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Carbohydrates, its Classification and Isomerism

The presentation by Dr. Ayesha Khan covers the classification, structural features, and biomedical significance of carbohydrates, including their definitions as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. It explains isomerism, detailing types such as structural, optical, and stereoisomerism, along with their implications in biochemistry. Key concepts include the formation of glycosidic bonds, the distinction between reducing and non-reducing sugars, and the role of carbohydrates in metabolic pathways and cellular functions.

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Farha Zahra
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8 views28 pages

Carbohydrates, its Classification and Isomerism

The presentation by Dr. Ayesha Khan covers the classification, structural features, and biomedical significance of carbohydrates, including their definitions as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. It explains isomerism, detailing types such as structural, optical, and stereoisomerism, along with their implications in biochemistry. Key concepts include the formation of glycosidic bonds, the distinction between reducing and non-reducing sugars, and the role of carbohydrates in metabolic pathways and cellular functions.

Uploaded by

Farha Zahra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Carbohydrates, its

Classification and Isomerism

Presented By: Dr. Ayesha Khan.


PGR M.Phil Biochemistry.
K.E.M.U Lahore.
Learning Outcomes:

By the conclusion of this presentation, we will be able to:


 Define and categorize carbohydrates
 Learn about the structural features of carbohydrates
 Understand the biomedical significance of carbohydrates
 Explain isomerism and its various types
Carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones and substances


that yield such compounds when they are hydrolyzed.

Carbohydrates have the empirical formula (CH2O)n. Where the "n" represents the
number of repeating units in the molecule, it can vary, leading to different types
of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are Polyhydroxy:

Aldehyde Ketone

H R - C - R'
| ||
R-C=O O

Aldehyde + Ketone +
Carbohydrate = Carbohydrate =
Aldose Ketose
Structures:

Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone
Symmetric and Asymmetric Carbon:

Symmetric carbon atoms are different


from asymmetric carbon atoms because
they have two or more substituent groups
that are the same, whereas asymmetrical
carbon atoms have four different
substituent groups.

• Symmetric carbon is also called carbonyl


carbon.
• Asymmetric carbon is chiral carbon.
* - Chiral carbon
Classification:
Monosaccharaides:
Monosaccharaides:

Linear structures (Fischer Projection)


Cyclic formation of Glucose:

Hemiacetal Formation
Cyclic formation of Glucose:
Cyclic formation of Fructose:

Hemiketal Formation
Glycosidic Bond:

A glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar)


molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
A glycosidic bond is formed between hemiacetal or hemiketal group of a
saccharide.
The hydroxyl group of some compounds such as an alcohol.
The compounds containing a glycosidic bond is a glycoside.
Glycosidic Bond:
Reducing and non-reducing sugars:

Reducing Sugars Non-Reducing Sugars

Have free Does not have free


aldehyde/ketone group aldehyde/ketone group
Reduces the Tollen’s Does not reduces the
reagent and Fehling Tollen’s reagent and
solution Fehling solution
All monosaccharides, Sucrose and all
disaccharides, except polysaccharides
sucrose
Biomedical Importance of Carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Constitues of
Constitutes of Utilized for
derivates used mucopolysacch
compound Lactose, the synthesis
Chief Source as drugs, i.e. arides (ground
lipids and principal sugar of substances
of Energy like substance of
conjugated of milk i.e. fatty and
cardicglycocid mesenchymal
protien amino acids
es tissues)
Biomedical Importance of Carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates
Inherited
Cellular deficiency of
intercommunic Precursor of enzymes in Derangement
ation and Involved in Organic metabolic of glucose
Play role in structural Detoxification comounds pathways of
metabolism is
lubrication component of (glucoronic (DNA, RNA, carbohydrates
(Lactose seen in
organism acid) Glycolipids,
intolerance, Diabetes
(Bacterial cell Glycoprotiens)
glycogen Storage
wall) diseases
Isomers:

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural
arrangements of atoms.
Classification of Isomers:

Isomerism

Structural Optical Stereo


Isomerism Isomerism Isomerism
Structural Isomerism:

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula


but distinct bond orders. For example, glucose and
fructose (C6H12O6).
Optical
Isomerism

Dextrorotatory Levorotatory

Rotate plane polarized light in clockwise Rotate plane polarized light in anti-
direction (+) clockwise direction (-)

1. D-Glucose (+) 1. L-Glucose (-)


2. L-Fructose 2. D-Fructose (-
(+) )
Optical isomerism:
Stereoisomerism:

Same molecular formula but different orientation of atoms in space. It has the
following types:

Stereoisomer

Enantiomers Diastereomers
Enantiomers:

Enantiomers are pairs of structures which are mirror images of each other.
Diastereomers:

Diastereomers are pairs of structures which are not mirror images of each other.
Epimers are a type of diastereomers which differ in configuration at any single
chiral carbon.
Anomers:

An anomer is a specific type of diasteromers that occurs in carbohydrates


(sugars). They only differ in 3D orientation between each other at the anomeric
carbon (usually C1 in chair and Fischer projections).
Cis-Trans Anomers:

The carbon which is part of carbonyl group in straight chain is anomeric carbon.
References:

1.Ferrier DR. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. 7th ed. Philadelphia:


Wolters Kluwer; 2017.
2. Rodwell VW, Bender D, Botham KM, Kennelly PJ, Weil PA. Harper's Illustrated
Biochemistry. 31st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018
3. Nelson DL, Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 8th ed. New York:
W.H. Freeman; 2021.

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