Losace Energy mere exo ip conte charge greater >» 2 lon Sze T Atte U exo — lorger vactius lower charge density dan sity — weaker elecrosrame Pray uh tic — weaker elths strane Os Lourt Ce th tonic Leake Symbol | Term DeFins | Erdo or Exo Apn® Formation QM when 2 mol cf product formed | In lone Lattice, “AH from its el&ments un Std state WOT ALWAYS Mgcr + fOr > Mg Oem Az gh® | erisarion AM when te- Gvemoved fromeath | 44H erergy adcled t tata ettom Un TL ymole of gaseous atoms b> for) Lreax Rome bio e- ent amole of +4 LOS H gaseous store Len H® | Elactron AK eshen 1e- U added to cadretom | AH aaa 2 e " oFFenity Ur Temol of gaseous ators to form nt. 6 2Mol ef a- gaseous wnt AEA2 He [2nd ER Ou when se- H added ~21gAseO | +4 |e- crvepettect by atoms fol tmol) form -2 gaseow| -ve Con - energy rasdes lons fo ovéreone repu bre HE Lattice AM When dmot of conic compound | AK v. strong Enthalpy G Roymed from Us gaseous tons | eltcrrosranic (omit undo std conditions NeoneLa formed 4s 2 aay tO% Strong cutvackon b/w Mate tO%™@ —> Mar Opp. chargect Cons Age HE catome Sablon SH when 4 mol of gaseous atoms | +AH loons brok ae 9 ( S broken formed from its eltments ro relate energy sta state under sa conditions Ay He. Solution Ou when 1 mol of Solure & OH or +AH oh. Complaely dissolved tm SUHLKEr| A ay water fo form inPonirely ailure = a - Soluxon KCLos) 2 * POcu + Ory (mera a cea Ott yet (nommetat) =A, HE | ragabve latrce brenkctoun of late struct + oh ae i ener 94 into gaseous Cons by breaking srong clterrostake atwatto . wot loser CONS MgO, —> My FO A He hyaraen au ushen dcsowing 1 mot of “AH brmanNenet hg gaseous Lons 7 cocver To Form ALL Aleutro HELD! € Fevers bra ton & ino an infinitely dilute Soliion Ktg@) 2 KW" (aq) dye ions attracted to & Oxygen mve ims Atratecl ty Se hyclogen Yontc radius smaller @) lone charge Y Altig Vexo —> lever charge © ss charge eee aaa...@ + 2cL" born- Haber Cyclo ANenavemT Seeatesys ae QL He | ) : : ; @ | 1) Elements (9 ad state» zero ne adie] | ® Lowest level = lance Compound codes 207 4 Caco | OMe ara 3) wake sure all equations ove ee ais caa balance cl Air ba) 7 : : zewotin Gent Clecp exothermic endo thermic OHY CaCle (3 & . AWE & AHS Gmeraty + AM cron merat) * AMier + OMie, + AMeas + Olen, + Ae 2) aqueous ts= tere Lins 2By A4nyd Br- A make sur equanons ore balanced | : J Avs Bi a?* 2By cag) 9 ei : whe lsu Can be -8H of +H beg. nig f anva ca? 4 top Line iy gaseous ions ~~ 6a%eg)+ ain gaseous tons Be eee ies eseour toms de" =ve ion, OMnya sone souk ave a | atnya Ge | on “| inue SsAH bag ions | sve im epee wot Tee Reothermic OHsou toate sea : Lame Von 6g) endothermic SHsot au 2 fons cq) —» tons cage Sot —AH + Ak, “ tc gd (mera) + DH yet Cn ' wet_Cnon~merald endo Seo ‘O25 Fatrors affecting tradvus Tcharge more endo brats: TORN meme ee D- Ore (44 te break tate wd 2 Anah® (9 — aay — smauer radius stronger —> smatler raclins NeQner e , Arty $0 SMOPGEr HoLond orca. mort endo / more te co Deas —> higher ionic charge “+ stronger fer @ more endo / more tve o—) clouck cauion Polarisation - disttion of by nsigbourng e wore Ukely to be potansea i¢ Sma, highly charged cat'on and highly charg ed large anon So more E reWatect sO MOE exo / more -ve ——> higher tone charge Atgher charge clinsity : 30 mere € rele, more exo more~ ve On anion SCAN CON atthract oe And ALSHOrE large anion Such On extent that true is Cov alent ch amacter ~ COValent Compound Suse are Polar cLte to bore polanSanonElectvolyss Guan tanve aunese a as Laws: C Nat 2nd LAW* amt oF charge charged Carrect MASS OF element aeposit heeded to Aistharge mot lng Ad mor of e~ © amt of charge (a) ef tm = valency =» 9G500 c Amt oF chorge needed to discharge & Nat 2 axe Nae Fa Ceea hs wes TD measure Cy anode acatnodt C fa [) . celveltas pass constant corenr through J etme, & Preferential Discharge ee CuS04 D vemove elucrode, csash weigh “IE metal nase tve E@vatue : eae. Lusing File 4 Yren metal olischarged (oss reactive \ Fote- than 12> BTypes ot Hale caus > Catton most easily reduad ewsenaged | a) Mexory Metal (on Tahton mosr ready omdired aischarged | 2) Non-metat non-metal ton : 2 —) @metrarions metor tom a < Se +X x @ Metal /metat ion = Metal element + metal ton wl @ Non-metar Znon metal Cont non meal + On metal Con sol — Wydrogen hak au: 2Ht aq» + 2e7 = Hag i oe n use ert PE electroue 2agk — Seat en Palos e€° Flows from He ton Via Connecting wire 7 © Surface wered with PE black — . acct STANDARD cole ee N evamut ) | PF tmot am- of HEL | — Ha ak taem 7 400k Pa — 298K Smet platinun euctrode ear exe |] seaneta ere reel | @ Mera ion /metar ton > Ame element «/ Atle ox.ne, => Fee »o- <= per STANDARD Fe 7 can | — Pt elecrmods to actos point of contac | — eqiemoder conc of bya 2 metor ons for em Flos Fett “ert Sarena eee x x x x» x x x x x * x x Standard elictroda porena CE) <— oxtdarion — emé compored to half a std H hal? cou EP. -0.44N > measured at 29% IK. cone amadm™t too KR. Em ov a 5 reduncin — pd ou halt aus EO= +034V agence ® Wie: allows em Flow 1 a EF = HKOY rong ae wracferrect 7 . @ Salt bridge: allows e te be wa ge s4y3ev rer ‘ newnarity 2 halkuuls Gor Dp neiarycrrity ; —s reduction 3 mode fom Flue Paper Soaked tn so of ees cae NOx or Hg NORW 2n halt abt cube to 2m" to achieve elecrronenmrality /balana Wwe , Nos gem touvards Zn role cole ~ deve th Ge hak Wh te due GU te - kt move, towards Cu UM to cue replace +ve consumed co... eS EP colt EF cpesitive > €® inagative ae e D more ave vole & Eposcxve Cau eee rensinte is ronan 7 sve (more -ve £© = oxidived > eq to WH | Rarucnion ocows ar fom more sve ES > reduad > @ to right Oniclaion ecuurs at —Vve pie Concentrokion —& ES au equilibrium moves re the right, E° beremes equilorium moves to tra lett, & becomes ~lf condibims ale not standora, feasibiliry predvored Py SE cou iP aft in Eau So.sy then Feariole Nernst Equoven log (oxidised 3 & Zs num of e~ wanstered (eaucd Creducdaj= 2 iF ik A a meee Fox Gibbs Free Energy, Eo & Feasb& *. fF ©. Jmol" AG = =n E Gael SG Tol ace EP cots Feasile -ve 4ve v ave ~ve x °o ° equillcrium jigher O%no- Ox specieseaction Ktnetcs ~ Order of reacwon: power /inclex to wntch ot a reactant U vratsed to = rave constant, KT ror T k & Temp Units gre catculated ton rete equation rare = & (A]™ [aI" Rate - conc graphs { | z | —__ > a 0 order (0) ase orcker (I Concantvation- me graph ecay a) r pee \ As¥ order 1 > i 7 ar te we sone ee you by consrane conc, th a rate equatton overal ordare m+n 0 order s+ ordar And onter (A x rare cone # rate Cay x rate and order — [A] Atel \ 2nd order \ rate: Acone | I nome a draw tangeny by ly for us “y by nero hale Whe: Emetakan for lnc of reactant fo recluce by half ty s m2 [oY By 4% onler eS reaACKOy slowest Sep Tale- dlerermining step — RD species — canal av speciey that Ore +he ony that Appear wH rere CY UAL on appear On KHS ane LHS 6 0, + Co —3 NO COr | Cal BI rare yore =k Cio.s 7 2x On PreBent in ROS a a one +o 2 2 lei? Nog + nor 3 1 2 Bate a 2 a nope CO Co, i 1 co, 4 NO ) Kmt [AJ* = rate tits No2 + ' time Oh OO MULA- Sep PEK echanitnGralysts — Corolyst + Increates RoR by providing Altemare peithus ay UAT Louser & Qnd vu vegeneraied. : 2 sypes 2) homogeneous: catalysr Yin Same 2) heterogeneous: Catalyss O wm a Phase /physicat state 0 the difterer phases pnysccat state TEOCKOn mixture ag TAL Feaction mucture Homogeneous #4 loctina - Perexocdssuthare 2 a S2Os” cq + 20 Oy) —s + Treg — both ancms so they repel + highEa > catalyst; Fee + 5 SAME steps oly on Fe —— > eevensep D Reduction of Fe2* 9 Fer by T Fe?*+e = Fe 2Fe% cag) + 2E~maqr —> 2FeMeg> +Laceqs | 3,0;% re }2) Oxtdarton of Fe** to Fe® by S:O2*> I, t2e- => QT %aq> Fer aa t S208%aq, — 2he aoe 2804" caqy S03 tay + NOcgd Oz > Coralyse. NO, Catalyst QdSorprion’ molauilt betome bonclect > atdms on Surfaa of A Dick rogeneous 1: Won tn Haber 2 cralyhe Werters ¢ ro Pe ) eae ton of NO KCO on 2) Diffuscon: Na B Mr ature onto Fe 2) Adsorp 5 of covalent & n Surface 2 Weakening of covate boda) WO Ad CO DAdSorpNm : Ne hy ate adsorbed Pea and form bmas w/ (ron na CO h 02” cae nS Weaken ralent bas 4) Desaprim of N2 and co Nthin W 44H -* bores pn CAT rector break a 3) Reaction: odsorped HEN rtacr on 7 surfow Fe 4) Desorption: & weaken 7 > time 5) Dé Ffusions : ae As baw NH3 4 Fe | 7 NHg ailtusey awayEntropy ancl Gibbs free Eneray- ranclomnsss or ousorcler of a system i fed (ows entropy) entropy: relale to clegree of if ebtsoder T entropy? ora ) 7 hugh enrrey =e (highenrery | Standard maar entropy 6S©)+ entropy when substanu 4 in tH Normal state at 29% and (OF Pa Unie © k~' mot | es <6 ” to DS® sysiem + AS® surroundtng Positive standard entropy chonges Fane givenin KTmol™! ae AS® of o reaccon: mould be tonverted to T ee > entropy range that ectlirs when reackion ass, = fr thar takes pla uUndor sia FEASIBLE Sta comeditions Pens Ee ee tea ees cede teers See errr reatkany un ska share T= fempink e . eo ¢ AS system > FSPoaue ~ 5 Svea “disorder T AS®eys 7 -SOandord Gibbs Free energy of formatton? > gtlets free energy change when Twmol of a compounct i formec from irs olementS in their Std states unclir std conditions -3 facrors alfecting Spontaneous: > AS: total entropy range ewe = On enthalpy change & rErenon > T > temp of reateron (AG NEGATIVE = FERSIBLE Ah AS AG Feasibility i W= OG +Tas -ve tve ~ve feosills AGeo 4 > TAS: eergy noe ve ~ve ave NOT fecsibk. 4G50 (@VatlAbL tp do wot . OE! erergy ava abe ~ve ~ve ~ve feastb& ax (owl to. do woork AGZO 4ve +e ~ve feastby at hight stad state! Qe Zo reader ~ Standard Gikbs Free GnerQy change of reaunim: —~ BOG when amr of reacrunt Shown in Stodivomeric equanon reack UNC Skt con actions te ge AGS, Pro duacks SAG® product cron = EAG SproduceEquilibrum ¢ Ke = Cprocucty Port Pat Arh —_ [reactants > mmole fro. =n of gas AS Reuse \ xp gteed corer : eA Pe = mots fae xProrab lonic product of coater Kw = Ke x Chadw) Cet cogs} (on ee) “ Vale ak 298 k= USE nat diné parang “THY: Swe Sine = Li temade® eg eyt7 dn pare eoatler PH Calculations oy. C179 ® Strong acid § — compluicly dissociates i aq solution HP coq, —> Ut cag) +A Com) » CHA = CRED @ srrong base: tear + — complarely dissoctates HW solution Kw = Cat] — > need tone of base 2 kw Con} ~— oe Gatc pH + addition of “roo em of wale te 25tm* of 6.1M Nook Y dituno, offeus (kr) Ce eae new conc > 25403 4 cam ne 0-2 x28 2 26x03 os ae reo nas Cat} = xr = Sxts!? O08 @ weak asid: ae ee ode We cireeecdier — portal dissociation GA S Ht tan BARD sme cet o shor ook large seen pka > -leg Ka Bea ome LE Chad \ large | sma | tere ewer of dissoctonion eee | _ stereo smalh lorge | smal exienr of atssoctatron | ‘a | weak weak Aca + as partial WHY = CAT} so) Ra = Cat” Ce Tos Dyn. 3 - Summory Che} = Ka x CHAS strong acids + CHAJ = Assumptions: toni cation Strong bases: KWL > CiAeq © (HP Jorignas 22 smalh © approxi mad:on only Used tov wear act utth Lovo Ka weak aids + (eax TAS ignore CHI from HO = negisib Cow 3Buffer Solutions & et smal ~ buffer: solution that minimizes charges tm pH on addition Amounts of arid Or base @ Wearemeurery 9 Exorp: con = ut + Qeos - weak acid (MR) eg. CH3 COOH + Salt ofwave atd/ ton) oqaue base CH COOH OE og CH C0O7 + Nat GE. Spectertor oe x Nor Unp CH coor paral, Nh COH3C0x) dissousniven Somes From CHscoscan oe which ump Lerely Aire LAX eA CH Base added Con] — &F PPS shite leFe = causes [i] as OK” tHe 3 KO SO Wt rears with CHa cco” = eq shift te reghe > sc HN =more CH3Co0H disfowates see CHS = WEAK axl ir excass (HRY eg. CAsCOOW 4 SHONg aueali [MOHD Gy. KabH OR weak base eg: Ha’ 4 | aud salk gf Wok base eg: NHgU NH3 9 f HO = owhgh ot OW FOLD Specatur oe Stow coi? pesto Sh. of ia tae Aad eo i : aad: CHt94 Gace cou- 29 causes OAL as BYE OK Ko 7 A HLM to Hyhe ~ so tHt]y > couse, Oh > eq shift fe EE fh frm wHsr io men > Se COnnT Sea pH of Buber ceryca- a Hr = Ka x Casicl? Csatry i P ; Solubiliby - PO CLUE fre cipitate Kep > aa J tu JP Rs I-92 leat . sp = 1P= CPE Inonel 7 IT ven-ey conc of Qsp >Ksp > ppt ~ solubility produce: produce oF : ; a catave €ach im cha Saturated SOUS of a P fae Qsp < Ks Spoxingly Sods salt ot 298k rated to Exempt power oF jneir relakive conc. tig GOS ug? + 20K7 Smaller Ksp = lower solulility a, Tags 0.0837 800% Example: Kop Cus = 6.2 x13 moltdaré = cegtty con® Sree Cole solu bile! + Beg x6 ase wt ne Ksp = Caer? Q>Ksp a Cond 2 (65 xi 36 =a Sy HOT net dent mamma aaasmmon On effect: 7 om! ‘ FEARCKA, th sy bility oF a dissoved salt Yeved Py adding @ Solumon of a tina ae a AA ON Heomnon with oldsolvedd seelh , > pee Rgt <= fgt + 37 2kI added Agr and kT bom contain To : ae shits lett exo E>) a eee per wh om P > Ksp j ‘ conveunthg In calontations, of solubility ef th solutions Conc of con — > cone of ton of sparingly soluble sale 4 7 Ur comparison te cont of common Len Ceommon rT >>> Coparingly souubla salt ind adding CO 0.4m Example: : Cds —| CA? gy + ST cow Kp txtot® ea + 4x costs x Ksp = Cedtrycse3 ae ¥ 2 ne Deip2d = ©. OLE RIOD x = Groved = ned) % 2. 1x10" Partition Coefficient, Kpe = Partition coefficient (kpc): 4 YObo of Conmntations of a solute in loyers in contack uth each omer > at a porbUular tmp im equillbrium F obeys equilitrium law ay long ALssolvert chemitars has Sime molecular structure ti bo Solvents, 2 diff tmmiscce