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2. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
IMPORTANT NOTES :
(i) The general form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0; a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0.
(ii) Characteristics of a quadratic equation:
(a) Involves only ONE variable,
(b) Has an equal sign “ = ” and can be expressed in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0,
(c) The highest power of the variable is 2.

2.1 Recognising Quadratic Equations

EXAMPLES
No Quafratic Equations (Q.E.) NON Q.E. WHY NOT Q.E.?
1. x2 + 2x -3 = 0 2x – 3 = 0 No terms in x2 ( a = 0)
2 2
2. x2 = ½ x2  = 0 Term
x x
3. 4x = 3x2 x3 – 2 x2 = 0 Term x3
4. 3x (x – 1) = 2 x2 – 3x -1 + 2 = 0 Term x -1
5. p – 4x + 5x2 = 0, p constant x2 – 2xy + y2 = 0 Two variables

Exercise : State whether the following are quadratic Equations. Give your reason for Non Q.E.

No Function Q.F. Non Q.F. WHY?

0. 3x - 2 = 10 – x √ No terms in x2
1. x2 = 102

2. 12 – 3x2 = 0

3. x2 + x = 6

4. 2x2 + ½ x - 3 = 0
6
5.  = x
x

6. 0 = x ( x – 2)

7. 2x2 + kx -3 = 0, k constant

8. (m-1) x2 + 5x = 2m , m constant

9. 3 – (p+1) x2 = 0 , p constant

10. p(x) = x2 + 2hx + k+1, h, k constants

11. f(x) = x2 – 4

12. (k-1)x2 – 3kx + 10 = 0 , k constant

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2.2 The ROOTs of a quadratic Equation (Q.E.)

Note : “ROOT” refers to a specific value which satisfies the Q.E.

Example : Given Q.E. x2 + 2x – 3 = 0

By substitution, it is found that :

x = 1 , 12 + 2(1) – 3 = 0
Hence 1 is a root of the quadratic equation x2 + 2x – 3 = 0.
But if x = 2, 22 + 2(2) – 3 ≠ 0,
We say that 2 is NOT a root of the given quadratic Equation.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Determine if -2 is a root of the equation L1. Determine if 3 is a root of the equation
3x2 + 2x -7 = 0. 2x2 – x – 15 = 0.

x = -2, 3(-2)2 + 2(-2) – 7 = 12 – 4 – 7

≠ 0
Hence - 2 is NOT a root of the given equation.

L2. L1. Determine if 3 is a root of the equation L3. Determine if ½ is a root of the equation
x2 – 2x + 3 = 0. 4x2 + 2x – 2 = 0.

C2. If -2 is a root of the quadratic equation L4. If 3 is a root of the equation

x2– kx – 10 = 0, find k. x2– 2kx + 12 = 0 , find k.

x = -2, (-2)2 – k(-2) – 10 = 0

-4 + 2k – 10 = 0
2k = 14
k = 7

L5. If -2 and p are roots of the quadratic equation L6. If -1 are roots of the quadratic
2x2 + 3x + k = 0, find the value of k and p. equation px2 – 4x + 3p – 8 = 0, find p.

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Do you know that

If the PRODUCT of two

numbers is zero, then either one
or both the numbers must be
zero ?

If x y = 0 ,
Then x = 0 or y = 0
or x = y = 0 (both are zeroes)

Example : If (x – 2) (x + 3) = 0 ,
Then x – 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 ;
i.e. x = 2 or x = - 3 .

2 and -3 are called the roots of the

equation (x-2)(x+3) = 0.

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2.3.1 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0

I. By Factorisation
- This method can only be used if the quadratic expression can be factorised completely.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0. 2
L1. Solve x – 4x – 5 = 0.
Answer: x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 Jawapan:
(x + 2) (x + 3) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = -2 or x = -3
Ans : – 1 , 5

C2. Solve the quadratic equation 2x (x – 1) = 6. L2. Solve x ( 1 + x) = 6.

Ans: 2x (x – 1) = 6
2x2 – x – 6 = 0
(2x + 3) (x – 2) = 0
2x + 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
3
x=  or x= 2
2
Ans : – 3 , 2

L3. Solve (x – 3)2 = 1. L4. Solve 1 + 2x2 = 5x + 4.

Ans : 2, 4 Ans : 1, 3/2

L3. Solve (2x – 1)2 = 2x – 1 . L4. Solve 5x2 – 45 = 0.

Ans : ½ , 1 Ans : – 3 , 3
L5. Selesaikan (x – 3)(x + 3) = 16. L6. Selesaikan 3 + x – 4x2 = 0.

Ans : – 5 , 5 Ans : – ¾ , 1
L7. Solve x( x + 2) = 24. L8. Solve 2(x2 – 9) = 5x.

Ans : – 2 , 9/2
Ans : – 6 , 4

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2.3.2 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0

II. By ‘Completing the Square’
- To express ax2 + bx + c in the form a(x + p)2 + q

Simple Case : When a = 1

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Solve x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 by method of L1. Solve x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 by method of
‘completing the square’. ‘completing the square’.

x2 + 4x – 5 = 0
2 2
2  4  4
x 4x        5 = 0
 2  2
(x + 2)2 - 4 – 5 = 0
( x + 2 )2 – 9 = 0
( x + 2)2 = 9
x+2 = 3
x = -2  3
x = -5 or x = 1
(Ans : – 1 , – 3 )
2
C2. Solve x – 6x + 3 = 0 by method of L2. Solve x2 - 8x + 5 = 0 , give your
‘completing the square’. Give your answer answers correct to 4 significant figures.
correct to 3 decimal places.

x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
2 2
  6   6
x2  6 x       3 = 0
 2   2 
(x – 3 )2 - 9 + 3 = 0
( x - 3 )2 – 6 = 0
( x - 3)2 = 6
x-3 =  6
x = 3  6
x = - 0. or x =

Ans : 7.317, 0.6834

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L3. Solve x2 – 2x – 9 = 0 by completing the L4. Solve x2 + 10x + 5 = 0 , give your

square, give your answers correct to 4 answers correct to 4 significant figures.
significant figures.

Ans : – 2.212 , 4.162 Ans : – 0.5279, – 9.472

2.3.3 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0

II. Method of completing the square
- by expressing ax2 + bx + c in the form a(x + p)2 + q
[a = 1, but involving fractions when completing the square]
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2 2
C3. Solve x – 3x – 2 = 0 by method of L5. Solve x + 5x – 4 = 0. Give your
‘completing the square’. Give your answer answer correct to 4 significant figures.
correct to 4 significant figures.

x2 – 3x – 3 = 0
2 2
2   3   3
x  3x        2 = 0
 2   2 
2
 3 9
x     2= 0
 2 4
2
 3 17
x   =
 2 4
3 17
x 
2 4
3 17
x =
2 2
(Ans : 0.7016, -5.702)
x = - 0.5616 atau x = 3.562
L6. Solve x2 + x – 8 = 0. Give your answer L7. Solve x2 + 7x + 1 = 0 , Give your
correct to 4 significant figures. answer correct to 4 significant figures.

(Ans : 2.372, -3.372) (Ans : -0.1459, -6.8541)

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2.3.4 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0

II. Method of completing the square
- To express ax2 + bx + c in the form a(x + p)2 + q
If a ≠ 1 : Divide both sides by a first before you proceed with the process of
‘completing the square’.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2 2
C4. Solve 2x – 8x + 7 = 0 by completing the L10. Solve 2x - 12x + 5 = 0 correct to
square. two decimal places.

2x2 – 8x + 7 = 0
7
x2 – 4x + = 0 [  2 first !!! ]
2
2 2
2   4   4 7
x  4x        0
 2   2  2
7
( x - 2 )2 – 4 + = 0, ( x – 2 )2 = ½
2
1 1
x–2 =  hence x = 2 
2 2
1
x = 2 
2
(Ans : 5.55 , 0.45 )
= 2.707 atau 1.293

C5. Solve - x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 by completing the L11. Solve -2x2 + 10x + 9 = 0 correct to

square. two decimal places.
- x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 [divide by (-1)]
x2 + 4x – 1 = 0

(Ans : 0.2361, -4.236 )

(Ans : -0.78 , 5.78 )
L12. Solve - x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 by completing the L13. Solve x(3 – 2x) = -6 correct to two
square. decimal places.

(Ans : -7.405, 0.4051)

(Ans : -1.14 , 2.64)

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2.3.5 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0

III. Using Formula  b  b 2  4ac

x
2a

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2
C1. Solve 2x – 8x + 7 = 0 by using formul. Give L1. By using formula, solve 2x2 - 12x +
your answer correct to 4 significant figures. 5 = 0. Give your answer correct to 4
a = 2, b = -8 , c = 7 significant figures.
 ( 8)  ( 8) 2  4(2)(7)
x
2(2)
8  8

4

= 2.707 atau 1.293 (Ans : 5.550, 0.4505)

C2. Solve 2x(2 – 3x) = -5 by using formula, qive L2. By using formula, solve
your answer correct to two decimal places. 3 – x2 = - 3(4x – 3) correct to two decimal
places.
2x(2 – 3x) = -5
4x – 6x2 = -5
6x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
a= ,b= , c=

x =

(Ans: 0.52 , 11.48 )

(Ans : 1.31 , -0.64)
L3. Solve x(2x –1) = 2 by using formula, give L4. Solve the quadratic equation
your answer correct to two decimal places. 2x(x – 4) = (1-x) (x+2). Give your answer
correct to 4 significant figures.
(SPM 2003)

(Ans : 1.28, -0.78) (Ans : 2.591 , - 0.2573 )

L5. L6. Solve the quadratic equation
Solve x2 – 4x = 2 by using formula. Give
x(x – 4) = (3 – x )(x + 3). Give your
your answer correct to 4 significant figures.
answer correct to two decimal places.

(Ans : 4.449 , -0.4495)

(Ans : 3.35 , -1.35 )
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2.4 To Form Quadratic Equations from Given Roots

If the roots of a quadratic equation are α and β,

That is, x = α , x = β ;
Then x – α = 0 or x – β = 0 ,
(x – α) ( x – β ) = 0
The quadratic equation is x2 – ( α + β ) x + α β = 0.

x2 + Sum of Roots x+ Product of roots = 0

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Find the quadratic equation with roots 2 dan L1. Find the quadratic equation with roots
- 4. -3 dan 5.
x=2, x= -4
x – 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
(x – 2) ( x + 4) = 0
x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
Ans : x2 – 2x – 15 = 0

L2. Find the quadratic equation with roots 0 dan - L3. Find the quadratic equation with roots
3. - ½ dan 6.
x=0, x= -3 x= -½ , x = 6
x = 0 or x + 3 = 0 2x = -1 , x = 6
2x + 1 = 0 , x – 6 = 0

Ans : x2 + 3x = 0 Ans : 2x2 – 11x – 6 = 0

C2. Given that the roots of the quadratic equation L4. Given that the roots of the quadratic
2
2x + (p+1)x + q - 2 = 0 are -3 and ½ . Find the equation 3x + kx + p – 2 = 0 are 4 and
2

value of p and q. - ⅔. Find k and p.

x = -3 , x = ½
x + 3 = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0
(x + 3) ( 2x – 1) = 0
2x2 + 5x – 3 = 0
Comparing with the original equation :
p + 1 = 5 , q - 2 = -3
p = , q =
(Ans : k = -10 , p = -6)

L5. Given that the roots of the quadratic equation L6. Given that the roots of the quadratic
x2 + (h – 2)x + 2k = 0 are 4 and -2 . Find h and equation 2x2 + (3 – k)x + 8p = 0 are p and
k. 2p , p ≠ 0. Find k and p.

(Ans: p = 2, k = 15)
(Ans : h = 0, k = -4)

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2.5 The Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

2.5.1 Relationship between “b2 – 4ac” and the Roots of the Q.E.
CASE1 b2 – 4ac > 0
Q.E. has two distinct roots.
The Graph y = f(x) cuts the x-axis at TWO distinct points.
y=f(x)

x x

y=f(x)
a>0 a<0

CASE 2 b2 – 4ac = 0
Q.E. has real and equal roots.
The graph y = f(x) touches the x-axis [ The x-axis is the tangent to the
curve]

y=f(x) x

x y=f(x)

a>0 a<0

CASE 3 b2 – 4ac < 0

Q.E. does not have real roots.
Graph y = f(x) does not touch x-axis.

y=f(x) x

x y=f(x)

a>0 a<0

Graph is above the x-axis since Graph is below the x-axis since
f(x) is always positive. f(x) is always negative.

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2.5.2 Aplication (Relationship between “b2 – 4ac” and the type of roots)
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1 (SPM 2000) L1. The roots of the quadratic equation
The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px + q = 0 are 2 and -3.
2x2 + px + q = 0 are - 6 and 3. Find
Find (a) p and q,
(a) p and q, (b) the range of values of k such that
(b) range of values of k such that 2x2 + px + 2x2 + px + q = k does not have real roots.
q = k does not have real roots.
Answer :
(a) x = -6 , x = 3
(x + 6) (x – 3) = 0
x2 + 3x - 18 = 0
2x2 + 6x – 36 = 0
Comparing : p = 6 , q = - 36.

(b) 2x2 + 6x – 36 = k
2
2x + 6x – 36 – k = 0
a = 2, b = 6, c = -36 - k
b2 – 4ac < 0
62 – 4(2)(-36 – k) < 0
324 + 8 k < 0
k < – 40.5

L2 Find the range of k if the quadratic equation L3. The quadratic equation 9 + 4x2 = px has
2x2 – x = k has real and distinct roots. equal roots. Find the possible values of p.

( Ans : k > - 1/8 )

( Ans : p = -12 atau 12)
L4 Find the range of p if the quadratic L5. Find the range of p if the quadratic
equation 2x2 + 4x + 5 + p = 0 has real roots. equation x2 + px = 2p does not have real roots.

(Ans : p ≤ - 3 )
( Ans : -8 < p < 0 )

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L6 The roots of the quadratic equation L7. Find the range of values of k if the
2x2 + 8 = (k – 3)x are real and different. quadratic equation x2 + 2kx + k + 6 = 0 has
Determine the range of values of k. equal roots.

( Ans : k < -5 , k > 11 )

( Ans : k -2 , 3 )

Reinforcement Exercises (SPM Format Questions)

EXERCISE EXERCISE
L1 (a) The equation x2 – 6x + 7 = h(2x – 3) has L2. One of the roots of the equation
roots which are equal. Find the values of h. 2x2 + 6x = 2k – 1 is twice the other. Find the
[4] value of k and the roots of the equation.
(b) Given that α and β are roots of the equation [1999]
x2 – 2x + k = 0 , while 2α and 2β are the roots of
the equation x2 + mx + 9 = 0. Determine the
possible values of k and m. [SPM 1999]
[6]

3
( x = -1 , x = -2 ; k =  )
9 2
( h = -1 , -2 ; k =
4
L2. (SPM 2003 , P1, S3). Solve the quadratic L3. (SPM 2003, P1, S4) The quadratic
equation 2x(x – 4) = (1 – x)(x + 2). Give your equation x (x+1) = px – 4 has two distinct
answer correct to 4 significant sigures. [3] roots.. Find the range of values of p. [3]

( x = 2.591, - 0.2573) ( p , -3 , p > 5)

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L4 (SPM 2002) Find the range of k if the Q.E. L5. (≈ SPM 2001) Show that the straight line
x2 + 3 = k (x – 1), k constant, has two distinct y = 2 – x does not meet the curve
roots. [3] 2x2 – y2 + k = 0 if k > 8. [3]

( k < -2 , k > 6)

EXERCISE EXERCISE
L6 p q L7. (SPM 2001) Given 2 and m are roots of
(SPM 2002) Given and are roots of the the equation (2x – 1)(x + 3) = k (x – 1), with
2 2
equation kx(x – 1) = m – 4x. If p + q = 4 and k as a constant, find k and m.
pq = - 5, find the values of k and m [5] [4]

( k = -4 , m = -5 ) P.S. quite challenging! ( k = 15 , m = 3 )

L8. (SPM 2000) Find the range of x if the straight L9. (SPM 2000) The quadratic equation
line y = 2x + k does not intersect the curve 2x2 + px + q = 0 has roots -2 and 3. Find the
x2 + y2 – 6 = 0. [5] value of p anf q so that
2x2 + px + q = k has real roots.

(k < -5.477 atau k > 5.477) ( p = -2 , q = -12 ; k  - 12.5 )

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L10. (SPM 1995)

(c) Given ½ and -5 are roots of a quadratic (c) Prove that the roots of the equation
Equation.Write down the quadratic (1 – p)x2 + x + p = 0 are real and negative IF
equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0. 0 < p < 1. [5]
[2]
(b) Find the range of values of x for which the
equation x2 + kx + 2k – 3 = 0 has no real roots.
[3]

( 2x2 + 9x – 5 = 0 ; 2 < k < 6 )

EXERCISE MORE EXERCISE

L11 SPM 2007P1Q4 L12
(a) Solve the following quadratic equation : (a) Solve the following quadratic equation :
3x2 +5x – 2 =0 2x2 + x = 6
(b) The quadratic equation hx2 +kx+3 =0, where (b) The quadratic equation px2 +4kx = 2, where p and k
h and k are constants, has two equal roots, are constants, has two equal roots, express p in terms
express h in terms of k. [4 marks] of k. [4 marks]

[ -2 , 1/3 ; h = 1/12 k2] [ -2 , 1/3 ; p = – 2 k2 ]

L13. SPM 2008 P1Q4 L14
It is given that -1 is one of the roots of the It is given that ½ is one of the roots of the quadratic
quadratic equation x2 – 4x – p = 0. Find the value equation 4x2 – 4x + k = 0. Find the value of k.
of p. [2marks] [2marks]

[5] [1]

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L15. SPM 2006 P1Q3 L16 A quadratic equation x2 + mx + 1 = 4x has two

A quadratic equation x2 + px + 9 = 2x has two equal roots. Find the possible values of m.
equal roots. Find the possible values of p. [3 marks]
[3 marks]

[ 8, -4] [2, 6]
L17. SPM 2005 P1 Q5 L18 Solve the quadratic equation x(2x – 3) = x + 1.
Solve the quadratic equation x(2x – 5) = 2x-1. Give your answer correct to three decimal places.
Give your answer correct to three decimal places. [3 marks]
[3 marks]

[Ans: 3.351, 0.149] [Ans: 2.225, – 0.225]

L19 SPM 2005 P1Q4 L20 The straight line y = 2x +1 does not intersect the
The straight line y = 5x-1 does not intersect the curve y = x2 + 2x + k . Find the range of values of k.
curve y = 2x2 + x + p. Find the range of [3 marks]
values of p.
[3 marks]

(Ans: p>1) (Ans: k>1)

Untuk renungan : Gred MT anda adalah berkadar songsang dengan latihan yang anda buat !

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