 39.4% 36.2% 30.1% 25.6%
TOTAL EUROPE
4,726,461 7,198,347 6,723,487 6,821,827 6,907,793 6,349,843 5,147,162 4,447,252
(17 then 18 countries) (1)
Diesel share in Europe 32.1% 49.5% 51.8% 51.7% 49.4% 44.3% 36.2% 31.1%
Year-on-year change +10.7% +2.2% +6.9% +5.9% +1.3% -8.1% -18.9% -13.6%

(1) Including Iceland since 2015.

78 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
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REGISTRATIONS
► NEW CARS WITH HYBRID ENGINES (RECHARGEABLE OR NOT) OR ELECTRICAL REGISTRATIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE
(IN UNITS AND AS A % OF TOTAL REGISTRATIONS)

POWER 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0 160 12,319 11,163 24,294 34,360 60,527

electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.3% 0.7% 1.0% 1.7%
Germany
3,559 10,174 32,714 47,055 84,135 129,334 234,760
hybrid
0.1% 0.3% 1.0% 1.4% 2.4% 3.8% 6.5%
0 112 1,677 3,829 5,433 6,754 9,242
electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 1.2% 1.5% 2.0% 2.8%
Austria
460 1,248 3,514 4,711 8,296 9,417 16,531
hybrid
0.1% 0.4% 1.1% 1.4% 2.3% 2.8% 5.0%
0 47 1,358 2,048 2,712 3,648 8,830
electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% 1.6%
Belgium
471 4,073 10,711 16,892 24,283 25,049 33,939
hybrid
0.1% 0.7% 2.1% 3.1% 4.4% 4.6% 6.2%
2 50 4,468 1,320 692 1,524 5,575
electric
0.0% 0.0% 2.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.7% 2.5%
Denmark
5 148 2,657 6,243 8,192 12,412 17,330
hybrid
0.0% 0.1% 1.3% 2.8% 3.7% 5.7% 7.7%
0 69 1,461 2,143 3,920 6,130 10,050
electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.8%
Spain
908 6,253 20,547 27,688 58,312 80,311 112,809
hybrid
0.1% 0.6% 2.0% 2.4% 4.7% 6.1% 9.0%
6 184 17,268 21,751 24,910 31,059 42,764
electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 1.9%
France
2,857 9,655 61,619 58,385 81,559 106,369 125,372
hybrid
0.1% 0.4% 3.2% 2.9% 3.9% 4.9% 5.7%
28 112 1,452 1,377 2,020 4,998 10,665
electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.6%
Italy
1,132 4,841 26,262 38,868 66,443 86,837 114,847
hybrid
0.1% 0.2% 1.7% 2.1% 3.4% 4.5% 6.0%
7 355 25,779 24,222 33,025 46,092 60,315
electric
0.0% 0.3% 17.1% 15.7% 20.8% 31.2% 42.4%
Norway
337 3,144 15,704 38,154 49,803 43,070 37,782
hybrid
0.3% 2.5% 10.4% 24.7% 31.4% 29.1% 26.5%
0 96 3,204 3,988 7,959 23,985 61,638
electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 1.0% 1.9% 5.4% 13.8%
The Netherlands
2,940 16,099 56,261 30,020 20,651 25,637 34,798
hybrid
0.6% 3.3% 12.5% 7.8% 5.0% 5.8% 7.8%
0 167 9,934 10,264 13,591 15,474 37,782
electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% 1.6%
United Kingdom
5,766 22,148 64,692 79,506 106,334 139,496 199,466
hybrid
0.2% 1.1% 2.5% 3.0% 4.2% 5.9% 8.6%
1 9 2,880 2,945 4,217 7,078 15,595
electric
0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.8% 1.1% 2.0% 4.4%
Sweden
1,947 3,628 14,478 23,896 34,648 44,449 57,445
hybrid
0.7% 1.3% 4.2% 6.4% 9.1% 12.6% 16.1%
13 199 3,777 3,372 4,726 5,161 13,143
electric
0.0% 0.1% 1.2% 1.1% 1.5% 1.7% 4.2%
Switzerland
1,413 4,210 8,400 10,494 11,717 15,185 26,894
hybrid
0.5% 1.4% 2.6% 3.3% 3.8% 5.1% 8.6%
57 1,611 87,206 90,181 131,101 193,493 349,179
electric
TOTAL EUROPE (17 then 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.6% 0.9% 1.4% 2.4%
18 countries including...) 23,210 90,198 333,028 404,241 583,131 759,984 1,068,281
hybrid
0.2% 0.7% 2.5% 2.9% 4.1% 5.3% 7.5%

(1) Including Iceland since 2015.

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 79
 europe • markets & vehicle in use

REGISTRATIONS
► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE (UP TO 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Germany 212,290 202,372 202,446 243,305 263,495 275,050 290,155 309,959
Austria 27,243 28,878 28,130 33,013 36,104 40,348 43,769 43,578
Belgium 54,090 62,672 56,006 65,179 72,421 80,933 83,023 86,672
Denmark 33,092 58,076 16,848 33,177 37,493 37,081 35,037 34,529
Spain 299,246 387,203 116,770 155,400 172,796 199,661 215,227 215,789
Finland 15,056 16,211 11,550 11,986 14,181 16,054 16,401 15,611
France 414,966 420,065 417,612 379,428 410,102 438,654 459,140 479,784
Greece 23,008 23,374 10,935 5,756 5,767 6,769 7,059 8,144
Ireland 41,474 37,073 10,486 23,837 28,203 24,207 25,444 25,332
Iceland - - - 1362 1,794 2,172 1,977 1,451
Italy 225,517 207,067 177,887 134,265 201,146 194,947 182,587 188,591
Luxembourg 3,083 3,064 3,291 4,016 4,614 4,908 4,921 5,308
Norway 31,627 37,021 30,422 34,394 37,180 37,453 38,907 39,313
The Netherlands 96,570 66,232 49,863 57,921 70,654 73,633 79,339 76,543
Portugal 152,836 66,774 45,756 30,996 35,007 38,715 39,394 38,445
United Kingdom 245,163 330,436 231,539 380,996 383,193 369,788 367,129 376,390
Sweden 31,854 35,098 38,543 45,124 52,002 55,640 56,867 54,127
Switzerland 24,121 22,428 26,507 34,297 34,066 36,890 37,505 40,659
TOTAL EUROPE (17
1,931,236 2,004,044 1,474,591 1,674,452 1,860,218 1,932,903 1,983,881 2,040,535
then 18 countries) (1)

► NEW HEAVY TRUCK (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY, EXCLUDING COACHES AND BUSES (IN UNITS)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Germany 96,830 88,364 75,014 85,002 87,695 88,071 90,117 93,717
Austria 8,508 8,235 5,138 7,151 7,829 8,041 8,094 7,946
Belgium 11,061 11,657 7,133 8,188 9,497 9,952 10,803 11,518
Denmark 4,597 5,902 2,682 4,687 5,033 4,950 4,917 4,951
Spain 33,700 39,753 13,215 22,043 24,340 24,190 23,587 24,020
Finland 3,072 3,492 2,368 2,400 2,924 3,182 3,226 3,237
France 57,918 55,281 34,221 41,714 47,134 50,419 54,284 55,215
Greece 1,633 1,589 1,081 439 276 426 315 402
Ireland 4,666 4,621 1,011 1,867 2,511 2,275 2,152 2,230
Iceland - - - 183 282 391 399 273
Italy 38,388 35,313 17,532 15,020 23,548 24,121 25,264 23,268
Luxembourg 1,451 1,394 803 1,089 1,232 1,234 1,290 1,290
Norway 3,564 4,952 3,126 4,366 5,060 5,097 5,658 6,117
The Netherlands 16,835 13,405 9,390 13,546 15,148 14,490 15,822 15,220
Portugal 7,403 4,588 3,116 3,956 4,783 5,236 5,073 4,770
United Kingdom 51,864 53,344 27,988 44,364 46,715 45,501 43,544 47,700
Sweden 5,549 5,688 4,605 5,289 6,340 6,662 6,690 7,165
Switzerland 4,733 3,817 3,388 4,079 4,165 4,605 4,474 4,405
TOTAL EUROPE (17
351,772 341,395 211,811 265,383 294,512 298,843 305,709 313,444
then 18 countries) (1)

► NEW COACH AND BUS (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY COUNTRY (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Germany 5,684 4,891 4,697 5,476 6,070 6,026 6,010 6,125
Austria 706 565 733 878 1,008 1,215 1,107 1,146
Belgium 974 754 909 778 593 715 976 1,250
Denmark 419 315 450 269 202 298 231 184
Spain 2,738 3,655 2,119 2,537 3,202 3,448 3,244 3,147
Finland - 252 300 330 407 347 306 518
France 4,320 4,776 5,382 6,724 6,059 5,979 5,842 6,417
Greece 374 575 325 44 91 67 147 202
Ireland 121 271 47 313 362 339 441 442
Iceland - - - 34 103 37 64 48
Italy 4,152 4,514 3,931 2,163 2,509 3,007 4,118 3,100
Luxembourg 108 147 173 247 196 235 207 263
Norway 427 708 1,052 660 1,148 723 733 2,013
The Netherlands 949 1,134 524 332 817 870 541 910
Portugal 806 620 418 199 278 305 458 497
United Kingdom 4,496 4,630 3,203 3,931 4,245 3,706 3,499 3,100
Sweden 1,071 1,021 1,302 1,172 1,158 1,141 804 1,150
Switzerland 491 457 476 689 607 641 629 568
TOTAL EUROPE (17
27,836 29,285 26,041 26,776 29,055 29,099 29,357 31,884
then 18 countries) (1)
(1) Including Iceland since 2015.

80 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 europe • markets & vehicle in use

REGISTRATIONS
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN NEW EU MEMBER STATES (IN UNITS)

2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulgaria - 15,646 24,256 27,162 33,265 37,506 39,118
Croatia 70,541 38,587 35,715 44,106 50,769 60,041 62,938
Estonia 19,640 10,295 21,033 22,997 25,618 26,297 27,585
Hungary 198,982 43,476 77,171 96,555 116,265 136,601 157,906
Latvia 16,602 6,365 13,766 16,357 16,698 16,878 18,233
Lithuania 10,467 7,970 17,071 20,284 25,836 32,382 46,388
Poland 235,522 333,490 352,378 418,033 487,593 531,335 553,942
Czech Republic 151,699 169,580 230,857 259,693 271,595 261,437 249,915
Romania 215,554 106,333 81,162 94,919 105,083 130,919 161,562
Slovakia 57,125 64,033 77,979 88,165 96,105 98,195 101,568
Slovenia 59,324 61,142 59,664 58,963 62,522 65,115 59,862
TOTAL NEW EU MEMBER
749,361 818,330 991,052 1,147,234 1,291,349 1,396,706 1,479,017
STATES (1)

► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE (UP TO 5T) REGISTRATIONS IN THE NEW EU MEMBER STATES (IN UNITS)
2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Bulgaria - 3,211 4,875 4,873 5,129 4,699 4,667
Croatia 7,671 2,845 6,909 8,359 8,535 9,149 9,143
Estonia 2,944 1,406 3,962 4,423 4,834 5,070 4,487
Hungary 20,479 9,337 17,719 21,545 20,200 23,053 26,410
Latvia 1,753 649 2,473 2,324 2,337 2,447 2,783
Lithuania 3,371 1,044 2,533 3,003 3,410 3,884 4,606
Poland 35,985 42,852 55,207 57,416 59,170 67,263 68,010
Czech Republic 16,024 11,318 17,595 19,472 19,529 20,456 20,612
Romania 35,842 10,404 13,471 15,269 16,898 18,870 19,122
Slovakia 14,428 6,953 7,321 7,499 7,584 9,048 8,534
Slovenia 6,897 4,744 6,686 7,782 8,742 9,021 8,653
TOTAL NEW EU MEMBER
101,881 91,918 138,751 151,965 156,368 172,960 177,027
STATES (1)

► NEW LIGHT VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES) IN THE NEW EU
MEMBER STATES (IN UNITS)
2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Bulgaria - 18,857 29,131 32,035 38,394 42,205 43,785
Croatia 78,212 41,432 42,624 52,465 59,304 69,190 72,081
Estonia 22,584 11,701 24,995 27,420 30,452 31,367 32,072
Hungary 219,461 52,813 94,890 118,100 136,465 159,654 184,316
Latvia 18,355 7,014 16,239 18,681 19,035 19,325 21,016
Lithuania 13,838 9,014 19,604 23,287 29,246 36,266 50,994
Poland 271,507 376,342 407,585 475,449 546,763 598,598 621,952
Czech Republic 167,723 180,898 248,452 279,165 291,124 281,893 270,527
Romania 251,396 116,737 94,633 110,188 121,981 149,789 180,684
Slovakia 71,553 70,986 85,300 95,664 103,689 107,243 110,102
Slovenia 66,221 65,886 66,350 66,745 71,264 74,136 68,515
TOTAL NEW EU MEMBER
851,242 910,248 1,129,803 1,299,199 1,447,717 1,569,666 1,656,044
STATES (1)

► NEW HEAVY TRUCK, COACH AND BUS (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS IN THE NEW EU MEMBER STATES (IN UNITS)

2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulgaria (2) - 1,000 1,500 1,600 1,900 2,100 2,200
Croatia 1,463 599 1,044 1,464 1,479 1,543 1,741
Estonia 927 502 934 979 1,207 1,171 1,207
Hungary 4,400 2,408 6,045 5,714 6,238 6,580 5,776
Latvia 1,284 520 1,372 1,663 1,670 1,709 1,169
Lithuania 2,297 1,355 3,633 6,055 7,205 8,694 7,688
Poland 11,079 11,611 23,226 27,019 28,216 30,371 28,758
Czech Republic 8,200 5,750 12,416 12,629 10,725 10,897 10,889
Romania 5,019 2,686 6,485 8,260 6,360 7,693 7,740
Slovakia 3,754 2,870 4,637 4,783 4,588 4,581 3,691
Slovenia 1,635 985 2,025 2,537 2,521 2,833 2,456
TOTAL NEW EU MEMBER
33,500 29,700 63,317 72,703 72,109 78,172 73,315
STATES (1)

(1) New EU member states: 8 countries in 2000; 10 countries between 2006 and 2012; 11 countries since 2013.
(2) CCFA estimates.

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► WORLD VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Citroën 1,168,470 1,379,082 1,452,847 1,153,855 1,135,894 1,054,146 1,053,240 980,758
DS 103,342 85,218 51,473 53,746 62,601
Peugeot 1,708,968 1,996,284 2,152,331 1,702,393 1,915,220 2,126,674 1,756,034 1,455,444
Opel - - - - - 400,324 988,462 920,314
Others - - - 22,191 16,527 17,125 16,508 17,092
PSA group 2,877,438 3,375,366 3,605,178 2,981,781 3,152,859 3,649,742 3,867,990 3,436,209
Renault 2,356,616 2,326,359 2,099,027 2,255,701 2,664,073 2,792,190 2,643,374 2,610,246
Alpine - - - - - 117 3,304 4,244
Dacia 55,183 172,021 341,090 570,533 612,728 690,170 737,346 696,018
Renault Samsung Motors 14,517 118,438 276,169 206,418 234,147 264,020 215,851 143,143
Lada - - - - - 407,092 521,079 407,963
Renault group (1) 2,426,316 2,616,818 2,716,286 3,032,652 3,510,948 4,153,589 4,120,954 3,861,614
C.B.M. - - - - - - - -
Renault Trucks (2) 96,040 63,961 31,874 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
of which Mack Trucks 34,562 - - - - - - -
Etalmobil (Sovam) 44 27 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unic - - - - - - - -
Heuliez (3) 391 - - - - - - -
Irisbus-Renault (3) 2,547 - - - - - - -
TOTAL (4) 5,402,776 6,056,172 6,353,338 6,014,433 6,663,807 7,794,624 7,964,877 7,271,006

► WORLD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE PRODUCTION (ALL WEIGHTS, INCLUDING COACHES, BUSES AND ROAD TRACTORS) BY
BRAND (IN UNITS)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Citroën 192,238 205,376 180,462 185,969 195,360 204,000 204,210 192,631
Peugeot 186,917 187,300 210,252 208,075 217,665 230,862 245,871 241,559
Opel - - - - - 35,635 104,183 115,509
Others - - - 22,191 16,527 17,125 16,508 17,092
PSA group 379,155 392,676 390,714 416,235 429,552 487,622 570,772 566,791
Renault 312,801 401,785 302,706 387,670 420,564 426,425 470,440 457,961
Dacia 12,580 19,871 17,704 28,208 31,238 34,484 35,312 27,434
Renault group (1) 325,381 421,656 320,410 415,878 451,802 460,909 505,752 485,395
C.B.M. - - - - - - - -
Renault Trucks (2) 96,040 63,961 31,874 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
of which Mack Trucks 34,562 - - - - - - -
Etalmobil (Sovam) 44 27 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unic - - - - - - - -
Heuliez (3) 391 - - - - - - -
Irisbus-Renault (3) 2,547 - - - - - - -
TOTAL (4) 803,558 878,320 742,998 832,113 881,354 939,824 1,052,457 1,025,369

► VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN FRANCE BY FRENCH AND FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS
Bugatti - 5 0 - - - - -
Fiat 10,377 8,304 888 - - - - -
Heuliez - 37,390 0 0 0 0 0 1
Lancia 2,265 5,713 1,561 - - - - -
Smart 101,365 77,015 97,373 93,357 90,725 84,368 84,500 67300 (5)
Toyota 0 180,643 158,512 228,033 237,851 233,506 248,548 223,024
Passenger cars 114,007 309,070 258,334 321,390 328,576 317,874 333,048 290,324
Light commercial vehicles (Fiat) 39,428 20,680 19,450 - - - - -
Heavy trucks (Scania) 10,710 9,391 9,594 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Irisbus-Heuliez - 291 451 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Irisbus - 2,869 2,473 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Evobus 535 527 551 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Coaches and buses 535 3,687 3,475 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
TOTAL FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS 164,680 342,828 290,853 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
FRENCH MANUFACTURERS
TOTAL FRENCH MANUFACTURERS (4) 3,183,681 3,206,180 1,938,528 1,656,470 1,753,473 1,907,845 1,936,641 1,885,026
FRENCH AND FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS
TOTAL ALL VEHICLES (4) 3,348,361 3,549,008 2,229,381 1,977,860 2,082,049 2,225,719 2,269,689 2,175,350
Source: CCFA
(1) In 1999, Renault took control of Dacia, and then in September 2000, of Samsung Motors. The Renault Trafic II was manufactured by IBC, a UK-based subsidiary of General
Motors and by Nissan in Spain (until 2014). Since 2006, some of its production has been accounted for in private cars.
(2) Between 1990 and 2000, Mack was integrated in Renault VI. In 2001, the heavy trucks activity of Renault was combined with that of AB Volvo. Renault VI was renamed
Renault Trucks.
(3) On January 1, 1999, Renault VI (Renault Trucks) sold its coach and bus business to Irisbus, part of Iveco.
(4) Excluding double counts (see page 84).
(5) Estimates June 2020.
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WORLD PRODUCTION BY FRENCH GROUPS

► PASSENGER CAR PRODUCTION BY BRAND (IN UNITS)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Citroën 976,232 1,173,706 1,272,385 967,886 940,534 850,146 849,030 788,127
DS - - - 103,342 85,218 51,473 53,746 62,601
Peugeot 1,522,051 1,808,984 1,942,079 1,494,318 1,697,555 1,895,812 1,510,163 1,213,885
Opel - - - - - 364,689 884,279 804,805
PSA group 2,498,283 2,982,690 3,214,464 2,565,546 2,723,307 3,162,120 3,297,218 2,869,418
Renault 2,043,815 1,924,574 1,796,321 1,868,031 2,243,509 2,365,765 2,172,934 2,152,285
Alpine - - - - - 117 3,304 4,244
Dacia 42,603 152,150 323,386 542,325 581,490 655,686 702,034 668,584
Renault Samsung Motors 14,517 118,438 276,169 206,418 234,147 264,020 215,851 143,143
Lada - - - - - 407,092 521,079 407,963
Renault group (1) 2,100,935 2,195,162 2,395,876 2,616,774 3,059,146 3,692,680 3,615,202 3,376,219
TOTAL 4,599,218 5,177,852 5,610,340 5,182,320 5,782,453 6,854,800 6,912,420 6,245,637
of which production in France 2,765,803 2,803,891 1,665,797 1,241,794 1,300,111 1,436,389 1,440,700 1,375,463
Citroën 504,323 605,988 468,398 204,040 186,831 55,047 35,731 119,364
DS - - - 80,980 70,468 45,363 49,412 62,282
Peugeot 1,094,756 1,155,292 722,214 607,150 648,536 884,415 897,497 804,101
Opel - - - - - 28,820 72,110 85,841
PSA group 1,599,079 1,761,280 1,190,612 892,170 905,835 1,013,645 1,054,750 1,071,588
Renault 1,166,724 1,042,611 475,185 349,624 394,276 422,627 382,646 299,631
Alpine - - - - - 117 3,304 4,244
Renault group (1) 1,166,724 1,042,611 475,185 349,624 394,276 422,744 385,950 303,875
(1) See notes page 82.
► PASSENGER CAR PRODUCTION BY MODEL IN 2019 (IN UNITS)

World Production in Production World Production in Production

Brands/Models Brands/Models
production France outside France production France outside France
PSA group 2,869,418 1,071,588 1,797,830 OPEL 804,805 85,841 718,964
Citroën 788,127 119,364 668,763 CORSA 223,161 0 223,161
C-ZERO 1,430 0 1,430
CROSSLAND 127,240 0 127,240
C1 52,870 0 52,870
ASTRA, ZAFIRA LIFE 161,206 2,893 158,313
C3, C3 AIRCROSS, C3
344,930 0 344,930 GRANDLAND 102,829 82,948 19,881
PICASSO
C4, C4 AIRCROSS, C4 INSIGNIA, CASCADA 47,137 0 47,137
126,535 0 126,535
CACTUS COMBO 27,104 0 27,104
C-ELYSEE 44,050 0 44,050 Others 116,128 0 116,128
C5, C5 AIRCROSS 125,678 108,196 17,482 Renault group 3,376,219 303,875 3,072,344
Renault 2,152,285 299,631 1,852,654
C6 2,729 0 2,729
TWINGO 70,913 0 70,913
BERLINGO 76,958 0 76,958 CLIO 482,838 41,931 440,907
SPACETOURER 11,168 11,168 0 KWID 190,112 0 190,112
Others 1,779 0 1,779 KADJAR 115,956 0 115,956
DS 62,601 62,282 319 CAPTUR 302,133 0 302,133
ZOE 64,063 64,063 0
DS3 4,399 4,399 0
LOGAN, SANDERO 267,263 0 267,263
DS3 CROSSBACK 27,115 27,115 0
DUSTER 156,613 0 156,613
DS5 15 0 15
MEGANE 196,050 67,593 128,457
DS7 CROSSBACK 31,019 30,726 293 FLUENCE 37,838 0 37,838
Others 53 42 11 KOLEOS 27,454 0 27,454
Peugeot 1,213,885 804,101 409,784 TALISMAN 15,013 15,013 0
ION 631 0 631 ESPACE 8,958 8,958 0
108 58,572 0 58,572 KANGOO 35,831 35,831 0
208 261,414 104,326 157,088 Others 181,250 66,242 115,008
Alpine 4,244 4,244 0
2008 181,587 146,445 35,142
Dacia 668,584 0 668,584
301 23,343 0 23,343 LOGAN, SANDERO 333,633 0 333,633
308 159,212 146,615 12,597 DUSTER 243,305 0 243,305
3008 241,237 236,507 4,730 DOKKER 58,199 0 58,199
LODGY 33,447 0 33,447
5008 100,982 92,078 8,904
Renault
408 12,118 0 12,118 143,143 0 143,143
Samsung Motors
4008 17,080 0 17,080 ROGUE 69,484 0 69,484
508 61,586 56,190 5,396 FLUENCE 4,071 0 4,071
LATITUDE 2,676 0 2,676
RIFTER 69,925 0 69,925
KOLEOS 47,100 0 47,100
PARTNER 1,870 0 1,870
TALISMAN 16,414 0 16,414
TRAVELLER 13,329 11,037 2,292 SM7, XM3 3,398 0 3,398
Others 10,999 10,903 96 Lada 407,963 0 407,963
GRANTA, GRANTA
175,139 0 175,139
HATCHBACK
VESTA 61,823 0 61,823
NB : Renault also produced 1,805 Twizy at its Valladolid plant (Spain) and Busan Others (Kalina, 4x4,
171,001 0 171,001
(South Korea). others)
Source: CCFA TOTAL 6,245,637 1,375,463 4,870,174
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WORLD PRODUCTION BY FRENCH GROUPS

► LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE (UP TO 5 TONNES) PRODUCTION BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Citroën 192,238 205,376 180,462 185,969 195,360 204,000 204,210 192,631
Peugeot 186,917 187,300 210,252 208,075 217,665 230,862 245,871 241,559
Opel - - - - - 35,635 104,183 115,509
Others - - - 22,191 16,527 17,125 16,508 17,092
PSA group (1) 379,155 392,676 390,714 416,235 429,552 487,622 570,772 566,791
Renault (2) 312,801 401,785 302,706 387,670 420,564 426,425 470,440 457,961
Dacia 12,580 19,871 17,704 28,208 31,238 34,484 35,312 27,434
Renault group (1) 325,381 421,656 320,410 415,878 451,802 460,909 505,752 485,395
Renault Trucks (1) 8,321 9,460 - - - - - -
Others 42 24 - - - - - -
TOTAL (3) 712,899 823,816 711,124 832,113 881,354 939,824 1,052,457 1,025,369
of which production in France
370,538 361,521 243,029 414,676 453,362 471,456 495,941 509,563
(3)
Citroën 53,561 58,223 42,882 41,471 45,752 40,876 42,405 31,826
Peugeot 67,629 68,166 38,514 39,058 40,320 58,073 72,704 60,488
Opel - - - - - 8,707 24,067 44,809
Others - - - 22,191 16,527 16,747 16,508 17,092
PSA group (1) 121,190 126,389 81,396 102,720 102,599 124,403 155,684 154,215
Renault 240,985 225,648 161,633 311,956 350,763 355,760 364,324 382,165
Renault group (1) 240,985 225,648 161,633 311,956 350,763 355,760 364,324 382,165
Renault Trucks (1) 8,321 9,460 - - - - - -
Others 42 24 - - - - - -
(1) See notes page 74.
(2) Since 2006, some Renault Trafic II vehicles are classified as passenger cars.
(3) Excluding double count production of Opel Movano and Opel Vivaro from 2017.

► LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY MODEL IN 2019 (IN UNITS)

Brands/models World production Production in France Production outside France

PSA group 566,791 154,215 412,576
Citroën 192,631 31,826 160,805
C3 9,359 0 9,359
C4 1,878 0 1,878
BERLINGO 73,702 0 73,702
JUMPY 43,359 31,826 11,533
JUMPER 64,333 0 64,333
Peugeot 241,559 60,488 181,071
208 12,449 12,447 2
308 3,381 3,381 0
PARTNER 95,144 0 95,144
EXPERT 57,696 44,660 13,036
BOXER 72,233 0 72,233
Others 656 0 656
Opel 115,509 44,809 70,700
COMBO 36,481 0 36,481
MOVANO 26,245 26,245 0
ZAFIRA/VIVARO 52,783 18,564 34,219
Others 17,092 17,092 0
Renault group 485,395 382,165 103,230
Renault 457,961 382,165 75,796
DOKKER/LUDOSPACE 16,553 0 16,553
KANGOO 113,909 113,909 0
TRAFIC 124,823 124,823 0
MASTER 153,758 143,433 10,325
Others (Alaskan, Jinbei) 48,918 0 48,918
Dacia 27,434 0 27,434
LUDOSPACE 27,434 0 27,434
TOTAL (1) 1,025,369 509,563 515,806
(1) Excluding Opel's double count production in 2019.
Source: CCFA

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WORLD PRODUCTION BY FRENCH GROUPS

► HEAVY TRUCK (OVER 5T) PRODUCTION BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2010 2013 (1) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Renault Trucks 87,719 31,874 32,295 25,702 31,598 31,933 34,026 36,621 36,870
of which Mack Trucks 34,562 - - - - - - - -
Others 2 0 - - - - - - -
TOTAL 87,721 31,874 32,295 25,702 31,598 31,933 34,026 36,621 36,870
of which production in France 44 402 29 702 - - - - - - -
Renault Trucks 44 400 29 702 - - - - - - -
Others 2 - - - - - - - -
(1) The perimeter of industrial vehicles bears from 2012 on invoices of 7 tonnes and more.

► COACH AND BUS (OVER 5T) PRODUCTION BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Renault Trucks - - - - - - - - -
C.B.M. - - - - - - - - -
Heuliez (1) 391 - - - - - - - -
Irisbus-Renault (1) 2,547 - - - - - - - -
TOTAL 2,938 - - - - - - - -
dont production en France 2,938 - - - - - - - -
Renault Trucks - - - - - - - - -
Heuliez (1) 391 - - - - - - - -
Irisbus-Renault (1) 2,547 - - - - - - - -
(1) On January 1, 1999, Renault VI (Renault Trucks) sold its coach and bus business to Irisbus, part of Iveco.

► HEAVY TRUCK INVOICES BY RENAULT TRUCKS (IN UNITS)

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TOTAL 52,172 43,956 38,648 46,973 47,983 49,930 54,868 54,098

16t and more 30,771 25,302 21,266 26,111 25,976 28,327 30,521 30,002

7 to <16t 7,460 6,993 4,436 5,487 5,957 5,699 6,100 5,948

<7t 13,941 11,661 12,946 15,375 16,050 15,904 18,247 18,148

► RENAULT TRUCKS RANGE

Weight Models

16t and more T, K, C, D, D Wide

7 to <16t D

<7t Master, Master ZE

Source: CCFA

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WORLD PRODUCTION BY FRENCH GROUPS

► COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PODUCTION (INCLUDING COACHES AND BUSES) BY WEIGHT AND ENGINE TYPE (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

577,926 670,654 531,452 544,739 588,686 619,851 666,597 742,675 708,800
P 55,883 39,019 61,998 52,488 46,973 54,803 86,109 n/a n/a
Less than 3.5t
D 521,229 631,499 469,178 486,431 537,345 558,175 573,437 n/a n/a
E 814 136 276 5,820 4,368 6,873 7,051 9,565 13,057
134,973 153,162 179,672 213,887 243,427 261,503 273,227 309,782 316,569
P 1,724 719 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
From 3.5t to less than 5.1t
D 133,249 152,443 179,672 213,887 243,427 261,503 273,227 309,455 316,215
E - - - - - - - 327 354
From 5.1t to 12t D 13,593 11,820 2,453 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
From 12t to 16t D 5,009 5,685 3,066 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
From 16t to 20t D 7,304 7,115 4,484 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
More than 20t D 6,255 9,647 5,543 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Tractors D 20,998 20,237 16,328 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
2,938 - - - - - - - -
D 2,606 - - - - - - - -
Coaches - Buses
G 332 - - - - - - - -
E - - - - - - - - -
Total petrol 57,607 39,738 61,998 52,488 46,973 54,803 86,109 n/a n/a
Total diesel 710,243 838,446 680,724 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Total electric 814 136 276 5,820 4,368 6,873 7,051 9,892 13,411
Total NGV or LPG 332 - - - - - - - -
General total 768,996 878,320 742,998 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

P: Petrol. D: Diesel. E: Electric. G: NGV or LPG.

► LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE PRODUCTION (UP TO 5T) BY TYPE (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Cars derivatives
Citroën 29,449 26,227 14,972 13,072 11,715 13,905 11,900 9,773 11,237
Peugeot 41,451 38,133 33,403 18,720 19,122 19,073 18,643 17,198 16,486
Opel - - - - - - 994 3,689 -
PSA group 70,900 64,360 48,375 31,792 30,837 32,978 31,537 30,660 27,723
Renault-Dacia 60,320 55,009 48,167 37,810 40,158 35,984 33,041 32,703 0 (2)
Total 131,220 119,369 96,542 69,602 70,995 68,962 64,578 63,363 27,723
Small vans
Citroën 100,832 97,954 98,042 89,765 90,957 91,048 92,950 87,752 73,702
Peugeot 70,443 70,480 97,608 93,909 95,144 96,641 99,590 97,140 95,144
Opel - - - - - - 5,865 14,494 36,481
PSA group 171,275 168,434 195,650 183,674 186,101 187,689 198,405 199,386 205,327
Renault-Dacia 147,670 118,404 97,142 109,070 117,863 124,282 126,400 106,460 157,896
Total 318,945 286,838 292,792 292,744 303,964 311,971 324,805 305,846 363,223
Vans
Citroën 61,957 81,195 67,448 74,657 83,297 90,407 99,150 106,685 107,692
Peugeot 75,023 78,687 79,241 82,419 93,809 101,951 112,629 131,533 129,929
Opel (1) - - - - - - 28,776 86,000 79,028
Others - - - 22,670 22,191 16,527 17,125 16,508 17,092
PSA group 136,980 159,882 146,689 179,746 199,297 208,885 257,680 340,726 333,741
Renault 104,811 228,372 148,404 189,314 224,799 259,484 263,506 269,228 278,581
Renault Trucks 8,321 9,460 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sovam-Etalmobil 42 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total (1) 250,154 397,738 295,093 369,060 424,096 468,369 512,479 585,887 585,505
Others (Pick-ups, 4WD, others)
Renault-Dacia-Samsung 12,580 19,871 26,697 27,220 33,058 32,052 37,962 97,361 48,918
TOTAL 712,899 823,816 711,124 758,626 832,113 881,354 939,824 1,052,457 1,025,369

(1) Excluding double production of Opel Movano and Opel Vivaro from 2017.
(2) Cars derivatives have been accounted for in cars.
Source: CCFA

86 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • échanges

DELIVERIES BY FRENCH MANUFACTURERS OUTSIDE FRANCE

The perimeter of the groups is the one of January 1st of the year of the data.
Vehicle deliveries by French manufacturers include mounted vehicles and spare parts collections. From 2005, deliveries from Dacia outside France are
included in the scope, then those of Renault Samsung Motors in 2007. In addition, some deliveries are assigned to zones, but not to countries.
The integration of Lada into the Renault Group on January 1, 2017, then from Jinbei and Huasong on January 1, 2018 and finally from Opel PSA Group
since August 1, 2017 have a strong impact on delivery figures.
From 2018, the scope of deliveries changes to be closer to sales. In general, the deliveries corresponding to productions for partners are no longer counted.
In addition, reclassifications of vehicles in the categories "passenger cars" and "commercial vehicles" are made locally.

► NEW PASSENGER CAR DELIVERIES BY DESTINATION (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Europe (1) 2,636,150 2,835,899 2,331,256 2,384,342 2,597,262 3,353,245 3,555,577 3,473,547
European Union (2) 2,261,904 2,424,350 1,893,455 1,871,647 2,068,564 2,489,355 2,782,252 2,758,235
Germany 337,743 365,860 299,072 266,587 339,993 461,107 531,513 543,083
Austria 41,510 48,779 50,767 41,349 45,844 56,045 64,585 58,254
Belgium-Luxembourg 172,806 171,552 182,241 146,015 151,959 172,589 175,988 172,727
Denmark 30,239 34,477 27,801 49,204 56,683 55,913 64,067 55,776
Spain 556,934 577,439 302,663 310,876 348,207 400,650 406,155 381,672
Greece 54,270 32,681 10,744 12,132 13,350 13,658 27,987 28,498
Italy 353,616 377,100 317,851 304,829 362,678 449,591 474,014 490,766
The Netherlands 120,438 99,707 108,951 106,236 90,353 109,383 124,134 108,857
Portugal 68,375 66,524 58,750 54,165 66,261 75,075 87,807 81,773
United Kingdom 432,507 413,743 280,244 294,142 290,542 316,137 393,885 362,364
Sweden 31,473 43,062 16,691 32,650 37,692 40,759 36,340 29,867
10 new EU member states - 147,859 130,576 104,417 115,165 274,145 334,128 354,270
12 then 13 new EU member states (3) - 276,433 176,330 170,849 184,142 357,494 356,817 354,270
CEEC/CIS (3) 164,814 214,335 206,868 258,054 262,982 569,893 558,053 590,644
Hungary 23,887 26,926 6,156 11,031 14,585 21,486 32,015 34,141
Poland 59,093 47,521 53,521 50,485 62,874 90,486 108,072 108,887
Romania 7,520 122,930 41,804 45,361 49,786 59,706 76,918 79,278
Russia 6,042 42,637 158,018 272,461 182,432 519,984 488,928 498,581
Switzerland 45,654 41,231 50,740 43,545 41,337 43,394 47,802 43,505
Turkey 148,264 142,160 168,456 211,096 224,379 250,603 150,990 124,668
Africa 69,865 103,130 171,484 241,078 196,459 197,313 257,277 235,921
South Africa 13,913 32,941 14,711 23,223 16,835 12,836 28,742 30,933
Maghreb 37,236 42,881 139,790 184,708 152,016 63,039 171,232 158,644
Nigeria 8,860 6,159 210 301 171 489 327 297
America 230,270 314,505 559,780 426,937 490,120 552,775 523,612 489,142
Argentina 97,605 70,099 149,746 122,408 177,049 208,607 148,753 64,058
Brazil 80,205 144,030 320,930 210,638 186,229 204,726 236,119 253,871
Colombia 16,659 36,499 6,329 50,819 51,825 42,000 47,774 54,538
Mexico 1,408 39,871 24,822 10,685 7,626 12,863 26,411 27,136
Asia (1) 166,261 512,772 1,201,459 1,070,526 1,422,282 1,535,988 933,172 458,887
Japan 15,976 16,323 12,346 25,072 18,016 19,291 20,082 23,061
China 54,334 143,756 392,569 756,268 635,296 459,825 317,831 136,498
Iran 45,722 304,326 516,121 38,176 340,139 600,958 238,444 -
India - - 4,488 50,877 132,235 128,365 82,368 88,869
South Korea - - 157,824 90,056 251,102 134,242 202,757 156,599
Oceania 9,984 16,698 14,079 17,929 11,188 22,099 14,271 11,780
Australia 2,765 11,872 9,761 13,435 6,805 15,639 8,976 6,571
TOTAL 3,174,447 3,841,448 4,306,065 4,159,198 4,735,057 5,695,129 5,303,355 4,674,081

► NEW COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DELIVERIES BY DESTINATION (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Europe (1) 379,289 401,860 357,998 456,712 513,113 563,607 760,825 772,391
European Union (2) 312,421 326,077 312,293 418,876 476,550 522,689 688,881 728,474
Germany 50,081 40,760 46,406 90,020 99,293 111,313 108,268 118,576
Austria 4,697 6,206 6,797 7,585 8,259 10,323 16,791 16,711
Belgium-Luxembourg 22,857 24,827 29,330 29,267 42,443 47,934 52,657 52,473
Spain 57,516 71,185 28,263 38,386 40,887 43,425 125,673 121,639
Italy 35,910 29,706 39,690 34,656 52,716 60,661 64,682 70,963
The Netherlands 23,087 11,630 13,848 15,904 22,367 23,269 30,326 27,027
Portugal 34,551 25,410 18,557 15,539 18,484 19,420 24,868 25,421
United Kingdom 55,647 64,554 60,997 101,797 94,776 100,653 122,097 134,302
10 new EU member states - 24,939 28,891 44,233 71,491 54,180 97,884 -
12 then 13 new EU member states (3) - 51,099 33,784 55,213 85,750 67,795 104,223 95,137
CEEC/CIS (3) 25,100 46,685 16,121 29,981 22,716 16,942 28,472 28,168
Poland 5,624 9,039 14,258 13,563 20,223 24,759 37,813 32,594
Switzerland 4,293 5,934 8,500 7,855 7,725 8,129 12,271 12,684
Africa 16,074 22,597 27,769 27,611 24,601 13,106 21,513 21,291
Maghreb 13,509 18,345 24,690 26,466 21,779 12,345 13,839 17,152
America 36,682 33,328 85,810 61,943 63,191 64,572 114,589 92,699
Asia (1) 8,260 11,781 5,632 9,512 9,018 10,088 166,909 168,674
Oceania 1,797 1,967 2,208 6,064 6,386 5,942 6,054 6,080
TOTAL 444,516 474,532 480,430 563,013 617,832 658,225 1,073,039 1,063,544
(1) Since 2004, exports to Cyprus are included in Europe, rather than Asia.
(2) European Union: 15 countries between 1995 and 2003; 25 countries between 2004 and 2005; 27 countries from 2006 to 2012; 28 countries since 2013.
(3) CEEC/CIS, excluding the 10 new countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and 2005, the 12 new countries that joined the European Union from 2006 to 2012 and
the 13 that joined in 2013.
Source: CCFA comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 87
 france • data about the automotive industry

PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL DATA FROM THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Physical and financial data derive from annual The lifespan of companies (creation, economy’ law (LME) which is based on the notion
enterprise surveys (EAE) on the automotive reorganisation, acquisition, sale) can feature major of groups of companies (rather than legal units), so
sector. Since 2008, they have been replaced by variations from one year to the next. as to better take into account the new economic
the ESANE information system, which combines realities that have arisen through globalisation.
administrative data and surveys. The introduction of a new economic nomenclature, Data since 2012 (below) come from this new
taking into account data both from surveys and source. Trends between the old and new scopes
These statistics are one of the main sources of administrative data (and in particular, cross- are minor for the moment.
our understanding of French industry. SESSI, referencing both), and new rules governing
previously the Secretary of State for Industry’s statistics (ordering parties, etc.) are the reason
statistics department and now attached to INSEE, behind a slight reduction in the scope of the sector
uses those figures. between 2007 and 2008.

The data reflects the activity of companies with From 2016, INSEE was basing its work on the
French and foreign capital, located in France, and notion of ‘enterprise’ defined by decree 2008-
whose main activity can extend outside France. 1354 in application of the ‘modernisation of the

Units 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 (1) 2019 (1)
PHYSICAL DATA
Employees (2) units 190,830 - - - - - -
Employees on 12/31 (excluding temporary
units - 137,527 118,952 111,268 110,778 109,000 107,000
staff)
Production in France (only light vehicles
thousands 3,348 2,229 1,978 2,082 2,226 2,270 2,175
since 2012)
Production per employee units 17.5 16.2 16.6 18.7 20.1 20.8 20.3
FINANCIAL DATA
Net sales € million 73,684 78,969 83,969 89,477 98,021 103,000 102,000
Export sales € million 42,290 45,526 54,290 57,447 61,678 65,000 64,000
Exports as a % of total sales % 57.4% 57.6% 64.7% 64.2% 62.9% 63.1% 62.7%
Value added value before tax € million 13,282 10,112 11,332 11,853 12,251 12,900 12,800
Value added / sales % 18.0% 12.8% 13.5% 13.2% 12.5% 12.5% 12.5%
Value added per employee € thousand 70 74 95 107 111 118 120
Social costs € million 2,153 2,302 2,072 2,031 2,051 - -
Social costs per employee € thousand 11.3 16.7 17.4 18.3 18.5 - -
Wages and salaries € million 5,093 5,696 5,186 5,097 5,129 - -
Wages and salaries per employee € thousand 26.7 41.4 43.6 45.8 46.3 - -
Personnel costs € million 7,246 7,999 7,258 7,128 7,180 - -
Personnel costs per employee € thousand 38.0 58.2 61.0 64.1 64.8 - -
Personnel costs / value added % 54.6% 79.1% 64.0% 60.1% 58.6% - -
Gross operating surplus € million 5,201 1,340 3,293 3,884 4,253 - -
Gross operating surplus / value added % 39.2% 13.3% 29.1% 32.8% 34.7% - -
Interest expense € million 1,178 2,862 2,337 2,099 561 - -
Interest expense / value added % 8.9% 28.3% 20.6% 17.7% 4.6% - -
Interest income € million 2,508 2,191 2,523 2,536 3,087 - -
Interest income / value added % 18.9% 21.7% 22.3% 21.4% 25.2% - -
Net interest income € million 1,330 -671 186 437 2,526 - -
Net interest income / value added % 10.0% -6.6% 1.6% 3.7% 20.6% - -
Cash flow € million 5,499 1,078 3,291 3,905 4,394 - -
Cash flow / value added % 41.4% 10.7% 29.0% 32.9% 35.9% - -
Taxes, payments, assimilated payments € million - - 822 866 864 - -
Net income € million 2,851 293 1,244 2,395 2,769 - -
Net income / sales % 3.9% 0.4% 1.5% 2.7% 2.8% - -
Capital expenditure € million 3,807 - - - - - -
Gross fixed investments exclusive of contri-
€ million - 2,078 1,959 2,182 2,027 1,950 2,100
butions
Capital expenditure / sales % 5.2% 2.6% 2.3% 2.4% 2.1% 1.9% 2.1%
Capital expenditure / value added % 28.7% 20.6% 17.3% 18.4% 16.5% 15.1% 16.4%

(1) CCFA estimates based on industry data and INSEE.

(2) Until 2007, these are actual employees: average employee numbers, corrected by the balance of employees hired (temporary staff) and quoted as hired staff.

88 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • data about the automotive industry

PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL DATA FROM THE AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY

The physical and financial data in the table below From the 2013 vintage until the 2016 vintage, only level: manufacturers of electrical equipment for
are taken from surveys (EAE reports) conducted the largest groups were thus taken into account engines and vehicles, as well as manufacturers
every year of French companies in the automotive (in 2016, around fifty of the largest groups broken of seats for motor vehicles, have been added in
equipment manufacturing industry and from 2008, down into around one hundred companies). All the particular to automotive equipment suppliers.
from the new ESANE information system. other groups (small, medium or large) are taken into
account in the company statistics from the 2017 Companies listed in the new “automotive equipment
In 2019, ESANE data relating to the 2017 financial vintage. For each of these groups, we assume that manufacturing” sector do not represent, therefore,
year were produced and disseminated for the first all the legal units in the ESANE field which compose all suppliers of the automotive industry. Added to
time in "companies" (in the economic sense) across it form one company and one. These changes these should be manufacturers of glass, tyres,
the field. An enterprise, in the economic sense, explain the differences observed compared to the doors and locks and automotive springs…
is the smallest combination of legal units which previous edition.
constitutes an organisational unit for the production In addition to these activities, the automotive
of goods or services, enjoying a certain autonomy of In 1993, the French nomenclature of activity manufacturing and automotive equipment
decision, in particular for the allocation of its current (NAF1), harmonised in the European Union, manufacturing industries purchase a number of
resources (Law of modernisation of the economy - was introduced. The reclassification of certain intermediate products (metals, rubber, plastics,
LME - of August 4, 2008). This definition is based companies (metalworking, electrical equipment, car etc.), services (consulting, research, advertising,
on the notion of a group of companies (rather than seats) in other nomenclatures leads to a statistical etc.) and capital goods.
a legal unit), and makes it possible to take better break. Since 2008, this nomenclature has evolved
account of new economic realities. into the NAF2, still harmonised at the European

Units 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 (1) 2019 (1)
PHYSICAL DATA
No. of companies (>20 employees up to 2007) units 243 639 611 571 561 - -
Employees (2) units 94,171 - - - - - -
Employees on 12/31 (excluding temporary staff) units - 61,759 81,309 94,038 96,015 97,000 96,000
FINANCIAL DATA
Sales before tax € million 17,766 16,056 22,157 28,573 32,227 32,000 32,000
Export sales € million 7,512 7,865 11,159 14,191 15,256 - -
Exports as a % of total sales % 42.3% 49.0% - - - - -
Exports as a % of production (source: FIEV) % - 51% 55% 54% 55% 54% 53%
Value added before tax € million 4,643 3,885 5,664 7,549 7,659 7,700 7,600
Value added / sales before tax % 26.1% 24.2% 25.6% 26.4% 23.8% 24.1% 23.8%
Value added per employee before tax € thousand 49 63 70 80 80 79 79
Social costs € million 902 937 1,357 1,714 1,727 - -
Social costs per employee € thousand 9.6 15.2 16.7 18.2 18.0 - -
Wages and salaries € million 2,213 2,302 3,186 4,026 4,122 - -
Wages and salaries per employee € thousand 23.5 37.3 39.2 42.8 42.9 - -
Personnel costs € million 3,115 3,239 4,543 5,740 5,849 - -
Personnel costs per employee € thousand 33.1 52.4 55.9 61.0 60.9 - -
Personnel costs / value added % 67.1% 83.4% 80.2% 76.0% 76.4% - -
Gross operating surplus € million 1,206 412 818 1,411 1,395 - -
Gross operating surplus / value added % 26.0% 10.6% 14.4% 18.7% 18.2% - -
Interest expense € million 440 177 301 1,253 1,580 - -
Interest expense / value added % 9.5% 4.6% 5.3% 16.6% 20.6% - -
Interest income € million 337 217 661 1,868 2,401 - -
Interest income / value added % 7.3% 5.6% 11.7% 24.8% 31.4% - -
Net interest income € million -103 40 360 615 821 - -
Net interest income / value added % -2.2% 1.0% 6.4% 8.2% 10.7% - -
Cash flow € million 889 341 1,188 1,614 2,246 - -
Cash flow / value added % 19.2% 8.8% 21.0% 21.4% 29.3% - -
Taxes, payments, assimilated payments € millions - - 316 416 431 - -
Net income € millions -92 -17 702 1,208 1,995 - -
Net income / sales % -0.5% -0.1% 3.2% 4.2% 6.2% - -

Capital expenditure € millions 1,024 - - - - - -

Gross fixed investments exclusive of contribu-

€ millions - 413 856 955 994 - -
tions
Capital expenditure / sales % 5.8% 2.6% 3.9% 3.3% 3.1% - -
Capital expenditure / value added % 22.0% 10.6% 15.1% 12.7% 13.0% - -

(1) CCFA and FIEV estimates based on industry data and INSEE.
(2) Actual employees: average employee numbers, corrected by the balance of employees hired (temporary staff) and quoted as hired staff.

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 89
 france • markets & vehicles in use

REGISTRATIONS
The special French Temporary Transit series was included in the new passenger car registrations since 2004.
► NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Citroën 261,508 275,053 301,607 201,065 195,012 201,373 213,844 235,110
DS - - 26,539 30,257 28,081 21,323 24,004 26,845
Opel (1) - - - - - 27,016 71,619 66,901
Peugeot 397,547 385,739 400,663 327,393 335,881 366,872 389,518 379,582
Alpine - - - - - 7 1,156 3,172
Dacia - 9,760 104,641 97,441 110,529 117,865 140,326 138,977
Renault 602,415 546,227 497,820 382,504 407,930 416,577 406,222 407,134
Bolloré - - - 1,191 944 56 104 1
Others France 63 148 56 50 51 101 123 121
FRENCH GROUPS 1,261,533 1,216,927 1,331,326 1,039,901 1,078,428 1,151,190 1,246,916 1,257,843
Alfa Romeo 12,774 13,847 13,033 6,353 7,334 9,208 8,332 3,937
Audi 34,937 44,311 50,936 58,734 64,660 65,690 51,582 57,533
BMW 31,576 40,508 46,074 53,558 60,522 61,309 57,537 58,751
Chevrolet 1,043 7,940 21,247 121 137 138 92 52
Fiat 95,983 46,157 72,717 54,443 62,545 68,196 78,226 71,666
Ford 117,061 103,597 114,810 80,729 79,173 84,382 82,633 78,838
Honda 8,716 8,883 11,251 7,325 9,143 8,491 8,309 8,196
Hyundai 11,019 27,396 18,785 23,968 28,043 29,570 35,542 39,970
Infiniti - - 267 1,139 3,295 1,985 945 216
Jaguar 1,939 2,118 1,126 1,530 3,738 3,541 4,580 3,561
Jeep 3,001 3,525 1,177 8,585 9,983 10,892 13,191 11,541
Kia 2,631 18,073 24,055 29,146 33,684 37,235 42,313 45,056
Lada 1,867 1,671 346 3 2 - - -
Lancia 5,864 4,414 3,368 1,469 185 34 1 1
Land Rover 7,570 6,946 2,735 8,846 10,388 9,079 6,803 7,878
Lexus - - 1,921 4,457 5,100 5,390 6,101 7,159
Mazda 6,366 11,440 10,232 8,418 10,320 11,778 11,129 12,596
Mercedes-Benz 43,389 54,779 45,612 55,376 62,069 68,007 65,808 70,214
Mini - 12,627 18,007 22,512 25,176 26,431 27,378 27,158
Mitsubishi 5,575 6,758 3,514 3,936 2,922 2,378 4,879 7,207
Nissan 31,330 40,858 54,084 74,102 69,072 71,492 59,606 42,313
Opel (1) 133,576 106,462 94,877 64,170 68,281 45,548 - -
Porsche 825 2,404 2,073 4,943 5,396 5,457 4,567 5,572
Rover 13,474 1,980 - - - - - -
Saab 3,265 2,701 574 - - - - -
Seat 40,562 32,744 30,645 22,009 21,648 24,714 31,219 37,148
Skoda 11,570 15,044 18,533 21,759 23,621 26,799 31,423 36,498
Smart 6,645 12,649 6,408 8,107 8,980 8,162 7,446 10,494
Ssangyong 19 3,972 451 636 963 669 301 157
Subaru 2,312 1,464 1,146 841 851 721 720 510
Suzuki 11,355 21,125 22,070 18,506 20,528 25,043 27,241 30,758
Tesla - - 11 708 945 1,368 1,252 7,442
Toyota 43,698 87,500 65,390 71,755 77,696 88,662 97,286 101,730
Volkswagen 152,868 136,011 146,538 144,103 143,106 139,360 140,313 149,105
Volvo 6,777 11,096 11,841 13,876 15,604 16,219 18,349 21,696
TOTAL FOREIGN (2) 872,351 900,634 920,345 877,325 936,749 959,558 926,565 956,436
TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 2,133,884 2,117,561 2,251,668 1,917,226 2,015,177 2,110,748 2,173,481 2,214,279
of which Temporary Transit - 49,772 39,011 31,665 31,448 31,762 32,112 30,326
FRENCH GROUPS AS A % 59.1% 57.5% 59.1% 54.2% 53.5% 54.5% 57.4% 56.8%
TOTAL FOREIGN AS A % 40.9% 42.5% 40.9% 45.8% 46.5% 45.5% 42.6% 43.2%

(1) Opel is included in PSA group since August 1, 2017. Thus, its registrations are included in PSA group from 08/01/2017 to 12/31/2017.
(2) Including others.

► USED PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 5,082,122 5,383,361 5,386,007 5,562,082 5,643,348 5,678,595 5,632,361 5,790,612

Used/new ratio 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6

► USED LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 651,033 718,948 806,398 789,073 805,011 797,223 785,852 817,241

Used/new ratio 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7

90 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • markets & vehicles in use

REGISTRATIONS
The special French Temporary Transit series was included in the new passenger car registrations since 2004.
► NEW DIESEL PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Citroën 138,628 185,733 228,977 113,446 93,165 85,109 65,796 80,631
DS - - 14,864 15,281 13,157 9,031 11,160 10,774
Peugeot 206,153 275,898 307,518 190,548 176,231 178,061 159,139 149,244
Opel (1) - - - - - 9,126 17,112 11,252
Dacia - 0 53,737 54,326 48,735 51,174 62,022 53,487
Renault 257,909 373,738 352,530 233,998 233,354 220,723 185,026 157,234
FRENCH GROUPS (2) 602,690 835,369 957,626 607,599 564,642 553,224 500,255 462,622
Alfa Romeo 7,444 10,857 8,432 2,995 3,307 4,726 4,474 2,903
Audi 25,901 39,420 45,201 44,445 46,511 41,495 26,682 21,291
BMW-Mini 21,065 36,859 50,906 57,145 60,740 54,330 41,650 39,099
Chrysler-Dodge-Jeep 4,161 6,561 2,863 7,183 7,345 7,969 9,226 4,746
Fiat-Lancia 38,337 27,223 28,240 16,935 18,385 18,066 16,891 8,297
Ford 58,896 76,494 89,334 41,986 39,398 38,903 28,192 16,098
Honda 413 4,473 5,029 4,364 4,709 3,205 2,546 482
Hyundai 5,510 22,137 13,174 15,069 16,572 13,230 12,113 13,568
Jaguar -Land Rover 5,656 8,172 3,551 9,403 13,204 11,897 9,696 5,169
Kia 1,200 10,610 15,428 15,870 17,322 16,548 15,092 10,751
Mazda 3,204 6,061 6,768 4,802 4,466 4,353 3,234 2,893
Mercedes-Benz 30,007 44,165 41,460 47,646 50,751 53,274 49,361 48,424
Mitsubishi 3,227 4,798 3,102 2,053 1,905 1,062 827 75
Nissan-Infiniti 15,533 23,499 35,092 46,879 44,310 43,815 27,170 18,245
Opel (1) 63,726 75,957 63,751 29,335 27,445 16,232 - -
Seat 27,861 26,421 25,462 10,683 8,478 7,456 8,357 10,841
Skoda 7,741 12,391 14,781 12,930 12,773 13,908 14,651 15,392
Suzuki 3,165 11,979 9,263 4,359 4,038 2,448 1,468 63
Toyota-Lexus 12,282 54,639 35,744 17,879 11,141 6,582 2,908 1,474
Volkswagen 89,487 107,005 118,702 80,893 75,425 68,608 55,744 60,158
Volvo 4,786 10,270 11,614 12,747 13,545 13,602 13,461 12,735
TOTAL FOREIGN (2) 443,795 631,303 635,547 489,525 485,771 444,893 344,575 292,957
TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 1,046,485 1,466,672 1,593,173 1,097,124 1,050,413 998,117 844,830 755,579
of which Temporary Transit - 37,259 34,432 27,141 22,887 20,180 19,471 17,563
% diesel 49.0% 69.2% 70.8% 57.2% 52.1% 47.3% 38.9% 34.1%
FRENCH GROUPS AS A % 57.6% 57.0% 60.1% 55.4% 53.8% 55.4% 59.2% 61.2%
TOTAL FOREIGN AS A % 42.4% 43.0% 39.9% 44.6% 46.2% 44.6% 40.8% 38.8%

► NEW LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS (UP TO 5T) BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Citroën 77,048 73,166 70,579 59,295 62,418 68,979 72,504 73,992
DS - - 259 489 485 259 222 179
Peugeot 74,950 73,778 72,228 59,649 65,771 73,628 78,532 85,360
Opel (1) - - - - - 3,232 6,191 7,442
Dacia - 0 5,434 2,594 1,582 1,492 1,259 1,571
Renault 139,752 140,059 135,591 124,634 131,742 137,927 140,825 147,861
Others France 40 10,076 528 905 1,348 896 911 899
FRENCH GROUPS 291,790 297,079 284,619 247,566 263,346 286,413 300,444 317,304
Fiat 25,253 12,497 34,659 32,071 36,626 36,693 38,381 37,572
Ford 18,110 19,695 20,437 22,534 25,567 28,810 31,788 32,798
Hyundai 588 1,380 237 195 256 227 331 347
Isuzu 108 1,370 1,961 2,024 2,030 1,858 2,360 2,495
Iveco 16,534 15,721 11,610 11,414 13,519 14,356 16,468 17,031
Land Rover 1,857 1,256 1,550 2,591 776 463 648 625
Mazda 916 635 482 58 73 76 80 51
Mercedes 23,139 18,973 19,051 18,643 19,767 19,890 20,491 23,385
Mitsubishi 3,392 1,350 2,639 1,836 1,998 1,858 2,099 1,756
Nissan 5,197 9,746 7,307 7,260 10,121 10,111 9,850 8,167
Opel (1) 7,561 12,617 7,195 6,782 6,992 4,339 - -
Toyota 1,771 2,587 4,013 5,210 5,322 6,927 7,805 8,542
Volkswagen 13,819 10,043 13,249 16,375 18,359 21,080 21,414 21,182
TOTAL FOREIGN (2) 123,176 122,986 132,993 131,860 146,756 152,241 158,696 162,480
TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 414,966 420,065 417,612 379,426 410,102 438,654 459,140 479,784
FRENCH GROUPS AS A % 70.3% 70.7% 68.2% 65.2% 64.2% 65.3% 65.4% 66.1%
TOTAL FOREIGN AS A % 29.7% 29.3% 31.8% 34.8% 35.8% 34.7% 34.6% 33.9%

(1) Opel is included in PSA group since August 1, 2017. Thus, its registrations are included in PSA group from 08/01/2017 to 12/31/2017.
(2) Including others.

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 france • markets & vehicles in use

REGISTRATIONS
The special Temporary Transit series was included in the new passenger car registrations since 2004.
► NEW PASSENGER CAR AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Citroën 338,556 352,790 372,186 260,360 257,429 270,352 286,348 309,136
DS - 0 26,798 30,746 28,567 21,582 24,226 27,024
Opel (1) - - - - - 30,248 77,810 74,343
Peugeot 472,497 459,580 472,890 387,042 401,653 440,500 468,050 464,942
Alpine - - 0 0 0 7 1,156 3,172
Dacia - 9,760 110,075 100,035 112,111 119,357 141,588 140,549
Renault 742,167 687,868 633,411 507,138 539,672 554,504 547,044 554,960
FRENCH GROUPS 1,553,323 1,514,050 1,615,945 1,287,467 1,341,774 1,437,603 1,547,360 1,575,147
Fiat 121,236 68,546 107,376 86,514 99,171 104,889 116,607 109,238
Ford 135,171 125,427 135,247 103,263 104,740 113,192 114,421 111,636
Land Rover 9,427 8,205 4,285 11,437 11,164 9,542 7,451 8,503
Mercedes-Benz 66,528 74,757 64,663 74,017 81,836 87,897 86,299 93,599
Nissan-Infiniti 36,527 50,606 61,658 82,581 82,545 83,603 70,406 50,696
Opel (1) 141,137 119,103 102,072 70,952 75,273 49,887 - -
Seat 42,230 33,075 31,080 22,419 21,919 24,961 31,905 37,715
Toyota-Lexus 45,469 90,094 71,324 81,422 88,118 100,979 111,192 117,436
Volkswagen 166,687 146,137 159,787 160,478 161,465 160,440 161,727 170,287
TOTAL FOREIGN 995,527 1,024,072 1,053,335 1,009,185 1,083,505 1,111,790 1,085,261 1,118,881
TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 2,548,850 2,538,122 2,669,280 2,296,652 2,425,279 2,549,393 2,632,621 2,694,028
TOTAL FRANCE AS A % 60.9% 59.7% 60.5% 56.1% 55.3% 56.4% 58.8% 58.5%
TOTAL FOREIGN AS A % 39.1% 40.3% 39.5% 43.9% 44.7% 43.6% 41.2% 41.5%

(1) Opel is included in PSA group since August 1, 2017. Thus, its registrations are included in PSA group from 08/01/2017 to 12/31/2017.

► NEW HEAVY TRUCK (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY BRAND (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Renault Trucks 20,818 18,339 10,908 11,568 12,531 13,954 15,156 15,308
TOTAL FRANCE 20,992 18,465 10,964 11,584 12,553 13,963 15,167 15,323
DAF 4,365 6,321 4,464 4,723 5,815 6,118 6,829 7,295
Iveco 6,998 5,901 4,003 4,783 5,293 5,417 5,243 4,248
MAN 3,498 4,545 2,729 4,581 4,910 5,058 5,998 6,095
Mercedes-Benz 9,976 9,325 5,229 6,128 7,089 7,526 7,965 7,513
Scania 4,963 4,417 2,553 4,359 5,219 5,512 5,864 7,038
Volvo 6,739 5,870 3,938 5,219 5,789 6,321 6,699 7,018
TOTAL FOREIGN 36,924 36,819 23,257 30,132 34,582 36,465 39,117 39,892
TOTAL ALL CATEGORIES 57,916 55,284 34,221 41,716 47,135 50,428 54,284 55,215
TOTAL FRANCE AS A % 36.2% 33.4% 32.0% 27.8% 26.6% 27.7% 27.9% 27.8%
TOTAL FOREIGN AS A % 63.8% 66.6% 68.0% 72.2% 73.4% 72.3% 72.1% 72.2%

► USED HEAVY TRUCK (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TOTAL 59,056 55,975 56,142 48,381 52,271 54,399 51,474 53,571

Used/new ratio 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0

► NEW COACH AND BUS (OVER 5T) REGISTRATIONS BY GROUP (IN UNITS)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Renault 1,633 - - - - - - -
Others France 367 - - - - - - -
Kässbohrer-Setra 261 - - - - - - -
Mercedes-Benz 602 - - - - - - -
TOTAL 4,320 - - - - - - -
Iveco Bus (1) - 2,459 2,412 3,197 2,917 2,419 2,523 2,862
Evobus (2) - 888 1,433 2,050 1,646 1,672 1,704 1,444
Groupe VGF (3) - 404 559 589 465 475 584 942
Bova - 198 116 - - - - -
Temsa - 301 309 146 158 235 258 150
Van Hool 230 238 169 98 126 108 113 157
Yutong - - - 96 118 127 55 20
Autres - 237 384 548 629 943 605 842
TOTAL - 4,773 5,382 6,724 6,059 5,979 5,842 6,417

(1) Iveco Bus group: Iveco and Iveco Bus, Irisbus, Heuliez.
(2) Evobus: Kässbohrer-Setra and Mercedes-Benz.
(3) VGF: MAN and Neoplan, Scania since 2015.

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 france • markets & vehicles in use

VEHICLE OWNERSHIP
► MOTORISATION RATE IN EUROPE ► TOTAL VEHICLES IN USE (ON JANUARY 1, 2020)
NUMBER OF CARS PER 1,000 INHABITANTS (IN THOUSANDS)
All fuels Diesel Others
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Passenger cars
Germany 550 555 557 563 569 5 HP and less 18,562 9,373 9,189
Belgium 493 497 501 505 507 From 6 HP to 10 HP 17,674 12,062 5,611
Spain 474 481 493 508 516 11 HP and more 1,979 1,065 915
France 481 482 486 489 493 Total passenger cars 38,215 22,500 15,715
Greece 467 470 475 480 481 Light commercial vehicles (LCV)
Hungary 314 324 337 354 372 Less than 2.5t 2,997 2,737 260
Italy 610 614 624 636 645 From 2.5t to 3.5t 3,032 3,009 23
The Netherlands 487 493 497 503 511 Total LCV up to 3.5t 6,029 5,746 283
Total passenger cars and LCVs 44,244 28,246 15,998
Poland 526 545 571 593 617
Heavy trucks over 3.5t
Portugal 431 437 445 466 487
Rigids
Czech republic 470 490 509 529 547
From 3.5t to less than 12t 98 96 2
Romania 246 259 277 305 330
From 12t to less than 20t 152 152 1
United Kingdom 507 517 526 527 526 20t and more 133 132 1
Sweden 475 479 484 485 481 Total rigids 384 380 4
EUROPEAN UNION 497 504 513 523 531 Tractors 217 215 2
Norway 497 502 507 512 514 Total heavy trucks 601 595 6
Switzerland 544 547 549 549 550 Coaches and buses 69.1 68.6 0.5
EFTA 526 529 533 535 536 Total commercial vehicles over 3.5t
670 664 6
(excluded buses)
Russia 284 284 289 294 301
Total commercial vehicles all weights
Turkey 129 136 144 151 153 6,699 6,410 290
(excluded buses)
EUROPE 417 423 430 438 446 Total all vehicles (excluded buses) 44,914 28,910 16,005
Source : ACEA, Vehicles in use Europe 2019 Sources: MTE/SDES, CCFA estimates

► VEHICLE OWNERSHIP units 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 2019 (1)
Households without a vehicle % 19.7% 18.8% 16.5% 17.1% 16.1% 15.1% 15.0%
Households with a vehicle % 80.3% 81.2% 83.5% 82.9% 83.9% 84.9% 85.0%
Households with one vehicle % 50.7% 46.4% 47.6% 48.4% 47.5% 48.4% 48.3%
Households with two vehicles % 25.4% 29.4% 30.7% 29.4% 31.1% 31.2% 31.5%
Households with three or more
% 4.2% 5.4% 5.2% 5.1% 5.3% 5.3% 5.2%
vehicles
Households without any vehicle % 58% 51% 45% 55% 57% 56% 56%
Average age of the vehicle year 7.25 7.71 8.0 8.9 9.1 9.1 8.9
Average ownership period year 4.43 4.73 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.5
Used passenger cars % 56.1 59.9 58.9 58.5 58.7 58.5 58.0
Total average kilometres km 13,670 12,960 12,240 11,710 11,950 11,900 11,900
Petrol average kilometres km 11,690 10,090 8,440 8,030 8,440 8,290 8,850
Diesel average kilometres km 18,240 16,330 14,720 13,990 14,340 14,540 14,410
Domestic passenger road transport
billions of
By passenger car 697.6 n/a n/a 787 801 801 799
passengers-km
billions of
By coach-bus 49.7 n/a n/a 58.4 60.2 60.74 60.68
passenger-km
billions of
Total traffic 845.0 n/a n/a 964.4 987.5 985.7 988.2
passenger-km
Road transport as a % of total traffic % 88.4 n/a n/a 87.6 87.3 87.4 87.0
Annual change
By passenger car % -0.0 n/a n/a +0.7 +0.8 -0.0 -0.0
By coach-bus % +2.7 n/a n/a +1.5 +0.8 +1.0 -0.0
(1) Provisional.
Sources: KANTAR TNS PARC AUTO and MTE/SDES

► TOTAL VEHICLES IN USE ON JANUARY 1 ► TOTAL VEHICLES IN USE ON JANUARY 1

DEPENDING ON ENGINE (IN THOUSANDS) DEPENDING ON CRIT'AIR STICKER (IN THOUSANDS)
2015 2019 2020 2015 2019 2020
Electric and hydrogen 26 106 141 Crit'air E 26 106 141

Petrol 13,120 14,756 15,354 Crit'air 1 2,922 7,042 8,433

Crit'air 2 9,383 12,807 13,355
Diesel 23,631 23,263 22,500
Crit'air 3 12,644 10,644 9,866
Gas 165 142 135
Crit'air 4 5,732 4,290 3,682
Rechargeable hybrids 19 56 73
Crit'air 5 2,192 1,250 977
Others 16 13 12 Unknown and unclassified 4,078 2,197 1,761
All 36,977 38,336 38,215 All 36,977 38,336 38,215

Source: MTE/SDES
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 france • taxation & emissions

POLLUTANT EMISSIONS AND CO2

► TOTAL AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS IN METROPOLITAN FRANCE BETWEEN 1990 ET 2019
Change Change
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 2019 (1)
2019/1990 2019/2018
ROAD POLLUTANTS (in thousands of tonnes)
SO2 143.2 23.0 4.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 -99% -0.2%
CO 5,588 2,468 1,385 674 378 296 283 -95% -4.3%
NOx 1,237 933 748 582 498 422 392 -68% -7.0%
COVNM 909 436 231 110 64 52 50 -95% -4.7%
Lead (in tonnes) 3,902 48 48 52 53 53 53 -99% -0.1%
PM10: particles 74 68 53 44 33 28 26 -65% -6.1%
OTHER ROAD EMISSIONS (in millions of tonnes)
CO2 net of CO2 emissions of
112 128 130 123 122 120 120 7% -0.2%
renewable energies
CO2 from combustion of
0 1 2 7 8 9 9 - -0.2%
biomass

(1) 2019 estimates.

Source: CITEPA/Secten data

► CO2 EMISSIONS IN METROPOLITAN FRANCE BY BUSINESS SECTOR (IN MILLIONS OF TONNES OF CO2)

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 2019 (1)

Energy processing 68.8 63.5 67.0 58.8 40.0 39.8 39.4
Manufacturing industry 108.9 106.6 101.4 83.2 72.6 72.5 71.3
Waste management 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2
Residential/Commercial 85.3 88.0 98.6 93.9 74.0 70.0 68.2
Agriculture/silviculture 11.6 12.5 12.3 11.9 12.0 11.4 11.5
Transports 119.1 135.9 136.6 129.7 128.2 126.5 126.4
of which road 112.1 128.0 129.8 123.4 122.2 120.1 119.8
of which other transports 7.0 7.9 6.8 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.5
TOTAL EXCLUDING LLUCF (2) 395.7 407.8 417.1 378.8 328.0 321.4 318.1
LLUCF (2) -29.1 -26.0 -52.7 -45.3 -34.5 -33.5 -33.5
Total with LLUCF (2) 366.6 381.8 364.3 333.4 293.5 287.8 284.5

(1) 2019 estimates.

(2) LLUCF: Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry.
Source: CITEPA/CORALIE/format Secten, 2020 edition

► AVERAGE CO2 EMISSIONS OF NEW PASSENGER CARS IN FRANCE AND EUROPE (IN GRAMS OF CO2 PER KM) (IN GRAMS OF CO2 PER KM)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 2019 2019/2000
FRANCE
Petrol 168 159 130 116 117 116 116 -52
Diesel 155 149 130 111 110 112 113 -42
TOTAL FRANCE 162 152 130 111 111 112 112 -50
EUROPEAN UNION
Italy 161 149 134 115 113 n/a n/a -
Spain 162 150 140 115 115 n/a n/a -
United Kingdom 180 169 145 121 121 n/a n/a -
Germany 179 170 152 128 127 n/a n/a -
EU 15 COUNTRIES AVERAGE 171 161 141 119 119 n/a n/a -

Source: ADEME (June 2020)

94 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 france • taxation & emissions

AUTOMOTIVE TAXES AND DUTIES

► ROAD FUEL CONSUMPTION, PRICES AND TAXES
UNITS 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Fuel consumption
Regular petrol millions of litres - - - - - - - -
Premium leaded - AVSR millions de litres 3,924 433 - - - - - -
Premium unleaded millions de litres 14,329 14,097 9,501 6,292 6,297 6,201 6,015 5,916
Premium unleaded 95-E10 millions de litres - - 1,379 3,198 3,465 3,938 4,518 5,381
% of total petrol % - - 12.7% 33.6% 35.5% 38.8% 42.9% 47.6%
Total petrol millions of litres 18,253 14,529 10,880 9,510 9,762 10,140 10,533 11,296
Diesel millions of litres 32,373 36,744 39,749 41,187 41,156 41,058 39,794 39,048

TOTAL ROAD FUEL millions of litres 50,627 51,273 50,629 50,697 50,918 51,198 50,326 50,345

Source: CPDP

UNITÉS 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Retail prices of fuel (annual average)
Regular petrol inc. VAT euros/litre - - - - - - - -
Tax as a % % - - - - - - - -
Premium leaded - AVSR euros/litre 1.17 1.27 - - - - - -
Tax as a % % 71 67 - - - - - -
Premium unleaded 98 euros/litre 1.11 1.20 1.38 1.42 1.36 1.44 1.57 1.57
Tax as a % % 69 65 60 61 64 62 61 61
Petrol euros/litre 1.12 1.18 1.35 1.35 1.30 1.38 1.50 1.51
Tax as a % % 69 67 61 63 66 59 54 62
Diesel euros/litre 0.85 1.02 1.15 1.15 1.11 1.23 1.44 1.44
Tax as a % % 62 57 54 59 63 61 59 59

Source: DGEC

► AUTOMOTIVE TAXES AND DUTIES (IN € MILLION)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Tax on road-use oil products (including VAT) 30,630 32,205 32,324 36,294 36,412 39,239 42,763 43,070
Tax on vehicle registration certificates 1,373 1,623 1,917 2,086 2,188 2,229 2,326 2,296
Automotive insurance tax 3,429 4,057 4,126 4,662 4,730 4,938 5,102 5,268
Road tax 539 145 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tax on company cars 644 867 992 753 692 638 751 768
Tax based on number of axles 223 205 168 169 167 100 102 104
Fixed rate police and traffic fines 720 1,266 1,255 1,562 1,704 1,758 1,677 1,586
Driver’s licence tax 14 4 1 11 10 10 10 10
Regional development tax 442 499 539 555 512 516 472 523
Government royalty - 154 186 326 331 351 348 355
General tax on polluting activities (TGAP) - 20 500 600 600 600 407 426
VAT on spending to acquire vehicles (passenger cars) 6,603 7,693 8,171 8,709 9,443 10,110 10,401 11,000
VAT on repairs, maintenance, MoTs and driving licences 4,324 5,727 6,551 7,055 7,380 7,863 8,301 8,301 (2)
Automotive taxes and duties (including VAT) 49,073 54,465 56,731 62,783 64,169 68,352 72,660 73,707
of which specific automotive taxation - 37,200 37,300 40,800 42,900 44,900 47,900 47,494
of which tax on fuels: TICPE and VAT on TICPE - 28,900 28,200 31,500 33,491 35,477 38,189 37,594

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IN € MILLION

Freeway tolls (excl. VAT) 4,457 6,410 8,110 9,390 9,830 10,170 10,470 10,860
Freeway tolls (incl. VAT) 5,330 7,666 9,700 11,268 11,796 12,204 12,564 13,032
Total expense by the APUs (2) for the road - 15,800 16,500 14,600 13,600 13,800 14,100 14,300

(1) 2018 figures.

(2) APU: Public administration: the entire transportation expenditure (all modes) is equal to the everyday expenditure and the capital expenditure; the figure shown may include dual
accounts and it is thus a plus.
Sources: Internal Revenue, CCFA, URF, MTE/SDES, French National Transport Accounting Commission

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 95
 useful addresses

USEFUL ADDRESSES
► FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE Groupement pour l’Amélioration des ► AUTOMOTIVE ASSOCIATIONS IN
MANUFACTURERS Liaisons dans l’Automobile (GALIA) FRANCE
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 20, rue Barthélémy Danjou ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
92100 Boulogne-Billancourt
PSA group Tel: 01 41 31 68 68 40 millions d’automobilistes
Route de Gisy www.galia.com 75 boulevard Marie et Alexandre Oyon
78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay 72100 Le Mans
Tel: 01 55 94 81 00 Groupement Plasturgie Automobile (GPA) Tel: 02 43 50 06 30
www.groupe-psa.com 125, rue Aristide Briand www.40millionsdautomobilistes.com
92300 Levallois
Renault group Tel: 01 44 01 16 38 ACA - Automobile Club Association
13-15, quai Le Gallo www.autoplasticgate.com Head office: 38, avenue du Rhin
92153 Boulogne Billancourt cedex 67027 Strasbourg Cedex
Tel: 01 76 84 50 50 PFA, Filière automobile et mobilités Tel: 09 70 40 11 11
www.renault.com 2, rue de Presbourg Paris office: 9 rue d’Artois
75008 Paris 75008 Paris
Renault Trucks Tel: 01 41 44 94 30 Tel: 01 40 55 43 00
99, route de Lyon www.pfa-auto.fr www.automobileclub.org
69800 St Priest
Tel: 04 69 09 60 00 S N LV L D / S E S A M l l d ( S y n d i c at d e s F é d é r at i o n Fr a n ç a i s e d u S p o r t
www.renault-trucks.fr Entreprises des Services Automobiles Automobile (FFSA)
en LLD et des Mobilités) 32, avenue de New-York
Alpine-Renault Immeuble Arc en Ciel 75781 Paris Cedex 16
Avenue de Bréauté 17, rue de la Vanne Tel: 01 44 30 24 00
76885 Dieppe cedex 92120 Montrouge www.ffsa.org
Tel: 01 76 86 31 50 Tel: 01 85 65 11 25
www.alpinecars.com/fr www.sesamlld.com Association Prévention Routière
33, rue de Mogador
►AUTOMOTIVE PROFESSIONAL Syndicat des Véhicules de Loisirs (UNI VDL) 75009 Paris
ORGANISATIONS IN FRANCE 3, rue des Cordelières Tel: 01 44 15 27 00
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 75013 Paris www.preventionroutiere.asso.fr
Tel: 01 43 37 86 61
Association Française du Gaz Naturel www.univdl.org Société des Ingénieurs de l’Automobile (SIA)
pour Véhicules (AFGNV) 79, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau
8, rue de l’Hôtel de Ville Industries et Métiers de la Métallurgie 92158 Suresnes cedex
92200 Neuilly‑sur‑Seine (UIMM) Tel: 01 41 44 93 70
Tel: 01 80 21 08 00 56, avenue de Wagram www.sia.fr
www.afgnv.org 75017 Paris
Tel: 01 40 54 20 20
Fédération Française de Carrosserie www.uimm.fr
Industries et Services (FFC)
Immeuble Le Cardinet Union Routière de France (URF)
8, rue Bernard Buffet 9, rue de Berri
75017 PARIS 75008 Paris
Tel: 01 44 29 71 00 Tel: 01 44 13 37 17
www.ffc-carrosserie.org www.unionroutiere.fr

Chambre Syndicale Internationale de Union Technique de l’Automobile, du

l’Automobile et du Motocycle (CSIAM) Motocycle et du Cycle (UTAC)
5, square de l’Avenue du Bois Autodrome de Linas-Monthléry
75016 Paris 91311 Montlhéry cedex
Tel: 01 53 64 50 30 Tel: 01 69 80 17 00
www.csiam-fr.org www.utacceram.com

Conseil National des Professions de ► INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE

l’Automobile (CNPA) ASSOCIATIONS
43 bis, route de Vaugirard ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
CS 80016
92197 Meudon Association des Constr ucteur s
Tel: 01 40 99 55 00 Européens d’Automobiles (ACEA)
www.cnpa.fr 85, avenue des Nerviens
1040 Bruxelles (Belgique)
Fédération des Industries d’Équipements Tel: 00 32 2 732 55 50
pour Véhicules (FIEV) www.acea.be
79, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau
92158 Suresnes cedex O r g a n i s at i o n I n t e r n at i o n a l e d e s
Tel: 01 46 25 02 30 Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA)
www.fiev.fr 4, rue de Berri - 75008 Paris
Tel: 01 43 59 00 13
www.oica.net

96 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
 useful addresses

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS IN FRANCE

Association pour le développement Institut Français des Sciences et Pôle Mov’eo
du transport et de la mobilité électriques Technologies des Transports, de Haute-Normandie head office
France (AVERE France) l’Aménagement et des Réseaux Technopôle du Madrillet
22, avenue Jean Aicard (IFSTTAR) Avenue Galilée BP 20060
75011 Paris IFSTTAR head office 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray Cedex
Tel: 01 53 25 00 60 14-20, boulevard Newton Tel: 02 32 91 54 50
www.avere-france.org Cité Descartes, Champs sur Marne www.pole-moveo.org
77447 Marne la vallée Cedex 2
Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherches Tel: 01 81 66 80 00 Pôle Véhicule du Futur
Permanent sur l’Industrie et les Salariés www.ifsttar.fr Head office: Centre d’affaires Technoland
de l’Automobile (GERPISA) 15, rue Armand Japy
4, avenue des Sciences, CARA 25461 Etupes Cedex
91190 Gif-sur-Yvette 1, boulevard Edmond Michelet General secretary: Technopole de Mulhouse
Tel: 01 47 40 59 50 69372 Lyon Cedex 08 40, rue Marc Seguin
www.gerpisa.org Tel: 04 51 08 40 20 68060 Mulhouse Cedex
www.cara.eu Tel: 03 89 32 76 44
ID4CAR www.vehiculedufutur.com
Technocampus Composites
Chemin du Chaffault - ZI du Chaffault
44340 Bouguenais
Tel: 02 28 44 36 50
www.id4car.org

IFP Énergies nouvelles (IFPEN)

1 & 4, avenue de Bois Préau
92852 Rueil Malmaison Cedex
Tel: 01 47 52 60 00
www.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr

comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION 97
 THE CCFA PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE AUTOMOTIVE WORLD
AND SUPPORTS THE SECTOR IN ITS MAJOR EVENTS

WWW.CCFA.FR
CONTACT: [email protected]

98 comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles • ANALYSIS & STATISTICS. 2020 EDITION
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ON KEY SUBJECTS

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