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Levelling is a surveying process used to determine the height of one level relative to another, utilizing a datum for reference. Key concepts include benchmarks, reduced levels, and various types of sights (back sight, fore sight, intermediate sight) that aid in measuring elevations. The rise and fall method is employed to find level differences between consecutive points.

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Lex Gullon
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Document

Levelling is a surveying process used to determine the height of one level relative to another, utilizing a datum for reference. Key concepts include benchmarks, reduced levels, and various types of sights (back sight, fore sight, intermediate sight) that aid in measuring elevations. The rise and fall method is employed to find level differences between consecutive points.

Uploaded by

Lex Gullon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Levelling is a process of determining the height of one level relative to another.

It is used in surveying to
establish the elevation of a point relative to a datum, or to establish a point at a given elevation relative
to a datum.

A datum is a system which allows the location of latitudes and longitudes (and heights) to be identified
onto the surface of the Earth - ie onto the surface of a ’round’ object.

A bench mark is a permanent mark established in a field to use as a reference point. A benchmark can
be a concrete base in which an iron bar is fixed, indicating the exact place of the reference point.

While a Reduced level is the vertical distance between a survey point (Point of interest) and the
adopted level datum.

OR

Reduced level can also be defined as:

The elevation of point A relative to the Mean Sea Level is called the reduced level (RL) of A.

Level surface: A level surface is defined as a curved surface which at each point is perpendicular to the
direction of gravity at the point. The surface of a still water is a truly level surface. Any surface parallel to
the mean spheroidal surface of the earth is, therefore, a level surface.

Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an astronomical or geodetic instrument, or the line
which passes through the optical center of the object glass and the intersection of the cross wires at its
focus.

Height of instrument the elevation of the line of sight with respect to the assumed datum.

Back sight is the first staff reading taken by the surveyor after the leveling instrument set up and
levelled. It is generally the point of known reduced level as on the benchmark or a change of point.

Fore sight is the last staff reading taken before changing the instrument to the other position. It is the
staff reading taken on point whose reduce level is to determined. The sight is considered as negative and
deduced from height of instrument to determine reduce level of the point.

Change point, a point at which back sight and fore sight are taken.

An intermediate sight (I.S) is any staff reading taken on the point of unknown elevation after the back
sight and before the fore sight.

This is necessary when more than two staff readings are taken from the same position of the
instrument.

Rise and fall is a method consist in finding the difference of level between consecutive points by
comparing each point after the first with that immediately preceding it.

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