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Troubleshooting the Extrusion Process A Systematic
Approach to Solving Plastic Extrusion Problems 3rd
Edition Noriega M.P.E. Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Noriega M.P.E., Rauwendaal C.
ISBN(s): 9781569907757, 1569907757
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 12.47 MB
Year: 2019
Language: english
 Noriega / Rauwendaal
Troubleshooting the Extrusion Process
 III

Maria del Pilar Noriega E.

Chris Rauwendaal

Troubleshooting the
Extrusion Process
A Systematic Approach to Solving Plastic
Extrusion Problems

3rd Edition

Hanser Publishers, Munich Hanser Publications, Cincinnati

The Authors:
Maria del Pilar Noriega E., Calle 16 A Sur No. 29 B - 40, Medellin, Colombia, South America
Chris Rauwendaal, 10556 Combie Rd PMB 6677 Auburn, CA 95602-8908, USA

Distributed in the Americas by:

Hanser Publications
414 Walnut Street, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA
Phone: (800) 950-8977
www.hanserpublications.com

Distributed in all other countries by:

Carl Hanser Verlag
Postfach 86 04 20, 81631 Munich, Germany
Fax: +49 (89) 98 48 09
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The use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially
identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks
Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true
and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal
responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein.

The final determination of the suitability of any information for the use contemplated for a given application
­remains the sole responsibility of the user.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019946876

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publisher.

© Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2019

Editor: Dr. Julia Diaz Luque
Production Management: Jörg Strohbach
Coverconcept: Marc Müller-Bremer, www.rebranding.de, Munich
Coverdesign: Max Kostopoulos
Typesetting: Kösel Media GmbH, Krugzell
Printed and bound by Hubert & Co. GmbH und Co. KG BuchPartner, Göttingen
Printed in Germany

ISBN: 978-1-56990-775-7
E-Book ISBN: 978-1-56990-776-4
 Acknowledgments

From author Chris Rauwendaal:

I want to thank my family for their continuing support and patience when I work
on these time-consuming projects. I would also like to thank the hundreds of com-
panies I have worked with. Each troubleshooting problem is not only a challenge
but also an opportunity to learn. After working in the extrusion industry for over
45 years I have had the good fortune to learn more than I ever expected. Also, I
would like to thank the thousands of people that have attended my extrusion sem-
inars. I have found that the best way to learn a subject well is to teach it – this is
one of many enjoyable and rewarding aspects of teaching. In most seminars there
is very good interaction. As a result, not only the attendees learn from the instruc-
tor but the instructor also learns from the attendees – truly a win-win situation.
I would like to acknowledge Verena Resonnek at the department of Kunststofftech-
nik Paderborn, University of Paderborn, Germany for providing information on the
development of a controller capable of automatic optimization of extruder barrel
temperatures.

Author Maria del Pilar Noriega Escobar thanks her husband, family, and best
friends for their valuable support and patience during all these years of applied
research, industrial applications, and innovation in polymer processing. She is
grateful to Mr. Hans Udo Steinhäuser, President of the Plastics and Rubber Re-
search Institute (ICIPC) and her Institute’s colleagues for their support during the
preparation of this book.
Norberto Montoya is acknowledged for micrographs in the first edition and Juan
Carlos Gallego for micrographs in the second edition.
Eberhard Grünschloss from IKT (Institut für Kunststofftechnik, Stuttgart) and Tim
Andreas Osswald (UW–Madison) are acknowledged for the valuable discussions
and, finally, Diana María Angel is gratefully acknowledged for the figures in the
three editions.
 Preface

One of the greatest challenges in actual extrusion operations is efficient and rapid
problem-solving. Extrusion problems often result in downtime and/or out-of-spec
product, and this can be very costly. However, because of the nature of the extru-
sion process, it is often quite difficult to determine the cause of the problem and
find the proper solution, particularly if it must be done quickly. Despite the indus-
trial importance of extrusion troubleshooting, no book currently deals exclusively
with this topic. This book is an attempt to rectify this situation.
Both authors have worked in extrusion for many years and have been involved in
numerous troubleshooting projects. Although it is impossible to discuss all possi-
ble extrusion problems, it is possible to discuss the main categories and to develop
a systematic and methodical approach to solving extrusion problems. In this book,
the authors frequently use flow charts and fishbone charts to allow systematic
troubleshooting.
The authors added a substantial amount of new material to this third edition, in-
cluding:
ƒƒChapter 1: new section on collection and interpretation of extrusion process data
ƒƒChapter 2: data acquisition systems section substantially expanded and updated
with cloud-based DAS and systems that can automatically detect machine prob-
lems; new sections on rotational rheometry and the smartphone
ƒƒChapter 3: new sections covering how screw design can affect extruder perform­
ance and melt temperature variation; additionally, barrel temperature profiles
for many polymers from LDPE to PEEK
ƒƒChapter 4: ten new case studies
ƒƒAppendix 3: new section with information on barrel temperature optimization
for PP and HDPE for a 2.5-inch (63.5 mm) extruder and a description of recent
research on automatic optimization of extruder barrel temperatures conducted at
the department of Kunststofftechnik Paderborn, University of Paderborn, Ger-
many by Verena Resonnek
VIII  Preface

ƒƒAppendix 4 (new): process signal analysis using Fast Fourier Transform

The authors welcome feedback from readers, along with additional material on
extrusion troubleshooting. This will allow more information to be incorporated into
future editions of this book.
 List of Acronyms

ABS Acrylic-butadiene-styrene copolymer

BTP Barrel temperature profile
DAS Data acquisition system
DOE Design of experiments
FPVC Flexible polyvinylchloride
HDPE High density polyethylene
L/D Length to diameter ratio
LDPE Low density polyethylene
LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene
OTE One-at-a-time experiments
PC Polycarbonate
PE Polyethylene
PEEK Polyether ether ketone
PET Polyethylene terephthalate
PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic)
PP Polypropylene
PS Polystyrene
PVC Polyvinylchloride
RPVC Rigid polyvinylchloride
SPC Statistical process control
 Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII

List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX

1 Requirements for Efficient Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Understanding the Extrusion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Collection and Analysis of Historical Data (Time Line) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Team Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Condition of the Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Information about the Feed Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 Problem-Solving Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8 Collection and Interpretation of ­Extrusion Process Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.8.2 Vital Signs of the Extrusion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.8.2.1 Melt Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8.2.2 Melt Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8.2.3 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.8.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2 Tools for Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.1 Temperature Measurement Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 Data Acquisition Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.1 Portable Data Collectors/Machine Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.2 Fixed-Station Data Acquisition Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Light Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
XII Contents

2.4 Thermochromic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.5 Thermal Analysis, IR Spectroscopy, and Rheometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5.1 Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning
­Calorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5.4 Thermomechanical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.5.5 Torque Rheometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5.6 High Pressure Capillary Rheometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5.7 Rotational Rheometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.5.8 Other Thermal Characterization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.6 Miscellaneous Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.6.1 Infrared Thermography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.6.2 The Smartphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.6.3 Power Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3 Systematic Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Upsets versus Development Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Machine-Related Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.1 The Drive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.2 The Feed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.3 The Heating and Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.4 How Screw Design Can Affect Extruder Performance . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.5 Wear Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2.5.1 Wear Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.5.2 Test Methods for Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.5.3 Causes of Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.2.5.4 Solutions to Wear Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.5.5 Rebuilding Worn Screws and Barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.6 Screw Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.6.1 Extrusion of Fluoropolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.2.6.2 The Mechanics of Screw Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.2.6.3 Changes in Clearance Due to Temperature Differences 88
3.2.6.4 Analysis of Temperature Distribution in
Extruder Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.6.5 Change in Clearance Due to Compressive Load . . . . . . 92
3.2.6.6 Results from Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.3 Polymer Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.1 Types of Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.1.1 Thermal Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
  Contents XIII

3.3.1.2 Mechanical Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

3.3.1.3 Chemical Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.2 Degradation in Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.2.1 Residence Time Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.2.2 Temperature Distribution Simple Calculations . . . . . . . 101
3.3.2.3 Temperature Distribution Numerical Calculations . . . . 107
3.3.2.4 Reducing Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.4 Extrusion Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.4.1 Frequency of Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.4.1.1 High-Frequency Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.4.1.2 Screw Frequency Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4.1.3 Low-Frequency Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.4.1.4 Very Slow Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4.1.5 Random Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4.2 Functional Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.4.2.1 Solids-Conveying Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.4.2.2 Plasticating Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.4.2.3 Melt-Conveying Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.4.2.4 Devolatilization Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.4.2.5 Mixing Related Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4.2.6 Distributive Mixing Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4.2.7 Dispersive Mixing Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4.2.8 Solving Mixing Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.4.2.9 Melt Temperature Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.4.3 Solving Extrusion Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.5 Air Entrapment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.6 Gel Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.6.1 Measuring Gels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.6.2 Gels Created in the Extrusion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.6.3 Removing Gels Produced in Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.7 Die-Flow Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
3.7.1 Melt Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
3.7.2 Die-Lip Buildup (“Die Drool”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.7.3 V- or W-Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.7.4 Specks and Discoloration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.7.5 Lines in Extruded Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.7.5.1 Weld Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.7.6 Optical and Appearance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
XIV Contents

4 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

4.1 Film Coextrusion — Degradation in the Middle Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.1.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.2 Film Coextrusion with Interfacial ­Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.2.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.2.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.2.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.3 Lines in the Extruded Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.3.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.3.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.3.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.4 Color Variation in Polypropylene Carpet Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.4.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.4.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.4.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.5 Plastic Film with Poor Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.5.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.5.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4.5.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.6 Wear Problem in Film Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.6.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.6.2 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.7 Multilayer Film — Several Appearance Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.7.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.7.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.7.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.8 Dispersion Problem in a High-Density Polyethylene Bottle . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.8.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.8.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.8.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.9 Polymer Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.9.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.9.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.9.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.10 Heat-Sealing Problems in a Coextruded Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.10.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.10.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.10.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
  Contents XV

4.11 Output Problem in a Blown Film Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

4.11.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.11.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.11.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
4.12 Masterbatch Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.12.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.12.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.12.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.13 Pipe Extrusion Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.13.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.13.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.13.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.14 Gel Formation in a Coextruded Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.14.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.14.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.14.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.15 Agglomerates and Grammage Variation in a PP Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.15.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.15.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.15.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.16 Insufficient Melting and Mixing in a Plasticating Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.16.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.16.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.16.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
4.17 High Melt Temperature and Insufficient Output in Coextrusion . . . . . . 208
4.17.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.17.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.17.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4.18 Deficient Solids Conveying and ­Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.18.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.18.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.18.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
4.19 Instability of Formation at the Die . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.19.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.19.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.19.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.20 Intermittent Pumping in a Vented Extruder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.20.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.20.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
4.20.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
XVI Contents

4.21 Melt Fracture or Sharkskin in m-PE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

4.21.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
4.21.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
4.21.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.22 Scale-up of LLDPE Single Screw Extruder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.22.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.22.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.22.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.23 Non-homogeneous Melt in Blow ­Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.23.1 Description of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.23.2 Analysis of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.23.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.24 High Melt Temperature in Sheet ­Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
4.25 Gear Pump Speed Variation in Sheet Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.26 Melt Temperature Variation in Tubing Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
4.27 Black Specks in Tubing Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4.28 Mechanical Degradation in TPE ­Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
4.29 Degradation in a Long Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4.30 Shrink Voids in Rod Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
4.31 Improper Preheating of Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Appendix 1: Systematic Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Appendix 2: Machine Troubleshooting and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . 287

A2.1 Check the Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
A2.2 Unusual Noises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
A2.3 Vibration Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
A2.4 Drive Motors and Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
A2.5 Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
A2.6 Screw and Barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
A2.7 Extruder Maintenance Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Appendix 3: Extruder Barrel Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

A3.1 Setting Extruder Barrel Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
A3.2 Extruder Barrel Temperature Profile Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
A3.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
A3.2.2 Facts about Barrel Temperature Profile (BTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
  Contents XVII

A3.2.3 Typical Process Temperatures for Different Plastics . . . . . . . . . . 298

A3.2.4 Guidelines and Considerations for Setting Barrel Temperatures 299
A3.2.5 BTP Optimization by Design of Experiments (DOE) . . . . . . . . . . 304
A3.2.6 BTP Optimization by One-at-a-Time Experiments (OTE) . . . . . . . 305
A3.2.7 Dynamic BTP Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
A3.2.8 Other Studies on Optimization of Extruder Barrel Temperature
Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
A3.2.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Appendix 4: Process Signal Analysis Using Fast Fourier

Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
fercula multa imponens, largiens de-præsentibus.
[Coquus autem carnium lances apposuit elevatas
diversarum: et eis apposuit aurea pocula.]
Hosque dextera-prehendens allocutus-est flavus Menelaus:
Cibumque gustate et gaudete. Ac deinde,
cœnam quum-gustaveritis, interrogabimus, quinam sitis
hominum: non enim vestrorum genus oblivione periit parentum,
sed virorum genus estis Jovis-alumnorum regum,
sceptriferorum: quippe nequaquam ignavi tales genuerint.
Sic dixit; atque ipsis terga bovis pinguia apposuit,
assata, manibus prehensa, quæ ei in-honorem apposuerant ipsi.
Hi vero ad cibos paratos appositos manus porrigebant.
Ac postquam potus et cibi desiderium exemerant,
tum vero Telemachus alloquebatur Nestoris filium,
prope admoto capite, ut ne audirent ceteri:
Considera, Nestoride, meo carissime animo,
ærisque splendorem per domum sonoram,
aurique, electrique, et argenti, atque eboris.
Jovis utique talis est Olympii intus aula.
Quanta hæc infinita multa! admiratio me tenet intuentem.
Hunc autem loquentem intellexit flavus Menelaus,
et ipsos compellans, verbis alatis allocutus-est:
Filii cari, cum-Jove quidem mortalium haud ullus contenderit:
immortales enim hujus ædes et possessiones sunt:
hominum vero aut aliquis mihi contendat, aut etiam non,
opibus; certe enim multa passus et multum vagatus
adduxi hæc in navibus, et octavo demum anno veni:
ad-Cyprum, Phœnicenque, et Ægyptios vagatus,
Æthiopasque adii, et Sidonios, et Erembos,
et Libyam, ubi agni protinus cornuti sunt.
Ter enim ibi pariunt oves integrum per annum.
Ibi quidem neque herus indigens est, neque omnino pastor,
casei et carnium, neque dulcis lactis:
sed semper præbent per-totum-annum lac mulgendum.
Dum ego circa illa multas facultates colligens
errabam, interea mihi fratrem alius interfecit,
clam, ex-improviso, dolo perniciosæ uxoris:
adeo nequaquam gaudens hisce facultatibus impero.
Et e-patribus ista debetis audivisse, quicumque vobis
sunt: quandoquidem valde multa passus-sum, et perdidi domum,
perquam habitantibus-commodam, continentem multa et
pretiosa.
Quorum utinam vel tertiam habens in ædibus partem
habitarem, at viri salvi essent, qui tum periere
Troja in lata, longe ab-Argo equos pascente.
Sed tamen omnes quidem lugens et deflens,
(crebro in ædibus desidens nostris,
modo quidem luctu mentem oblector, modo autem rursus
quiesco: cita vero venit satietas tremendi luctus)
horum omnium-causa non tantum lugeo, dolens licet,
ut unius-gratia, qui mihi somnum invisum-facit et cibum,
recordanti: quoniam nullus Achivorum tanta molitus-est,
quanta Ulysses molitus-est et pertulit: huic autem destinatum-
erat
ipsi dolores ut-forent, mihi vero mœror semper gravissimus
de-eo, quoniam diu longe-abest; nec quicquam scimus,
vivatne ille, an mortuus-sit: deflent certe illum
Laertesque senex, et prudens Penelope,
Telemachusque, quem reliquit recens natum in domo.
Sic dixit: huic autem ob-patrem desiderium excitavit fletus.
Lacrimam vero a palpebris humi demisit, de-patre audiens,
lænam purpuream oculis prætendens
utraque manu: animadvertit autem ipsum Menelaus;
deliberavitque deinde in mente et in animo,
utrum eum ipsum patris sineret meminisse,
an prior interrogaret, singulaque exploraret.
Dum ille hæc deliberabat in mente et in animo,
Helena ex thalamo odorifero alte-tecto
egressa-est, Dianæ aureum-arcum-habenti similis.
Huic autem ilico Adrasta sellam bene-factam posuit:
Alcippe vero tapetem ferebat mollis lanæ:
Phylo autem argenteum calathum ferebat, quem illi dedit
Alcandra, Polybi uxor, qui habitabat in Thebis
Ægyptiis, ubi plurimæ in ædibus possessiones jacent:
qui Menelao dedit duo argentea labra,
geminosque tripodas, decemque auri talenta.
Seorsum vero rursus Helenæ uxor ejus dedit pulcra dona;
aureamque colum, calathumque infra-circinatum præbuit,
argenteum, auro vero superius labia munita-erant.
Hunc igitur ei ancilla Phylo apposuit ferens,
filo elaborato repletum: ac super eum
colus extensa-erat, violaceam lanam habens.
Sedit autem in sella, et scabellum sub pedibus erat.
Continuo vero hæc verbis maritum interrogabat singula:
Scimusne jam, Menelae Jovis-alumne, quosnam hi
hominum se-profiteantur venisse nostram domum?
Mentiar, an verum dicam? jubet autem me animus.
Non enim me ullum puto similem adeo vidisse
nec virum nec mulierem, (admiratio me tenet adspicientem;)
ut hic Ulyssis magnanimi filio similis-est,
Telemacho, quem reliquit recens natum in domo
ille vir, quando mei impudentis gratia Achivi
venistis sub Trojam, bellum sævum excitantes.
Hanc autem respondens allocutus-est flavus Menelaus:
sic nunc et ego existimo, uxor, ut tu conjicis:
illius enim ejusmodi sunt pedes, ejusmodique manus:
oculorumque jactus, caputque, et superne comæ.
Et nunc sane ego recordatus de Ulysse
loquebar, quanta ille, ærumnas-patiens, toleraverit
pro me: atque hic amaram sub palpebris lacrimam stillabat,
lænam purpuream oculis obtendens.
Hunc vero rursus Nestorides Pisistratus contra allocutus-est:
Atride Menelae, Jovis-alumne, dux virorum,
illius quidem hic filius est vere, quemadmodum dicis;
sed modestus est, indignumque-putat in animo,
huc profectus primum, interpellationes proferre
coram te, cujus nos, dei tanquam, delectamur voce.
Ceterum me misit Gerenius eques Nestor,
hunc simul comes ut-sequerer; cupiebat enim te videre,
ut ei aut sermonem aliquem suggereres, aut aliquod opus.
Plurimos enim dolores habet de-patre filius absente
in domo sua, cui non alii auxiliatores sunt;
sicut nunc Telemacho hic quidem (pater) abest, neque ei alii
sunt, qui in populo avertant ab eo calamitatem.
 Hunc autem respondens allocutus-est flavus Menelaus:
dii boni, certe perquam amici viri filius meam domum
venit, qui mea gratia plurima exanclavit certamina:
atque ipsum cogitabam huc profectum me amice-excepturum præ
aliis
Argivis, si nobis super mare reditum dedisset
navibus velocibus fieri Olympius late-sonans Jupiter.
Et sane ei in Argo condidissem urbem, et ædes exstruxissem,
et Ithaca advecto cum facultatibus et filio suo
et omnibus civibus, una urbe evacuata,
earum quæ circumhabitantur regunturque a-me ipso.
Et crebro, hic si-essemus, una-versaremur: nec nos
aliud quicquam diremisset amantesque oblectantesque-nos,
antequam tandem mortis nigra nebula nos obtexisset.
Sed hæc quidem futurum-erat ut-invideret deus ipse,
qui illum infelicem non-reducem solum reddidit.
Sic dixit: his vero omnibus desiderium excitavit fletus.
Flebat quidem Argiva Helena, Jove enata;
flebat etiam Telemachusque et Atrides Menelaus;
neque Nestoris filius absque-lacrimis habebat oculos.
Recordabatur enim in animo eximii Antilochi,
quem Auroræ interfecit splendidæ inclytus filius:
hujus ille recordatus verba alata dixit:
Atride, supra quidem alios te mortales prudentem esse
Nestor dicebat senex, quando mentionem-faceremus tui:
[ipsius in ædibus, et nos-mutuo alloqueremur:]
atque nunc, si qua licet, pareas mihi; non enim ego
delector flens inter-cœnandum: sed et Aurora
aderit mane-genita: gravor quidem neutiquam
deflere eum, quicunque mortuus-fuerit mortalium et fatum
obierit.
Hic nimirum et honor solus est miseris mortalibus,
comam tondere amicos de mortuis, profundereque lacrimas de-
genis.
Etenim meus obiit frater, neutiquam ignavissimus
Argivorum: debes autem tu nosse: non enim ego
congressus-sum, nec vidi: supra autem alios dicunt fuisse
Antilochum, supra quidem alios currendo velocem ac bellatorem.
 Hunc autem respondens affatus-est flavus Menelaus:
o amice: quandoquidem tanta dixisti, quanta prudens vir
diceret et faceret, etiam qui major-natu esset:
(talis enim et patris es, quare etiam prudenter loqueris:
facile autem conspicua est proles viri, cui Saturnius
felicitatem destinaverit et uxorem-ducenti et nascenti,
quemadmodum nunc Nestori dedit perpetua diebus omnibus,
ipsum quidem molliter senescere in ædibus,
filios porro prudentesque et hastis (bello) esse optimos)
nos vero fletum quidem sinamus, qui prius incidit:
cœnæ autem rursus memores-simus, manibusque aquam
infundant: sermones autem etiam mane erunt
Telemacho et mihi, ut-colloquamur inter-nos.
Sic dixit: Asphalion vero aquam manibus infundebat,
sedulus famulus Menelai gloriosi.
Hi vero ad cibos paratos appositos manus extendebant.
Tum vero aliud cogitavit Helena, Jove enata:
protinus inde in vinum misit medicamen, unde bibebant,
luctui-iræque-adversum, malorum oblivionem-inducens omnium.
Qui illud biberit, postquam crateri mixtum-fuerit,
non tota-die profuderit lacrimam de genis,
ne si quidem ei mortui-fuerint materque paterque;
ne si quidem ei coram fratrem, aut carum filium
ferro trudicarint, ipse vero oculis videret.
Talia Jovis filia habebat medicamina sollerter-excogitata,
bona, quæ ei Polydamna præbuerat, Thonis uxor,
Ægyptia; ubi plurima producit alma terra
medicamina, multa quidem bona mixta, multa autem perniciosa:
medicus vero ibi unusquisque est peritus supra omnes
homines: sane enim Pæonis sunt ex-genere.
Ac postquam immiserat, jusseratque vinum-infundi,
denuo verbis excipiens maritum allocuta-est:
Atride Menelae, Jovis-alumne, atque etiam hi
virorum fortium filii, (enimvero deus alias alii
Jupiter bonumque malumque dat: potest enim omnia)
sane nunc convivamini, sedentes in ædibus,
et sermonibus delectamini: convenientia enim narrabo.
Omnia quidem non ego enarrare-queam, nec nominare,
quot Ulyssis audentis-animi sunt certamina:
sed qualiter istud fecit, et sustinuit fortis vir
populo in Trojanorum, ubi passi-estis ærumnas Achivi.
Se ipsum plagis indecoris domans,
pannos-viles circumjiciens humeris, servo similis,
virorum hostium ingressus-est urbem latis-viis:
alii vero se-ipsum viro celans assimilabat,
mendico, qui neutiquam talis erat apud-naves Achivorum:
huic similis ingressus-est Trojanorum urbem. Illi eum ignorabant
omnes: ego vero ipsum sola agnovi, talis licet-esset,
et ipsum interrogabam: ille tamen astutia tergiversabatur.
Sed quum jam ipsum ego lavissem et unxissem oleo,
vestibusque induissem, et juravissem firmum jusjurandum,
non prius me Ulyssem inter Trojanos prodituram,
quam ipse ad naves veloces tentoriaque pervenisset:
tum demum mihi omnem mentem aperuit Achivorum.
Plurimos autem Trojanorum quum-interfecisset longo ære,
ivit ad Argivos: atque astutiæ famam reportavit multam.
Ibi aliæ Trojanæ stridule ejulabantur: sed meum pectus
gaudebat: quippe jam mihi cor versum-erat ut-redirem
rursus domum: noxam vero deflebam, quam Venus
dederat, quando me duxit illuc cara a patria terra,
filiamque meam post-me-relinquentem, thalamumque,
maritumque,
nulla re mancum, nec mente, nec forma.
Hanc autem respondens allocutus-est flavus Menelaus:
sane hæc utique omnia, uxor, recte dixisti.
Jam quidem multorum cognovi consiliumque mentemque
virorum heroum, multamque peragravi terram:
sed nondum talem ego vidi oculis,
quale Ulyssis audente-animo erat carum cor.[TR2]
Quale etiam hoc fecit et ausus-est fortis vir
equo in polito, ubi insidebamus omnes optimi
Argivorum, Trojanis cædem et fatum ferentes.
Venisti deinde tu illuc: jussisse autem te videbatur
deus, qui Trojanis volebat gloriam præbere;
et te Deiphobus deo-similis sequebatur profectam.
Ter autem circumlustrasti cavas insidias attrectans,
et nominatim Danaorum appellabas optimos,
omnium Argivorum vocem tuam assimilans uxoribus (uxorum
vocibus).
At ego et Diomedes et divinus Ulysses,
sedentes inter medios, audivimus ut vocasti.
Nos quidem ambo promti-eramus exsilientes
aut exire, aut intus protinus respondere:
at Ulysses prohibuit et continuit quantumvis cupidos.
[Ibi ceteri quidem omnes tacebant filii Achivorum:
Anticlus vero te solus excipere verbis
volebat; sed Ulysses os manibus comprimebat
indesidenter robustis, servavitque omnes Achivos: quem
tamdiu tenuit, donec te seorsum abduxisset Pallas Minerva.]
Hunc autem rursus Telemachus prudens contra allocutus-est:
Atride Menelae, Jovis-alumne, dux virorum,
durius est: nequaquam enim ei ista depulere tristem interitum,
ne si ei cor quidem ferreum intus esset.
Sed agite, ad cubile dimittite nos, ut jam
somno sub dulci delectemur cubantes.
Sic dixit: Argiva autem Helena, ancillis præcepit
cubilia sub porticu ut-ponerent, et stragula pulcra
purpurea injicerent, sternerentque supra tapetas,
lænasque imponerent villosas superne quibus-integerentur.
Illæ vero iverunt ex ædibus, facem in manibus habentes:
cubiliaque stravere; sed hospites ducebat præco.
Atque hi quidem in vestibulo domus illic cubarunt,
Telemachusque heros, et Nestoris inclytus filius;
Atride vero dormiebat in-recessu domus excelsæ,
juxtaque Helena sinuoso-peplo cubavit divina inter-mulieres.
Quando vero mane-genita apparuit roseis-digitis Aurora,
surrexit e lecto bello strenuus Menelaus,
vestesque sibi-induit, et gladium acutum suspendit-ab humero,
pedibusque nitidis subligavit pulcros calceos:
progressus-est autem e thalamo, deo similis coram:
Telemachoque assidebat, verbumque dixit et elocutus-est:
Quænam vero te necessitas huc duxit, Telemache heros,
ad Lacedæmonem divinam, per lata dorsa maris?
publicane-res, an privata? hoc mihi vere dic.
Hunc autem rursus Telemachus prudens contra allocutus est:
Atride Menelae, Jovis-alumne, dux virorum,
veni, si quam mihi famam de-patre diceres.
Comeditur mihi domus, perieruntque pinguia opera:
hostilium autem virorum plena est domus, qui mihi perpetuo
pecora alia-post-alia mactant, et trahentes-pedes camuros boves,
matris meæ proci, superbam contumeliam exercentes.
Propterea nunc ad-tua genua veni, si forte velis
illius sævam perniciem narrare, sicubi vidisti
oculis tuis, sive de ea alius sermonem audivisti
errantis: valde enim ipsum ærumnosum peperit mater.
Nec quicquam mihi verecundans blandiaris, neu miserescens,
sed plane mihi enarra, quemadmodum tibi-contigit videre.
Precor, si unquam tibi aliquod pater meus, strenuus Ulysses,
aut dictum, aut aliquod factum pollicitus effecit
populo in Trojanorum, ubi passi-estis ærumnas Achivi:
horum nunc mihi memento, et mihi verum dic.
Hunc autem graviter ingemiscens allocutus-est flavus Menelaus:
dii boni! profecto perquam fortis viri in cubili
volebant cubare, imbelles ipsi quum-sint.
Ut vero quando in lustro cerva fortis leonis
hinnulos ubi-collocarit recens-genitos, lactentes,
saltus investigat, et valles herbosas
pascens; ille vero deinde suum ingressus-est cubile,
utrisque autem illis duram mortem infert:
ita Ulysses illis durum fatum inferet.
Utinam enim, Jupiterque pater, et Minerva, et Apollo,
talis, qualis olim bene-condita in Lesbo
e contentione cum-Philomelide luctatus-est assurgens,
prostravitque eum fortiter, gavisi-sunt autem omnes Achivi
talis cum-procis quoque congrederetur Ulysses:
omnes brevisque-vitæ fierent amarisque-nuptiis.
De-istis vero quæ me interrogas et petis, non equidem
alia præter verum dixerim declinando, nec te decipiam:
sed quæ quidem mihi dixit senex marinus verax,
horum nullum tibi ego celabo dictum, neque occultabo.
In-Ægypto etiamnum dii huc cupientem redire
detinebant, quoniam non ipsis feceram perfectas hecatombas.
[sed semper volebant dii nos meminisse præceptorum.]
Insula autem quædam est undoso in ponto,
Ægyptum ante, (Pharum autem ipsam vocant)
tantum semota, quantum spatii toto-die cava navis
confecerit, cui stridulus ventus aspiret a-puppi:
in ea autem portus est opportunus, unde naves æquales
in pontum deducunt, postquam-hauserunt nigram aquam.
Illic me per-viginti dies detinebant dii, neque unquam venti-
secundi
spirantes apparebant in-mare-flantes, qui navium
ductores sunt super lata dorsa maris.
Et jam viatica omnia consumta-fuissent, et animi virorum,
nisi me aliqua dearum miserata-fuisset, et me servasset,
Protei potentis filia, marini senis,
Idothea: huic enim maxime sane animum commovi;
quæ mihi soli reptanti occurrit, seorsum a-sociis.
Semper enim circa insulam vagantes piscabantur
curvis hamis: urgebat vero ventrem fames.
Hæc autem me prope stans, verbum dixit, locutaque-est:
Stultus es, o hospes, tantopere, an desipiens?
aut sponte cessas, et delectaris dolores ferens,
quod adeo diu in insula detineris, neque ullum finem
invenire potes; deficit autem tibi cor sociorum.
Sic dixit: sed ego ipsam respondens allocutus-sum:
eloquar tibi, quæcunque tandem es dearum,
quomodo ego neutiquam volens detinear, sed videor
immortales offendisse, qui cœlum latum habitant.
Sed tu quidem mihi dic, (dii vero omnia sciunt)
quisnam me immortalium impedit, et arcet ab-itinere,
reditumque dic, ut per pontum proficiscar piscosum.
Sic dicebam: illa autem statim respondit, præstantissima
dearum:
enimvero tibi, hospes, hæc valde vere enarrabo.
Versatur quidam hic senex marinus verax,
immortalis Proteus Ægyptius, qui-utique maris
totius fundos novit, Neptuno subserviens:
huncce meum aiunt patrem esse, ac me genuisse.
Quem si quo-pacto tu possis insidiatus prendere,
ille tibi dicat viam et mensuras itineris,
reditumque, ut per mare proficiscaris piscosum;
ac præterea tibi dicat, Jovis-alumne, si velis,
quodcunque tibi in ædibus malumque bonumque acciderit,
absente te per-longam viam difficilemque.
Sic dixit: at ego ipsam vicissima allocutus-sum:
ipsa nunc explica tu insidias divini senis,
ne quo-pacto me prævidens, aut præsciens, effugiat:
difficilis etenim est deus mortali homini domitu.
Sic dicebam; illa vero continuo respondit, præstantissima
dearum:
enimvero ego tibi, hospes, has valde vere enarrabo.
Quando sol in-medium cœlum ascenderit,
tunc e mari emergit senex marinus verax,
flatu sub Zephyri, nigra superficie-horrescentis-maris obtectus;
egressusque decumbit sub specubus cavis:
circa ipsum vero phocæ, progenies (s. pisces) pulcræ Halosydnæ,
confertæ dormiunt, e cano mari egressæ,
acerbum exspirantes maris perprofundi odorem.
Illuc te ego ducens, simul cum aurora illucescente,
collocabo vos ex-ordine: tu vero diligenter elige socios
tres, qui tibi apud naves bene-tabulatas optimi sunt.
Omnes autem tibi enarrabo malas-astutias hujus senis.
Phocas quidem primum numerabit, et obibit:
ac postquam omnes per-quinos-numerarit et inspexerit,
cubabit in mediis, pastor veluti in-gregibus ovium.
Hunc quidem ubi primum decubuisse videritis,
tum deinde vobis curæ-sit roburque visque:
illic vero tenete obluctantem et nitentem licet elabi.
Omnia vero ut-fiat, tentabit, quæcunque in terra
reptilia oriuntur, et aqua, et immane-ardens ignis:
vos autem firmiter tenete, magisque premite.
Sed quando demum te ipse interrogaverit verbis,
talis apparens, qualem decubuisse videritis,
tum vero desiste a-vi, solveque senem,
heros: interroga vero, deorum quisnam te affligat;
reditumque, ut per pontum proficiscaris piscosum.
Sic locuta, pontum subiit fluctuantem.
At ego ad naves, ubi stabant in arenis,
ibam: multa vero mihi cor in-profundo-agitabat eunti.
Ac postquam ad navem deveneram ac mare,
cœnamque apparavimus, et supervenit divina nox;
tum vero dormivimus in litore maris.
Quando autem mane-genita apparuit roseis-digitis Aurora,
tum vero ad litus maris late-patentis
ivi, multum diis supplicans: atque socios
tres ducebam, quibus potissimum confidebam omnem ad
impetum.
Interea autem illa ingressa maris latum sinum,
quatuor phocarum e ponto pelles attulit;
omnes vero erant recens-detractæ: dolum autem struebat patri.
Cubilia vero in arenis quum-exsculpisset marinis,
sedebat exspectans; nos autem valde prope venimus ipsam:
ex-ordineque ea nos collocavit, injecitque corium unicuique.
Illic sane molestissimæ insidiæ erant: affligebat enim graviter
phocarum in-mari-nutritarum teterrimus odor:
quis enim marinum apud cetum cubare-posset?
sed ipsa nos servavit et excogitavit magnum auxilium:
ambrosiam naribus unicuique supposuit afferens,
dulce admodum spirantem, sustulitque ceti odorem.
Totum autem mane exspectabamus patienti animo:
phocæ vero e mari venere confertæ: eæ quidem deinde
ordine cubabant juxta litus maris.
Meridianus autem senex exiit e mari, invenitque phocas
obesas: omnes vero obibat, recensuitque numerum.
Ac nos primos recensuit inter-cetos, neque omnino animo
suspicabatur dolum esse: deinde autem decubuit et ipse.
Nos vero vociferantes irruimus; circumque eum manus
jecimus; nec senex dolosæ obliviscebatur artis:
sed primum quidem leo factus-est bene-jubatus,
ac deinde draco, et panthera, atque ingens sus;
factus-est etiam liquida aqua, et arbor alto-vertice-comans.
Nos vero firmiter eum tenebamus constanti animo.
Sed quum jam angebatur senex, malas-versutias sciens,
tum vero me verbis interrogans allocutus-est:
Quisnam tibi, Atrei fili, deorum contulit consilia,
ut me caperes invitum insidiatus? cujus-rei tibi est-opus?
 Sic dixit: at ego ipsum respondens allocutus-sum:
scis, senex, (quid me ista decipiens interrogas?)
quomodo jam diu in insula detineor, neque aliquem finem
invenire queo, conficitur autem mihi intus cor.
Sed tu saltem mihi dic, (dii vero omnia sciunt)
quisnam me immortalium detineat, et arceat ab-itinere,
reditumque dic, ut per pontum proficiscar piscosum.
Sic dicebam; ille vero me statim respondens allocutus-est:
atqui omnino debebas Jovique aliisque diis
facere sacra pulcra et naves conscendere, ut citissime
tuam in patriam venires, navigans per nigrum pontum.
Non enim tibi prius fatum est amicosque videre et venire
ad-domum bene-ædificatam, et tuam in patriam terram,
quam quando Ægypti, a-Jove-fluentis fluvii,
rursus ad-aquas redieris, fecerisque sacras hecatombas
immortalibus diis, qui cœlum latum tenent:
et tunc tibi dabunt viam dii, quam tu cupis.
Sic dixit; at mihi confractum-est carum cor,
eo-quod me rursus jubebat per obscurum pontum
in-Ægyptum ire, longum iter difficileque.
Verum etiam sic ipsum verbis respondens allocutus-sum:
Hæc quidem sic plane perficiam, senex, ut tu præcipis.
Sed age mihi hoc dic et vere enarra,
si omnes cum navibus incolumes redierint Achivi,
quos Nestor et ego reliquimus, a-Troja profecti,
an aliquis periit morte inopinata, sua in nave,
aut amicorum in manibus, postquam bellum confecerit.
Sic dicebam: ille vero me statim respondens allocutus-est:
Atride, quid me hæc interrogas? nec quicquam te oportet
scire, neque explorare meum animum; nec te puto
diu absque-lacrimis fore, postquam bene omnia audieris.
Multi enim illorum domiti-sunt, multi vero relicti;
duces autem duo soli Achivorum ære-loricatorum
in reditu periere: pugnæ vero etiam tu interfuisti.
Unus autem adhuc alicubi vivus detinetur lato in-ponto.
Ajax quidem apud naves domitus-est longis-remis-instructas.
Gyris primum Neptunus admovit,
petris magnis, et salvum-eduxit e-mari:
et sane effugisset mortem, etiamsi invisus Minervæ,
nisi superbum dictum protulisset, et in-magnum incidisset-
peccatum:
dixit vel invitis diis se evitaturum magnos fluctus maris.
Hunc vero Neptunus magna audivit jactantem:
statim deinde, tridente sumto, manibus validis
percussit Gyræam petram, et abscidit ipsam:
et unum quidem illic manebat, alterum vero frustum incidit mari:
cui Ajax primum insidens valde perculsus erat;
eum autem ferebat in mare infinitum, undosum.
[Sic ille quidem ibi periit, postquam biberat salsam aquam.]
Tuus vero utcunque effugit mortem frater et evitavit
in navibus cavis: servavit enim eum veneranda Juno.
Sed quando jam statim erat ad-Malearum montem arduum
perventurus, tum vero ipsum abreptum procella
pontum per piscosum tulit, valde ingemiscentem,
agri ad extremam-oram; ubi ædes habitabat Thyestes
prius, at tunc habitabat Thyestiades Ægisthus.
Sed quum jam et illinc appareret reditus incolumis,
retro vero dii ventum verterunt, et illi domum venerunt:
sane ille quidem gaudens ingressus-est patriam terram,
et osculabatur tangens suam patriam: multæ vero ab ipso
lacrimæ calidæ fundebantur, quia lubenter vidit terram.
Hunc autem e specula conspexit speculator, quem constituerat
Ægisthus dolosus eo ducens: promisit autem mercedem,
auri duo talenta: observabat vero hic in annum,
ne ipsum lateret prætervehens, recordareturque Agamemno
strenuæ fortitudinis.
Ivit autem nuntiaturus ad ædes pastori virorum.
Statim vero Ægisthus dolosam excogitavit machinam:
electis per populum viginti viris optimis
constituit insidias, et ab-altera-parte jussit convivium apparari.
At ipse ivit invitans Agamemnonem, pastorem virorum,
cum-equis et curribus, nefanda animo-agitans.
Hunc autem ignarum perniciei reduxit, et trucidavit
convivio-exceptum, ut aliquis interfecerit bovem ad præsepe.
Nec quisquam Atridæ sociorum relictus-est, qui eum sequebantur,
nec quisquam Ægisthi; sed strati-sunt in ædibus.
Sic dixit; at mihi confractum-est carum cor;
flebam autem in arenis sedens; nec mihi cor
volebat amplius vivere, et videre lumen solis.
At postquam flendoque volutandoque saturatus-eram,
tum vero me allocutus-est senex marinux verax:
Ne-amplius, Atrei fili, longo tempore indesinenter sic
fleas, quoniam non remedium aliquod inveniemus: sed citissime
tenta, quo jam tuam in-patriam terram pervenias.
Aut enim ipsum vivum deprehendes, aut Orestes
interfecit præveniens: tu vero sepulturæ occurreris.
Sic dixit: at mihi cor et animus generosus
rursus intra pectus, etiamsi mœsto, lætabatur:
et ipsum compellans verbis alatis allocutus-sum:
Hos quidem jam novi: tu vero tertium virum nomina,
qui adhuc vivus detinetur in-lato mari.
[aut mortuus: volo autem, etiamsi mœstus, audire.]
Sic dicebam: ille vero me statim respondens allocutus-est:
filius Laertæ, in Ithaca ædes habitans:
hunc vero vidi in insula uberes lacrimas fundentem,
Nymphæ in ædibus Calypsus, quæ ipsum necessitate
detinet: illeque non potest in-suam patriam terram pervenire.
Non enim ei adsunt naves remigio-instructæ, et socii,
qui ipsum devehant per lata dorsa maris.
Tibi vero non a-fato-decretum est, Jovis-alumne o Menelae,
in Argo equos-pascente mori et fatum obire:
sed te in Elysium campum et fines terræ
immortales mittent, ubi flavus Rhadamanthus est:
ubi quidem facillima vita est hominibus:
non nix, neque hiemis multa, neque unquam imber,
sed semper Zephyri argute-spirantes auras
Oceanus emittit, ad-refrigerandum homines:
quoniam habes Helenam, et ipsis Jovis gener es.
Sic locutus, pontum subiit fluctuosum.
At ego ad naves simul cum divinis sociis
ivi; multa autem mihi cor in-profundo-agitabat eunti.
Ac postquam ad navem devenimus et mare,
cœnamque apparavimus, supervenitque divina nox:
tum denique dormivimus in litore maris.
Quando autem mane-genita apparuit roseis-digitis Aurora,
naves quidem omnium-primum deduximus in mare divinum,
et malos imposuimus et vela navibus æqualibus:
et ipsi porro ingressi in transtris consederunt;
ordine autem sedentes canum mare verberabant remis.
Rursus autem ad Ægypti regionem, a-Jove-fluentis fluvii,
constitui naves, et feci perfectas hecatombas.
Ac postquam sedaveram deorum iram sempiternorum,
aggessi Agamemnoni tumulum, ut inexstincta ei gloria esset.
His peractis, redii: dederuntque mihi ventum-secundum
dii, qui me celeriter caram in patriam deduxerunt.
Verum age nunc mane in ædibus meis,
donec undecimaque duodecimaque fuerit dies;
et tunc te bene dimittam, daboque tibi splendida dona,
tres equos et currum bene-politum: ac deinde
dabo pulcrum poculum, ut libes diis
immortalibus, mei memor per-dies omnes.
Hunc autem rursus Telemachus prudens contra allocutus-est:
Atride, ne sane me multo tempore hic detine.
Etenim in annum ego apud te certe perdurarem
sedens, nec me domus caperet desiderium, nec parentum:
vehementer enim sermonibus verbisque tuis auscultans,
oblector: sed jam mihi tædio-afficiuntur socii
in Pylo divina: tu vero me in-tempus hic detines.
Donum autem, quodcunque mihi dederis, sit quod-recondi-possit;
equos vero in Ithacam non ducam, sed tibi ipsi eos
hic relinquam oblectamentum: tu enim campo imperas
lato, in quo quidem lotus multus, in quo cyperus,
triticumque, et far, ac late-germinans hordeum album.
In Ithaca autem nec sane curricula lata, nec omnino pratum:
capris-pascendis-apta est; et magis ardua solo equos-pascente.
Nulla enim insularum equis-agendis-idonea nec-bonis-pratis-
instructa,
quæ mari incumbunt; Ithaca vero etiam supra omnes.
Sic dixit: risit vero bello strenuus Menelaus,
manuque eum demulsit, verbumque dixit et elocutus-est:
Sanguinis es boni, care fili, quippe-talia loqueris:
atqui ego tibi hæc dona commutabo; possum enim.
Donorum autem, quæcunque in mea domo recondita jacent,
dabo, quod pulcerrimum et pretiosissimum est.
Dabo tibi craterem elaboratum; argenteus vero
est totus, auro autem labra supra-munita-sunt;
opus vero est Vulcani: donavit autem eum mihi Phædimus heros,
Sidoniorum rex, quando ejus domus suscepit
illuc me in-reditu-profectum: tibi autem volo id præbere.
Sic hi quidem talia inter se loquebantur.
Convivatores autem in ædes ierunt divini regis:
illique adducebant quidem oves, afferebantque validum vinum:
panem vero ipsis uxores pulcris-vittis-in-capite intulerunt.
Sic illi quidem circa cœnam in ædibus occupabantur.
Proci vero ante Ulyssis domum
discis delectabantur et hastilibus jaculantes;
in facto-arte pavimento, ubi antea insolentiam exercebant.
Antinous vero consederat et Eurymachus divinæ-formæ,
principes procorum, virtute autem erant longe optimi.
His autem filius Phronii Noemon prope accedens,
Antinoum verbis interrogans allocutus-est:
Antinoe, numquid scimus in mente nostra, an etiam non,
quando Telemachus redeat e Pylo arenosa?
navem mihi abiit abducens; mihi vero opus est illa,
Elidem in spatiosam ut-trajiciam, ubi mihi equæ
duodecim feminæ, subtus autem muli patientes-operis
indomiti: ex-quibus aliquem adigens domarem.
Sic ait: illi vero in animo obstupescebant; non enim putabant
in Pylum eum abiisse Neleiam, sed alicubi illic
in-agris, aut apud-oves esse, aut cum-subulco.
Hunc autem rursus Antinous allocutus-est, Eupithei filius:
vere mihi dic; quando abiit, et quinam illum
juvenes sunt-secuti? ex-Ithacane electi, an sui ipsius
mercenariique servique? poteruit etiam perficere.
Et mihi hoc dic vere, ut bene sciam,
utrum tibi vi invito abstulit navem nigram,
an lubens ei dedisti, postquam adortus-est te sermone?
Hunc autem filius Phronii Noemon contra allocutus-est:
ipse lubens ei dedi: quid fecerit etiam alius,
quando vir talis, habens curas in-animo,
petat? difficile negare præbitionem foret.
Juvenes autem, qui in populo excellunt apud nos,
illi eum secuti-sunt; ac ducem ego conscendentem vidi
Mentorem, aut deum; illi vero ipsi in-omnibus similis-erat.
Sed hoc miror: vidi hic Mentorem divinum
heri sub-auroram; tunc autem conscendit navem in-Pylum.
Sic igitur locutus abiit ad domos patris.
His vero utrisque perculsus-est animus generosus;
proci autem simul consedere, et cessarunt a-certaminibus.
Inter-eos vero Antinous fatus-est, Eupithei filius,
dolens: furore autem multum præcordia circumfusa-nigro
sanguine
implebantur, oculi vero ei igni splendenti similes-erant:
Di boni! certe magnum facinus superbe patratum-est
Telemacho, profectio hæc! dicebamus autem ei non perfectum-iri.
Tot vero invitis juvenculus puer abiit sic,
nave deducta, electisque per populum optimis.
Incipiet et ulterius malum esse: sed ei ipsi
Jupiter perdat vim, antequam nobis malum severit.
Verum agite, mihi date navem celerem et viginti socios,
ut eum ipsum venientem insidiis-excipiam, et observem,
in freto Ithacæque Samique asperæ:
ut cum-sua-pernicie naviget propter patrem.
Sic dixit; illi vero omnes laudabant atque hortabantur:
statim deinde exsurgentes ibant in domum Ulyssis.
Neque inde Penelope per-longum tempus fuit inscia
sermonum, quos proci in mente profunde-cogitabant;
præco enim illi dixit Medon, qui audiebat consilia,
extra aulam quum-esset: illi vero intus consilium texebant.
Ivit autem annuntiaturus per domos Penelopæ:
hunc autem in limine venientem allocuta-est Penelope:[TR3]
Præco, cur vero te miserunt proci inclyti?
an ut-dicas ancillis Ulyssis divini,
a-labore ut-cessent illisque ipsis convivium apparent?
Ne ambientes me neque alio decedentes,
ultimum et postremum nunc hic cœnent!
Qui frequenter congregati, victum absumitis multum,
possessionem Telemachi prudentis. Nec quisquam a-patribus
vestris pridem audiistis, pueri quum-essetis,
qualis Ulysses erat inter vestros parentes,
neque ulli faciens injuriam, nec quicquam tale locutus
in populo? qui-utique est mos potentium regum,
alium ut-oderit quis mortalium, alium amet.
Ille vero nunquam omnino malo quemquam affecit:
sed vester quidem animus et indigna facinora
apparent, neque ulla est in vobis gratia postea beneficiorum.
Hanc autem rursus allocutus-est Medon, prudentia sciens:
utinam enim sane, regina, hoc maximum malum esset.
Sed multo majusque et gravius aliud
proci meditantur, quod ne perficiat Saturnius:
Telemachum cogitant interficere acuto ære,
domum revertentem; ille vero profectus-est ad-quærendam patris
famam
in Pylum sacram et in Lacedæmonem divinam.
Sic ait; illi vero ibi soluta-sunt genua et carum cor:
diu autem ipsam inopia-vocis tenuit; atque ei oculi
lacrimis impleti-sunt, clara autem ei detenta-est vox.
Tandem vero ipsum verbis respondens allocuta-est:
Præco, cur vero mihi filius abiit? nec quicquam ipsum oportebat
naves celeres conscendere, quæ maris equi hominibus sunt,
trajiciuntque immensum humidum.
An ut ne nomen quidem ejus inter homines relinquatur?
Huic autem respondit deinde Medon, prudentia sciens:
haud scio an aliquis ipsum deus impulerit, an et ipsius
animus impetum-ceperit ire in Pylum, ut audiat
patris sui aut reditum aut quodnam fatum obierit.
Sic igitur locutus abiit per domum Ulyssis.
Illam autem dolor circumfudit animum-crucians, neque amplius
sustinuit
in-sella sedere, multæ in domo quæ-erant:
verum super limine sedebat elaborati thalami,
miserabiliter lamentans: circum autem ancillæ ejulabant
omnes, quotquot in domibus erant juniores atque vetulæ.
Illas vehementer flens alloquebatur Penelope:
Audite, amicæ; nimios enim mihi Olympius dolores dedit
præ omnibus, quotquot una mecum nutritæ-ac natæ-sunt:
quæ antea quidem maritum bonum amisi magnanimum,
omnibus virtutibus ornatum inter Danaos:
[eximium, cujus gloria lata per Helladem et medium Argos:]
nunc rursus filium dilectum abripuerunt procellæ
inglorium ex ædibus, nec de-abeunte audivi.
Infelices, ne vos quidem in animum induxistis unaquæque
e lecto me suscitare, bene scientes animo,
quando ille conscendit cavam navem nigram.
Si enim ego intellexissem istud iter molientem,
sane certe aut mansisset, quantumvis cupidus itineris;
aut me mortuam in ædibus reliquisset.
Sed aliquis famulus Dolium vocet senem,
ministrum meum, quem mihi dedit jam pater huc eunti,
et mihi hortum servat arboriferum: ut celerrime
Laertæ hæc omnia assidens enarret:
si forte aliquod ille in mente consilium texens
progressus inter-cives deploret, qui cupiunt
ipsius et Ulyssis perdere prolem deo-paris.
Hanc autem rursus allocuta-est dilecta nutrix Euryclea:
puella cara, tu quidem me interfice sævo ære,
vel sine in domo; sermonem vero te non celabo.
Noveram ego ista omnia; præbui autem illi, quæcunque jubebat,
panem et vinum dulce: a-me autem exegit magnum jusjurandum,
non prius tibi me dicturam, quam duodecima adesset dies,
aut tu ipsa desiderares, et abiisse se rescivisses;
quo ne flens corpus pulcrum læderes.
Verum tu quando-lavaris, puris corpori vestibus sumtis,
in supernam-domum conscendens cum ancillis mulieribus,
supplica Minervæ, filiæ Jovis ægidem-tenentis:
hæc enim ipsum deinde et e morte ereptum-servaverit.
Neu senem afflige afflictum: non enim existimo
penitus diis beatis sobolem Arcesiadæ
invisam-esse: sed adhuc fere aliquis supererit, qui habeat
domos excelsas, et procul sitos pingues agros.
Sic dixit; illiusque sedavit fletum, cohibuitque oculos a-fletu.
Ipsa vero lota, puris corpori vestibus sumtis,
in supernam-domum conscendit cum ancillis mulieribus;
imposuitque molas canistro, supplicavitque Minervæ:
Audi me, ægidem-tenentis Jovis filia, indomita,
si-unquam tibi ingeniosus in ædibus Ulysses
aut bovis aut ovis pinguia femora adolevit:
horum nunc mihi memento, et mihi carum filium serva;
procos vero averte male superbientes.
Sic locuta, ululavit; dea autem ejus audivit preces.
Proci vero tumultuabantur per ædes obscuras:
sic autem aliquis dicebat juvenum superbientium:
Profecto jam nuptias nobis multum-ambita regina
apparat; neque omnino novit, quod suo cædes filio parata-est.
Sic igitur aliquis dicebat; ea vero nesciebant, ut acta-erant.
Inter eos autem Antinous concionatus-est et dixit:
Mirifici, sermones quidem insolentes fugite
omnes pariter, ne forte quis annuntiet etiam intus.
Sed age, silentio talem exsurgentes perficiamus
sermonem, qui jam etiam omnibus in mente placuit nobis.
Sic locutus, elegit viginti viros optimos:
profectique-sunt ire ad navem velocem et litus maris.
Navem quidem omnium-primum maris in-altum traxerunt:
ac malum imposuere et vela navi nigræ:
aptaruntque remos vertebris in coriaceis;
[omnia, ut oportebat; ac vela alba expanderunt;]
arma autem ipsis tulerunt animosi famuli.
Alte vero in humido hanc stiterunt; ingressique-sunt ipsi:
illic autem cœnam sumserunt, exspectabantque vesperem
supervenientem.
Illa vero in superna-domo, prudens Penelope,
jacebat jejuna, non-gustans cibum, nec potum,
cogitans, si sibi mortem effugeret filius eximius,
an ille a procis insolentibus domaretur.
Quanta autem cogitat leo virorum in turba,
timens, quum ipsi dolosum circulum circumdant:
tanta ipsam agitantem corripuit dulcis somnus:
dormiebat vero recumbens; solutique-sunt ei artus omnes.
Ibi autem aliud cogitavit dea cæsiis-oculis Minerva;
simulacrum effinxit, corpore autem assimilatum-erat mulieri,
Iphthimæ, filiæ magnanimi Icarii:
quam Eumelus duxerat, in Pheris ædes habitans.
Misit vero hanc ad domum Ulyssis divini,
dum Penelopen lamentantem, flentem,
compesceret a-fletu, ploratque lacrimoso.
In thalamum vero ingressa-est ad seræ lorum;
stetitque ei supra caput, et ipsam sermone allocuta-est:
Dormis, Penelope, caro afflicta corde?
nequaquam te sinunt dii facile viventes
flere neque afflictari: quoniam adhuc rediturus est
tuus filius: nequaquam enim diis peccato-obnoxius est.
Huic autem respondit deinde prudens Penelope,
suaviter admodum dormiens in somniorum portis:
Cur, soror, huc venisti? nequaquam ante quidem
ventitabas, quandoquidem valde procul ædes habitas:
et me jubes cessare ab-ærumna ac doloribus
multis, qui me irritant in mente et in animo:
quæ ante quidem maritum bonum amisi magnanimum,
omnibus virtutibus ornatum inter Danaos:
[eximium; cujus gloria lata per Helladem et medium Argos:]
nunc rursus filius dilectus abiit cava in nave,
puer, nec laborum probe gnarus, nec negotiorum.
Hujus-causa jam ego etiam magis lugeo, quam illius:
et ob-hunc contremisco et timeo, ne-quid patiatur,
sive is eorum in populo, quo abiit, sive in ponto.
Hostes enim multi in ipsum mala machinantur,
cupientes occidere, antequam in-patriam terram pervenerit.
Hanc autem respondens allocutum-est simulacrum obscurum:
confide, nec omnino in mente timeas tantopere.
Talis enim eum comes una sequitur, quam etiam alii
viri optarint sibi adesse (pollet enim),
Pallas Minerva: te vero lamentantem miseratur:
quæ nunc me demisit, tibi hæc ut-dicerem.
Hanc vero rursus allocuta-est prudens Penelope:
siquidem vere tu dea es, deæque audivisti vocem,
eia age mihi et de-illo ærumnoso enarra,
sicubi adhuc vivat et videat lumen solis,
an jam mortuus-sit, et in Plutonis ædibus.
 Hanc autem respondens allocutum-est simulacrum obscurum:
non tibi de-illo quidem continuo dicam,
vivatne is, an mortuus-sit: malum vero vana loqui.
Sic locutum, januæ apud seram evanuit
in flatus ventorum: illa vero e somno exsiliit,
filia Icarii; carum autem ei cor exsultavit,
ut ipsi manifestum somnium supervenerat noctis conticinio.
Proci vero conscensa nave navigabant humidas vias,
Telemacho cædem gravem in mente meditantes.
Est autem quædam insula medio in-mari petrosa,
media-inter Ithacamque Samumque asperam,
Asteris, non magna; portus vero navibus-apti insunt ipsi
utrinque-accessi: ibi hunc manebant insidiantes Achivi.
[TR1] "cibum" → "Cibum"
[TR2] "carum cor" → "carum cor."
[TR3] "Penelope;" → "Penelope:"
 Odysseæ V.—Ulyssis ratis.
ARGUMENT: THE DEPARTURE OF ULYSSES FROM CALYPSO

Pallas in a council of the gods complains of the detention of

Ulysses in the Island of Calypso: whereupon Mercury is sent to
command his removal. The seat of Calypso described. She
consents with much difficulty; and Ulysses builds a vessel with his
own hands, in which he embarks. Neptune overtakes him with a
terrible tempest, in which he is shipwrecked, and in the last
danger of death; till Lencothea, a sea-goddess, assists him, and,
after innumerable perils, he gets ashore on Phaeacia.

TEXT:

Aurora autem ex lectis ab eximio Tithono

surgebat, ut immortalibus lucem ferret et mortalibus:
ac dii ad-consessum considebant; inter illos vero
Jupiter altitonans, cujus potentia est maxima.
Illis autem Pallas recensebat ærumnas multas Ulyssis,
recordata; curæ-erat enim illi morans in domo Nymphæ:
Jupiter pater, atque alii beati dii sempiterni,
nullus amplius benignus, mitis, et mansuetus sit
sceptrifer rex, neque animo justa sentiens;
sed semper durus sit, et injusta faciat.
Adeo nemo memor-est Ulyssis divini,
civium quibus præfuit, et quibus pater velut mitis erat;
sed ille quidem in insula jacet graves dolores patiens,
Nymphæ in ædibus Calypsus, quæ ipsum necessitate
detinet; is vero non potest suam in-patriam terram venire.
Non enim ei adsunt naves remigio-instructæ, et socii,
qui ipsum deducant super lata dorsa maris.
Nunc rursus filium dilectum occidere cupiunt,
domum revertentem: ille vero abiit ad-quærendam patris famam
in Pylum sacram atque in Lacedæmonem divinam.
 Hanc autem respondens allocutus-est nubes-cogens Jupiter:
filia mea, quale tibi dictum excidit septo dentium!
nonne enim hoc quidem excogitasti consilium ipsa,
ut scilicet illos Ulysses ulciscatur reversus?
Telemachum autem tu deduc prudenter (potes enim),
ut plane incolumis suam in-patriam terram veniat,
proci vero in nave retro iter-relegant.
Dixit, et Mercurium, carum filium, contra allocutus-est:
Mercuri: tu enim itidem et in-aliis nuntius es:
Nymphæ comis-pulcris dicito firmum nostrum consilium,
reditum Ulyssis audenti-animo, ut redeat,
nec deorum ductu, nec mortalium hominum;
sed is in rate multis-compacta-vinculis ærumnas patiens
die vicesima ad-Scheriam glebosam perveniat,
Phæacum ad terram, qui propinqui-diis sunt;
qui ipsum ex animo, veluti deum, honorabunt,
deducentque in nave caram in patriam terram,
æsque aurumque abunde, vestemque ipsi quum-dederint,
plurima, quanta nunquam e-Troja sustulisset Ulysses,
etiam-si sine-detrimento venisset, sortitus e præda portionem.
Sic enim ei fatale est amicosque videre, et pervenire
domum in excelsam, et suam in patriam terram.
Sic dixit; nec non-obsecutus-est internuntius Argicida.
Statim deinde pedibus subligavit pulcros calceos,
immortales, aureos, qui ipsum ferebant sive per mare,
sive per immensam terram, una-cum flatibus venti.
Cepit etiam virgam, qua virorum oculos demulcet,
quorumcunque vult, alios autem et dormientes excitat:
hanc in manibus tenens volabat fortis Argicida.
Pieriæ autem insistens, ex æthere incidit in-mare:
festinabat deinde super fluctus, gaviæ avi similis,
quæ circum magnos sinus maris infructuosi
piscens venans, crebro alas sibi-mergit salsugine:
huic similis multis supervectus-est fluctibus Mercurius:
sed quando jam ad-insulam pervenit procul sitam,
tum ex ponto egressus violaceo ad-litus,
vadebat, donec ad-magnam specum pervenit, in qua Nympha
habitabat pulcris-comis; hanc vero intus invenit.
Ignis quidem in focis magnus ardebat, procul vero odor
cedrique fissilis thyiæque per insulam redolebat,
ardentium: ipsa vero intus cantillans voce pulcra,
telam obiens, aureo radio texebat.
Silva autem circa specum creverat virescens,
alnusque, populusque, ete bene-odorata cypressus:
ibi vero et aves extensas-alas-habentes nidulabantur,
buhones, accipitresque, latasque-linguas-habentes cornices
marinæ, quibus-quidem marina opera curæ-sunt.
Atque ibidem extensa-erat circa speluncam cavam
vitis pubescens, florebat vero uvis:
fontes autem ex-ordine quatuor fluebant aqua limpida,
vicini inter-se versi alio alius.
Circùm vero prata mollia violis atque apio
virescebant: ibi subinde etiam immortalis si-accessisset,
admiratus-esset intuens, et oblectatus-esset animo suo.
Illic stans hæc admirabatur internuntius Argicida.
Ac postquam omnia suo admiratus-erat animo,
statim in amplam speluncam intravit: neque ipsum coram
ignoravit conspicata Calypso, nobilissima dearum,
(non enim ignoti dii sibi-invicem sunt
immortales, nec si quis longe procul ædes habitet);
neque Ulyssem magnanimum intus invenit,
sed is in litore flebat sedens; ubi antea etiam,
lacrimis et gemitibus et doloribus animum scindens,
pontum in infructuosum prospiciebat, lacrimas stillans.
Mercurium autem interrogabat Calypso, nobilissima dearum,
in sella collocatum splendida, admiranda:
Cur ad-me, Mercuri aureo-caduceo, venisti,
venerandusque carusque? ante quidem neutiquam frequentabas.
Dic quod cogitas; perficere autem me animus jubet,
si possum quidem perficere, et si perfectu est.
[Verum sequere ulterius, ut tibi hospitalia apponam.]
Sic igitur locuta dea apposuit mensam,
ambrosia repletam, miscuitque nectar rubrum.
Atque ille bibebat et edebat, internuntius Argicida.
Et postquam cœnaverat, et refecerat animum cibo,
tum vero ipsam verbis respondens allocutus-est:
 Interrogas me huc profectum, dea, deum: atque ego tibi
vere eum sermonem enarrabo; jubes enim:
Jupiter me jussit huc ire invitum:
quis enim volens tantam percurret salsam aquam,
immensam? neque ulla prope est mortalium urbs, qui diis
sacraque faciunt, et eximias hecatombas.
Sed prorsus non est Jovis mentem ægidem-tenentis
nec prætergredi alium deum, neque irritam-facere.
Ait, tibi virum adesse ærumnosissimum præ-ceteris
illis viris, qui circa urbem Priami pugnabant
novennio; decimo vero anno urbe excisa abierunt
domum: at in reditu Minervam offenderunt,
quæ ipsis excitavit ventumque malum et fluctus ingentes.
[Ibi huic alii quidem omnes perierunt strenui socii,
ipsum autem huc ventusque ferens et fluctus appulit.]
Eum nunc te jubet dimittere quam celerrime:
non enim ei hic sors est ab-amicis seorsum perire;
sed adhuc ei fatale est amicosque videre, et pervenire
domum in excelsam, et suam in patriam terram.
Sic dixit: exhorruit vero Calypso, nobilissima dearum,
et ipsum compellans verbis alatis allocuta-est:
Improbi estis, dii, invidi præ aliis!
qui-quidem deabus invidetis cum viris dormire
palam, si qua aliquem carum sibi fecerit maritum.
Sic quidem, quando Orionem cepit roseis-digitis Aurora,
tamdiu illi invidebatis dii facile viventes,
donec ipsum in Ortygia aureum-solium-habens Diana casta
suis mitibus sagittis aggrediens occidit.
Sic etiam, quando cum-Iasione pulcras-comas-habens Ceres,
suo animo obsecuta, commixta-est amore et cubili,
novali in tertiato; neque diu fuit ignarus
Jupiter, qui ipsum occidit percussum corusco fulmine.
Sic rursus nunc mihi invidetis, dii, mortalem virum adesse.
Illum quidem ego servavi navis carinæ innavigantem
solum; quoniam ei navem celerem corusco fulmine
Jupiter percussam diffiderat medio in nigro ponto.
[Ibi huic alii quidem omnes perierunt strenui socii,
ipsum vero huc ventusque ferens et fluctus appulit.]
Hunc quidem ego amice-excipiebam et nutriebam, ac dicebam
me facturam immortalem, et senii-expertem per-dies omnes.
Verum quandoquidem nequaquam est Jovis mentem ægidem-
tenentis
nec prætergredi alium deum, neque irritam-facere;
valeat, si eum ille impellit et ire jubet
pontum per infructuosum: dimittam vero ipsum nusquam ego.
Non enim mihi adsunt naves remigio-instructæ et socii,
qui ipsum deducant super lata dorsa maris.
At ei lubens consulam, neque celabo,
quomodo plane incolumis suam in-patriam perveniat.
Hanc autem rursus allocutus-est internuntius Argicida:
sic nunc dimitte, Jovisque respice iram,
ne-forte tibi in-posterum iratus succensuerit.
Sic igitur locutus abiit fortis Argicida:
ipsa vero ad Ulyssem magnanimum, veneranda Nympha,
ibat, postquam Jovis audierat mandata.
Illum autem in litore invenit sedentem: neque unquam oculi
a-lacrimis siccabantur; consumebaturque ei dulcis ætas
ob-reditum lugenti, quoniam non-amplius placebat Nympha.
At sane nocte quidem dormiebat etiam necessitate
in specubus cavis, nolens apud volentem:
die vero in petris et litoribus sedens,
[lacrimis et gemitibus et doloribus animum scindens,]
pontum in infructuosum[TR1] prospiciebat, lacrimas stillans.
Prope autem astans eum allocuta-est nobilissima dearum:
Infelix, ne mihi amplius hic lugeas, neu tibi ætas
consumatur; jam enim te perquam lubens dimittam.
Verum age, lignis longis abscissis, compinge-tibi ære
latam ratem: ac tabulata fige in ea
alte, ut te ferat super obscurum pontum.
Atque ego panem et aquam, et vinum rubrum
imponam animo-gratum, quæ tibi famem[TR2] arceant:
vestesque induam; mittamque tibi ventum a-tergo,
ut plane incolumis tuam in-patriam terram pervenias,
si modo dii voluerint, qui cœlum latum habitant,
qui me potiores sunt in-cognoscendoque judicandoque.
Sic ait: cohorruit autem audens divinus Ulysses,
et ipsam compellans verbis alatis allocutus est:
Aliud quid jam tu, dea, in-hoc moliris, neutiquam dimissionem:
quæ me jubes rate trajicere ingentem voraginem maris,
horrendamque difficilemque; quam neque naves æquales
veloces trajiciunt, gaudentes Jovis vento-secundo.
Neque ego, invita te, ratem conscenderim,
nisi mihi sustinueris, dea, magnum jusjurandum jurare,
nullum mihi ipsum damnum malum structuram te aliud.
Sic ait; risit vero Calypo, nobilissima dearum,
manuque ipsum demulsit, verbumque dixit et elocuta-est:
Profecto improbus es, et non incallida sciens;
qualem jam hunc sermonem induxisti-in-animum proloqui.
Sciat nunc hoc Terra et Cœlum latum superne,
et delabens Stygis aqua: quod quidem maximum
jusjurandum gravissimumque est beatis diis:
non ullum tibi ipsi damnum malum me structuram aliud.
Sed ea quidem cogito, et suadebo, quæcunque mihi quidem
ipsi suaderem, si-quando me necessitas tanta incesseret.
Etenim mihi mens est æqua, neque mihi ipsi
animus in præcordiis ferreus, sed misericors.
Sic igitur locuta, præivit augustissima dearum
celeriter; ille vero deinde post vestigia ibat deæ.
Pervenerunt autem ad-speluncam cavam, dea atque vir:
et ille quidem ibi resedit in solio, unde surrexerat
Mercurius: Nympha vero apposuit ei omnem cibum,
ad-edendum et bibendum, qualia mortales viri edunt.
Ipsa vero e-regione sedit Ulyssis divini;
ipsique ambrosiam ancillæ et nectar apposuerunt.
Hi vero ad cibos paratos appositos manus extendebant.
Ac postquam saturati-sunt cibo et potu,
inter-eos inde sermones exorsa-est Calypso, nobilissima dearum:
Generosissime Laertiade, sollers Ulysse,
siccine vero domum caram in patriam terram
protinus nunc vis proficisci? tu autem vale nihilominus.
Siquidem scires tua mente, quantos tibi fatale est
dolores implere, priusquam in-patriam terram pervenias,
certe hic manens apud me hanc domum custodires,
immortalisque esses, quantumvis cupidus sis videndi
tuam uxorem, cujus usque desiderio-teneris dies omnes.
Nequaquam certe illa inferiorem me-profiteor esse,
nec corpore, neque habitu: quandoquidem minime decet
mortales cum-immortalibus corpore et forma contendere.
Hanc autem respondens allocutus-est ingeniosus Ulysses:
veneranda dea, ne mihi ob-hoc succenseas; scio etiam ipse
omnia omnino, quod te prudens Penelope
forma deterior est, et magnitudine, coram aspectu:
illa enim mortalis est, tu vero immortalis et senii-expers.
Sed etiam sic volo, et desidero diebus omnibus,
domumque redire, et reditus diem videre.
Si quis autem me pessumdet deorum in nigro ponto,
patiar, in pectore habens sustinentem-ærumnarum animum:
jam enim valde multa passus-sum, et multa pertuli
fluctibus et bello: post illa et hoc quoque fiat.
Sic dixit; sol vero occidit et tenebræ supervenerunt:
profecto autem hi in-secessu speluncæ cavæ
oblectabantur amore, prope invicem manentes.
Quando autem mane-genita apparuit roseis-digitis Aurora,
continuo quidem lænamque tunicamque induit Ulysses:
ipsa vero candidam stolam magnam induit Nympha,
tenuem et venustam, et zonam circumposuit lumbis
pulcram, auream: capitique imposuit calyptram:
et tum Ulyssi magnanimo parabat dimissionem.
Dedit quidem ei securim magnam, habilem in manibus,
æream, utrinque acutam: atque in ipsa erat
manubrium perpulcrum, oleaginum, bene adaptatum:
dedit vero deinde asciam perpolitam; duxque-erat viæ
insulæ ad extremam-oram, ubi arbores proceræ creverant,
alnusque, populusque, abiesque erat in-cœlum-pertingens,
aridæ dudum, valde-siccæ, quæ ei natarent leviter.
Ac postquam ostenderat, ubi arbores proceræ creverint,
ipsa quidem rediit ad domum, Calypso, nobilissima dearum.
At ille cædebat ligna; celeriterque ei perficiebatur opus.
Vigini autem dejecit arbores omnes, dolavitque inde ære,
lævigavitque scite, et ad normam direxit.
Interea autem attulit terebras Calypso, nobilissima dearum:
terebravit vero ille omnia, et composuit inter-se;
clavis autem eam (ratem) et compagibus coagmentavit.
Quantum aliquis fundum navis tornaverit vir
onerariæ latæ, bene sciens fabrilis-artis,
in tantum latam ratem fecit Ulysses.
Tabulata vero erigens, coaptans densis trabibus,
faciebat; sed longis asseribus perstruebat.
In ea autem malum fecit, et antennam congruentem ei:
prætereaque gubernaculum fecit, ut dirigeret.
Communivit quoque ipsam cratibus undique vimineis,
fluctuum propugnaculum ut-essent; multamque ingessit
materiam.
Interea vero lintea attulit Calypso, nobilissima dearum,
ad-vela conficienda; ille autem scite confecit et hæc.
Illigavit autem funesque rudentesque, pedesque in ea,
vectibusque deinde eam deduxit in mare divinum.
Quartus dies erat, et ei perfecta-erant omnia:
ac quinto dimisit eum ab insula divina Calypso,
vestibusque indutum odoratis, et lavatum.
Imposuit autem ei utrem dea nigri vini,
alterum, alterum vero aquæ magnum; atque etiam viatica
in-pera; imposuitque ei obsonia animo-grata multa:
ventum autem immisit innocuumque placidumque.
Lætus vero vento-secundo extendit vela divinus Ulysses.
Atque is gubernaculo dirigebat artificiose,
sedens: neque ei somnus palpebris incidebat,
Pleiadasque contemplanti, et sero occidentem Booten,
Ursamque, quam et Currum vulgari-appellatione vocant,
quæ ibidem-usque vertitur, atque Orionem observat:
sola vero expers est lotionum Oceani.
Hanc etenim eum jussit Calypso, nobilissima dearum,
ponto-navigare ad sinistram manum habentem.
Septemdecim vero navigabat dies in-mari-iter-faciens,
decima octava autem apparuerunt montes umbrosi
terræ Phæacum, qua proximum erat illi:
apparebat autem, veluti scutum in obscuro ponto.
Hunc vero ex Æthiopibus reversus potens Neptunus
procul e Solymorum montibus conspexit; visus-est enim ei
in-ponto navigans; ille vero iratus-est in-animo magis:
quassansque caput ad suum dixit animum:
Dii boni! profecto jam statuerunt dii aliter
de Ulysse, me apud Æthiopas absente:
et jam Phæacum terræ prope est, ubi ei fatale
effugere magnam metam ærumnarum, quæ ipsum occupant:
sed adhuc quidem eum puto abunde miseriarum subiturum.
Sic fatus collegit nubes, turbavitque pontum,
manibus tridente sumto; omnesque concitavit procellas
omnigenorum ventorum; ac nubibus operuit
terram simul et pontum; ingruit autem a-cœlo nox.
Una vero Eurusque Notusque ruit, Zephyrusque vehemens,
et Boreas serenus, magnum fluctum provolvens.
Et tunc Ulyssis soluta-sunt genua et carum cor:
ingemiscensque inde dixit ad suum magnum animum.
Heu me miserum, quid mihi in-futurum erit?
Vereor, ne jam omnia dea vera dixerit:
quæ me dicebat in mari, priusquam in-patriam terram
pervenerim,
dolores impleturum-esse; ea jam nunc omnia perficiuntur.
Qualibus nubibus circumtegit cœlum latum
Jupiter, turbavitque mare; ingruunt vero procellæ
omnigenorum ventorum. Nunc mihi certum est grave exitium.[TR3]
Ter-beati Danai et quater, qui tunc perierunt
Troja in lata, Atridis gratificantes.
Utinam ego mortuus fuissem, et fatum obiissem,
die illo, quando mihi plurimi æratas hastas
Trojani injecerunt circa Peliden mortuum.
Tum sortitus-essem parentalia, et meam gloriam celebrassent
Achivi:
nunc vero me misera morte decretum-est perire.
Sic igitur ipsum locutum pepulit magnus fluctus a vertice,
horrendum irruens, et ratem circumrotavit.
Longe vero a rate ipse excidit; clavum autem
e manibus dimisit; medium vero ei malum fregit
horrenda commixtorum ventorum irruens procella.
Longe autem velum et antenna inciderunt ponto.
Ipsum vero sub-aqua detinuit fluctus longo tempore; nec potuit
cito admodum emergere, magni sub fluctus impetu.
Vestes enim eum gravabant, quas illi dederat divina Calypso.
Sero vero tandem emersit, et ore evomuit salsuginem
amaram, quæ ei multa a capite defluebat.
Sed ne sic quidem ratis oblitus-est, tametsi afflictus,
sed impetu-facto in fluctibus, apprehendit eam:
in medio autem consedit, finem mortis evitans.
Hanc autem ferebat magnus flucuts secundum cursum-aquarum
huc et illuc.
Ut vero quum autumnalis Boreas fert spinas
per campum, densæ autem inter se cohærent:
sic illam per mare venti ferebant huc atque illuc:
interdum quidem Notus Boreæ objectavit ferendum,
interdum vero rursus Eurus Zephyro cessit persequendam.
Hunc autem vidit Cadmi filia, pulcros-talos habens Ino,
Leucothea, quæ ante quidem erat mortalis loquens;
nunc vero maris in æquoribus deorum sortita-erat honorem.
Hæc Ulyssem miserata-est vagantem, dolores habentem:
[mergo vero assimilata, volatu emersit e-gurgite,]
seditque in rate multis-vinculis-compacta, dixitque verba:
Infelix, quid tibi sic Neptunus, terræ concussor,
iratus-est vehementer, quod tibi mala multa struat?
nequaquam quidem te perdet, valde licet cupiens.
Sed omnino sic fac; videris autem mihi non desipere:
vestes has exue-et ratem ventis ferendam
relinque; at manibus natans quære reditum
ad-terram Phæacum, ubi tibi fatale est effugere.
Accipe autem hanc vittam, et sub pectore extendas
immortalem: haud tibi ne-quid-patiaris timendum, nec, ne-
pereas.
At postquam manibus contigeris litus,
rursus exuens projice in nigrum pontum,
longe a continente, ipse autem seorsum te-avertas.
Sic igitur locuta dea vittam ei dedit:
ipsa vero rursus pontum ingressa-est fluctuantem,
mergo assimilata: niger vero ipsam fluctus obtexit.
Ac deliberavit audens divinus Ulysses,
ingemiscensque inde dixit ad suum magnum animum:
Heu mihi, ne-quis mihi struat dolum iterum alius
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