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Unit 2- Polyphase Transformes

1. Relate the single three phase transformer unit and three single phase transformer units.
2. Explain with neat diagram i) Concept of polarity & Polarity Test ii) open circuit and short circuit tests iii) Direct
Load Test iv) Sumpner’s test
3. State the I.S. Specifications of transformers and applications.
4. Explain the Concept of routine and type tests.
5. Explain with neat diagram three winding transformers. State its applications.
6. A 200/400 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer on test gave the following readings:
OC (LV) – 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W
SC (HV) – 15 V, 10 A, 80 W
Determine the voltage regulation at 0.8 pf lagging at full load.
7. Obtain/devise the equivalent circuit of single phase, 4 kVA, 200/400 V, 50 Hz transformer from the following test
results:
OC Test: 200 V, 0.7 A. 70 W
SC Test: 15 V, 10 A, 80 W.
8. List the three phase transformer groups, three phase transformer connections and factors affecting the choice of
connections.
9. Illustrate the delta – delta connection of transformers with neat connection and phasor diagrams.
10. Illustrate the delta – star connection of transformers with neat connection and phasor diagrams.
11. Illustrate the star – delta connection of transformers with neat connection and phasor diagrams.

1. Relate the single three phase transformer unit and three single phase transformer
units.

I. Single Three-Phase Transformer Unit

A single three-phase transformer unit is built as a single device with three interconnected windings, one for each
phase.

Advantages:

1. Compact Design: Occupies less space as all three phases are integrated into one unit.
2. Lighter Weight: Overall weight is often lower than three individual single-phase transformers of equivalent
rating.
3. Lower Cost: Generally more economical in terms of initial cost and installation for equivalent power ratings.
4. Higher Efficiency: Reduced losses due to shared magnetic core and fewer components.
5. Ease of Installation: Requires fewer connections and simpler mounting.

Disadvantages:

1. Repair Issues: If one phase fails, the entire unit must be removed for repair.
2. Transportation Limitations: Larger units may face logistical challenges due to size and weight restrictions.
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2. Three Single-Phase Transformer Units

This configuration consists of three independent single-phase transformers connected in a three-phase configuration,
typically in delta or wye.

Advantages:

1. Flexibility: Easier to replace or repair a single transformer without affecting the other two.
2. Scalability: Adding or upgrading capacity is simpler as it involves only the required units.
3. Transport and Handling: Easier to transport and handle due to smaller individual sizes.
4. Redundancy: One transformer can sometimes be bypassed temporarily in certain configurations like an open-
delta (V-V) connection.

Disadvantages:

1. More Space Required: Takes up more physical space than a single unit.
2. Higher Cost: Higher initial cost due to individual cores and components.
3. Complex Installation: Requires careful alignment and phasing during installation.
4. Lower Efficiency: Slightly higher losses due to multiple cores and connections.

Comparison Table

Feature Single Three-Phase Unit Three Single-Phase Units

Construction Single device with three windings Three separate transformers
Space Requirements Compact Requires more space
Cost Generally lower Generally higher
Maintenance Entire unit must be serviced Individual units can be serviced
Reliability Failure affects all three phases Failure affects only one phase
Efficiency Higher (shared core) Lower (individual cores)
Flexibility Limited High (modular)
Transportation Challenging for large units Easier due to smaller size

Applications

• Single Three-Phase Transformer Unit: Preferred for large industrial plants or locations with limited space
and reliable operations.
• Three Single-Phase Transformer Units: Commonly used in distributed or modular systems, remote areas,
and where redundancy is a priority.
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2. Explain with neat diagram i) Concept of polarity & Polarity Test ii) open circuit and
short circuit tests iii) Direct Load Test iv) Sumpner’s test

I. Concept of Polarity & Polarity Test

Concept of Polarity

Polarity in a transformer refers to the direction of the induced voltages in the primary and secondary windings.
Transformers can have two types of polarity:

1. Additive Polarity: Voltages add up when corresponding terminals are connected.

2. Subtractive Polarity: Voltages subtract when corresponding terminals are connected.

Polarity Test

The polarity test determines whether the transformer has additive or subtractive polarity. This test is essential when
paralleling transformers to ensure correct connections.

Procedure:

1. Apply a small AC voltage to the primary winding.

2. Measure the voltage across:
o Primary winding (Vp).
o Secondary winding (Vs).
o Combined terminals (Vc).
3. Interpret results:
o If Vc=Vp+Vs, the transformer has additive polarity.
o If Vc=Vp−Vs, the transformer has subtractive polarity.

ii) Open Circuit and Short Circuit Tests

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These tests are performed to determine the efficiency, voltage regulation, and equivalent circuit parameters of a
transformer without directly loading it.

Open Circuit Test

• Purpose: Measures core (iron) losses and magnetizing current.

• Setup:
o Secondary winding is left open.
o A rated voltage is applied to the primary winding.
o Measure input power, voltage, and current .
• Results: Provides core loss and no-load parameters.

Short Circuit Test

• Purpose: Measures copper losses under full-load conditions.

• Setup:
o Secondary winding is short-circuited.
o Apply reduced voltage to the primary until full-load current flows.
o Measure input power, voltage, and current.
• Results: Provides copper loss and equivalent impedance.

iii) Direct Load Test

• Purpose: Measures the transformer's efficiency and voltage regulation directly under load conditions.
• Setup:
o A load is connected to the secondary winding.
o Measure primary and secondary voltages, currents, and power.
• Advantages: Direct and accurate results.
• Disadvantages: Requires a large load, leading to practical difficulties in testing large transformers.
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iv) Sumpner’s Test (Back-to-Back Test)

• Purpose: Determines the efficiency and heating performance of two identical transformers without loading
them.
• Setup:
o Two identical transformers are connected back-to-back (primary windings in parallel and secondary
windings in series).
o One transformer is supplied with rated voltage, and the other serves as a load.
o Measure the input power to the primary winding and the circulating power in the secondary winding.
• Advantages: Simulates full-load conditions with minimal energy consumption

3. State the I.S. Specifications of transformers and applications

The Indian Standard (I.S.) Specifications for transformers ensure consistency, reliability, and safety in transformer
manufacturing and usage. Below is an outline of some key I.S. standards and their applications:

• Power Transformers

• Designed to handle high voltages and used in power generation and transmission systems.
• They are built to ensure high efficiency, minimal energy loss, and withstand extreme conditions like short
circuits.

Dry-Type Transformers

• These operate without oil and are safer for indoor use, especially in fire-prone areas.

Distribution Transformers

• Used to step down the voltage for residential and commercial use.
• Designed for high energy efficiency and long-term reliability.

Instrument Transformers

• Include current and voltage transformers for accurate measurement and protection in electrical systems.

Special Purpose Transformers

• Used in industries, such as furnace transformers for heating and isolation transformers for noise reduction and
safety.
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Applications of Transformers

1. Electricity Distribution
o Transform high-voltage power from transmission lines into lower voltages for homes and businesses.
2. Industrial Use
o Power large machines, electric furnaces, and industrial equipment.
3. Renewable Energy
o Connect solar farms or wind turbines to the power grid by adjusting voltage levels.
4. Railways
o Used in electric trains and locomotives for traction power.
5. Safety and Measurement
o Protect systems and measure electricity using specialized transformers in substations.

4. Explain the Concept of routine and type tests

Routine tests and type tests are two fundamental categories of tests performed on electrical equipment or components
to ensure their reliability, performance, and safety. Here's a breakdown of the concepts:

1. Routine Tests

• Definition: Routine tests are performed on every unit of equipment produced to ensure that each meets specified
design standards and is fit for operation.
• Purpose: These tests verify the proper functioning and quality of the equipment before delivery or installation.
• Scope: Routine tests are limited in scope and focus on verifying essential operational parameters.
• Examples:
o Insulation resistance test
o Dielectric strength test
o Continuity test
o Functional operation tests
• Frequency: Conducted on every manufactured unit.
• Key Features:
o Typically non-destructive.
o Ensures the product meets standard specifications.
o Can be part of quality control processes.

2. Type Tests

• Definition: Type tests are comprehensive tests performed on a prototype or representative sample of a product to
verify its design and performance under specific conditions.
• Purpose: These tests ensure that the equipment design meets all required standards and regulatory specifications.
• Scope: Broader than routine tests, as they evaluate the equipment's performance, durability, and ability to
withstand extreme conditions.
• Examples:
o High voltage test
o Temperature rise test
o Short-circuit withstand test
o Mechanical endurance test
• Frequency: Conducted once on a prototype or sample or when a design change occurs.
• Key Features:
o Often destructive in nature.
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o Confirms compliance with national or international standards.
o Provides a baseline for future routine testing.

Comparison Table

Aspect Routine Tests Type Tests

Purpose Verify manufacturing quality. Validate product design and performance.
Frequency On every manufactured unit. On prototypes or representative samples.
Scope Limited and focused. Broad and comprehensive.
Nature Non-destructive. Often destructive.
Examples Insulation resistance, continuity. High voltage, short-circuit tests.

Key Takeaways

• Routine tests ensure individual products are free of defects and meet quality standards before deployment.
• Type tests ensure the overall design and performance of the product align with safety and operational standards.

5. Explain with neat diagram three winding transformers. State its applications

1. The transformers may also be constructed with a third winding in addition to the primary and secondary windings.
This third winding is known as tertiary winding.
2. The tertiary winding is often used for specific purposes, such as improving system stability.
3. The primary winding has the highest voltage rating, the tertiary winding has the lowest voltage rating and the
secondary winding has the intermediate voltage rating. Also, the kVA ratings of the three windings of the 3-winding
transformer are usually unequal.
4. The tertiary winding is always connected in delta.
5. Advantages

1. Cost-Efficiency: Reduces the need for multiple transformers by serving multiple voltage levels.
2. Space-Saving: Combines functionalities in one unit, minimizing the footprint.
3. Enhanced Stability: Improves power system stability by managing reactive power.
4. Versatility: Can be used for harmonics suppression, fault isolation, and auxiliary load supply.
5. Voltage Regulation: Facilitates control and stabilization of voltage levels across the system.

Applications of Three-Winding Transformers

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1. Supplying Multiple Voltage Levels: Step down high voltage to medium and low voltage simultaneously.
2. Auxiliary Power Supply: Provide power for substation equipment like fans, pumps, and lighting.
3. Renewable Energy Integration: Connect solar or wind farms to the power grid.
4. Improving System Stability: Manage voltage fluctuations and reactive power.
5. Industrial Use: Distribute power to machines and equipment operating at different voltage levels.
6. Harmonic Reduction: Reduce electrical noise and harmonics using the tertiary winding.
7. Interconnecting Networks: Link different parts of a power system with isolated voltages.

6. List the three phase transformer groups, three phase transformer connections and
factors affecting the choice of connections.
Three Phase Transformer Group
The three-phase transformer vector groups are divided into four main groups depending on the phase difference

• Group 1 – No Phase Displacement, i.e., 0° Phase Displacement

• Group 2 – Phase Displacement of 180°
• Group 3 – Phase Displacement of -30°
• Group 4 – Phase Displacement of +30°

Three-Phase Transformer Connections

1. Star-Star (Y-Y):
o Simple and cost-effective.
o Requires a neutral for unbalanced loads.
o Commonly used for high-voltage transmission.
2. Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ):
o Suitable for balanced loads.
o Does not require a neutral connection.
o Common in industrial applications.
3. Star-Delta (Y-Δ):
o High voltage on the primary, low voltage on the secondary.
o Reduces voltage levels for local distribution systems.
4. Delta-Star (Δ-Y):
o Low voltage on the primary, high voltage on the secondary.
o Common in step-up transformers for power generation plants.

Factors Affecting the Choice of Transformer Connections (Simplified)

1. Voltage Levels
o Star (Y) Connection: Used for high voltages because it requires less insulation.
o Delta (Δ) Connection: Better for lower voltage systems.
2. Type of Load
o Balanced Loads: Delta connection works well.
o Unbalanced Loads: Star connection with a neutral is better.
3. Need for Neutral
o If the system needs a neutral wire for grounding or handling uneven loads, a Star connection is
required.
4. Phase Shift
o Some systems need specific phase shifts (like +30° or -30°) to work with other equipment. The choice
of connection depends on this requirement.
5. Harmonics
o Delta connections can reduce certain electrical noise (harmonics), making them good for industrial
systems.
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6. System Stability
o Delta connections are more stable because they allow fault currents to circulate within the
transformer, preventing disturbances.
7. Cost
o Star connections are cheaper and simpler to make for high-voltage transmission lines.
o Delta connections are a bit more expensive due to the need for extra insulation.
8. Power Factor Improvement
o Delta connections allow adding capacitors to improve the power factor of the system.

7. Illustrate the delta – delta connection of transformers with neat connection and
phasor diagrams.
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8. Illustrate the delta – star connection of transformers with neat connection and phasor
diagrams.
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9. Illustrate the star – delta connection of transformers with neat connection and phasor
diagrams.