**Lab Manual: Thevenin’s Theorem**

**Course:** EE102: Circuit Analysis

**Lab Title:** Verification and Application of Thevenin’s Theorem

**Department:** Electrical Engineering

**Prepared by:** Dr. Jhon Doe, Ph.D., Renewable Energy Engineering

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### Objective

To verify Thevenin’s theorem by determining the Thevenin equivalent circuit of a given network and using it to simplify circuit
analysis. This lab focuses on transforming a complex circuit into its Thevenin equivalent to predict the behavior of the network
across a particular load resistor.

### Background

Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear bilateral circuit with voltage and current sources and resistors can be simplified to a
single voltage source, \( V_{th} \), in series with a single resistance, \( R_{th} \), connected to the load. The theorem makes it
easier to analyze complex circuits, especially when determining how a particular load affects the circuit.

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### Theory

1. **Thevenin Voltage (\( V_{th} \))**: The open-circuit voltage across the terminals where the load is connected.

2. **Thevenin Resistance (\( R_{th} \))**: The equivalent resistance seen from the load terminals when all independent voltage
sources are replaced by short circuits and independent current sources by open circuits.

#### Steps to Find the Thevenin Equivalent

1. **Remove the Load Resistance**: Disconnect the load resistor from the circuit.

2. **Calculate \( V_{th} \)**: Measure or calculate the open-circuit voltage across the terminals.

3. **Determine \( R_{th} \)**: Turn off all independent sources and calculate the equivalent resistance seen from the
terminals.

4. **Construct the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit**: Replace the original network by the Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting
of \( V_{th} \) in series with \( R_{th} \) and reconnect the load.

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### Equipment and Components

- DC power supply

- Assortment of resistors (values provided in the lab)

- Digital multimeter

- Breadboard

- Connecting wires

- Preconfigured circuit diagram (provided in the lab)

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### Procedure

1. **Set Up the Circuit**

- Construct the circuit on the breadboard as per the provided diagram, ensuring all connections are secure.

- Identify the terminals where the load resistor will be connected.

2. **Determine \( V_{th} \) (Open-Circuit Voltage)**

- Remove the load resistor from the circuit.

- Use a multimeter to measure the voltage across the open terminals (where the load was connected). Record this voltage
as \( V_{th} \).

3. **Determine \( R_{th} \) (Thevenin Resistance)**

- Turn off the power supply.

- Replace the voltage sources in the circuit with short circuits and current sources with open circuits.

- Measure the equivalent resistance across the open terminals using the multimeter. This value is \( R_{th} \).

4. **Construct the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit**

- Replace the original circuit with a single Thevenin equivalent voltage source (\( V_{th} \)) in series with the Thevenin
resistance (\( R_{th} \)).

- Reconnect the load resistor to the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

5. **Verification**

- Measure the voltage across and current through the load resistor in the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

- Compare these measurements to those obtained with the original circuit configuration.

6. **Record Observations**
 - Fill in the following table with your results:

| Step | Measured Value | Calculated Value |

|-------------------------|----------------|------------------|

| Open-Circuit Voltage \( V_{th} \) | | |

| Equivalent Resistance \( R_{th} \) | | |

| Load Voltage \( V_{L} \) | | |

| Load Current \( I_{L} \) | | |

7. **Analysis**

- Discuss any differences between the measurements from the original circuit and the Thevenin equivalent.

- Calculate theoretical values and compare them with experimental values to assess the accuracy of the results.

8. **Conclusion**

- Summarize how Thevenin’s theorem simplifies circuit analysis.

- Discuss potential sources of error in the experiment and their impact on the results.

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### Questions for Further Study

1. Why is Thevenin’s theorem particularly useful in analyzing circuits with variable loads?

2. How would you apply Thevenin’s theorem if the circuit contains dependent sources?

3. Discuss the limitations of Thevenin’s theorem in non-linear circuits.

4. In what practical applications could Thevenin’s theorem be most beneficial?

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### Safety Precautions

- Double-check circuit connections before powering up to avoid short circuits.

- Turn off the power supply before modifying or measuring resistance in the circuit.
- Handle equipment carefully, especially the multimeter probes, to avoid damaging components.

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### References

1. *Circuit Analysis: Theory and Practice* by Allan H. Robbins and Wilhelm C. Miller - for detailed explanations of Thevenin’s
theorem applications.

2. *Introductory Circuit Analysis* by Robert L. Boylestad - for theoretical background and example problems on Thevenin’s
theorem.

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By the end of this lab, students should have a clear understanding of Thevenin’s theorem, its application in simplifying circuit
analysis, and the practical steps for finding Thevenin equivalent circuits. This lab will also demonstrate the usefulness of
Thevenin’s theorem in analyzing circuits with changing load conditions.