I.C.

Engines

Dr Chitresh Nayak (Professor)

Ist Year Academic Coordinator
Mechanical Engineering
Email: [email protected]
EN3ES03 Basic Mechanical Engineering 3-0-2
 Unit I Materials & Mechanical Measurement
 Unit II Thermodynamics
 Unit IIII.C. Engines
Description and working of four stroke petrol
engines, two stroke petrol engines, four stroke
diesel engines and two stroke diesel engines, and
its efficiency relative merits and demerits.
 Unit IV Steam Generators
 Unit V Centroid & Moment of Inertia
1.Description and working of four stroke petrol
engines, two stroke petrol engines
2.Description and working of four stroke diesel
engines and two stroke diesel engines
3.Efficiency of otto and diesel cycle with its relative
merits and demerits.
 Medi-Caps University, Indore
Basic Mechanical Engineering
Question Bank
1. Explain the working of two stroke petrol engine with the help of neat sketch
2. Explain the working of a two-stroke diesel engine with a net sketch explaining all
processes.
3. Explain the working principle of four stroke petrol engine with neat sketch?
4. Explain the working principle of four stroke diesel engine with neat sketch?
5. Derive the efficiency of Otto cycle. Write proper assumptions along with its P-V & T-S
diagrams.
6. Derive the formula for the efficiency of Diesel cycle. Also draw P-V and T-S diagram of
diesel cycle.
7. Write any six differences between two stroke and four stroke I.C. engine?
8. Write any six differences between two petrol engine and diesel engine?
9. What are differences between S.I engine and C.I engine (Any four)
 Otto cycle
1. An engine working on Otto cycle is supplied with air at 0.1 MPa and 35 °C. The Compression ratio is 9 and heat supplied is 1800 kJ/kg.
Calculate (i) Maximum pressure and temperature of cycle, (ii) Efficiency of cycle and (iii) the work done per unit mass of air.
2. A four stroke engine has a stroke of 90 mm and bore of 100 mm. The clearance volume is 70 cc. The engine works on Otto cycle.
Determine theoretical efficiency of engine. Take γ = 1.4
3. An engine working on Otto cycle has the following conditions. Pressure at the beginning of compression is 1 bar and pressure at the end of
compression is 11 bar. Calculate the compression ratio and air standard efficiency of the engine. Take γ = 1.4
4. A 4- cylinder, 4 stroke, SI Engine has a stroke of 85 mm and bore of 80 mm. The compression ratio is 8. Calculate cubic capacity of engine
and clearance volume of each cylinder.
5. An engine working on Otto cycle has the following conditions. Pressure at the beginning of compression is 1 bar and pressure at the end of
compression is 11 bar. Calculate the compression ratio and air standard efficiency of the engine. Take γ = 1.4
6. An engine working on Otto cycle is supplied with air at 0.1 MPa and 350C. The compression ratio is 8 and the heat supplied is 2100 kJ/kg.
calculate the maximum pressure and temperature of cycle, and its efficiency. Take adiabatic exponent as 1.4
7. In an ideal constant volume cycle the pressure an temperature at the beginning of compression are 105 kN/m2 and 500C respectively. The
compression ratio is 7:1. The heat supplied during the cycle is 1500 KJ/kg of working fluid. Determine the maximum temperature, thermal
efficiency and work done during the cycle/kg of working fluid. Assume Cv=0.718 KJ/kg.
8. An air standard otto cycle is designed to operate with the following data. Maximum cycle pressure and temperature is 3 MPa and 2200 K.
Minimum cycle pressure and temperature is 0.2 MPa and 300 K. Determine the net work output per unit mass of working fluid and thermal
efficiency.
9. An engine working on Otto cycle has the following conditions. Pressure at the beginning of compression is 1 bar and pressure at the end of
compression is 11 bar. If 1000 kJ of heat is added at constant volume, Calculate the compression ratio, air standard efficiency and net work
output of the engine. Take γ = 1.4
 Diesel cycle
1. Find the air standard efficiency of a Diesel engine having a compression ratio of 16.
The initial condition of air at 1 bar absolute and 270C temperature, heat added per
cycle is 2500 kJ/kg.
2. An ideal diesel engine has clearance volume 10% of the swept volume and cut off
takes place at 5 % of the stroke. Calculate the compression ratio and air standard
efficiency.
3. In an engine working on Diesel cycle, inlet pressure and temperature are 1bar and
17°C respectively. Pressure at the end of adiabatic compression is 35 bar. The ratio of
expansion i.e. after constant pressure heat addition is 5. Calculate the heat addition
and efficiency of the cycle.
Introduction
Engine
 Device which convert on form of
energy into mechanical work. For
eg.
 Heat engine
 Converts chemical energy of
fuel into thermal energy, which
is utilized into useful work.
 Electrical motor
 Convert electrical energy in
mechanical energy.
Contd….
Heat engine
 Device that converts chemical energy in a fuel into
mechanical energy.
 Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to
thermal energy by means of combustion or
oxidation with air inside the engine.
 This thermal energy raises the temperature and
pressure of the gases within the engine, and the
high-pressure gas then expands against the
mechanical mechanisms of the engine.
 This expansion is converted by the mechanical
linkages of the engine to a rotating crankshaft,
which is the output of the engine.
Classification of heat engines
 Combustion in engine take place internally as well as
externally.

Internal Combustion engine(IC Engines)

 Combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine
cylinder.
 Examples: Diesel Engines, Petrol Engines, Gas engines.

External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)

 Combustion of fuel takes place outside the working
cylinder.
 Examples: Steam Engines and Steam turbines
Contd….
Classification of IC Engine
Cycle of operation (No. of Strokes per cycle)
 Two Stroke cycle Engines
 Four Stroke Cycle Engines
Thermodynamic Cycle or Method of Heat addition
 Otto Cycle Engines (Combustion at constant volume)
 Diesel Cycle Engines (Combustion at constant Pressure)
 Semi Diesel Engines (Dual Combustion Engines)
Types of Fuel Used
 Petrol Engines
 Diesel Engines
 Gas Engines
Contd….
Ignition Method
 Spark Ignition (SI)
 Compression Ignition (CI)
Cooling System
 Air cooled Engines
 Water Cooled Engines
Valves Location
 L head (Side valve) engine
 T Head (Side valve) engine
 I head (over head valve) engine
 F head (over head inlet and side exhaust) engine
Contd….
Position and Number of Cylinders of Reciprocating Engines
 Single cylinder
 Multi-cylinder engine
 Vertical
 Horizontal
 Inline
 V-type
 Radial
 Opposed cylinder or piston engines.
According to the basic engine design
 Reciprocating engine
 Rotary engine
Components of an engine
Engine exploded view
Contd….
Cylinder Block
 Body of engine containing the cylinders, made of cast iron or
aluminum.
 The cylinder block houses crank, camshaft, piston and other
engine parts.
Cylinder
 The circular cylinders in the engine block in which the pistons
reciprocate back and forth.
 It should have high strength to withstand high pressure above 50
bar and temperature above 2000 °C.
 The ordinary engine is made of cast iron and heavy duty engines
are made of steel alloys or aluminum alloys.
 In the multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders are cast in one block
known as cylinder block.
Contd….
Cylinder head
 The top end of the cylinder is covered by cylinder head over
which inlet and exhaust valve, spark plug or injectors are
mounted.
 A copper or asbestos gasket is provided between the engine
cylinder and cylinder head to make an air tight joint.
Piston
 Transmit the force exerted by the burning of charge to the
connecting rod.
 It acts as a movable gas tight seal to keep the gases inside the
cylinder.
 Usually made of aluminium alloy which has good heat
conducting property and greater strength at higher temperature.
Contd….
Piston rings
 These are housed in the circumferential grooves provided on the outer surface of the piston
and made of steel alloys which retain elastic properties even at high temperature.
 2 types of rings- compression and oil rings.
 Compression ring is upper ring of the piston which provides air tight seal to prevent
leakage of the burnt gases into the lower portion.
 Oil ring is lower ring which provides effective seal to prevent leakage of the oil into the
engine cylinder.
Connecting rod
 It converts reciprocating motion of the piston into circular motion of the crank shaft, in the
working stroke.
Contd….
Contd….
 The smaller end of the connecting rod is connected with the piston by gudgeon pin and
bigger end of the connecting rod is connected with the crank with crank pin.
 The special steel alloys or aluminium alloys are used for the manufacture of connecting
rod.
Crankshaft
 It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion with the help of
connecting rod.
 The special steel alloys are used for the manufacturing of the crankshaft. It consists of
eccentric portion called crank.
Crank case
 It houses cylinder and crankshaft of the IC engine and also serves as sump for the
lubricating oil.
Contd….
Camshaft
 The opening and closing of the engine valves are
controlled by the cams provided on the cam shaft
and camshaft is also provided to drive the fuel
pump.
 A gear is provided in the cam shaft to drive the
distributor or oil pump.
Intake and Exhaust valve
 Allows air fuel mixture into cylinder through
intake manifold and allows to exhaust burnt gases
through exhaust manifold.
Contd….
Flywheel
 It is big wheel mounted on the crankshaft.
 Its function is to maintain its speed constant.
 It is done by storing excess energy during the power stroke,
which is returned during other stroke.
Spark plug
 Spark plug is located near the top of the cylinder of SI engine
 It initiates the combustion of the fuel
 Engine Terminology
 Cylinder bore (D): The nominal inner diameter of
the working cylinder.
 Piston area (A): The area of circle of diameter
equal to the cylinder bore.
 Stroke (L): The nominal distance through which
a working piston moves between two successive
reversals of its direction of motion.
 Dead centre: The position of the working piston
and the moving parts which are mechanically
connected to it at the moment when the direction
of the piston motion is reversed (at either end
point of the stroke).
Contd….
 Bottom dead centre (BDC): Dead centre when the
piston is nearest to the crankshaft.
 Top dead centre (TDC): Dead centre when the position
is farthest from the crankshaft.
 Displacement volume or swept volume (Vs): The nominal
volume generated by the working piston when travelling
from the one dead centre to next one and given as,
Vs=A × L
 Clearance volume (Vc): the nominal volume of the space
on the combustion side of the piston at the top dead
centre.
Prof. Rahul Patel Medi-Caps University, Indore
Four-Stroke Spark-Ignition (Petrol) Engine
In four stroke
 Cycle of operation completed in four strokes of piston or two revolution of crankshaft.
 Each stroke consist of 180° of crankshaft rotation and hence 4-stroke cycle completed
in 720° of crank rotation.
 During four stroke, 5 events are completed
 Suction
 Compression
 Combustion,
 Expansion,
 Exhaust.
Contd….
First Stroke: Intake Stroke or Induction
 The piston travels from TDC to BDC with
the intake valve open and exhaust valve
closed.
 This creates an increasing volume in the
combustion chamber, which in turn creates a
vacuum.
 The resulting pressure differential through the
intake system from outside atmospheric
pressure to inside vacuum pressure causes
fuel- air mixture to be intake/suck into the
cylinder means of fuel injectors or a
carburetor.
Contd….
Second Stroke: Compression Stroke
 When the piston reaches BDC, the intake valve closes and the piston
travels back to TDC with all valves closed.
 This compresses the air-fuel mixture, raising both the pressure and
temperature in the cylinder.
 Near the end of the compression stroke, the spark plug is fired and
combustion of mixture is initiated.
 In ideal engines it is assumed that burning takes place rapidly when
the piston is at TDC and hence the burning processes can be
approximated as heat addition at constant volume.
 Combustion changes the composition of the gas mixture to that of
exhaust products and increases the temperature in the cylinder which
in turn, raises the pressure in the cylinder to a very high peak value.
Contd….
Third Stroke: Expansion Stroke or Power Stroke
 With all valves closed, the high pressure created by the
combustion process pushes the piston away from TDC.
 This is the stroke which produces the work output of the engine
cycle.
 As the piston travels from TDC to BDC, cylinder volume is
increased, causing pressure and temperature to drop.
 At the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and
exhaust blow down occurs.
 Pressure and temperature in the cylinder are still high relative to the surroundings at
the end of exhaust stroke which causes pressure differential results in hot exhaust
gas to be pushed out of the cylinder when the piston is near BDC.
 This exhaust gas carries away a high amount of enthalpy, which lowers the cycle
thermal efficiency.
Contd….
Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke
 By the time the piston reaches BDC, exhaust blowdown is
complete, but the cylinder is still full of exhaust gases at
approximately atmospheric pressure.
 With the exhaust valve remaining open, the piston now travels
from BDC to TDC in the exhaust stroke. This pushes most of
the remaining exhaust gases out of the cylinder into the exhaust
system at about atmospheric pressure, leaving only that trapped
in the clearance volume when the piston reaches TDC.
 Near the end of the exhaust stroke before TDC, the intake
valve starts to open, so that it is fully open by TDC when the
new intake stroke starts the next cycle.
Contd….
First Stroke: Intake Stroke
 The same as the intake stroke in an SI
engine with one major difference: only air
is inducted into suction stroke.
 During this stroke inlet valve is open and
exhaust valve is closed.
Contd….
Second Stroke: Compression Stroke
 The same as in an SI engine except that only air is compressed
and compression is to higher pressures and temperature.
 4 stroke CI engine operates at a much higher compression ratio
then SI engine. Compression ratio for SI engine is between 6-10
while for CI engine it is from 16-20.
 At the end of compression stroke fuel is injected directly into the
combustion chamber, where it mixes with the very hot air. This
causes the fuel to evaporate and self-ignite, causing combustion
to start.
 Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues at about
constant pressure until fuel injection is complete and the piston
has started towards BDC.
Contd….
Third Stroke: Power Stroke
 After the fuel injection is completed the product of combustion
expand and pushes the piston away from TDC.
 This is the stroke which produces the work output of the engine
cycle.
 As the piston travels from TDC to BDC, cylinder volume is
increased, causing pressure and temperature to drop.
 At the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and
exhaust blow down occurs.
 Pressure and temperature in the cylinder are still high relative to the surroundings
at the end of exhaust stroke which causes pressure differential results in hot
exhaust gas to be pushed out of the cylinder when the piston is near BDC.
 This exhaust gas carries away a high amount of enthalpy, which lowers the cycle
thermal efficiency.
Contd….
Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke
 By the time the piston reaches BDC, exhaust blowdown is
complete, but the cylinder is still full of exhaust gases at
approximately atmospheric pressure.
 With the exhaust valve remaining open, the piston now
travels from BDC to TDC in the exhaust stroke. This
pushes most of the remaining exhaust gases out of the
cylinder into the exhaust system at about atmospheric
pressure, leaving only that trapped in the clearance
volume when the piston reaches TDC.
 Near the end of the exhaust stroke before TDC, the intake
valve starts to open, so that it is fully open by TDC when
the new intake stroke starts the next cycle.
Working of Two-Stroke Spark-Ignition (Petrol) Engine
First Stroke : Upward Stroke
 During the upward stroke, the piston moves from bottom
dead centre to top dead centre, compressing the air-petrol
mixture in the cylinder ) which is already there in the
cylinder, as the result of the previous running of the engine.
 The cylinder is connected to a closed crank chamber. Due to
upward movement of the piston, a partial vacuum is created
in the crankcase, and a new charge is drawn into the
crankcase through the uncovered inlet port.
 The exhaust port and transfer port are covered when the
piston is at the top dead centre position. The compressed
charge is ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark
provided by the spark plug.
Contd….
Second Stroke: Downward Stroke
 As soon as the charge is ignited, the hot gases
force the piston to move downwards, rotating the
crankshaft, thus doing the useful work.
 During this stroke the inlet port is covered by the
piston and the new charge is compressed in the
crank case.
Contd….
 Further downward movement of the piston
uncovers first the exhaust port and then the
transfer port. The burnt gases escape through the
exhaust port.
Contd….
 As soon as the transfer port opens, the compressed
charge from the crankcase flows into the cylinder.
 The charge is deflected upwards by the pump
provided on the head of the piston and pushes out
most of the exhaust gases.
 It may be noted that the incoming air-petrol mixture
helps the removal of burnt gases from the engine
cylinder, which is called as the scavenging process.
 If in case these exhaust gases do not leave the
cylinder, the fresh charge gets diluted and efficiency
of the engine will decrease. The cycle of events is
then repeated.
Contd….
Working of Two-Stroke Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engine
 In a two stroke cycle diesel engine, only air is compressed inside the cylinder and the
diesel is injected by an injector.
 There is no spark plug in this engine.
 The remaining operations of the two stroke cycle diesel engine are exactly the same as
those of the two stroke cycle petrol engine. Its two strokes are described as follows:
First Stroke: Upward Stroke
 During the upward stroke, the piston moves from bottom dead centre to top dead
centre, compressing the air in the cylinder.
 The cylinder is connected to a closed crank chamber. Due to upward movement of the
piston, a partial vacuum is created in the crankcase, and a new charge is drawn into the
crankcase through the uncovered inlet port.
 The exhaust port and transfer port are covered when the piston is at the top dead centre
position.
Contd….
 The compressed charge is mixed with the injected diesel and gets auto-ignited in the
combustion chamber because of the high pressure and temperature present
Second Stroke: Downward Stroke
 As soon as the fuel is ignited, the hot gases force the piston to move downwards,
rotating the crankshaft, thus doing the useful work.
 During this stroke the inlet port is covered by the piston and the new charge is
compressed in the crank case. Further downward movement of the piston uncovers first
the exhaust port and then the transfer port. The burnt gases escape through the exhaust
port.
 As soon as the transfer port opens, the compressed charge from the crankcase flows
into the cylinder. The charge is deflected upwards by the pump provided on the head of
the piston and pushes out most of the exhaust gases.
Contd….
 It may be noted that the incoming air helps the removal of burnt gases from the engine
cylinder, which is called as scavenging process.
 If in case these exhaust gases do not leave the cylinder, the fresh charge gets diluted
and efficiency of the engine will decrease. The cycle of events is then repeated.
 Comparison between CI and SI Engine
Description SI Engine CI Engine

Basic Cycle Works on Otto Cycle or constant Works on Diesel Cycle or constant
volume heat addition cycle. pressure heat addition cycle.

Fuel Gasoline, a highly volatile fuel. Self- Diesel oil, non volatile fuel. Self-
ignition temperature is high. ignition temperature is comparatively
low.

Introduction of A gaseous mixture of fuel air is Fuel is injected directly into the
fuel introduced during suction stroke. A combustion chamber at high pressure
carburettor and an ignition system is at the end of the compression stroke. A
necessary. fuel pump and injector are necessary.
 Contd….
Description SI Engine CI Engine

Load Control Throttle controls the quantity of fuel- The quantity of fuel is regulated to
air mixture to control the load control load. Air quantity is not
controlled.

Ignition Requires an ignition system with Self ignition occurs due to high
spark plug in the combustion temperature of air because of the high
chamber. Primary voltage is compression. Ignition system and
provided by either a battery or a spark plug is not necessary.
magneto.

Compression ratio 6 to 10. Upper limit is fixed by 16 to 20. Upper limit is fixed by
antiknock quality of the fuel. weight increase of the engine
 Contd….
Description SI Engine CI Engine

Speed Due to light in weight and also due Due to heavy in weight and also due to
to homogeneous combustion, they heterogeneous combustion, they are
are high speed engines. low speed engines.

Thermal Because of lower CR, the maximum Because of higher CR the maximum
efficiency value of thermal efficiency that can value of thermal efficiency that can be
be obtained is lower. obtained is higher.

Weight Lighter due to comparatively lower Heavier due to comparatively heavier

peak pressures. peak pressures.
 Comparison between 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke
4-Stroke 2-Stroke
The thermodynamic cycle is completed in four The thermodynamic cycle is completed in two
strokes of the piston or in two revolutions of strokes of the piston or in one revolution of the
crank shaft or 720° of crank angle. crank shaft or 360° of crank angle.
One power stroke is obtained in every two One power stroke is obtained in each revolution
revolution of crank shaft. of crank shaft.
Because of above, turning moment is not so Because of above, turning moment is more
uniform and hence a heavier flywheel is uniform and hence a lighter flywheel can be
needed. used.
Power produced for same size of engine is less. Power produced for same size of engine is twice,
In order to produce same power the engine is or for same power the engine is lighter and more
heavier and bulkier. compact.
 Contd….
4-Stroke 2-Stroke

Lesser cooling and lubrication requirements. Greater cooling and lubrication requirements.
Lower rate of wear and tear. Higher rate of wear and tear.

It has valves and valve actuating mechanisms It has no valves but only ports
for opening and closing of the intake and
exhaust valves.

Because of comparatively higher weight and Because of light weight and simplicity due to the
complicated valve mechanism, the initial cost absence of valve actuating mechanism, initial
of the engine is more. cost of the engine is less.

Volumetric efficiency is more due to more time Volumetric efficiency is low due to lesser time
for induction. for induction.
 Contd….
4-Stroke 2-Stroke

Thermal efficiency is lower, part load efficiency

Thermal efficiency is higher, part load is poor.
efficiency is better.

Application : Cars, Buses, Trucks, Tractors, Application : Mopeds, Scooters, Motorcycles,

Aero planes and Power generation etc., Hand sprayers etc.,
 Otto Cycle
 The Otto cycle is named after its
inventor Nikolaus A Otto.
P
This cycle works as a standard for Reversible

Constant 3
Petrol or gas engine, because it suits Adiabatic
to their combustion properties. Volume Heat
Expansion Isentropic
This cycle is also known as constant Addition

2 Processes
volume cycle.
 It consists of four processes: Reversible
 Adiabatic Compression of the
Adiabatic 4
working substance Constant
Compression
 Addition of heat to working Volume
substance at constant volume.
0 1 Heat
 Adiabatic Expansion of working Compression
Rejection
substance. Stroke
 Rejection of heat at constant Suction Exhaust V
volume
Stroke Stroke
Thermal Efficiency (η) of Otto Cycle
In an ideal constant volume cycle, the pressure and temperature at
the beginning of Compressions are 97 kN/m2 and 40°C,
respectively. The compression ratio is 7:1. The heat supplied
during the cycle is 1200 kJ/kg of working fluid.
Determine
(a) the maximum temperature attained in the cycle,
(b)the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and
(c) the work done during the cycle/kg of working fluid.
Assume ɤ = 1.4 and Cv, = 0.718 kJ/kg K
 Diesel Cycle
 This cycle was devised by
P Constant
Dr. Rudolph Diesel in 1893. Pressure Heat Reversible
 This cycle works as a Addition Adiabatic
standard cycle for a Diesel 3 Expansion Isentropic
engine as the heat absorption Reversible 2
process here resembles the Adiabatic Processes
combustion and heat release Compression
properties of Diesel fuel. 4
Constant
 It is different from OTTO Volume
Compression
cycle only in the heat Heat
Stroke 0 1
absorption process which is a Rejection
constant pressure process
here. Suction Exhaust V
Stroke Stroke
Great God, Medi-Caps, All the attendees