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 contents vii

3 Quadratic Functions and Equations; Inequalities 163

3.1 The Complex Numbers   164
The Complex-Number System / Addition and Subtraction / Multiplication /
Conjugates and Division
3.2 Quadratic Equations, Functions, Zeros, and Models   170
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions / Completing the Square /
Using the Quadratic Formula / The Discriminant / Equations Reducible
to Quadratic / Applications
3.3 Analyzing Graphs of Quadratic Functions   185
Graphing Quadratic Functions of the Type f1x2 = a1x - h2 2 + k /
Graphing Quadratic Equations of the Type f1x2 = ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 /
Applications
Visualizing the Graph   194
Mid-Chapter Mixed Review   198
3.4 Solving Rational Equations and Radical Equations   199
Rational Equations / Radical Equations
3.5 Solving Equations and Inequalities with Absolute Value   206
Equations with Absolute Value / Inequalities with Absolute Value
Study Guide  210
Review Exercises  215
Chapter Test  218

4 Polynomial Functions and Rational Functions 219

4.1 Polynomial Functions and Modeling   220
The Leading-Term Test / Finding Zeros of Factored Polynomial Functions /
Finding Real Zeros on a Calculator / Polynomial Models
4.2 Graphing Polynomial Functions   235
Graphing Polynomial Functions / The Intermediate Value Theorem
Visualizing the Graph   242
4.3 Polynomial Division; The Remainder Theorem
and the Factor Theorem   244
Division and Factors / The Remainder Theorem and Synthetic Division /
Finding Factors of Polynomials
Mid-Chapter Mixed Review   252
4.4 Theorems about Zeros of Polynomial Functions   253
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra / Finding Polynomials with Given Zeros /
Zeros of Polynomial Functions with Real Coefficients / Rational Coefficients /
Integer Coefficients and the Rational Zeros Theorem /
Descartes’ Rule of Signs
viii contents

4.5 Rational Functions  262

The Domain of a Rational Function / Asymptotes / Applications
Visualizing the Graph   276
4.6 Polynomial Inequalities and Rational Inequalities   280
Polynomial Inequalities / Rational Inequalities
Study Guide  291
Review Exercises  301
Chapter Test  305

5 Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions 307

5.1 Inverse Functions  308
Inverses / Inverses and One-to-One Functions / Finding Formulas for Inverses /
Inverse Functions and Composition / Restricting a Domain
5.2 Exponential Functions and Graphs   319
Graphing Exponential Functions / Applications / The Number e / Graphs of
Exponential Functions, Base e
5.3 Logarithmic Functions and Graphs   331
Logarithmic Functions / Finding Certain Logarithms /
Converting Between Exponential Equations and Logarithmic Equations /
Finding Logarithms on a Calculator / Natural Logarithms /
Changing Logarithmic Bases / Graphs of Logarithmic Functions / Applications
Visualizing the Graph   342
Mid-Chapter Mixed Review   346
5.4 Properties of Logarithmic Functions   347
Logarithms of Products / Logarithms of Powers / Logarithms of Quotients /
Applying the Properties / Simplifying Expressions of the Type loga ax and aloga x
5.5 Solving Exponential Equations and Logarithmic Equations   354
Solving Exponential Equations / Solving Logarithmic Equations
5.6 Applications and Models: Growth and Decay;
Compound Interest  364
Population Growth / Interest Compounded Continuously /
Models of Limited Growth / Exponential Decay /
Exponential and Logarithmic Curve Fitting
Study Guide  381
Review Exercises  388
Chapter Test  391
 contents ix

6 Systems of Equations and Matrices 393

6.1 Systems of Equations in Two Variables   394
Solving Systems of Equations Graphically /
The Substitution Method / The Elimination Method / Applications
Visualizing the Graph   403
6.2 Systems of Equations in Three Variables   408
Solving Systems of Equations in Three Variables / Applications /
Mathematical Models and Applications
6.3 Matrices and Systems of Equations   417
Matrices and Row-Equivalent Operations / Gaussian Elimination with Matrices /
Gauss–Jordan Elimination
6.4 Matrix Operations  424
Matrix Addition and Subtraction / Scalar Multiplication /
Products of Matrices / Matrix Equations
Mid-Chapter Mixed Review   433
6.5 Inverses of Matrices   435
The Identity Matrix / The Inverse of a Matrix / Solving Systems of Equations
6.6 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule   441
Determinants of Square Matrices / Evaluating Determinants Using Cofactors /
Cramer’s Rule
6.7 Systems of Inequalities and Linear Programming   448
Graphs of Linear Inequalities / Systems of Linear Inequalities /
Applications: Linear Programming
6.8 Partial Fractions  458
Partial Fraction Decompositions
Study Guide  464
Review Exercises  469
Chapter Test  473

7 Conic Sections 475

7.1 The Parabola  476
Parabolas / Finding Standard Form by Completing the Square / Applications
7.2 The Circle and the Ellipse   484
Circles / Ellipses / Applications
Mid-Chapter Mixed Review   493
7.3 The Hyperbola  494
Standard Equations of Hyperbolas / Applications
7.4 Nonlinear Systems of Equations and Inequalities   502
Nonlinear Systems of Equations / Modeling and Problem Solving /
Nonlinear Systems of Inequalities
x contents

Visualizing the Graph   510

Study Guide  515
Review Exercises  518
Chapter Test  521

8 Sequences, Series, and Combinatorics 523

8.1 Sequences and Series   524
Finding the General Term / Sums and Series / Sigma Notation /
Recursive Definitions
8.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series   532
Arithmetic Sequences / Sum of the First n Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence /
Applications
8.3 Geometric Sequences and Series   539
Geometric Sequences / Sum of the First n Terms of a Geometric Sequence /
Infinite Geometric Series / Applications
Visualizing the Graph   546
8.4 Mathematical Induction  549
Proving Infinite Sequences of Statements
Mid-Chapter Mixed Review   554
8.5 Combinatorics: Permutations  555
Permutations / Factorial Notation / Permutations of n Objects Taken k at a Time /
Permutations of Sets of Nondistinguishable Objects
8.6 Combinatorics: Combinations  564
Combinations
8.7 The Binomial Theorem   570
Binomial Expansion Using Pascal’s Triangle /
Binomial Expansion Using Combination Notation /
Finding a Specific Term / Total Number of Subsets
8.8 Probability  577
Experimental Probability and Theoretical Probability /
Computing Experimental Probabilities / Theoretical Probability
Study Guide  586
Review Exercises  590
Chapter Test  593

Answers  A-1
Index  I-1
Photo Credits  I-10
Index of Applications   I-11
Preface
College Algebra: Graphs and Models is known for enabling students to “see the
math” through its
• focus on visualization,
• early introduction of functions,
• integration of technology, and
• connections between math concepts and the real world.
!
New
With the new edition, we continue to innovate by positioning the review material
as a more effective tool for teachers and students. Chapter R from the previous edi-
tion has been condensed into 28 Just-in-Time review topics that are placed before
Chapter 1. This new review feature is designed to give each student the opportunity
to be successful in this course by providing a quick review of topics from intermedi-
ate algebra that will be built upon in new college algebra topics. The review can be
used in an individualized instruction format since some students will require more
review than others. Treating the review in this manner will allow more time to cover
the college algebra topics in the syllabus.
On the other hand, some instructors might choose to review some or all of the
topics with the entire class at the beginning of the course or in a just-in-time format
as each is needed. We think that instructors will appreciate the flexibility that the
Just-in-Time feature offers.
Additional resources in the MyMathLab course reflect the themes of just-in-time
review and concept retention. For example, new Cumulative Review assignments
allow students to synthesize and retain concepts learned throughout the course. The
Just-in-Time review topics within MyMathLab allow for assignable Getting Ready
review quizzes that lead to personalized Getting Ready homework focused on areas
in which students need additional practice.
Our overarching goal is to provide students with a learning experience that will
not only lead to success in this course, but also prepare them to be successful in the
mathematics courses that they take in the future.

❯ Content Changes to the Sixth Edition

• Just-in-Time Review Review of prerequisite algebra topics is now presented
when students need it most.
!
New
• A set of 28 numbered, short review topics creates an efficient review of inter-
mediate algebra topics:
1. Real Numbers 8. Scientific Notation
2. Properties of Real Numbers 9. Order of Operations
3. Order on the Number Line 10. Introduction to Polynomials
4. Absolute Value 11. Add and Subtract Polynomials
5. Operations with Real 12. Multiply Polynomials
Numbers 13. Special Products of Binomials
6. Interval Notation 14. Factor Polynomials;
7. Integers as Exponents The FOIL Method
xi
xii p r e fac e

15. Factor Polynomials: The 23. Add and Subtract Rational

ac-Method Expressions
16. Special Factorizations 24. Simplify Complex Rational
17. Equation-Solving Principles Expressions
18. Inequality-Solving Principles 25. Simplify Radical
Expressions
19. The Principle of Zero Products
26. Rationalize Denominators
20. The Principle of Square Roots
27. Rational Exponents
21. Simplify Rational Expressions
28. The Pythagorean
22. Multiply and Divide Rational
Theorem
Expressions
Just • This feature is placed before Chapter 1. Just-in-Time icons are positioned
in throughout the text next to the appropriate example where review of an inter-
Time
mediate algebra topic would be helpful.
10
• Cumulative Reviews For enhanced concept review, cumulative reviews, assign-
able in MyMathLab, allow students to synthesize and retain concepts learned
throughout the course.
• Informed Exercises We have analyzed the MyMathLab usage data which has
informed our revision of the exercises for this new edition. The goal is to ultimately
improve the quality and quantity of exercises that are most relevant.

❯ Emphasis on Functions
Functions are the core of this course and are presented as a thread that runs through-
out the course rather than as an isolated topic. We introduce functions in Chapter 1,
whereas many traditional college algebra textbooks cover equation-solving in
Chapter 1. Our approach of introducing students to a relatively new concept at the
beginning of the course, rather than requiring them to begin with a review of mate-
rial that was previously covered in intermediate algebra, immediately engages them
and serves to help them avoid the temptation to neglect studying early in the course
because “I already know this.”
The concept of a function can be challenging for students. By repeatedly expos-
ing them to the language, notation, and use of functions, demonstrating visually how
functions relate to equations and graphs, and also showing how functions can be
used to model real data, we hope to ensure that students not only become comfort-
able with functions but also come to understand and appreciate them. You will see
this emphasis on functions woven throughout the other themes that follow.

Classify the Function Exercises With a focus on conceptual understanding,

students are asked periodically to identify a number of functions by their type (linear,
quadratic, rational, and so on). As students progress through the text, the variety of
functions with which they are familiar increases and these exercises become more
challenging. The “classifying the function” exercises appear with the review exercises
in the Skill Maintenance portion of an exercise set. (See pp. 262 and 353–354.)

❯ Visual Emphasis
Our early introduction of functions allows graphs to be used to provide a visual
aspect to solving equations and inequalities. For example, we are able to show
students both algebraically and visually that the solutions of a quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are the zeros of the quadratic function f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c,
as well as the first coordinates of the x-intercepts of the graph of that function. This
makes it possible for students, particularly visual learners, to gain a quick under-
standing of these concepts. (See pp. 178, 181, 221, 281, and 342.)
 p r e fac e xiii

Visualizing the Graph Appearing at least once in every chapter, this feature
provides students with an opportunity to match an equation with its graph by focus-
ing on the characteristics of the equation and the corresponding attributes of the
graph. (See pp. 138, 194, and 276.) In MyMathLab, animated Visualizing the Graph
features for each chapter allow students to interact with graphs on an entirely new
level. In addition to this full-page feature, many of the exercise sets include exercises
in which the student is asked to match an equation with its graph or to find an equa-
tion of a function from its graph. (See pp. 140, 141, 230, and 326.)

Side-by-Side Examples Many examples are presented in a side-by-side, two-

column format in which the algebraic solution of an equation appears in the left
column and a graphical solution appears in the right column. (See pp. 244, 284, and
357.) This enables students to visualize and comprehend the connections among the
solutions of an equation, the zeros of a function, and the x-intercepts of the graph of
a function.

!
New
Guided Visualizations These new figures help bring mathematical concepts to
life. They are included in MyMathLab as both a teaching and a learning tool. Used
as a lecture tool, the figures help engage students more fully and save the time that
would otherwise be spent drawing figures by hand. Questions pertaining to each
guided visualization are assignable in MyMathLab and reinforce active learning,
critical thinking, and conceptual learning.

Integrated Technology In order to increase students’ understanding of the

course content through a visual means, we integrate graphing calculator technology
throughout. The use of the graphing calculator is woven throughout the text’s exposi-
tion, exercise sets, and testing program without sacrificing algebraic skills. Graphing
calculator technology is included in order to enhance—not replace—students’ math-
ematical skills, and to alleviate the tedium associated with certain procedures. (See
pp. 176, 273–274, and 355.) The graphing calculator windows enhance the visual
element of the text, providing graphical interpretations of solutions of equations,
zeros of functions, and x-intercepts of graphs of functions.

❯ Making Connections
Zeros, Solutions, and x-Intercepts We find that when students understand
the connections among the real zeros of a function, the solutions of its associated
equation, and the first coordinates of the x-intercepts of its graph, a door opens to a
new level of mathematical comprehension that increases the probability of success
in this course. We emphasize zeros, solutions, and x-intercepts throughout the text
by using consistent, precise terminology and including exceptional graphics. Seeing
this theme repeated in different contexts leads to a better understanding and retention
of these concepts. (See pp. 171 and 181.)

Connecting the Concepts This feature highlights the importance of con-

necting concepts. When students are presented with concepts in visual form—using
graphs, an outline, or a chart—rather than merely in paragraphs of text, compre-
hension is streamlined and retention is enhanced. The visual aspect of this feature
invites students to stop and check their understanding of how concepts work together
in one section or in several sections. This check in turn enhances student perfor-
mance on homework assignments and exams. (See pp. 69, 181, and 249.)
xiv p r e fac e

Annotated Examples We have included over 730 annotated examples designed

to fully prepare the student to work the exercises. Learning is carefully guided with the
use of numerous color-coded art pieces and step-by-step annotations. Substitutions and
annotations are highlighted in red for emphasis. (See pp. 175 and 349–350.)

Now Try Exercises Now Try Exercises are found after nearly every example.
This feature encourages active learning by asking students to do an exercise in the
exercise set that is similar to the example that the student has just read. (See pp. 173,
268, and 322.)

Synthesis Exercises These exercises appear at the end of each exercise set
and encourage critical thinking by requiring students to synthesize concepts from
several sections or to take a concept a step further than in the general exercises. For
the Sixth Edition, these exercises are assignable in MyMathLab. (See pp. 251–252,
330, and 380.)

Real-Data Applications We encourage students to see and interpret the

mathematics that appears every day in the world around them. Throughout the
writing process, we conducted an energetic search for real-data applications, and
the result is a variety of examples and exercises that connect the mathematical con-
tent with everyday life. Most of these applications feature source lines and many
include charts and graphs. Many are drawn from the fields of health, business and
economics, life and physical sciences, social science, and areas of general interest
such as sports and travel. (See pp. 37 (“Food Stamp Program”), 63 (“Industrial
Robots”), 141 (“Medical Care Abroad”), 184 (“Funding for Afghan Security”),
231 (“Vinyl Album Sales”), 328 (“Alfalfa Imported by China”), 405 (“Cosmetic
Surgery”), 414 (“Top Art Auction Sales”), 491 (“The Ellipse at the White House”),
and 545 (“The Economic Multiplier; Super Bowl XLVII”).)

❯ Ongoing Review
The most significant change to the Sixth Edition is the new Just-in-Time Review fea-
ture, designed to provide students with efficient and effective review of basic algebra
skills.

New! Just-in-Time Review Chapter R has been condensed into 28 numbered,

short review topics to create an efficient review of intermediate algebra topics. This
feature is placed before Chapter 1.
Just • Just-In-Time icons are placed throughout the text next to the example where
! in review of an intermediate algebra topic would be helpful. (See pp. 33, 95, 164,
New Time
220, 315, and 396.)
20
• The coverage of each topic contains worked-out examples and a short exercise
set. Answers to all exercises appear at the end of the answers at the back of the
book.
• Worked-out solutions to all Just-in-Time exercises are included in the Student
Solutions Manual.
 p r e fac e xv
JUST-IN-TIME Review
Just
in
Time the PrinciPle of Square rootS
20

The principle of square roots can be used to solve some quadratic Solve.
equations. 1. x 2 - 36 = 0
2. 2y2 - 20 = 0
the PrinciPle of Square rootS 3. 6z2 = 18
If x 2 = k, then x = - 2k or x = 2k.
4. 3t 2 - 15 = 0
5. z2 - 1 = 24
ExamplEs Solve. 6. 5x 2 - 75 = 0
1. s2 - 144 = 0
s2 = 144
s = - 2144 or s = 2144
s = -12 or s = 12
The solutions are -12 and 12, or {12.
2. 3x 2 - 21 = 0
3x 2 = 21
x2 = 7
x = - 27 or x = 27
The solutions are - 27 and 27, or { 27.
Do Exercises 1–6.

Mid-Chapter Mixed Review This review reinforces understanding of the mathe­

matical concepts and skills covered in the first half of the chapter before students
move on to new material in the second half of the chapter. Each review begins with
at least three true/false exercises that require students to consider the concepts they
have studied and also contains exercises that drill the skills from all prior sections
of the chapter. They are available as assignments in MyMathLab. (See pp. 121–122
and 346–347.)
Collaborative Discussion and Writing Exercises appear in the Mid-Chapter
Mixed Review as well. These exercises can be discussed in small groups or by the
class as a whole to encourage students to talk about the key mathematical concepts
in the chapter. They can also be assigned to individual students to give them an
opportunity to write about mathematics. (See pp. 199 and 253).
A section reference (shown in red) is provided for each exercise in the Mid-
Chapter Mixed Review. This tells the student which section to refer to if help is
needed to work the exercise. Answers to all exercises in the Mid-Chapter Mixed
Review are given at the back of the book.

Study Guide This feature is found at the beginning of the Summary and Review
near the end of each chapter. Presented in a two-column format and organ­ized by
section, this feature gives key concepts and terms in the left column and a worked-
out example in the right column. It provides students with a concise and effective
review of the chapter that is a solid basis for studying for a test. In MyMathLab, these
Study Guides are accompanied by narrated examples to reinforce the key concepts
and ideas. (See pp. 210–215 and 381–387.)
J-18
xvi p r e fac e

Exercise Sets There are over 5040 exercises in this text. The exercise sets are
enhanced with real-data applications and source lines, detailed art pieces, tables,
graphs, and photographs. In addition to the exercises that provide students with
concepts presented in the section, the exercise sets feature the following elements to
provide ongoing review of topics presented earlier:
• Skill Maintenance Exercises. These exercises provide an ongoing review of
concepts previously presented in the course, enhancing students’ retention of
these concepts. They include Vocabulary Reinforcement, described next, and
Classifying the Function exercises, described earlier in the section “Emphasis on
Functions.” A section reference (shown in red) is provided for each exercise. This
tells the student which section to refer to if help is needed to work the exercise.
Answers to all Skill Maintenance exercises appear in the answer section at the
back of the book. (See pp. 128, 206, 279–280, and 345.)
• Enhanced Vocabulary Reinforcement Exercises. This feature checks and reviews
students’ understanding of the vocabulary introduced throughout the text. It appears
once in every chapter, in the Skill Maintenance portion of an exercise set, and
is intended to provide a continuing review of the terms that students must know in
order to be able to communicate effectively in the language of mathematics. (See
pp. 149–150, 209, and 279.)
• Enhanced Synthesis Exercises. These exercises appear at the end of each exer-
cise set and encourage critical thinking by requiring students to synthesize con-
cepts from several sections or to take a concept a step further than in the general
exercises. For the Sixth Edition, these exercises are assignable in MyMathLab.

Review Exercises These exercises in the Summary and Review supplement

the Study Guide by providing a thorough and comprehensive review of the skills
taught in the chapter. A group of true/false exercises appears first, followed by a
large number of exercises that drill the skills and concepts taught in the chapter.
In addition, three multiple-choice exercises, one of which involves identifying the
graph of a function, are included in the Review Exercises for every chapter. Each
review exercise is accompanied by a section reference that, as in the Mid-Chapter
Mixed Review, directs students to the section in which the material being reviewed
can be found. Also included are Collaborative Discussion and Writing exercises are
also included. These exercises are described under the Mid-Chapter Mixed Review
heading on p. xv. (See pp. 215–217 and 388–391.)

Chapter Test The test at the end of each chapter allows students to test them-
selves and target areas that need further study before taking the in-class test. Each
Chapter Test includes a multiple-choice exercise involving identifying the graph of a
function. Answers to all questions in the Chapter Tests appear in the answer section
at the back of the book, along with corresponding section references. (See pp. 218
and 391–392.)

Domain Review Icons Placed next to the concept that a student is currently studying, a
review icon references a section of the text in which the student can find and review
REVIEW SECTION 1.2.
topics on which the current concept is built. (See pp. 263 and 308.)

❯ Acknowledgments
We wish to express our heartfelt thanks to a number of people who have contributed in
special ways to the development of this textbook. Our editor, Chelsea Kharakozova,
and Editor in Chief, Anne Kelly, encouraged and supported our vision. We are very
appreciative of the marketing insight provided by Peggy Lucas and Rachel Ross, our
marketing managers, and of the support that we received from the entire Pearson
team, including Rachel Reeve, project manager, Barbara Atkinson, cover designer,
 p r e fac e xvii

Ashley Gordon, editorial assistant, and Fiona Murray, marketing assistant. We also
thank Erica Lange, media producer, for her creative work on the media products that
accompany this text. And we are immensely grateful to Martha Morong for her edi-
torial and production services, and to Geri Davis for her text design and art editing,
and for the endless hours of hard work they have done to make this a book of which
we are proud. We also thank Laurie Hurley and Holly Martinez for their meticulous
accuracy checking and proofreading of the text.
The following reviewers made invaluable contributions to the development of the
recent editions and we thank them for that:
Gerald Allen, Howard College
Robin Ayers, Western Kentucky University
Heidi Barrett, Arapahoe Community College
George Behr, Coastline Community College
Kimberly Bennekin, Georgia Perimeter College
*Nadine Bluett, Front Range Community College
Marc Campbell, Daytona Beach Community College
*Shawn Clift, Eastern Kentucky University
Mark A. Crawford, Jr., Waubonsee Community College
Brad Feldser, Kennesaw State University
Homa Ghaussi-Mujtaba, Lansing Community College
Bob Gravelle, Colorado Technical University, Colorado Springs
*Mako E. Haruta, University of Hartford
Judy Hayes, Lake-Sumter Community College
Michelle Hollis, Bowling Green Community College
*Patricia Ann Hussey, Triton College
Glenn Jablonski, Triton College
Bridgette Jacob, Onondaga Community College
Symon Kimitei, Kennesaw State University
Deanna Kindhart, Illinois Central College
Pamela Krompak, Owens Community College
Laud Kwaku, Owens Community College
Carol A. Lucas, University of Central Oklahoma
*Claude Moore, Cape Fear Community College
Daniel Olson, Purdue University, North Central
*Priti Patel, Tarrant County Community College
Cloyd A. Payne, Owens Community College
Randy K. Ross, Morehead State University
Daniel Russow, Arizona Western College
Brian Schworm, Morehead State University
*Nicholas Sedlock, Framingham State University
*Pavel Sikorskii, Michigan State University
Judith Staver, Florida Community College at Jacksonville, South Campus
*Laura Taylor, Cape Fear Community College
Jean Hunt Thorton, Western Kentucky University
*Pat Velicky, Florence–Darlington Technical College
*Jim Voss, Front Range Community College
Douglas Windham, Tallahassee Community College
Weicheng Xuan, Arizona Western College
*Cathleen Zucco-Teveloff, Rider University
* Reviewers of the Sixth Edition
M.L.B.
J.A.B.
D.J.E.
J.A.P.
Get the most out of
MyMathLab
®

MyMathLab is the world’s leading online resource for teaching and learning math-
ematics. MyMathLab helps students and instructors improve results and provides
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Resources for Success
MyMathLab® Online Course for College Algebra: Graphs and
Models by Bittinger/Beecher/Ellenbogen/Penna
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 Transcriber's Note
Punctuation and formatting markup have been normalized.
Apparent printer's errors have been retained, unless stated
below.
Page numbers cited in illustration captions refer to their
discussion in the text. Illustrations have been moved near
their mention in the text, which has, in some instances,
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*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF
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