Chapter 6

Page 339, Practice Problems

Page 333,Quick Check 1. 0.72
1. Rb+ , Ca2+, Cs+, Ba2+ 2. 0.023 M
2. ClO4- , Cl-, NO3- 3. 3.45
3. RbClO4, BaI2 , CaBr2
Page 340, Quick Check
Page 334, Quick Check 1. NH4NO2 , NaCH3COO, AlF3
1. Fe(CH3COO)3, KF, Pb(NO2)2, Ba(CN)2 2. NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
-
2. Ca(HCOO)2, SrCO3, Mg(CN)2, NaCH3COO, F (aq) + H2O(l) HF(aq) + OH-(aq)
+ -10
LiC6H5COO, K3PO4 3. Ka for NH4 = 5.6 x 10
Kb for F- = 2.9 x 10-11
Page 335, Practice Problems As the Ka for NH4+ is greater than the Kb for F-, the
1. K2CO3 > RbCN > Na2SO3 > Na2C2O4 > hydrolysis of the ammonium ion will occur to a
LiF > KNO2 greater extent than the hydrolysis of the fluoride
2. 11.78 ion.
3. 4.5 M
Page 341, Practice Problems
Page 336, Quick Check 1. Ka for NH4+ = 5.6 x 10-10
1. Kb for CH3COO - = 5.6 x 10-10
a) CH3NH3+(aq) + H2O(l) CH3NH2(aq) + As the Ka for NH4+ is equal to the Kb for CH3COO-,
H3O+(aq) each hydrolysis reaction will occur to the same
Ka = [CH3NH2] [H3O+] extent and so the approximate pH of the solution
[CH3NH3+] will be 7.
b) C3H7NH3+(aq) + H2O(l) C3H7NH2(aq) 2.
+ H3O+(aq) NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Ka = [C3H7NH2] [H3O+] 3-
PO4 (aq) + H2O(l) HPO4-(aq) + OH-(aq)
[C3H7NH3+] +
Ka for NH4 = 5.6 x 10 -10

c) (CH3)3NH+(aq) + H2O(l) (CH3)3 N(aq) + Kb for PO43- = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 = 0.045

H3O+(aq) Ka for HPO4 2.2 x 10-13
-

As the Kb for PO43- is much greater than the Ka for

Ka = [(CH3)3 N] [H3O+] NH4+, the anionic hydrolysis reaction will occur to
[(CH3)3NH+] a far greater extent and so the solution will be
2. basic.
a) 2.3 x 10-11 3. (NH4)2CO3 > NaNO3 > Al(CH3COO)3 > FeCl3
b) 2.9 x 10-11
c) 1.6 x 10-10 Page 342, Practice Problems
1. Ka for HPO42- = 2.2 x 10-13 Kb for HPO42-
-7
Page 337, Practice Problems 1.6 x 10
1. 4.82 As the Kb for HPO42- is greater than its Ka, the
2. 5.9 x 10-9 hydrolysis reaction involving the production of
3. 14 g hydroxide ions will occur to a greater extent and
so the solution will be basic.
Page 338, Quick Check 2. KHSO4 < NaHSO3 < LiHCO3
1. NH4I, CrCl3, Fe(NO3)3 3. No calculations are required to determine if an
2. aqueous solution of KHSO4 will be acidic or basic
(a). Sn(H2O)42+(aq) + H2O(l) Sn(H2O)3(OH) because the bisulphate anion is the conjugate
+
(aq) + H3O+(aq) base of a strong acid. This means that the ion
(b) Cu(H2O)42+(aq) + H2O(l) Cu(H2O)3(OH) cannot accept protons from water and thus can
+
(aq) + H3O+(aq) only act as a weak acid. Therefore, an aqueous
(c) Fe(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l) solution of KHSO4 will be acidic.
Fe(H2O)5(OH)2+(aq) + H3O+(aq)

2018/2019
Page 345, 6.1 Review Questions
1. Placing a few drops of universal indicator solution into each of the three beakers will identify the solutes.
The Al(NO3)3 solution will be acidic because the hydrated Al3+ ion is a weak acid and the NO3- ion will not
hydrolyze. Therefore, universal indicator will appear dark orange or red in this solution.
The Ca(NO3)2 solution will be neutral because neither ion will hydrolyze. Therefore, universal indicator
solution will appear light green in this solution.
The K3PO4 solution will be basic because the PO43- ion is a relatively strong weak base and the K+ will not
hydrolyze. Therefore, universal indicator will appear purple in this solution.
2.
Salt Formula Ion(s) Which Result for Aqueous Equation(s) for Hydrolysis Reaction(s)
Hydrolyze(s) Solution (if any)
(Acidic, Basic, or
Neutral)

(NH4)2SO3 both basic as Kb > Ka NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+

SO32- + H2O HSO3- + OH-

Al(IO3)3 both acidic as Ka > Kb Al(H2O)63+ + H2O Al(H2O)5(OH)2+ + H3O+

IO3- + H2O HIO3 + OH-

RbF F- basic F- + H2O HF + OH-

SrI2 neither neutral N/A

KHC2O4 HC2O4- acidic as Ka > Kb HC2O4- + H2O C2O42- + H3O3+

HC2O4- + H2O H2C2O4 + OH-

Fe2(SO4)3 both acidic as Ka > Kb Fe(H2O)63+ + H2O Fe(H2O)5(OH)2+ + H3O+

SO42- + H2O HSO4- + OH-

3. a) CH3COOH(aq) + KOH(aq) à KCH3COO(aq) + H2O(l)

b) The salt solution that exists in the reaction vessel is 0.25 M KCH3COO
c) 9.07
4. 10.30
5. 0.43 g
6. 0.0012 g
7. 4.67
8. NaHSO4 < FeCl3 < Cr(NO3)3 < NH4Br < RbI < KCN < Li2CO3 < Na3PO4
9. a)14 g
b) The pH of the solution will increase as evaporation proceeds because the concentration of the basic anion
is increasing.
10. 4.27

2018/2019
Page 350, Quick Check
1. Equal concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base allow the buffer to resist changes to its pH equally
well following the addition of relatively small amounts of both strong acid and strong base.
2. In a buffer containing HA and A-, the conjugate base, A-, will react to neutralize added acid. As a result,
following the addition of a small amount of strong acid to a buffer solution, the [HA]/[A-] ratio will increase,
the [H3O+] will increase slightly, and the pH will decrease slightly.
3. KF and HF + HCOOH and LiHCOO
NaHSO4 and Na2SO4 + KH2PO4 and K2HPO4

Page 353, Practice Problems

1. a) Following the addition of a small amount of strong base to a buffer solution, the [HA]/[A-] decreases, the
[H3O+] decreases slightly, and the pH increases slightly.
b) HNO2(aq) + OH-(aq) à NO2-(aq) + OH-(aq)
c) Following the addition of this strong base, the [HNO2]/[NO2-] ratio will decrease, the [H3O+] will decrease
slightly, and the pH of this solution will increase slightly.
2.( a) In 1.0 L of the diluted buffer solution, only 0.10 moles of HNO2 and NO2- are available to neutralize added
H3O+ and OH-. However, in the undiluted solution, 1.0 mol of each of these buffer components is available.
(b) Because only 0.10 mole of NO2- is available to neutralize added acid, the addition of 0.11 mol of strong
acid will exceed the diluted buffer’s capacity to neutralize acid by 0.01 moles and thus result in the pH of the
diluted buffer decreasing significantly. The undiluted buffer, however, has 1.0 mole of NO2- available and can
easily neutralize the added acid. The pH of the undiluted buffer solution will therefore not drop appreciably.
3. a) The combination of 0.10 M HI and 0.10 M NaI does not qualify as a buffer because although the HI is
capable of neutralizing added base, the iodide ion is the conjugate base of a strong acid. This means that I-
cannot neutralize added acid because it cannot accept protons.
b) The combination of 0.50 M NaF and 0.50 M NaCN does not qualify as a buffer because although sufficient
quantities of weak base (F- and CN-) are available to neutralize added acid, no weak acid is present in the
solution. This means that the solution has no ability to neutralize added base.
c) The combination of 1.0 M K2C2O4 / 1.0 M KHC2O4 does qualify as a buffer because this solution has
appreciable (and in this case equal) quantities of both a weak acid (HC2O4-) and its conjugate base (C2O42-).
Therefore, both added acid and base can be neutralized by this solution.
d) The combination of 0.20 M HF and 0.20 M HCN does not qualify as a buffer because although sufficient
quantities of weak acid (HF and HCN) are available to neutralize added base, no weak base is present in the
solution. This means that the solution has no ability to neutralize added acid.

Page 356, Practice Problems

1.
Weak Base Added Compound
a) 1.0 M CH3NH2 1.0 M CH3NH3Cl
b) 0.80 M N2H4 0.80 M N2H5NO3
c) 0.20 M (CH3)2NH 0.20 M (CH3)2NH2Br

(Note that in the above table, the anions present in the added compounds are the conjugate bases of strong acids.
This ensures their role as spectator ions in the solution.)
2.
Net Ionic Equation When Acid Added Net Ionic Equation When Base Added
a) CH3NH2(aq) + H3O+(aq) à CH3NH3+(aq) + H2O(l) a) CH3NH3+(aq) + OH-(aq) à CH3NH2(aq) + H2O(l)
b) N2H4(aq) + H3O+(aq) à N2H5+(aq) + H2O(l) b) N2H5+(aq) + OH-(aq) à N2H4(aq) + H2O(l)
c) (CH3)2NH(aq) + H3O (aq) à (CH3)2NH (aq) + H2O(l) c) (CH3)2NH+(aq) + OH-(aq) à (CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l)
+ +

2018/2019
Page 359, Practice Problems
1. The four buffer solutions ranked in order from lowest to highest capacity are:
b < d < a < c
2. Because the [A-]/[HA] ratio should be no less than 0.1 and no more than 10 for a buffer to be effective, the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation shows us that buffers have a usable range within ± 1 pH unit of the pKa of the
acid component as shown by the following:

pH = pKa + log [A- ]

[HA]

pH = pKa + log 1 = pKa - 1 and pH = pKa + log 10 = pKa + 1

10 1

Buffer pH range = pKa ± 1

3.
Desired pH Weak Acid Weak Acid pKa Salt of Conjugate Base
4.00 benzoic 4.19 NaC6H5COO
7.00 bisulfphite ion 7.00 Na2SO3
10.00 phenol 9.89 NaC6H5O
3. A buffer must be able to resist pH changes
Page 360 Quick Check following the addition of either an acid or a base.
1. a) HPO42-(aq) + H3O+(aq) à H2PO4-(aq) Although HNO3 is certainly capable of
+ H2O(l) neutralizing added OH- ions, its conjugate base,
b) H2PO4-(aq) + OH-(aq) à HPO42-(aq) + NO3-, cannot neutralize added acid. This is
H2O(l) because the nitrate ion is the conjugate base of a
2. strong acid and is thus incapable of accepting
a) If the concentration of dissolved carbon protons.
dioxide in the blood is too low, the above 4. C6H5COOH / KC6H5COO
equilibrium will shift to the left and so the CH3NH3NO3 / CH3NH2 K2SO3 / KHSO3
concentration of hydrogen (hydronium) ions in KIO3 / HIO3 NaHS / H2S HF / LiF
the blood will drop. This will raise the blood pH H2O2 / RbHO2
level. 5. a) As [HCN] = [CN-], then [H3O+] = Ka for HCN =
(If the blood pH level gets too high, the [HBO2-] 4.9 x 10-10 M
will get too high to allow for adequate release of b) This solution considered to be a basic buffer
molecular oxygen from hemoglobin. This because it buffers the solution in the basic region
condition is called alkalosis.) of the pH scale.
b) Breathing into a paper bag means that c) CN-(aq) + H3O+(aq) à HCN(aq) + H2O(l)
exhaled breath containing CO2 in continually re- Following the addition of a small amount of HCl,
inhaled. This raises the concentration of the pH of the buffer solution will decrease
dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood which slightly.
shifts the equilibrium described in 2(a) above to d) HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) à CN-(aq) + H2O(l)
the right. This in turn increases the [H+] in the Following the addition of a small amount of
blood and thus lowers the blood pH level. NaOH, the pH of the buffer solution will increase
slightly.
Page 363, 6.2 Review Questions
1. The purpose of a buffer is to resist significant pH
changes following the addition of relatively small
amounts of strong acid or strong base.
2. The components of a buffer solution are normally
a conjugate acid-base pair because these
components will not react with each other.

2018/2019
6. is reduced. In short, hemoglobin and oxygen will
Stress Net Ionic How How pH no longer bind together.
Applied Equation [HA]/[A-] Changes 14. By considering the net ionic equation for the
Changes neutralization of a strong base by the acidic
component of a buffer, the answer to this
H3O+ A-(aq) + [HA]/[A-] pH question becomes clear. In this case, when NaOH
added H3O+(aq) à ratio decreases is added to a solution of HNO2, the following
HA(aq) + increases slightly represents the net ionic equation:
H2O(l) HNO2(aq) + OH-(aq) à NO2-(aq) + H2O(l)
This shows us that if we add 0.50 mol NaOH to
1.0 L of 1.0 M HNO2, the 0.50 mol NaOH will be
OH- HA(aq) + [HA]/[A-] pH totally consumed and in the process
added OH-(aq) à ratio increases stoichiometrically convert 0.50 mol HNO2 into
A-(aq) + decreases slightly 0.50 mol NO2-. We will therefore have a buffer
H2O(l) solution containing equal concentrations of the
weak acid HNO2 and its conjugate base, NO2-.
15. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation shows us
7. The buffer solutions listed in order from lowest that if the buffer component concentrations are
[H3O+] to highest [H3O+] are: equal, then the pH of the buffer solution simply
b < a < c < d equals the pKa of the acid present in the buffer.
8. Buffer Capacity is defined as the amount of acid
or base a buffer can neutralize before its pH As pH = pKa + log [A- ]
changes appreciably. Buffer Capacity depends on [HA]
the absolute concentrations of the buffer
components. A more concentrated, or high- If [A-] = [HA], then pH = pKa
capacity buffer will experience less of a pH a) pH = pKa for HNO2 = - log (4.6 x 10-4) = 3.34
change following the addition of a given amount b) pH = pKa for CH3COOH = - log (1.8 x 10-5) =
of strong acid or strong base than a less 4.74
concentrated or low-capacity buffer will. c) pH = pKa for NH4+ = - log (5.6 x 10-10) = 9.25
Therefore, buffer solution “d” listed above would d) pH = pKa for HF = - log (3.5 x 10-4) = 3.46
have the highest capacity. 16.
9. The buffer solutions listed in order from highest a) The solution must be buffered to pH = 10.00
to lowest capacity are: using CO32- and HCO3-.
d > b >a > c Therefore:
10. Buffer range is defined as the pH range over
which a buffer acts effectively. That pH range is 10.00 = pKa for HCO3- + log [CO32- ]
normally from 1 pH unit below the pKa value for [HCO3-]
the weak acid component of a buffer solution to
1 pH above the pKa value. Because the [HCO3-] = 0.20 M, the above
11. When the concentration of dissolved carbon equation is written as the following:
dioxide in the blood decreases, the concentration
of hydrogen (hydronium) ions in the blood also 10.00 = 10.25 + log [CO32- ] so: log [CO32-]
decreases. This raises the blood pH level. 0.20 (0.20
12. Alkalosis occurs when the blood pH level gets = - 0.25
too high. This causes the [HbO2-] to increase to
the point where the release of O2 from [CO32-] = 10-0.25 = 0.562
hemoglobin molecules is compromised. In short, (0.20)
the hemoglobin will not release the oxygen so: [CO32-] = (0.20) (0.562) = 0.112 M
molecules to which it has attached.
13. Acidosis occurs when the blood pH level gets [CO32-] =[Na2CO3] = 0.112 mol x 106.0 g Na2CO3 x1.0 L
too low. This causes the [HbO2-] to decrease to L mol
the point where hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen = 12 g
b) 9.99
17. a) pH = 4.92

2018/2019
 b) pH =9.13 b) Standardizing the titrant against a primary
18. a) pH = 4.74 standard ensures the accurate and precise
b) pH = 4.64 determination of the titrant’s concentration.
c) pH = 4.85 c) A burette ensures the accurate and precise
19. pH = 3.42 measurement of the volume of titrant required in
20. 6.2 to 1 (6.2:1) the titration.
21. 78 g d) An appropriate indicator signals the correct
22. a) pH = 4.79 determination of the equivalence point during
b) (i) 4.1 x 10-2 mol/L the titration.
(ii) 0.200 mol/L

Page 370, Quick Check Page 372, Practice Problems

1. To ensure that an acid-base titration reaction 1. 0.121 M NaOH
goes to completion, at least one of the two 2. 0.1259 M HNO3
reacting species must be strong.
2. An “endpoint” or “transition point” in an acid- Page 373, Practice Problems
base titration is the point at which an indicator 1. 0.0603 M
changes colour and is only dependent upon the 2. 0.206 M
chemical nature of the acid-base indicator. 3. 0.101 M
The “equivalence point” or “stoichiometric point”
in an acid-base titration is the point at which the Page 375, Practice Problems
total number of moles of H3O+ from the acid 1. 24.1 mL
equals the total number of moles of OH- from the 2. 38.5 mL
base. The equivalence point is only dependent 3. 27.2 mL
upon the chemical nature of the reacting species.
3. The table shows that the volume from trial 1does Page 377, Practice Problems
not agree to within 0.1 mL of the volumes from 1. 88.1 g /mol
either trial 2 or trial 3. Trial 1is therefore discarded 2. 94.9 g/mol
and the volumes from trials 1 and 3 are averaged 3. 285 g/mol
to obtain the correct volume of standard solution
recorded by the student. Page 379, Practice Problems
1. 93.40 %
Titration Volume of Std. 2. 92.5 %
Trial Solution 3. 94.9 %
1 23.88 mL
2 23.67 mL Page 382, 6.3 Review Questions
3 23.59 mL 1. Disagree. Because a titration reaction goes to
completion, the volume of standard solution
Average volume of standard solution required is only dependent upon the
= 23.67 mL + 23.59 mL = 23.63 mL stoichiometry of the reaction and the moles of
2 each species (acid or base) that it must neutralize.
It is not dependent upon the strength of those
Page 371, Quick Check species. Thus each acid solution will require
1. A 4.00 g sample of NaOH will contain less than approximately the same volume of standard
0.100 mol of the compound. A portion of the NaOH solution to reach the equivalence point.
sample’s mass will be due to absorbed water and 2. Agree. The volume of solution to be analyzed has
also Na2CO3 produced from the reaction of the been recorded and thus the number of reactant
NaOH with atmospheric CO2. moles has been specified. Adding water to the
2. a) A volumetric pipette ensures the accurate and reaction flask will not change the number of
precise measurement of the volume of the moles of reactant present and will thus not affect
solution being analyzed in the reaction flask. the volume standard solution required to reach
the equivalence point.

2018/2019
3. Agree. A 25.0 mL of approximately 0.2 M acetic anion of salt hydrolyze, but because the Ka of the
acid contains approximately 0.005 mol of acid as cation = Kb of the anion, the solution will be
given by the following: neutral.
0.0250 L x 0.2 mol CH3COOH = 0.005 mol CH3COOH
L Solution C has a pH between 4.4 and 7.0. This
A 50.0 mL burette filled to capacity with 0.0650 M must be the NaH2PO4 solution. The cation of the
NaOH contains only 0.00325 mol NaOH as given by salt does not hydrolyze, and the Ka of the
the following: amphiprotic anion (6.2 x 10-8) is greater than its Kb
0.0500 L x 0.0650 mol NaOH = 0.00325 mol NaOH (1.3 x 10-12). Therefore the solution will be slightly
L
acidic.
Thus there is insufficient standard solution
available in the burette to reach the equivalence Solution D has a pH ≤ 3.2. This must be the
point. NaHSO4 solution. The cation does not hydrolyze
4. Agree. NaOH is normally only 95 – 98 % pure and and the anion (which can only donate protons to
rapidly both absorbs water and reacts with CO2 water) is a stronger weak acid than any ion
from the atmosphere. Therefore, any amount of present in the other salts. This solution will
NaOH will contain impurities and thus less than therefore be the most acidic.
the measured mass of NaOH. This means that the
calculated [NaOH] will be too high. Page 394, Quick Check
5. 0.162 M 1. H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) à 2H2O(l)
6. 0.170 g 2. Phenolphthalein is often chosen because the
7. 28.3 mL appearance of a pink colour in a colourless solution
8. 27.5 mL at the transition point is much easier to detect than
9. 122 g/mol a change in colour from one colour to another.
10. 104 g/mol 3. The pH at the equivalence point of a strong acid –
11. 91.6 % strong base titration is equal to 7 because neither of
12. 95.6 % the dissociated ions from the salt that exists at the
13. 89.5 % equivalence point will undergo hydrolysis.
14. The “analysis” process is always based on the
volume of solution added from the burette. This Page 395, Practice Problems
determines the number of moles of one reagent 1. 4
required to reach the equivalence point and all 2. 10
subsequent calculations proceed from that data. 3. The solution at the equivalence point will be
slightly basic. Although the cation (Na+) of the
Page 389, Practice Problems dissociated salt will not hydrolyze, the anion (SO42-
1. 3.8; Ka = 2 x 10-4 ) of the salt the conjugate base of a weak acid and
In a 1.8 x 10-4 M HCl solution: will thus hydrolyze by accepting protons from
[H3O+] = [HCl] = 1.8 x 10-4 M (This equals the water producing OH- ions.
approximate Ka of bromphenol blue.)
And pH = - log (1.8 x 10-4) = 3.74 Page 402, Quick Check
Because the solution pH corresponds to the 1. The “buffer region” of a weak acid – strong base
transition point pH for bromphenol blue, an titration curve is so-named because during this
intermediate green colour will be seen. part of the titration, appreciable quantities of
2. [H3O+] ≈ 10-8.1 ≈ 8 x 10-9 M (1 sig. digit) both a weak acid and its conjugate base exist in
3. an intermediate orange colour is seen. the reaction flask.
4.Ka 1 = 4 x 10-7 2. The pH at the equivalence point of a weak acid –
Ka 2 = 2 x 10-12 strong base titration is higher than 7 because the
5. Solution A has a pH ≥ 10. This must be the cation of the product salt will not hydrolyze, but
Na2CO3 solution. The carbonate anion is a the anion of the product salt is a weak base. Thus,
relatively strong weak base and the cation dos the anion will accept protons from water
not hydrolyze. producing OH- ions.
3. Beyond the equivalence point, the contribution
Solution B has a pH ≈ 7. This must be the the acetate ion makes to the [OH-] is insignificant
NH4CH3COO solution. Both the cation and the because excess NaOH is present in the solution.

2018/2019
 Sodium hydroxide is a strong base and the excess base being titrated. From that pKb value, we can
hydroxide ions from this base suppress the determine the Kb of the weak base.
hydrolysis of the weakly basic acetate ion by 3. 1.637; This calculated pH value does agree with
forcing that equilibrium further to the left as the titration curve.
shown below:
CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH- Page 408, Quick Check
4. 1. The pH of a weak base – strong acid titration is
lower than 7 because the anion of the product
salt will not hydrolyze, but the cation of the
product salt is a weak acid. Thus, the cation will
donate protons to water producing H3O+ ions.
2. Phenolphthalein would be a poor choice for an
indicator because as the strong acid is added to
the weak base in the reaction flask, the
indicator’s pink colour will disappear at pH 8.2.
This is in the basic range of the pH scale and well
above the equivalence point pH which is below 7
in the acidic range of the pH scale. The result
would be an incorrectly low volume recorded for
Page 402, Practice Problems an equivalence point and thus a calculation of
1. a) 3.66 too few moles of acid.
b) 8.37 3. Beyond the equivalence point, the contribution
2. The weak acid being titrated is benzoic acid. the ammonium ion makes to the [H3O+] is
3. a) 4.6 x 10-4 M insignificant because excess HCl is present in the
b) 8.36 solution. The excess HCl is a strong acid and the
increasing [H3O+] from that acid forces the weak
Page 408, Practice Problems acid hydrolysis equilibrium even further to the
1. 9.22 left as shown below:
2. Once the titration curve is drawn for the titration
of a weak base by a strong acid, the pH, and thus NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
the pOH, of the solution halfway to the
equivalence point can be determined from the The result is that we can safely ignore any
curve. The pOH of the solution halfway to the contribution to the [H3O+] in the flask by the
equivalence point equals the pKb of the weak ammonium ion.

Page 411, 5.4 Review Questions

1. Given that: Ka = [In-] and Ka = 1.0 x 10-7
[H3O+] [HIn]
Then:
Solution [In-] / [HIn] Ratio in Solution Solution Colour

0.0010 M HCl 1.0 x 10-7 = [In-] = 1.0 x 10-4 Yellow

1.0 x 10-3 [HIn]

Pure Water 1.0 x 10-7 = [In-] = 1.0 Green

1.0 x 10-7 [HIn]

0.0010 M NaOH 1.0 x 10-7 = [In-] = 1.0 x 104 Blue

1.0 x 10-11 [HIn]
2. a) Because the yellow form of the indicator is seen in the presence of HA1, then HIn is a stronger acid than
HA1.
b) Because the red form of the indicator is seen in the presence of HA2, then HIn is a weaker acid than HA2.
Thus: HA1 < HIn < HA2

2018/2019
3.
Solution à 0.10 M HCl 0.10 M NaOH 0.10 M FeCl3 0.10 M
NaCN
Indicator 1: methyl violet yellow/green blue blue blue
Indicator 2: bromthymol blue yellow blue yellow blue
Indicator 3: indigo carmine blue yellow blue blue
4.
HNO3 + KOH NaOH + HCOOH HBr + NH3
pH at Equivalence Pt. 7 above 7 below 7
Indicator phenolphthalein phenolphthalein methyl red
5. a) The Ka for bromcresol purple is slightly less than the Ka for acetic acid and so bromcresol purple is a slightly
weaker acid than acetic acid.
b) Because the two weak acids are so close in strength, when both are present in a solution, the position of
the equilibrium will not favour one side appreciably more than the other. This means that approximately
equal [HIn] and [In-] will exist in the solution resulting in an intermediate colour between yellow and purple.
Thus, bromcresol purple would not be an ideal indicator to show that acetic acid is acidic.
6.
Solution A Solution B Solution C Solution D Solution E
HIO3 NaCl K3PO4 CH3COOH LiHCOO
7.
Indicator pKa Ka Colour in Colour Displayed Colour
Pure Water in 0.010 M NaOH Displayed in
0.010 M HCl
Phenol Red 7.3 5 x 10-8 yellow/orange red yellow
Methyl 3.8 2 x 10-4 yellow yellow red
Orange
Alizarin 11.1 9 x 10-12 yellow red yellow
Yellow

8. a) In a weak acid – strong base titration, the weaker the acid being titrated, the or higher the initial pH of the
solution will be, and the higher the pH at the equivalence point will be.
b) In a weak base – strong acid titration, the weaker the base being titrated, the lower the initial pH of the
solution will be, and the lower the pH at the equivalence point will be.
9.
Calculating pH Halfway to the Calculating pH at the Equivalence
Equivalence Point Point
(Chemistry of Buffers) (Hydrolysis of Salts)
A buffer solution exists at this At the equivalence point for this type
point in the titration such that of titration, the anion of the salt that
Titration of a Weak Acid by a [weak acid] = [conjugate base] in exists at the equivalence point is the
Strong Base the reaction flask. Thus, the conjugate base of a weak acid. Being
[H3O+] = Ka for the weak acid and a weak base, it will thus hydrolyze by
pH = pKa. accepting protons from water
producing OH-.
A buffer solution exists at this At the equivalence point for this type
point in the titration such that of titration, the cation of the salt that
Titration of a Weak Base by a [weak base] = [conjugate acid] in exists at the equivalence point is the
Strong Acid the reaction flask. Thus, the conjugate acid of a weak acid. Being
[H3O+] = Ka for the conjugate acid a weak acid, it will thus hydrolyze by
and pH = pKa. donating protons to water producing
H3O+.

2018/2019
10. For each type of titration described in question 8 15. a)
above:
Step 1 in calculating the equivalence point
pH involves calculating the final
concentrations of the reacting species
resulting from the titration reaction which
goes to completion. This is most
conveniently done by employing an ICF
table in the solution process.

Step 2 then involves using the

concentrations calculated in step 1 above
as the initial concentrations in either a
weak base pH calculation (due to anionic
hydrolysis in #8. (a) ) or a weak acid pH
calculation (due to cationic hydrolysis in #8.
(b) ). This is most conveniently done by
employing an ICE table in the solution (b) Selecting a diprotic indicator with pKa 1 and pKa 2
process. values close to the first and second equivalence point pH
values respectively would be appropriate. Alternatively,
11. a) 3.74 monitoring the pH during the titration with a pH meter
b) 25.0 mL would be advisable.
c) 8.40 Page 417, Quick Check
12. Thus pKa for weak acid = 3.456 and so Ka = 1. For a metal oxide to react with water to produce a
10-3.456 = 3.50 x 10-4; This matches the Ka for basic solution and thus be considered a basic
hydrofluoric acid. anhydride, the metal oxide must be both highly
13. Thus pKb for weak base = 14.00 - 9.50 = 4.50 ionic and soluble.
and so Kb = 10-4.50 = 3.2 x 10-5 2. The elements in Groups 1 and 2 (except beryllium)
14. are the metals that satisfy these criteria.
3. The calcium oxide in the cement is a basic
anhydride that will react with moisture on the skin
to produce hydroxide ions. This strong base is
corrosive and will cause irritation to the skin.

Page 418, Quick Check

1. The exhaled breath contains CO2 which reacts
with the water in the beaker to form H3O+ions.
This lowers the pH of the solution causing the
universal indicator to change colour.
2. No hydroxide ions are formed when covalent
Appropriate indicators for titration (a) would be oxides react with water because no oxide ions are
bromthymol blue or phenol red. released into water during the hydrolysis.
An appropriate indicator for titration (b) would be
methyl red. Page 419, Practice Problems
1. a) K2O(s) + H2O(l) à 2KOH(aq)
b) MgO(s) + H2O(l) à Mg(OH)2(aq)
2. a) Al2O3 < SiO2 < P4O10 < SO3 <
Cl2O7
b) Cl2O7(aq) + H2O(l) à 2HClO4(aq)
SO3(aq) + H2O(l) à H2SO4(aq)
3. a) In general, ionic oxides react with water to
produce ionic bases.
b) In general, molecular oxides that react with
water produce acids. Acids are molecular
compounds.
2018/2019
Page 421, Quick Check temperature and pressure because the activation
1. NO2, SO2, and SO3. energy for the reaction is far too high.
2. The combustion of impure coal containing pyrite 5. Several serious problems associated with acid
produces SO2 according to the following precipitation are:
reaction: • Aquatic ecosystems are harmed because most
4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) à 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g) species of fish will perish at pH levels below 5.
3. In polluted air containing ozone, O3, and fine dust • Terrestrial plants are damaged and weakened
particles (especially in the presence of sunlight), when exposed to acidic precipitation.
oxygen and ozone will oxidize some of the SO2 to • Acid precipitation contaminates the water
SO3: supplies that human populations depend upon.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) à 2SO3(g) • The soils in many areas contain aluminum salts
that are nearly insoluble in normal groundwater,
SO2(g) + O3(g) à SO3(g) + O2(g) but begin to dissolve in more acidic solutions.
Sulphur trioxide now reacts with water to form This dissolving soil releases the Al3+ ions into
the strong acid sulphuric acid: aquatic ecosystems where they lower the pH of
SO3(g) + H2O(l) à H2SO4(aq) the water and threaten fish.
• The dissolving soil also leaches out many
Page 424, Practice Problems valuable nutrients that are lost in the runoff.
1. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) à 2SO3(g) • Many buildings, monuments, and even
SO3(g) + H2O(l) à H2SO4(aq) headstones contain CaCO3 in the form of either
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) à HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq) marble or limestone. Carbonate salts dissolve in
2. In water, hydrated aluminum ions function as acids and long-term exposure to acid rain
weak acids according to the following: significantly degrades such structures.
Al(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l) Al(H2O)5OH2+(aq) + H3O+(aq).
6. a) SO3(g) + H2O(l) à H2SO4(aq)
Thus aluminum ions entering aquatic ecosystems
b) 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) à HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
lower pH levels and threaten aquatic life.
7. The oxides of sulphur and nitrogen that cause
3. Scrubbing involves first blowing powdered
acid precipitation are gases that are carried into
limestone (CaCO3) into the combustion chamber
the atmosphere. Prevailing atmospheric winds
where heat decomposes it to CaO and CO2
can push clouds containing these oxides great
according to the following:
distances from where the nonmetal oxides are
CaCO3(s) à CaO(s) + CO2(g)
actually produced.
The calcium oxide (lime) then combines with the
8. Some lakes in regions where acid precipitation
sulphur dioxide gas to produce solid calcium
occurs are naturally protected because they are
sulphite:
bounded by soils rich in limestone. As the
CaO(s) + SO2(g) à CaSO3(s)
limestone dissolves, the hydronium ions from
As a second step, to remove the CaSO3 and any
acid rain cause more bicarbonate ions to form
unreacted SO2, an aqueous suspension of CaO is
according to the following:
then sprayed into the exhaust gases before they
CO32-(aq) + H3O+(aq) HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l)
reach the smokestack to produce a thick -
Over time, as the [HCO3 ] increases, the lakes
suspension of CaSO3 called a slurry.
become effective bicarbonate / carbonate buffer
systems and maintain a relatively constant pH.
Page 427, 6.5 Review Questions
If a lake’s soil does not contain sufficient
limestone, a temporary solution is to add CaCO3
1. a) Rb2O(s) + H2O(l) à 2RbOH(aq)
or CaO directly to the lake.
b) SrO(s) + H2O(l) à Sr(OH)2(aq)
9. a) The purpose of “scrubbers” in coal-burning
c) SeO2(s) + H2O(l) à H2SeO3(aq)
electrical power plants and smelters is to remove
d) N2O5(g) + H2O(l) à 2HNO3(aq)
sulphur dioxide gas from the exhaust stream
2. CaO(s) + H2O(l) à Ca(OH)2(aq)
before the exhaust stream is released into the
“Sweetening” the soil refers to increasing the
atmosphere.
alkalinity (the pH) of the soil. Moss thrives in
b) Two problems associated with the process of
acidic or “sour” soil, but doesn’t grow as well in
scrubbing are:
alkaline soil.
i) The process is expensive and consumes a
3. P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) à 4H3PO4(aq)
great deal of energy.
4. Oxygen gas and nitrogen gas will not react with
ii) Because no use has yet been found for the
each other under normal conditions of
CaSO3, the great quantities of this compound

2018/2019
 that are produced by the process are usually
buried in landfills.
10. A catalytic converter significantly reduces the
levels of nitrogen oxides released into the
atmosphere by using catalytic materials such as
transition metal oxides and palladium or
platinum metals to convert gaseous nitrogen
oxides in the exhaust stream to nitrogen and
oxygen gas before it leaves the tailpipe. The
catalyzed reaction can be represented as follows:
2NOx(g) à xO2(g) + N2(g)
(The value of “x” is either “1” or “2”)
11. Gaseous ammonia can lower NOx emissions
when it is reacted with the hot stack gases to
produce nitrogen and water vapour according to
the following reaction:
4NO(g) + 4NH3(g) + O2(g) à 4N2(g) + 6H2O(l)

2018/2019