Modals

Expressing Permission, Obligation,

and Prohibition
May I talk to you
for a minute?
 When we want to express
permission, prohibition (not
allowing something),
obligation or no obligation,
we use modal verbs.
 Permission – can, may

Both "may" and "can" are used

to indicate that something is
allowed, but "may" is more
formal. Commonly, “may" is used
for permission, and "can" is used
for ability.
 Permission – can, may

o Can I borrow a pen?

o You can sit here, it’s free.
o You may now take a seat.
o May I ask a question?
 Permission – can, could, will be able

Can is used to convey the idea that something is

allowed at the time. Could is used to talk about
something that was allowed in the past, and will be able
is used to talk about something that will be
permitted in the future.
 Permission – can, could, will be able

o There’s plenty of room in the car. You can bring your

friend with you.
o Several years ago, people could smoke in almost all
public buildings in British Columbia, but not anymore.
o In the future, people will be able to travel vast distances
through space as easily as we travel today.
Obligation – have to, must

Have to and must are both

used to express obligation.
There is a slight difference in
the way that they are both
used.
Obligation – have to, must

Have to shows that the

obligation comes from
someone else, not the speaker.
This is usually referring to a
rule or law.
 Obligation – have to, must

o We have to be at the airport at

least two hours before the
flight.
o I have to work on Saturday.
o They have to wear their
uniforms at school.
Obligation – have to, must

Must shows us that the

obligation comes from the
speaker.
 Obligation – have to, must

o I must hand in my thesis by

tomorrow.
o I really must call my parents.
 Obligation – have to, must

o My doctor said that I have to

stop smoking or I'll risk serious
problems. (I have no choice)
o I must stop smoking. It’s
costing me too much money.
(It’s my decision)
 No Obligation – not have to

We use don't have to to show that there is no

obligation. You can do something if you want but it is
not an obligation.
 No Obligation – not have to

o You don't have to wear a tie to

go to that restaurant but it
would be nice.
o You didn't have to call for me.
I could have called a taxi.
o Students don't have to wear
uniforms to school.
 Best thing to do - should

Should conveys the idea that it would be wise to do so

mething. In other words, it is a good idea to do it.
 Best thing to do - should

o We have to leave home at

7:00 in the morning.
Therefore, everyone should
go to bed early tonight.
Prohibition - can't, mustn't

Can't and mustn't (must not)

are used to show that
something is prohibited (not
allowed).
Prohibition - can't, mustn't

Can't usually gives the idea

of something that is against
the rules. Mustn’t usually
means that it is the speaker
who is setting the rule.
 Prohibition - can't, mustn't

o You can't go into that

restaurant without a tie.
o You can't drive in this country
unless you are over eighteen.
o You mustn't use your phone in
class.
 Let’s Try It Out!

Choose the correct verb for these sentences:

1. You ________ come to the meeting but it would

help us all if you’re there.

don't have to mustn't

 Let’s Try It Out!

Choose the correct verb for these sentences:

2. I can’t get a connection on my phone. ________ I

borrow yours?

Can Have to
 Let’s Try It Out!

Choose the correct verb for these sentences:

3. The rules say that you ___ only invite one guest to the
club.

can have to
 Let’s Try It Out!

Choose the correct verb for these sentences:

4. I _________ stay on for a few hours because I’d

rather work late today than over the weekend.

have to must
 Let’s Try It Out!

Choose the correct verb for these sentences:

5. There’s a lot of noise coming from outside. ____ I close

the window?

Should Must
 Construct one sentence each to
express the following:

Permission

Prohibition

Your Turn! Obligation

Biases versus
Prejudices
Know the Difference
o Have you ever felt like people judged you
too soon because of how you look, how
you dress, or the place you came from?

o Have you been denied chances because of

it? Or others were preferred over you?
 Biases

Bias occurs when you are either in favor or against a particular

thing, individual, or group. You lean only on one side and tend
to disregard the weight and relevance of the other. You can be
biased toward something, which means you lean positively
toward it, or biased against something, which means you think
poorly of it.
 Examples of Biases

o Some universities prioritize the admission of honor students from public

high schools.
o George believes that a calorie-deficit diet is more sustainable compared to
keto diet.
o Some tabloids are reporting more stories about crimes, sex, and gossip than
social and political stories.
o Most coffee farmers view the municipality of Amadeo as the true home of
coffee industry.
o High-impact journals offer editorial positions to researchers in natural
sciences than those in humanities.
 Prejudices

Prejudice, on the other hand, is a preconceived notion of an

individual or a group of people based on race, ethnic origin,
gender, and sexual orientation, among others. It is a judgment
made even before you know anything about other people or a
group of people.
 Examples of Prejudices

o Black and plus-sized women are not hired as models by cosmetic brands in
the market.
o A child was mistakenly thought to have stolen from the department store
because of his unkempt clothing.
o A mall provides no designated comfort rooms for persons with disabilities
and members of the LGBTQIA+ community.
o At the height of the pandemic, Asians in Western countries were brutally
assaulted in public for fear that they might spread Coronavirus.
o Women leaders are not welcomed and accepted in senior positions in
government agencies because they are seen either as bossy or weak.
 Your Turn!

Identify which of the following statements characterize a bias or a prejudice.

1. The suggestions made by smart students were considered more during the brai
nstorming and then actualized in the group performance.

2. The passengers avoid booking a ride with the driver who has Tourette syndrome
.

3. The HR staff drops the application of PWDs (persons with disabilities) as servers
in a burger joint.

4. Muslim women wearing full hijab were thought of as terrorists at the mall.
 Your Turn!

Identify which of the following statements characterize a bias or a prejudice.

5. Mikey gets teased for playing with dolls.

6. I hate newswriting because it is boring and rigid.

7. Stacy dislikes boys who are varsity players.

8. Informal settlers were least assisted during the fire relief operations.

9. Bonuses were given to full-time faculty members but not to part-time employ
ees.

10. Males should give up their bus seats to female passengers.

 Learning Task
o Narrate a situation you were in that
presents a bias/prejudice about you or a
person you know?

o What have you done? What could you

have done?
Fact or Fiction?
Evaluating Evidence
Maria:
Have you read the Facebook post circulating online since April 2? It was
confirmed that the COVID UK Variant has already reached our
neighboring town Lucban, Quezon. According to my friend who resides
in the said town, the alleged person who was tested positive was a
medical professional who attended to a deceased patient. I am worried
about my relatives who live there. I hope they are fine.
Joseph:
I think you are worrying for nothing, because earlier today, April 4,
2021, I have read some news from the inquirer.net published by
news correspondent Delfin T Mallari Jr. Based on the article, the
Municipal Health Office of Lucban had clarified the issue. According
to them, the mayor only wanted to quote one of the medical
professionals who attended to the deceased patient that there is a
big possibility that it was caused by a UK variant, but there is no
confirmatory test performed yet. They have also added that they are
already trying to process a genome sequencing of a direct contact
of the late patient and the local chief executive only wanted the
residents to be vigilant and safe.
Imagine you overheard Maria and Joseph’s
conversation.
o Whose statement is more convincing?
o What are the things you considered in making
your choice?
o What is the impact of unconfirmed
information spreading online?
o What do you suggest to readers or listeners?
 How to Spot Factual or Fictitious Information?

Check the Source Read Beyond Check the Author

Headlines can be deceiving Find out if the author is

Is the website a
and quite catchy – but not real or credible. Why did
reputable source?
all may be true. Listen to the speaker voice out
Is the source an
the whole story. Read and this argument? Did the
expert or a person
look for details such as speaker state a fact,
of authority?
date, statistics, name, etc. create drama, malign the
other person, etc.?
 How to Spot Factual or Fictitious Information?

Verify Support Source Check the Date Check Biases

Check whether the Reposting old stories Consider if your own

evidence indeed does not mean they’re beliefs could affect
supports the story. relevant. What may be your judgment.
Does it merely distract true yesterday may no
you from the real issue? longer be true today. Be
Primary versus sure it’s updated.
Secondary Source
 Formulating
Value Judgment
Analyzing Critical Issues and
Proposing Solutions
https://youtu.be/qrUFBNpqszk
 Let’s Check! Value Judgment
What is the issue/problem One’s reaction to issues or news speaks
presented in the video? volumes about his/her value judgment.
What do you think is the Value judgment is a subjective and
importance of the issue talked Value
evaluative statementJudgment
of how good or bad,
about to your own personal life? positive or negative, right or wrong an idea
or an action is based on one’s belief.
How can you put an end to this
issue? What specific steps should It is equally crucial to ponder over issues and
be taken? propose solutions.
 Things to Consider in Laying Value Judgment

What is the Problem? What is the Root Cause?

Pay attention to all the details of the issue. A root cause is the underlying reason of the
Ask yourself: problem, You may identify multiple causes as
o What is it about? you analyze the issue.
o Who will be affected by this issue?
o What could be the consequences?
o What immediate actions does it demand?
 Issues are important topics that people discuss or argue about. These are present
ed in the news and taken up in casual, face-to-face conversations. Issues can be s
ocial, moral, or economic.
Social issues are problems affecting human relationships and societa
Social l conditions. Some examples include climate change, gender and ra
cial inequality, and overpopulation.

Moral issues concern one’s belief in what is right and wrong. These i
Moral ssues target a persons values, feelings, and attitudes. These include
prostitution, abortion, and same-sex union.

Economic issues pertain to the insufficiency or scarcity of availab

Economic le resources to satisfy human needs and wants.
Examples of these are inflation, labor issues, and poverty.
 Things to Consider in Laying Value Judgment

What could be the potential How do you evaluate and

solutions? implement solutions?

While you may rely on your value judgment, Determine which of the identified solutions
it would be better if you brainstorm with solves the problem effectively. Before you
others to gain some more informed insights. suggest a solution, put yourself in the
You can list possible solutions and sort situation of the people involved in the issue
through them by evaluating the pros and and think with a concerned heart to avoid
cons of a measure. getting labeled as out of touch with reality.
 Let’s Try It Out!

Duterte’s War on
Drugs sought to end
drug-related crimes
but it has led to a
bigger moral issue- Extra-Judicial
Extra Judicial Killings. Killings

What could be the

possible solutions for
it?
 Learning Task:
In 100 words or more, write a critique of
the documentary, “Duterte's Drug War
Reaches A Turning Point After Teen's
Murder.”
Analyze the relevance of the evidence presented, the soundness of
the argument, and effectiveness. (Be guided by the questions on the
next slide). Then suggest solutions or specific steps to put an end to
the issue.
Be guided by the following questions:
Relevance
• Did the documentary provide enough evidence to support its main points?
• Were the sources of evidence reliable and trustworthy?
Soundness
• Did the author present logical reasons to support their arguments?
• Did the author consider different perspectives or viewpoints?
Effectiveness
• Did the visuals (images, videos, animations) help you understand the topic?
• Was the narration clear and easy to understand?
 Passive and
Active Voice
Passive and Active Constructions
 Let’s Compare!

The journalist published the The latest news article was

latest news article last Friday. published last Friday.
Subject? Verb? Doer of the Action? Subject? Verb? Doer of the Action?
Active Voice versus Passive Voice

In the active voice, the subject of the sentence is the doer of the
action and the direct object follows the verb.
The aunt sent a doll’s house. (active voice)

In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the
action. There is no direct object. The doer of the action is expressed by
a prepositional phrase or may not be expressed.
A doll’s house was sent (by the aunt.) (passive voice)
Active Voice versus Passive Voice

The object of a verb in the active voice becomes the subject when
the verb is changed to passive voice.

The verb in the passive voice remains in the same tense as the verb in
the active voice. This is indicated by various forms of the helping verb
be (am, is, are, was, were, will be, shall be, has been, etc.).
 Uses of the Passive Voice

Very often the active voice is preferred to the passive voice. However, there
are specific reasons for using the passive voice:
Object Focus Objectivity Ambiguity & Discretion
The action The speaker wants The doer of the action is
expressed is more the statement to be vague, unknown, or
important than impersonal, confidential.
the doer. objective, or
tactful.
 Uses of the Passive Voice

Very often the active voice is preferred to the passive voice. However, there
are specific reasons for using the passive voice:
Object Focus Objectivity Ambiguity & Discretion
The action The speaker wants The doer of the action is
expressed is more the statement to be vague, unknown, or
important than the impersonal, confidential.
doer. objective, or
tactful.
 Uses of the Passive Voice

Very often the active voice is preferred to the passive voice. However, there
are specific reasons for using the passive voice:
Object Focus Objectivity Ambiguity & Discretion
The action The speaker wants t TheThe line
doer ofof
thesocial
action is
expressed is more i Children
he statementare distinction
to be i vague, unknown,isor
drawn at
All the rooms
mportant than the d affected by
mpersonal, the Kelveys.
confidential.
were papered.
oer. example.
objective, or He was reported to
tactful. hove taken the money.
 Let’s Try It Out!
Change the following sentences to the passive form.

1. Aunt Beryl took off the sacking of the doll’s house.

The sacking of the doll’s house was taken off by Aunt Beryl.
2. Everybody shunned the Kelveys.
The Kelveys were shunned by everybody.
3. Isabel’s classmates surrounded her.
Isabel was surrounded by her classmates.
4. I opened the door of the house quickly.
The door of the house was opened quickly.
5. Mrs. Hay had given the doll’s house.
The doll’s house was given by Mrs. Hay.
 Your Turn!
Change the following sentences to the passive form.
1. The boys painted the doll’s house spinach green and bright yellow.
2. Isabel had chosen Emmie Cole and Lena to see the doll’s house that
afternoon.
3. The aunt drove Lil and Else away from the yard.
4. Everybody talked about the doll’s house.
5. Else saw the little lamp.
6. Primitive man could not control the forces of nature.
7. Modern man has discovered many of nature’s secrets.
8. Eskimos build their igloos with blocks of ice.
9. People everywhere use available local materials in building their homes.
10. Archaeologists have found wall paintings in the caves of the primitive man.
 Your Turn!
Change the following sentences to the passive form.
11. Civilization has not deeply affected many of today’s primitives.
12. Anthropologists are studying the traces of past cultures.
13. Many people all over the world use adobe brick to build their homes.
14. Today we can control the temperature and the light of our dwellings.
15. Our powerful servant, electricity is taking over many menial tasks.
16. Today modern people take electrical appliances for granted.
17. Human beings in the future will conquer the harsh environment of space.
18. Someday human beings will design airtight shelters for scientific research in
space.
19. Human beings greatly broadened their knowledge on research in space.
20. The detective identified the thief.
 Direct and
Indirect Speech
 Look!
Examine the following sentences.

1. The man said, “I want them all around me.”

2. The man said that he wanted them all
around him.
The first sentence is an example of a direct speech because the words of the
speaker are given exactly as they are spoken. The second sentence, on the other
hand, is an example of indirect or reported speech because the words of the
speaker are not given as spoken but are given indirectly.
 Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

o When changing from direct to indirect speech, change all the

pronouns to agree with the sense of the new sentence.

The man said, “I want them all around me.” → The man said that he
wanted them all around him.

o In indirect speech, the word that is inserted after the verb.

The man said, “I want them all around me.” → The man said that he
wanted them all around him.
 Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

o In indirect speech, the present tense is followed by the present

tense used in the spoken words. The past tense is followed by the
past tense.
My father says, “I will stand by and watch over you.” → My father says
that he will stand by and watch over me.

The man said, “I want them all around me.” → The man said that he
wanted them all around him.
 Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

o In indirect speech, said to + pronoun is changed to told + pronoun.

I said to them, “You who thus watch over me will get no reward.”

I told them that he/she who thus watched over me will get no reward.
 Let’s Try It Out!

Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

1. He said, “I will be here at noon.”

He said that he would be here at noon.
2. Mary said, “The train will probably arrive on time.”
Mary said that the train would probably arrive on time.
3. He promised, “I have to finish this report by five o’clock.”
He promised that he had to finish this report by five o’clock.
4. The doctor says, “Mr. Santos will improve quickly.”
The doctor says that he will improve quickly.
 Let’s Try It Out!

Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

5. Nardo said to me, “I am leaving in the morning.”

Nardo told me that he was leaving in the morning.
6. The teacher told him, “Everyone has to write.”
The teacher told him that everyone had to write.
7. Edna said to Jose, “I cannot go to the movie with you.”
Edna told Jose that she could not go to the movie with him.
8. Fay says, “I will finish studying my lesson.”
Fay says that she will finish studying her lesson.
 Let’s Try It Out!

Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

9. Edna remarked, “Zeny speaks English so well.”

Edna remarked that Zeny spoke English so well.

10. Nardo said to me, “I will not see Mr. Zarco until Tuesday.”
Nardo told me that he would not see Mr. Zarco until
Tuesday.
 Your Turn!
Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

1. Jose told him, “I shall probably refuse his offer.”

2. Paul told us, “I certainly hope it won’t rain tomorrow.”

3. Nita claims, “They have done nothing wrong!”

4. Nerio continued, “I’ll tell you more about it later.”

5. Bobbie says, “I do not know the right answer.”

 Your Turn!
Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

6. Arnie said, “I’d like to see you.”

7. Willy said, “I’ll do my best to help you.”

8. Lina commented, “You decide what you want to do.”

9. “I am satisfied,” Edsel says.

10. “That’s not true,” Fely remarked.

 Say → Ask
Ollie said, “When is Marlyn going away?”
Constructing
Ollie asked when Marlyn was going away.
Indirect
Questions Revert to Usual Word Order
Flora said, “Where does Mitos take her lessons?”
Guess What?
Questions can be indirect, Flora asked where Mitos took her lessons.
too. Since it is a
restatement of the
question, it should no If or whether - not wh-questions
longer end with a question Pedro asked, “Does Maria take her lessons here?”
mark (?)

Pedro asked whether Maria took her lessons here.

Pedro asked if Maria took her lessons here.
 Let’s Try It Out!
Change the following questions to indirect form.

1. I asked the clerk, “ How much does this cost?”

I asked the clerk how much this cost.
2. Mr. Reyes said, “Where are you going?”
Mr. Reyes asked where you were going.
3. Maria said, “Are you going to eat in this cafeteria?”
Maria asked if you are going to eat in this cafeteria.
4. Pedro said, “Did you mail that letter for me?”
Pedro asked if you mailed that letter for him.
 Let’s Try It Out!
Change the following questions to indirect form.

5. Mr. Vargas asked, “Where are you going on your trip?”

Mr. Vargas asked where you are going on your trip.
6. I asked him, “How are you today?”
I asked him how he was today.
7. He said, “Don’t I look well?”
He asked if he didn’t look well.
8. I asked the shopkeeper, “What is the price of this tie?”
I asked the shopkeeper what the price of this tie is.
 Let’s Try It Out!

Change the following questions to indirect form.

9. She asked me, “When will you get back from your trip?
She asked me when I would be back from my trip.

10. “What time is it?” he asked her.

He asked her what time it was.
 Your Turn!
Change the following questions to indirect form.
1. The traveler asked, “How long does it take to get to the province?”

2. Then he said, “Does it take longer to go by bus or by train?”

3. Raul said, “What is your answer?”

4. Remy asked, “Where shall I take his package?”

5. Angie asked, “What else do you want?”

 Your Turn!
Change the following questions to indirect form.
6. Irene asked me, “Do you believe what Nila said?”

7. Cora said to me, “Why should I deny the statement?”

8. She told Ricky, “Do you want me to help you?”

9. Stan asked me, “Does Roger always behave like that?”

10. Vic asked the stranger, “Where do you live?”

 Learning Task

Conduct an informal interview with your classmate. Using

both direct and indirect speech, write what has been asked or
answered in the interview. Refer to the following example:
Direct Question: I asked her, “Were you late this morning?”
Direct Answer: She said, “I was never late.”

Indirect Question: I asked her if she was late this morning.

Indirect Answer: She said that she was never late.
Thanks !