FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC EKOWE

UGHELLI CAMPUS, DELTA STATE.

LECTURE MATERIAL ON
MULTIMEDIA

SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

HND I

(COM 416)
BY
MR. PAUL APELEOKHA
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: GRAPHICS OF THE PRESENT TIME……………………………………………………………. 1-5

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS VISUALIZATION…………………………………………. 6-10

CHAPTER 3: GRAPHICS SOFTWARE……………………………………………………………………………..11-13

CHAPTER 4: THE RETINA…………………........................................................................... 14-17

CHAPTER 5: IMAGE MANIPULATION SOFTWARE…………………………………………………………18-24

CHAPTER 6: WEB DESIGN…………………………………………………………………………………………..25-28

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CHAPTER 1

GRAPHICS OF THE PRESENT TIME

Today most graphicist want an Intel PC with at least 256 MB of memory and a 10 GB hard
drive. Their display should have graphics board that supports real-time texture mapping. A
flatbed scanner, color laser printer, digital video camera, DVD, and MPEG encoder/decoder
are the peripherals one wants. The environment for program development is most likely
Windows and Linux, with Direct 3D and OpenGL, but Java 3D might become more important.
Programs would typically be written in C++ or Java.

What will happen in the near future -- difficult to say, but high definition TV (HDTV) is poised
to take off (after years of hype). Ubiquitous, untethered, wireless computing should become
widespread, and audio and gestural input devices should replace some of the functionality of
the keyboard and mouse.

You should expect 3-D modeling and video editing for the masses, computer vision for robotic
devices and capture facial expressions, and realistic rendering of difficult things like a human
face, hair, and water. With any luck C++ will fall out of favor.

INTRODUCTION

Multimedia has become an inevitable part of any presentation. It has found a variety of
applications right from entertainment to education. The evolution of internet has also
increased the demand for multimedia content.

Definition

Multimedia is the media that uses multiple forms of information content and information
processing (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video, interactivity) to inform or entertain
the user. Multimedia also refers to the use of electronic media to store and experience
multimedia content. Multimedia is similar to traditional mixed media in fine art, but with a
broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia.

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Elements of Multimedia System

Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, graphics,
image, video and animation in addition to traditional media (text and graphics). Hypermedia
can be considered as one type of particular multimedia application.

Categories of Multimedia

Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories. Linear active
content progresses without any navigation control for the viewer such as a cinema
presentation. Non-linear content offers user interactivity to control progress as used with a
computer game or used in self-paced computer based training. Non-linear content is also
known as hypermedia content.

Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow

interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity
via interaction with the presenter or performer.

Features of Multimedia

Multimedia presentations may be viewed in person on stage, projected, transmitted, or

played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia
presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media
technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming
multimedia may be live or on-demand.

Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical environment with special
effects, with multiple users in an online network, or locally with an offline computer, game
system, or simulator.

Enhanced levels of interactivity are made possible by combining multiple forms of media
content But depending on what multimedia content you have it may vary Online multimedia
is increasingly becoming object-oriented and data-driven, enabling applications with
collaborative end-user innovation and personalization on multiple forms of content over
time. Examples of these range from multiple forms of content on web sites like photo
galleries with both images (pictures) and title (text) user-updated, to simulations whose co-

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efficient, events, illustrations, animations or videos are modifiable, allowing the multimedia
"experience" to be altered without reprogramming.

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, advertisements,
art, education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific
research and spatial, temporal applications.

A few application areas of multimedia are listed below:

Creative industries

Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to
entertainment, to commercial art, to journalism, to media and software services provided for
any of the industries listed below. An individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum
throughout their career. Request for their skills range from technical, to analytical and to
creative.

Commercial

Much of the electronic old and new media utilized by commercial artists is multimedia.
Exciting presentations are used to grab and keep attention in advertising. Industrial, business
to business, and interoffice communications are often developed by creative services firms for
advanced multimedia presentations beyond simple slide shows to sell ideas or liven-up
training. Commercial multimedia developers may be hired to design for governmental
services and nonprofit services applications as well.

Entertainment and Fine Arts

In addition, multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to develop

special effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are
software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Some video games also use
multimedia features.

Multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate instead of just sitting by as
passive recipients of information are called Interactive Multimedia.

Education

In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly

called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopaedia and almanacs. A CBT lets the user go
through a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in
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various information formats. Edutainment is an informal term used to describe combining
education with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.

Engineering

Software engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from
entertainment to training such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software
interfaces are often done as collaboration between creative professionals and software
engineers.

Industry

In the Industrial sector, multimedia is used as a way to help present information to

shareholders, superiors and coworkers. Multimedia is also helpful for providing employee
training, advertising and selling products all over the world via virtually unlimited web-based
technologies.

Mathematical and Scientific Research

In Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia is mainly used for modeling and
simulation. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance
and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. Representative research can be found in
journals such as the Journal of Multimedia.

Medicine

In Medicine, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can simulate how
the human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop
techniques to prevent it.

Multimedia in Public Places

In hotels, railway stations, shopping malls, museums, and grocery stores, multimedia will
become available at stand-alone terminals or kiosks to provide information and help. Such
installation reduce demand on traditional information booths and personnel, add value, and
they can work around the clock, even in the middle of the night, when live help is off duty.

A menu screen from a supermarket kiosk that provide services ranging from meal planning to
coupons. Hotel kiosk list nearby restaurant, maps of the city, airline schedules, and provide
guest services such as automated checkout. Printers are often attached so users can walk
away with a printed copy of the information. Museum kiosk are not only used to guide
patrons through the exhibits, but when installed at each exhibit, provide great added depth,
allowing visitors to browser though richly detailed information specific to that display.
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Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

Computer graphics is an integral part of everyday computing. Nowhere is this fact more
evident than the modern computer interface design. Graphical elements such as windows,
cursors, menus, and icons are so common place it is difficult to imagine computing without
them. Once graphics programming was considered a specialty. Today, nearly all professional
programmers must have an understanding of graphics in order to accept input and present
output to users. User controls contents, structure, and appearance of objects and their
displayed images via rapid visual feedback.

Basic components of an interactive graphics system input (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus,
force feedback device, scanner, live video streams…), processing (and storage),
display/output (e.g., screen, paper-based printer, video recorder, non-linear editor.

CHAPTER 2
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INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS VISUALIZATION

Visualization is the process of representing data graphically and interacting with these
representations in order to gain insight into the data. Traditionally, computer graphics has
provided a powerful mechanism for creating, manipulating, and interacting with these
representations. Introduction in the process of development of modern society, the computer
era has begun – the era of information. Hundreds of terabytes of information appear annually
in local and global networks. Mechanisms are being introduced to search for the necessary
information, however, these tools are effective when users have a specific goal and
understand what information is stored. In other cases, methods for visualizing information
can help the user. The main objective of visualization is the use of human visual perception of
information to enhance its cognitive abilities. The human visual system is capable of quickly
processing visual signals, and advanced information technology has turned the computer into
powerful tool for managing digital information. Visualization is a bridge connecting the
human visual system and the information system, helping to identify images, hypothesize and
extract ideas from huge datasets, and contributes to scientific research and forecasting. The
main purpose of visualization is the use of human visual perception of information to enhance
its cognitive abilities. To date; there are a large number of techniques that are devoted to the
visualization of various information. In a variety of information it is possible to understand
objects that have a physical nature (scientific visualization), program codes, software
(software visualization), etc.

According to various methods of visualizing information in specialized literature, mechanisms

for controlling the quality of content and optimizing the interface of multimedia applications
are proposed.

The most effective application of information visualization in various multimedia applications

will facilitate the perception of a large amount of text information and facilitate its visual
representation in multimedia systems.

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DESIGN ELEMENT

Designing an accessible computer application for the visually impaired has gained popularity
among the researchers over the years. Many researches focus on creative usage of
multimedia design elements in extending computer accessibility for users with these special
needs. Multimedia design elements plays an important role in the design of any application,
be it a mobile application, and stand alone computer application, online web applications and
many more. A designer acquires knowledge of designing through established standard
guidelines and past literatures related to accessibility to produce user-disable friendly
computer applications. Despite the constant effort from the designers, visually impaired users
are still struggling to access and to use computer applications. Major reason to this scenario is
not the fault of a designer but the gap in current state of art is to be criticized. A clear
reflection on current state of art was not portrayed all this while leaving uncertainty among
the designers in utilizing effectively the design elements in designing an application. Thus, this
paper serves as a complete review in analyzing the findings of past literatures as well as
established accessibility guidelines relating to visually impaired computer users. About 80
published articles were used to generate this paper. An analysis on the latest literatures has
revealed that there exist lists of mandatory and optional elements in considering a design.
Elements of design are the basic units of a visual image; they include space, line, balance,
color, and shape. The elements also complement each other. Lines can be vertical, horizontal,
zigzag, diagonal or curved. Shape can have two types; Geometric and organic. Color can have
three properties, a hue, value or intensity. Space can be described as having positive of
negative (the space around or inside the contour lines). The balance in a design can have
symmetrical, asymmetrical or radial. Texture can be represented as visual or tactile form can
be either organic or geometric dimensions.

Line

Line is the basic element that refers to the continuous movement of a point along a surface.

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Every line has length and thickness and direction. Lines can help focus pictures. They also help

Show direction. Lines can be straight or curved. A line has length, thickness, and direction. A
line is an element of design. A line is used for edges of shapes, to create outlines, and to show
length, thickness and direction. You can use a line when making things you want to have a
focus point, or when making things like boxes or things with direction. Lines are used
everywhere. Such as artwork designs and in everyday use. Almost everywhere you look you
can add a line.

A line is an element of design. Lines can also be used to divide a space.

Shape

The quality of a distinct object or body in having an external surface or outline of

specific form or figure. A defined flat enclosed area that is two-dimensional. A shape
can be either geometric, which is drawn with a ruler, or organic freehand shapes.
Attract the eye to a focus point Distinguish certain things from others Shapes make
up everything that there is Element of Design Shape being used. Shapes are used to
contrast the picture, Can be used whenever you need to make something

What is Interactive Computer Graphics?

User controls contents, structure, and appearance of objects and their displayed
images via rapid visual feedback.

Basic components of an interactive graphics system input (e.g., mouse, tablet and
stylus, force feedback device, scanner, live video streams…), processing (and
storage), display/output (e.g., screen, paper-based printer, video recorder, non-
linear editor.

What do we need in computer graphics?

In computer graphics we work with points and vectors defined in terms of some
coordinate frame (a positioned coordinate system). We also need to change
coordinate representation of points and vectors, hence to transform between
different coordinate frames. Hence a mathematical background of geometry and
algebra is very essential and also a knowledge of basic programming in C language.
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The Graphics Rendering Pipeline
Rendering is the conversion of a scene into an image:

The scene composed of models in three space.

Models, composed of primitives, supported by the rendering
system. Models entered by hand or created by a program.
For our purposes today, models already generated. The image drawn on monitor, printed on
laser printer, or written to a raster in memory or a file. These different possibilities require us
to consider device independence.
Classically, “model” to “scene”' to “image” conversion broken into finer steps, called the
graphics pipeline. Commonly implemented in graphics hardware to get interactive speeds. At
a high level, the graphics pipeline usually looks like
Each stage refines the scene, converting primitives in modeling space to primitives in device

space, where they are converted to pixels (rasterized).

A number of coordinate systems are used:
MCS: Modeling Coordinate System. WCS: World Coordinate System.
VCS: Viewer Coordinate System.
NDCS: Normalized Device Coordinate System.
DCSorSCS: Device Coordinate System or equivalently the Screen Coordinate System.
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DEVICES

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Computer graphics don’t work in isolation. They require Hardware- the physical component
that houses the software. The software tools to create graphics applications are also needed
and display devices for effective output are not left.

Types of Input Devices:

Devices can be described by Physical properties or Logical Properties.

Physical Properties

 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Trackball

Logical Properties

 What is returned to program via API

 A position
 An object identifier

Input Devices are also categorized as follows String: produces string of characters. (e.g
keyboard)

Valuator: generates real number between 0 and 1.0 (e.g.knob)

Locator: User points to position on display (e.g. mouse)

Pick: User selects location on screen (e.g. touch screen in restaurant, ATM)

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CHAPTER 3

GRAPHICS SOFTWARE

Graphics software is the software tool needed to create graphics applications. It has taken the
form of subprogram libraries. The libraries contain functions to do things like: draw points,
lines, polygons apply transformations fill areas with color handle user interactions. An
important goal has been the development of standard hardware- independent libraries such
as:

CORE GKS (Graphical Kernel Standard)

PHIGS (Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) X Windows OpenGL.

Hardware

“Vector graphics” Early graphic devices were line-oriented. For example, a “pen plotter” from
H-P. Primitive operation is line drawing. “Raster graphics” Today’s standard. A raster is a 2-
dimensional grid of pixels (picture elements). Each pixel may be addressed and illuminated
independently. So the primitive operation is to draw a point; that is, assign a color to a pixel.
Everything else is built upon that. There are a variety of raster devices, both hardcopy and
display.

Hardcopy:

Laser printer Ink-jet printer Film recorder

Electrostatic printer Pen plotter

Display Hardware

An important component is the “refresh buffer” or “frame buffer” which is a random-access

memory containing one or more values per pixel, used to drive the display. The video
controller translates the contents of the frame buffer into signals used by the CRT to
illuminate the screen. It works as follows:

1. The display screen is coated with “phospors” which emit light when excited by
an electron beam. (There are three types of phospor, emitting red, green, and
blue light. They are arranged in rows, with three phospor dots (R, G, and B)
for each pixel.

2. The energy exciting the phosphors dissipates quickly, so the entire screen
must be refreshed 60 times per second.

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 3. An electron gun scans the screen, line by line, mapping out a scan pattern. On
each scan of the screen, each pixel is passed over once. Using the contents of
the frame buffer, the controller controls the intensity of the beam hitting each
pixel, producing a certain color.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Electron gun sends beam aimed (deflected) at a particular point on the screen, Traces out a
path on the screen, hitting each pixel once per cycle. “scan lines” · Phosphors emit light
(phosphoresence); output decays rapidly (exponentially - 10 to 60 microseconds) · As a result
of this decay, the entire screen must be redrawn (refreshed) at least 60 times per second. This
is called the refresh rate, If the refresh rate is too slow, we will see a noticeable flicker on the
screen. There are different display hardware such as the LCD, CRT, Projector, TFT.

Interfacing between the CPU and the Display

A typical video interface card (Video Graphic Adapter) contains a display processor, a frame
buffer, and a video controller. The frame buffer is a random access memory containing some
memory (at least one bit) for each pixel, indicating how the pixel is supposed to be
illuminated. The depth of the frame buffer measures the number of bits per pixel. A video
controller then reads from the frame buffer and sends control signals to the monitor, driving
the scan and refresh process. The display processor processes software instructions to load
the frame buffer with data.

(Note: In early PCs, there was no display processor. The frame buffer was part of the physical
address space addressable by the CPU. The CPU was responsible for all display functions.)

Some Typical Examples of Frame Buffer Structures:

1. For a simple monochrome monitor, just use one bit per pixel.
2. A gray-scale monitor displays only one color, but allows for a range of intensity levels
at each pixel. A typical example would be to use 6-8 bits per pixel, giving 64-256
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 intensity levels. For a color monitor, we need a range of intensity levels for each of red,
green, and blue.

COLOUR THEORY

Our eyes work by focusing light through an elastic lens, onto a patch at the back of our eye
called the retina. The retina contains light sensitive rod and cone cells that are sensitive to
light, and send electrical impulses to our brain that we interpret as a visual stimulus.

Given this biological apparatus, we can simulate the presence of many colours by shining Red,
Green and Blue light into the human eye with carefully chosen intensities. This is the basis on
which all colour display technologies (CRTs, LCDs, TFTs, Plasma, Data projectors) operate.
Inside our machine (TV, Computer, Projector) we represent pixel colours using values for Red,
Green and Blue (RGB triples) and the video hardware uses these values to generate the
appropriate amount of Red, Green and Blue light.

Color space

A color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be
represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components (e.g.
RGB and CMYK are color models). However, a color model with no associated mapping
function to an absolute color space is a more or less arbitrary color system with little
connection to the requirements of any given application.

Adding a certain mapping function between the color model and a certain reference color
space results in a definite "footprint" within the reference color space. This "footprint" is
known as a gamut, and, in combination with the color model, defines a new color space. For
example, Adobe

RGB and SRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB model.

Light

Light as we perceive it is electromagnetic radiation from a narrow band of the complete

spectrum of electromagnetic radiation called the visible spectrum. The physical nature of light
has elements that are like particle (when we discuss photons) and as a wave. Recall that wave
can be described either in terms of its frequency, measured say in cycles per second, or the
inverse quantity of wavelength. The electro-magnetic spectrum ranges from very low
frequency (high wavelength) radio waves (greater than 10 centimeter in wavelength) to
microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet and x-rays and high frequency (low wavelength)
gamma rays (less than 0.01 nm in wavelength). Visible light lies in the range of wavelengths
from around 400 to 700 nm, where nm denotes a nanometer, or 10−9 of a meter.
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Physically, the light energy that we perceive as color can be described in terms of a function
of wavelength, called the spectral distribution function or simply spectral function. As we
walk along the wavelength axis (from long to short wavelengths), the associated colors that
we perceive varying along the colors of the rainbow red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
violet.

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CHAPTER 4

THE RETINA

The retina has both rods and cones, as shown below. It is the cones which are responsible for
colour perception.

The Digital Image

Virtually all computing devices in use today are digital; data is represented in a discrete form
using patterns of binary digits (bits) that can encode numbers within finite ranges and with
limited precision. By contrast, the images we perceive in our environment are analogue. They
are formed by complex interactions between light and physical objects, resulting in
continuous variations in light wavelength and intensity. Some of this light is reflected in to the
retina of the eye, where cells convert light into nerve impulses that we interpret as a visual
stimulus. Suppose we wish to ‘capture’ an image and represent it on a computer e.g. with a
scanner or camera (the machine equivalent of an eye). Since we do not have infinite storage
(bits), it follows that we must convert that analogue signal into a more limited digital form.
We call this conversion process sampling. Sampling theory is an important part of Computer
Graphics, underpinning the theory behind both image capture and manipulation.

Raster Image Representation

The Computer Graphics solution to the problem of image representation is to break the
image (picture) up into a regular grid that we call a ‘raster’. Each grid cell is a ‘picture cell’, a
term often contracted to pixel.

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Rasters are used to represent digital images. Modern displays use a rectangular raster,
comprised of W × H pixels. The raster illustrated here contains a grayscale image; its
contents are represented in memory by a grayscale frame buffer. The values stored in the
frame buffer record the intensities of the pixels on a discrete scale (0=black, 255=white).

The pixel is the atomic unit of the image; it is coloured uniformly, its single colour represents a
discrete sample of light e.g. from a captured image.

IMAGE MANIPULATION AND FORMATTING

Image manipulation is when images are enhanced or manipulated in a way that's pleasing to
our eyes or to obtain a certain effect for certain reasons/goal objective we have in mind. It's
usually conducted through the famous Adobe Photoshop, or Illustrator and the like. The
benefits are limitless, as these programs are excellent tools to greatly enhance an image’s
appearance. You can remove blemishes on a face, change backgrounds, smooth out rugged
areas, and so on and so forth. Adobe has relentlessly come out with newer updated versions
of Photoshop almost every year, which is an amazing program everyone usually turns to when
it comes to editing images.

DEFINATION

Image Manipulation refers to a process of bringing changes to a digitized image for

transforming it to a desired image. The changes are made possible by resorting to image
processing. Image manipulation is utilized to create magazine covers and albums from
photographs. A single photograph may be modified to suit the requirement, or several
photographs can be combined to form a collage. Currently, there are numerous software
applications ranging from professional applications to basic imaging software.

Image Manipulation Techniques

Numerous designers employ photo editing methods to produce unique works of art. It is quite
popular among most graphic artists that use Photoshop. You can learn graphic design and
Photoshop at Blue Sky Graphics. The wonderful thing is that once you grasp the fundamentals
of picture modification, you can create whatever you can imagine.

Photoshop’s picture editing capabilities enable the most bizarre visuals to be communicated.
Let us look at the critical factors for successful picture alteration and then explore connections
to expert photo manipulation artists. The following instances are not in any sequence of
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significance.
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1. Image Rendering

We are all aware that photo manipulations combine many pictures (either stock photographs
or ones you have taken yourself) on a Photoshop canvas. Now suppose we require a tree and
must chop it down and transport it to the location where we will manipulate it. If that is the
case, we will need to remove it, but removing a tree is not easy; there are leaves, branches,
and shadows to contend with. While most individuals who are familiar with Photoshop use
the Pen tool to cut out their photos, if the image is difficult to cut out, even the Pen tool will
fail. As a result, you may wish to try utilizing Vertus Fluid Mask. This software enables you to
generate graphics in a couple of minutes by utilizing unique masking features not available in
Photoshop.

2. Create a shadow

When creating one, you want it to seem as realistic as possible; and by realistic, we do not
mean in the manner that flying automobiles or magical dragons do. This means that each item
has a shadow if it needs one, and each item is proportionate to everything else on the canvas.

Photo manipulations are used to bring to life events that would never occur in the actual
world. Our next topic of discussion is shadows, which is the second technique you should be
familiar with before beginning a picture modification job.

Now, creating shadows is a whole other subject, but a quick approach to do it is to duplicate
the stock for which you want the shadow. Then fully blacken it. Then apply a Gaussian Blur.
You may resize it and position it in the proper location.

3. Texture Application

While textures may not necessarily contribute to the reality of your artwork, they do provide a
great boost in terms of blending all your pictures uniformly. Because blending is a significant
element of picture editing, textures must be properly selected.

Textures bring dimension to your artwork. If you are going for a dark, dirty appearance with
your picture alteration, you may use a rough ground surface as a backdrop texture;
alternatively, if you want something softer, you can use paper or a wall texture. Keep in mind
that if you do not have a background for your photo alteration, you should choose a texture
that complements the atmosphere you are attempting to create with your art.
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For instance, if you want a dark-looking picture alteration, you may use a rough ground as the
backdrop texture; or if you want a smooth image, you can use a wall or paper texture.
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4. Stock Image Selection

After you have developed your concept, the first thing you should do is select stock pictures.
You must keep in mind that you cannot always cut out every stock picture properly since
some common photographs are captured at inconvenient angles or have small blurriness,
rendering them unusable.

5. Colour Combination

Not every image you use will complement your backdrop, texture, or other photos. Thus,
colour mixing becomes necessary. In Photoshop, tools such as Photo Filters and Gradient
Maps are used to enhance or diminish the colour in your photos. This either adds a small
amount of colour to a certain image or subtracts colour from it. This assists the photos in
blending and, more importantly, in forming a wonderful cohesive work of art.

Pink, white, yellow, and orange are all easily blended. Thus, the first thing you should search
for is already-blended hues. Then, using Photoshop’s Photo Filters or Gradient Maps, alter the
photos’ colours to get a seamless merge.

6. Emphasis on the smallest details

When producing a work of art, focus your attention on a single region. You want to
immediately bring the viewer’s attention to that location. There are several ways for
accomplishing this. One method is to work on drawing the viewer’s attention to the design’s
most vivid, colourful, or sharp region.

7. Image Combination

Images are like missing jigsaw pieces; without them, the puzzle would never be completed.
Therefore, pick them with caution. You may need to peruse a variety of stock pictures before
selecting the ones that work best for your arrangement. You must organize your composition.
Take out a piece of paper and a pencil before you start Photoshop. Then create a drawing of
your design. If you are simply creating a quick sketch, it should take no more than two
minutes. As you draw, consider the placement of the stock pictures. Determine the kind of
photographs you will require.

9. C4D Applications
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C4D’s are four-dimensional pictures created with the Cinema 4D software. These are
frequently abstract paintings. They may be utilized to enhance the feel and appearance of
your work. Utilizing C4D art or 3D renderings can help you enhance your picture modification
skills. It created a wonderful futuristic and abstract impression in this situation, which is tough
to produce with standard stock photos

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CHAPTER 5

IMAGE MANIPULATION SOFTWARE.

While there are many applications you can use to edit images on your computer or mobile
device, the software you use will largely depend on your needs. Some applications allow you
to make only a few basic changes, while others give you access to advance and powerful tools.
We'll cover some of the most popular image editing software available today, including
both free and paid options.

Basic image editing software

If you just need to make simple adjustments to an image, like cropping, resizing, or rotating,
there are many free applications available to you. This includes the built-in software on your
device, as well as some third-party software.

Built-in software

Most computers and mobile devices come with some type of basic image editing program.
Review the list below to learn more about the tools on your device:

 Windows: Almost every Windows computer includes Microsoft Paint. You may already
know that Paint is a simple drawing application, but it can also be used for basic image
adjustments. Another option is Microsoft Photos, a free application that includes more
advanced editing tools and lets you easily organize photos.

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Editing images with Microsoft Office

While you may not realize it, some programs in the Microsoft Office suite—such
as Word, PowerPoint, and Publisher—include image editing tools. These tools will be
especially helpful if you want to make simple adjustments to an image in a document or
presentation.

The Role of Multimedia in Today Society.

Multimedia is anything and everything that you watch and listen in a form of text,
photograph, audio, video and many. This is usually recoded and played, displayed or accessed
by information content processing devices such as computerized and electronic devices. In the
multimedia we can use being in the business, schools, home, public places and virtual reality.
These have many functions to do many things and have made the things to more mobile.

Importance of Multimedia

Multimedia and the term is again made of multi and media compound. Media (medium)
original double meaning, one that stores information on entities, such as disk, CD, tape,
semiconductor memory and more. Second is the transmission of information carriers, such as
numbers, text, sound, graphics and so on. Therefore, the corresponding term and multimedia
is a single media, literally, the media is compounded by a single media.

Multimedia is anything and everything that you watch and listen. It is graphics, audio, sound,
text and many. This is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information
content processing devices such as computerized and electronic devices. Multimedia to the
general argument is that the image, sound, graphics, images, text, text, animation and other
media together to form an organic whole, to achieve a certain function, it is called
multimedia. There are two aspects of the media itself is all modern technologies. It is
hardware and software or a mix of machines and ideas. Multimedia technology and features
can be conceptually divided into control systems and information. Multimedia CD-ROM is the
main storage and exchange of media. Without such a convenient CD-ROM, the computer
industry can not constitute a sale of hundreds of megabytes of multimedia programs for
audio, visual and text data. For multimedia we are no longer a passive audience, we can
control, can interact, can it be done according to we needs. In a report, we can no matter
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what those useless and direct access to important data. It is also can be interested in the
reports and pictures around the world gather together compilation. Multimedia can be
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stored, transmitted, presented and perceived. In other words, it is a good form of
communication.

Multimedia plays an important role in today’s society because it is society now all are the
things is keep up with the times. The multimedia is a good way for communication because
that can easy to communicate and understand what they say. After that, multimedia has
animation, music, video and more of this. This can easier to attract people to listen what you
talking about. It also has let more interest to people listen and see when u presents a product.
Multimedia also can make easier to deliver what you want to say. If they don’t know what you
say, they can see what you do in multimedia. Because the multimedia is making easier the
things let they can easy understand. In this they have use multimedia in programming, radio,
internet and universality. Now you have a multimedia visual, auditory experience. Inside,
including animation, music and movement, will not let other people read that boring. Is the
city doing the media have our own control, so we are free to play our creativity to make a
dynamic multimedia. As when we do a presentation, we cannot just simply words only.
Because the sauce will lead the guests do not want to see, they will feel bored. So when we do
a briefing, we must not only increase the number of animation writing, music or video. We
can also do dynamic point font, guests will feel interested. Other multimedia files such as
video, image and flash memory will help you to improve your visually but also more benefits
to users. In multimedia also can use in internet, this included not only help to create more
multimedia website users interests. But it will help to attract more links your site to help
increase your in-line status. So create a multimedia projector a Web site requires more than
writing skills and more high-teach. This is needed a good organization and business talents.

INTERACTIVE MEDIA DESIGN

As with most computer terms, defining interactive media design requires context. In general
terms interactive media design is developing any form of media that requires user input to
function. Different types of interactive media include things like, websites, presentations, flash
websites, desktop applications and product demos. Even an e-commerce shopping cart could
be considered an interactive media design in general terms.

When looking more specifically at what the general public thinks about when we talk about
interactive media design, we are referring to Adobe Flash development or Microsoft
PowerPoint. These two development and design platforms allow for the creation of a wide
range of interactive media applications and interactive media presentations. These user
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applications and presentations include animation, illustrations and interactivity that promotes
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a company, service or products.

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Flash development includes two major factors, Flash design and Flash programming. Flash
design addresses animation, illustration, user interface and graphic design elements of any
interactive presentation. Flash programming makes that user interface come to life with data
driven elements, programming logic and dynamic content. The combination of Flash design
and Flash programming can deliver the “Wiz, Bang, WOW!!” effect that you are looking for.

ADOBE FLASH DESIGN

Flash design utilizes vector and bitmap based graphics to bring life to presentations,
animations and interactive presentations. Our Flash designers can create a full website or
presentation in Flash using streaming video, all types of illustration and key frame animation.
Or, they can utilize Flash as just one element of a website, adding interactive headers, ad
rotation areas, product demos or interactive maps. Flash design is a great way to capture and
keep viewers attention and business.

Our Flash programmers use ActionScript 1-3 and object oriented programming to create
interactive flash applications that are expandable and scalable. From importing weather and
map data from outside web services, to saving information to databases, we have created
many great solutions. Demos of products can also be replicated by our Flash programming
team, allowing your clients and potential customers a chance to get a feel for just how cool
your product really is.

Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a powerful tool that allows for the creation of computer based
presentations. The presentation is storyboarded by individual "slides" that contain text,
images and video. These elements work with your presentation or stand alone to deliver
powerful messages. The use of bullet points can summarize a long speech. Graphics can drive
home, visually, key points of your presentation. Graphs, tables and data can be displayed to
show differences in your product and competitors. Video can be added to show exactly what
you are talking about. PowerPoint is the ultimate tool to win over your audience.

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA PROCESS

Nowadays, the fastest-changing area is dedicated to the development of teaching materials

based on usage of computers, particularly interactive multimedia programs that run on
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personal computers. These new computer and information technologies offer students and
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teachers access to materials like never before. Through the storage capacity of the computer,
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multimedia can “deliver” enormous amounts of Data to users in more useful and accessible
ways.

Interaction models

The interaction itself involves at least two parties—the user and the system. The previously
mentioned participants are complex and completely different in the way of communication
and perception of task. The interface must be a link between them in order to have successful
interaction. This transcription can fail in a great number of cases for several reasons. The
usage of interaction models can help better understand what is happening in the interaction
and to identify possible problems. Models allow, together with developing environment, to
compare the different styles of interaction and to discuss issues of interaction as well.

Terms of interaction

Traditionally, the purpose of an interactive system is to assist the user in achieving the goals
from the application domain.

Domain defines the area of expertise and knowledge in real-world activities. The domain
consists of concepts, which emphasize its important aspects.

Tasks represent operations for manipulation of concepts within the domain.

Objective is defined as desired output of the accomplished task.

Intention represents the specific action which is required for task accomplishment.

Task analysis includes the identification of problems in terms of domains, objectives,

intentions, and tasks. It can use human knowledge about tasks and objectives, in order to
assess an interactive system that is designed to support them. The terms (concepts) which are
used in the design of a system and a customer description are separated, so that they can be
treated as separate components—the system and the user, respectively.

2.2. Ergonomics

The term ergonomics or human factors is traditionally related to the study of interaction of
physical characteristics—design of controls, physical environment in which the interaction
takes place, arrangement, and the physical properties of display. The primary focus is on the
user’s performances and how interface affects them. In order to assess these aspects of
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interaction, ergonomics will certainly touch on human psychology and systems’ limitations.
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2.2.1. Display and control setup

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Besides cognitive aspects of design, physical aspects are also important. Sets of controls and
display components should be grouped logically, in order to allow faster access to the user.
This is not so important when only one user is active. But, when we take controls in power
plants, aircrafts, and air traffic into consideration, it becomes vital. In each of these cases,
users are under pressure, and they are faced with a huge range of displays and controls, so
their appropriate physical appearance is significant.

The importance of a logical grouping of controls has already been mentioned, as well as the
fact that the controls should not be separated. The exact manner of organization (which will
be presented) will depend on the domain of application itself. Possible ways of organizations
can include the following things:

 Functional controls and displays are organized to place together the elements which
are functionally linked.

 Sequential controls and displays are organized to reflect the order of their use in a
typical interaction.

 Frequent controls and displays are organized according to the frequency of usage, but
the most commonly used controls should be easily accessible.

Apart from setting up the controls and displays, the whole interface system should be
properly distributed according to the position of the user himself. Thus, for example, a user
should be able to reach all necessary controls and to see all the displays without excessive
body movement. The most important displays should be at eye level, and controls should be
adjusted for space maneuvering. Display reflections should be avoided as well].

2.2.2. Interactions of the physical environment

Ergonomics deals with solving physical problems in the interface schedule and arrangement
and takes into account the design of work environment as well. Where will the system be
used? Who will use it? Will people sit, stand, or move around? Again, this will depend on the
domain in a great extent, and it will be critical when it comes to specific controls and
operational settings. However, the physical environment in which the system is used can
affect the health and safety of its users. This should be taken into account in any design.

2.2.3. Health issues

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Work on computer should not be considered as a dangerous activity, but one should bear in
mind the possible implications of design on the health and safety of users. Factors in the
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physical environment directly affect the quality of interaction and user’s performances:
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  Position of a user. As previously mentioned, users should be able to fetch all of the
controls comfortably and to see all the screens. Users should not stand for a long time,
and if they are sitting, they should be provided with the rear seat backrest. If the user is
ought to be in a certain position for a long time (e.g., when typing), one should be
provided with a certain period of time to rest.

 Temperature. Most users certainly can adapt to small changes in temperature, with no
adverse effect, but extreme temperatures (excessively warm or cold) will affect their
performance and in excessive cases will affect their health. Experimental studies have
shown that the performance deteriorates at high or low temperatures, and users are
not able to concentrate.

 Brightness. The brightness level will, again, depend on the working environment.
Adequate lighting should allow users to view the computer screen without discomfort
or eyestrain. The light source should be positioned in such a way to avoid glare.

 Noise. Excessive noise can be harmful to health, causing user’s pain, and, in acute
cases, can lead to hearing loss. The noise level should be maintained at an appropriate
level in the work environment. This does not necessarily mean that there is no noise at
all. Noise can be an incentive for users and can provide the necessary confirmation of
system activity.

 Time. The time users spend using the system should be controlled. As previously
mentioned, it has been said that excessive use of CRT displays can be harmful to users,
especially for pregnant women.

2.3. Ways of interaction

The interaction can be observed as a dialog between the user and the computer. The choice of
interface style can have a profound effect on the nature of a dialog. There is a great number of
common interface styles including:

 Command line inside the interface

 Menus

 Natural language

 Dialogs with inquiries, questions, and answers

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WIMP (windows, icons, menus, pointers) interface

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  3D interfaces

3. Interaction design

Some of the interactions between humans and computers (or machines or technology) focus
on understanding, which means that the attention is paid to the way how people interact with
technology. However, a great deal of interaction between man and computer refers to how
things work and how they are created. The credits for these features go to design.

In this part, attention will be paid to the interaction design or design interactivity. It should be
borne in mind that it is not only thought about the design of interactive systems but about
interaction design itself. Thus, interaction design is not just an artifact 1 that is produced,
regardless of whether it is a physical device or a computer program. Apart from that fact, the
artifacts do not give people only these devices and programs but also guides, tutorials, and
online help systems. In some cases, it may be understood that no additional system is
necessary for all elements, but it is probably easier to propose a different way of using existing
tools.

3.1. About design in general

When someone is asked what design is, simple definition might be that the design is related to
the achievement of objectives within the constraints. This definition does not say everything
about the design, but it helps users to focus on the following elements:

 Objectives—What is the purpose and design of future product? For whom is it made?
Why do they want it?

 Limitations—What materials should be used? What standards should be adopted?

How much will it cost? How much time is needed to develop the product? Are there
any health and safety issues?

 Exchange (compromise)—One should choose and define the objectives or restrictions

which may be adopted in a milder form, and limits must be respected to the smallest
detail.

It is impossible to accomplish all of the user’s objectives within constraints, but in life,
everything is a matter of compromise, even in such cases. The best designs are created in
areas where the designer understands the compromises and the factors affecting them.
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The most important part of interaction design or interactivity is user. It is necessary to set up a
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user in the first place and to keep the user in the central place.
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CHAPTER 6

WEB DESIGN

Web design refers to the design of websites that are displayed on the internet. It usually
refers to the user experience aspects of website development rather than software
development. Web design used to be focused on designing websites for desktop browsers;
however, since the mid-2010s, design for mobile and tablet browsers has become ever-
increasingly important.

A web designer works on the appearance, layout, and, in some cases, content of a website.
Appearance, for instance, relates to the colors, font, and images used. Layout refers
to how information is structured and categorized. A good web design is easy to use,
aesthetically pleasing, and suits the user group and brand of the website. Many webpages are
designed with a focus on simplicity, so that no extraneous information and functionality that
might distract or confuse users appears. As the keystone of a web designer’s output is a site
that wins and fosters the trust of the target audience, removing as many potential points of
user frustration as possible is a critical consideration.

Two of the most common methods for designing websites that work well both on desktop and
mobile are responsive and adaptive design. In responsive design, content moves
dynamically depending on screen size; in adaptive design, the website content is fixed in
layout sizes that match common screen sizes. Preserving a layout that is as consistent as
possible between devices is crucial to maintaining user trust and engagement. As responsive
design can present difficulties in this regard, designers must be careful in relinquishing control
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of how their work will appear. If they are responsible for the content as well, while they may
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need to broaden their skill set, they will enjoy having the advantage of full control of the
finished product.

BASIC STEPS IN WEB DESIGN.

There are basically 7 steps to undertake in web designing. These are stated as follows:

1. Goal identification

2. Scope definition

3. Sitemap and wireframe creation

4. Content creation

5. Visual elements

6. Testing

7. Launch

WEB AUTHORING/TOOLS

An e-learning authoring tool is a software program that enables users to create learning
content, lessons and courses using text, media, and interactions. Mainly such content
developed to use it in LMS and can be saved in various formats. A user does not actually need
any technical programming expertise to utilize the software. Instead, e-learning authoring
tools are generally pre-programmed and offer a ready-to-use interface complete with
templates, media, tools, interactions, and tests that the user can easily arrange and
manipulate.

AUTHORING TOOLS SOFTWARE

 Word processor
 Desktop publishing programs
 Online web page builders
 HTML Editor
 Plain text editor.

GRAPHIC DESIGN AND ILLUSTRATION

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Graphic illustration is art found on flyers, fabrics, book jackets, advertisements, packaging,
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posters, and websites. It helps express visual ideas, convey messages, sell products, teach

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students, and promote brands. In our increasingly visual world, it feels vital to our everyday
lives. And yet the field of graphic illustration can be hard to define.

Graphic design is a kind of broader known type of design. It has a lot to do with composition,
layout organization with text and images.

APPLICATION AREAS OF VIDEO COMMUNICATION

1. Meetings or Collaborations

Video calls assist a great deal to set up conferences, whether for business, enjoyment or
training. Essential information can be talked over by managers or company heads even though
they are far away from one another. Groups who would like to pre-plan a project can discuss
details conveniently by applying features like screen sharing, white boarding, etc. An
additional common practice to this particular procedure happens to be the student
collaborations. One can effortlessly accomplish group study or student projects without
voyaging or going for a drive.

2. Online Teaching

Technology has aided the world of long distance learning to become an actuality.
Consequently, a teacher no longer requires being in the same room as his students. For
example, long distance education programs have been included by both small as well as
premiere Ivy League schools such as Harvard University in the USA in their syllabus. Even
though the majority of these happen to be in video course form, live web-conference courses
also constitute a significant portion.

It is simple to interact with a huge number of people simultaneously by making use of video
conferencing. Questions can be answered by a professional to any student from any location.
Meanwhile, this approach can also be employed for teaching students in rural areas. A proper
setup is only needed and a competent teacher will be capable of teaching his students by
making use of the process.

Apart from the usual student and teacher arrangement, it can likewise be employed to teach
the fellow instructors or even contact them for sharing ideas.

3. Business Administration

During the past, it was actually out of the question to manage a business on the web.
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However, remote workplaces and virtual staff have become a standard setup with the intro of
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the web. Interacting through email, chat services, which includes video conferences have
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grown to be an important part in motivating these types of companies. It is now feasible for
the employers to make contact with their freelance designers, copy writers, administrative
staff along with other staff remotely. Besides bridging the gap, it likewise creates a more
effective and worldwide workplace with little effort.

4. Video Interviews

In the yesteryears, video interviews were not common. Nowadays, video calls or conferences
are being utilized by numerous industries in an effort to reach a number of experts at once,
recognize the potential workers for the organization, get in touch with correspondents and
much more. Leading news networks usually link different individuals for interview by making
use of meetings. At times while a correspondent is not reachable, a useful internet
transmission and an internet service program which provides video conferencing might help.
Each party will be benefited by the volume of cost savings which includes traveling time.

Different parties can easily interact with one another simultaneously even though they may
be from diverse areas. Although it was once a complicated technology, nowadays it’s feasible
to effortlessly do meetings with more sophisticated phone systems and quicker net services.

5. Working from Home

A lot more staff, at present, is prepared to select an innovative method of working from
home. Workers will be able to make use of video conferencing to keep linked to customers or
co-workers in a realistic way. It will save you considerable time invested on the way and stop
you from getting worn out due to a traffic jam or a crowd in the subway. As a matter of fact,
home based work will be an ideal choice in case you were an expecting mother and actually
more and more people are taking advantage of tools like Skype or many other Skype
alternatives for their remote work. They can easily perform a real-time Internet meeting by
just quickly downloading and running it on desktop or mobile.

6. Distance Diagnostics

The ability to identify a symptom or problem from afar is referred to as remote diagnostics. In
health care, it is feasible for the affected person to be in the home or even overseas and the
medical professional or expert could be in a different area. This tactic is also employed by the
cosmonauts in the International Space Station while using cameras or remote calling for the
assistance of the ground staff. Furthermore, remote diagnostics is likewise employed by
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business phones too, particularly those linked with PABX systems; earlier, operators used to
switch calls manually, but right now it is accomplished automatically by special techniques.
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7. Legal Environment

Video conferencing is utilized by a lot of courtrooms as well as prestigious authorized offices

for connecting with unwilling prisoners or witnesses that are struggling to appear personally
to be questioned. The individual will feel like he is actually there because of the amazingly
impressive actions taken by high quality video conferencing. It is sometimes far easier to have
a witness or a prisoner broadcast themselves digitally as compared to having them appear
face-to-face. Despite the fact that the courtrooms are the places to make use of video
conferencing for this task, it can be useful to any business that requires making use of the
testimony of somebody who does not wish to appear face-to-face with you.

WEB DESIGN TECHNIQUES

A real web means a better experience for everyone. Users should be able to get what they
want without troubling about how they are accessing the internet. Developers and designers
need to be creating sites that can be easily managed and updated. Let's talk about the most
effective Web design techniques that should be implemented on your website:

Table of Contents

1. Keep It Simple
Firstly, you must concentrate on only the things relevant to users. Eliminate anything
that is outside. Remove unnecessary elements from the page. For instance, a
newsletter may require an email address but not a mobile number. Some services don't
require either.
2. Unique Style And Typography

Show your brand through unique typography. It assists users to understand your
company from the competition. The set of typography that is taken for the design of
the brands leaves a greater impact on the users. It is a factor for developing a great
visual personality of the brand

3. Make it Predictable

There are some rules that you must be remembered. The most important thing is that
the navigation buttons should like, well, navigation buttons. Moreover, the text on
them should explicitly state where the button will take a user. Make sure the buttons
work and are available for navigation.
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4. Focus On Your User

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A user's habits on the web are not different from what researchers see in a sore. They
will look at every new page and consider a little amount of text. Besides, the fact is that
the users usually neglect a large amount of information seen on a site.

5. Web Animation

In our present era, everyone is in a hurry, and time is short, therefore a web animation
is a necessary part of the website. Animation can play a huge part in getting ideas and
interfaces simpler to understand. Web animation can deliver complicated ideas in a
small amount of time. Animations will continue to display the brand's power in our
digital world, furnishing a great personality to brand and making it small static and
larger dynamic. Well, the number of creative tools now available to designers has
played a huge part. Some of these tools are aimed at creators, developers, or other
non-animators and have interfaces that are designed to clarify the difficulties of
creating them.

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