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Conversational AI for Natural Language Processing: An Review of ChatGPT

Article in International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication · March 2023
DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conversational AI for Natural Language Processing:

An Review of ChatGPT
Vishal Goar1, Nagendra Singh Yadav2, Pallavi Singh Yadav3
1
Govt. Engineering College Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, [email protected]
2
Govt. Engineering College Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, [email protected]
3 Research Scholar, Faculty of Commerce, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, [email protected]

Abstract -
ChatGPT is a conversational artificial intelligence model developed by OpenAI, which was introduced in 2019. It employs a transformer-based
neural mesh to produce human being responses in real-time, allowing for natural language conversations with a machine. ChatGPT is instructed
on huge quantities of data captured using the internet, making it knowledgeable in an extensive span of topics, from news & entertainment to
politics and sports. This allows it to generate contextually relevant responses to questions and statements, making the conversation seem more
lifelike. The model can be used in various applications, including customer service, personal assistants, and virtual assistants. ChatGPT has
also shown promising results in generating creative content, such as jokes and poetry, showcasing its versatility and potential for future
applications.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature on ChatGPT, highlighting its key advantages, such as improved accuracy
and flexibility compared to traditional NLP tools, as well as its limitations and the need for further research to address potential ethical concerns.
The review also highlights the potential for ChatGPT to be used in NLP applications, including question-answering and dialogue generation,
and highlights the need for further research and development in these areas.

Keywords: ChatGPT, Natural language processing, Neural network, Chatbot, Search engine.

I. Introduction generation and conversation-based applications, such as

customer service chatbots.
ChatGPT, a form of the GPT (Generative Pre-trained
Transformer) architecture, is instructed on a huge quantity of The main benefit of ChatGPT is has improved accuracy
text data, allowing it to effectively capture patterns in compared with traditional NLP tools. Unlike traditional NLP
language and generate human-like responses. The model has models, which often rely on rule-based approaches and rely
been shown to perform well on a variation of NLP tasks i.e. on human-defined dictionaries and grammar, ChatGPT uses
question answering, generation of text, and sentiment deep learning algorithms to learn from the data it is trained
analysis. on. This results in a model that is capable of generating more
human-like responses, as well as recognizing patterns in
The buildout of NPL (natural language processing) has
language that traditional NLP models may miss.
enabled computers to learn & generate human language,
which has opened up new possibilities for technology in In addition to its improved accuracy, ChatGPT is also highly
various industries, including customer service, education, and flexible, allowing it to be the first pick for several NLP tasks,
entertainment. One of the most promising NLP models i.e. Q/A, text generation, and sentiment analysis. This allows
developed in recent years is ChatGPT, which is a variation of organizations to customize the model to meet their specific
the GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) architecture. needs, making it a valuable resource for an extensive span of
This essay provides an overview of ChatGPT and its potential industries.
applications in the NLP field.
While ChatGPT offers many advantages, it is not without its
A language model called ChatGPT uses deep learning limitations. One of the main challenges with ChatGPT is its
techniques to comprehend and produce writing that sounds large size and computational requirements, which can make
human. It is instructed on an enormous quantity of text data, deployment in certain settings challenging. Additionally,
allowing it to effectively capture patterns in language and some of the worries are associated with the ethical impact of
respond to queries such that it mimics human conversation. using large models of language, such as the perpetuation of
This makes ChatGPT well-suited for use in dialogue biases in language and the possibility for the replica to
generate harmful content.

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Despite these limitations, ChatGPT reflects a notable advance NLP tasks, i.e. Q/A, dialogue generation, & text
in the domain of NLP and holds promise for further research classification.
and development. Its ability to generate context-aware
Architecture of ChatGPT:
responses and execute effectively on a variation of NLP tasks
makes it a treasured resource for organizations aiming to ChatGPT is a language model that is built on the transformer
enhance their customer service, education, & entertainment architecture, which was first presented in 2017 by Vaswani et
offerings. al. in the paper “Attention is All You Need”. This architecture
consists of a self-attention procedure used to capture the
II. Literature Review
dependencies among different words in a sentence. In
The literature highlights ChatGPT's ability to generate ChatGPT, the self-attention mechanism is used to capture the
context-aware responses, making it well-suited for dialogue context of the discussion & generate a response that appears
generation and conversation-based applications. However, to be appropriate for that context.
the literature also highlights some of the limitations of
The model consists of a series of encoders and decoders,
ChatGPT, such as its large size and computational
which are used to encode the input string into a numerical
requirements, which can make deployment in certain settings
presentation and later decode it into a response. The encoders
challenging. In addition, there is a need for further research
are trained on a large set of text data obtained from the
to address potential ethical concerns related to the use of large
internet, which enables the model to capture the patterns and
language models, such as the perpetuation of biases in
relationships between words in different contexts. The
language and the potential for the models to generate harmful
decoders are then used to generate a response based on the
or malicious content.
encoded input.
ChatGPT is a variation of the GPT (Generative Pre-trained
The functionalities of ChatGPT include:
Transformer) architecture and is instructed on a huge volume
of text data. The model has been shown to execute skillfully 1. Dialogue Generation - ChatGPT is capable of
a variety of NLP tasks, such as answering questions, text generating natural language responses in a
generation, & sentiment analysis. The literature highlights conversational context. The model can generate
ChatGPT's ability to generate context-aware responses, responses for a wide range of topics, including
making it well-suited for dialogue generation and general knowledge, news, sports, entertainment, and
conversation-based applications. more.

The main benefit of ChatGPT is its pre-training on a large 2. Question Answering - ChatGPT can be used to
corpus of text data, which enables it to effectively capture answer questions in a conversational context. The
similarities in language & generate human-like responses. In model can respond to queries on a variety of subjects
comparison to traditional NLP tools such as rule-based because it was trained on a vast corpus of text data.
systems and retrieval-based models, ChatGPT has 3. Text Generation - ChatGPT can be utilized to
demonstrated improved accuracy and flexibility in a range of create text in a certain genre or style. The model may
NLP tasks. produce text that is comparable to the training data
However, the literature also highlights some of the limitations since it has been trained on a vast corpus of text data.
of ChatGPT, such as its large size and computational How ChatGPT works?
requirements, which can make deployment in certain settings
challenging. In addition, there is a need for further research The ChatGPT consist of a simple webpage along with an area
to address potential ethical concerns related to the use of large to populate the results and a textbox at the end of the page
language models, such as the perpetuation of biases in where users can insert their query which they’d wish to be
language and the possibility for the models to generate processed. We begin with some questions and its
harmful content. recommended to practice the non-ambiguous statement to
have better results.
ChatGPT is a transformer-based language model created by
Open AI. It is a variation of the GPT (Generative Pre-trained For instance, the user query "define how solar system
Transformer) architecture and is instructed on huge volumes originated" returns a detailed explanation than "how was the
of text data. The model is capable of generating human-like solar system made". The users can also opt to have a specific
responses in natural language & can be enhanced for several request as input for an essay along with several paragraphs.
The depth results were generated for the user's query about
"write a four-paragraph essay defining best AI tools”.

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IJRITCC | February 2023, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2 – Step 1 “capture of dummy data to instruct a

supervised policy”
Figure 1 – Results for query “write a four-paragraph essay
defining best AI tools” The model is trained with the help of Reinforcement learning
based on human feedback. However, there is a slight change
The generator attempts to fulfill the user's ask with accurate
in the setup of data collection. The initial model is trained to
details when the larger pool of information is available to the
enable the supervised tunning. The Human AI instructor
generator. Though there is a need for ChatGPT to start
shares the conversation on both sides User and AI assistant.
bridging the gaps amongst the wrong set of data which
The instructor access the model and provided written
happens fewer times. Below are the highlights from our
recommendations so that the responses can be composed
study:
accordingly. This new dialogue dataset is mixed with the
a) Users can always stop the ChatGPT from “continue Instruct GPT dataset to transform the format of dialogue.
generating responses”.
The differentiation data needs to be captured consisting of 2
b) Users can always “Regenerate responses” if they’re
or more model response rankings based on quality to create
not happy with the returned results.
the reward model for reinforcement learning. The
c) Refreshing the page always saved the last generated
conversation between the AI trainer and chatbot is captured
result and it can set the “title of chat” o its own based
to collect this data. Messages written by the model are picked
on the added query.
randomly, alternative completions are sampled and the AI
d) Users can edit their queries at any point in time.
trainer ranks them. The models were Fine-tuned based on
e) Each Chat “query” can be deleted.
proximal policy optimization with the help of reward models.
f) To use “ChatGPT” one must be registered with
https://chat.openai.com
When a user inputs a prompt, the model takes in the text and
processes it through multiple layers, which consist of
attention mechanisms and feed-forward neural networks. The
attention mechanisms help the model aims at particular words
and turn of phrase in the input & the feed-forward networks
help the model learn the objective of the input.
Based on the input, the model generates a response by
foreseeing the following word in the text depending on the
context, using a probability distribution over the vocabulary.
The model repeats this process until a stopping criterion is
met, such as reaching a maximum response length or
predicting a specific ending token.
Finally, the model outputs the generated response, which is a
coherent and contextually relevant response to the input
prompt. The standard of the response lies in the quality of the Figure 3 – Step 2 “Capture the differentiation data to
pre-training and fine-tuning datasets and the quality of the instruct the reward model.
architecture and parameters used in the model.
The method

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Personal Assistance - chatGPT can also be used as
a personal assistant. With its ability to understand
natural language and perform tasks, chatGPT can be
used to help people with their daily tasks such as
scheduling appointments, sending emails, and
managing their to-do lists. This can save people time
and effort and allow them to focus on more
important tasks. Additionally, chatGPT can also be
used as a virtual assistant for businesses, helping
managers and employees with administrative tasks
such as scheduling meetings and booking travel.
4. Language Translation - chatGPT can also be used
Figure 4 – Step 3 “Advance a policy opposed to rewarding
for language translation. With its ability to
model enabled with a PPO reinforcement learning
understand and generate text in multiple languages,
algorithm”
chatGPT can be utilized to translate documents, web
Applications: pages, and other forms of content. This can help
businesses expand their reach to a global spectator
As a language model created by Open AI, GPT-3 has
and communicate effectively with customers in
garnered a lot of attentiveness lately. With its capacity to
different countries. Additionally, chatGPT can also
produce human alike text, chatGPT has numerous use cases
be used for real-time translation, making it an ideal
in different industries. Here, we will discuss a few of the most
tool for people who travel frequently.
promising use cases of chatGPT in detail.
5. Chatbots for e-commerce - Another use case of
1. Customer Service - One of the most obvious use
chatGPT is in the e-commerce industry. chatGPT
cases of chatGPT is in the consumer assistance
can be used to create chatbots that help customers
domain. With its capacity to acknowledge natural
with their shopping experience. For example,
language and produce human alike reverts, chatGPT
consumers may utilize the chatbot for queries about
can be utilized to provide consumer support 24/7.
products, comparing prices, and making purchases.
Customers can ask questions related to the product
This can enhance the general shopping experience
& services of the company, & chatGPT can provide
for consumers & help businesses increase sales.
them with accurate and relevant answers. This can
Additionally, chatGPT can be utilized to create
aid business rescue money & assets by hiring
chatbots that assist with the shipping and delivery
customer service representatives. Moreover,
process, helping customers track their orders and
chatGPT can also enhance the overall consumer
resolve any issues.
experience by sharing quick and efficient answers to
their queries. 6. Education - chatGPT can also be used in the
education sector. With its ability to understand and
2. Content Generation - Another use case of chatGPT
generate text related to an extensive span of topics,
is in content generation. With its ability to generate
chatGPT can be utilized as a tutor for students. For
articles, summaries, and other forms of text,
example, students can ask chatGPT questions about
chatGPT can be used by content creators and
a particular subject, and chatGPT can provide them
marketers to create high-quality content. This can be
with accurate and relevant answers. This might be
specifically handy for small businesses and startups
particularly suited for students who’re struggling to
that do not have the resources to hire a team of
understand a subject or who need additional support.
writers. chatGPT can be utilized to produce blog
Additionally, chatGPT can also be used to create
posts, descriptions of the product, & even social
educational content such as summaries, articles, and
media posts. Moreover, it can also be utilized to
quizzes.
produce reports and abstract complex data, making
it an ideal tool for data analysts. Building a chatGPT model in Python
ChatGPT (Generative Pretrained Transformer) is a deep
learning model that is designed to produce text based on a
provided prompt. It is a language model which is instructed

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IJRITCC | February 2023, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
on a large dataset of text and can produce coherent & Next, we generate the text using the model. generate
meaningful sentences. In this article, we will look at the code function. This function takes the encoded prompt and
for building a chatGPT model in Python. generates text based on the prompt. The max_length
parameter specifies the maximum length of the generated
First, we will start with the import of the necessary libraries.
text, the top_k parameter specifies the number of top tokens
We will be using the Transformers library from Hugging
to keep for each generated word, the top_p parameter
Face, which is a popular library for working with state-of-the-
specifies the cumulative probability of the generated tokens,
art NLP models.
and the eos_token_id parameter specifies the end-of-sentence
import torch token id.
from transformers import GPT2Tokenizer, Finally, we decode the generated text using the tokenizer.
GPT2LMHeadModel decode function, which takes the numerical representation of
Next, we will load the tokenizer and the model. The tokenizer the text and returns the text in human-readable form.
will be used to encode the text prompt into numeric values Now, we can use the generate_text function to produce a
that the model can acknowledge & will generate text based string depending on a provided prompt.
on the encoded prompt.
prompt = "What is the meaning of life?"
tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained('gpt2')
generated_text = generate_text(prompt)
model = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained('gpt2')
print(generated_text)
Once a model is loaded, we will set it to evaluation mode and
The generated text will be different each time you run the
move it to the GPU if obtainable.
code, as the model generates text randomly based on the
model.eval() input.
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() CHATGPT VS other AI tools
else "cpu")
The tool is developed to produce human alike text in response
model.to(device) to user input, and it has been instructed on massive volumes
Next, we will define the function for generating text. The of text data. This AI tool has several advantages over other
function takes the prompt as input and returns the generated AI tools, and in this essay, I will explain why CHATGPT is
text. considered to be better than other AI tools.

def generate_text(prompt): First, CHATGPT is highly customizable. It allows users to

best tune the model to produce text in a particular language
# Encode the prompt & domain. This customization feature makes CHATGPT an
encoded_prompt = tokenizer.encode(prompt, ideal tool for a broad span of applications, including customer
return_tensors='pt').to(device) service, content generation, and question-answering. For
example, in customer service, CHATGPT can be best tuned
# Generate the text to provide customer-specific answers professionally and
with torch.no_grad(): helpfully. In content generation, CHATGPT can be fine-
tuned to write articles in a specific domain, such as finance or
output = model.generate(encoded_prompt, technology. In question answering, CHATGPT can be best
max_length=1000, top_k=100, top_p=0.9, tuned to provide particular answers to questions in a
eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id) particular subject area, such as history or science.
# Decode the generated text Second, CHATGPT is highly scalable. The tool is built on the
generated_text = tokenizer.decode(output[0], transformer architecture, which has been proven to be highly
skip_special_tokens=True) effective in handling large amounts of text data. This
scalability means that CHATGPT can be trained on large
return generated_text
amounts of data, resulting in highly accurate and coherent
In the function, we first encode the prompt using the responses. This is specifically vital in applications where the
tokenizer. encode function. This function takes the prompt as tool must generate text in real time, as it allows the model to
input and returns the numerical representation of the text. generate text quickly and efficiently.

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IJRITCC | February 2023, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Third, CHATGPT is highly flexible. The tool can be used in able to provide more accurate and detailed information,
various applications, starting from customer service & making it a viable alternative to search engines.
content generation to question answering and production of
However, search engines still play a significant role in the
dialogue. This flexibility is due to the nature of the
online world, and it is unlikely that ChatGPT will completely
transformer architecture, which allows the tool to learn from
replace them. Both technologies have their unique strengths
multiple types of text data, such as conversations, articles,
and weaknesses and may coexist in the future, offering users
and questions. This flexibility makes CHATGPT an ideal tool
different options to access information.
for a wide range of applications, as it can be easily adapted to
different use cases. Analysis –

Fourth, CHATGPT has a high level of accuracy. The tool has The review of the literature on ChatGPT highlights its
been instructed on a huge corpus of text data, resulting in a potential as a valuable resource for NLP applications,
highly accurate model. This accuracy is particularly offering improved accuracy and flexibility compared to
important in applications where the tool must generate text traditional NLP tools. However, it also highlights the need for
that is coherent, meaningful, and grammatically correct. For further research to address limitations and ethical concerns
example, in customer service, CHATGPT can generate text associated with the use of large language models.
that is professional and helpful, while in content generation, ChatGPT is a language model built by OpenAI, and it can be
CHATGPT can generate text that is informative and compared to several other natural language processing (NLP)
engaging. tools, includes of:
Fifth, CHATGPT is highly consistent. The tool is designed to Rule-based systems - These are systems that count on a set
produce human alike text, and it’s been trained on a massive of predefined regulations to generate responses. In
corpus of text data. This training ensures that the tool comparison, ChatGPT is a data-driven model that has been
generates text that is consistent in terms of grammar, style, & instructed on a large volume of text data, permitting it to
tone. This consistency is particularly important in produce more natural and diverse responses (Brown et al.,
applications where the tool must produce text that is 2020).
reasonable or logical and meaningful, as it allows the tool to
produce text that is consistent with the human alike text. Retrieval-based models - These are models that generate
responses by selecting the most appropriate response from a
Sixth, CHATGPT is highly accessible. The tool is available pre-defined set of responses. In comparison, ChatGPT
as an API, making it easy to integrate into a broad span of generates responses dynamically based on the input, allowing
applications. This accessibility reflects that developers can it to generate more flexible and context-aware responses
effortlessly build applications that use CHATGPT, without (Rajpurkar et al., 2018).
having to worry about the underlying technology. This
accessibility also makes CHATGPT an ideal tool for Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) - These are
businesses, as it allows companies to build applications that models that generate new data based on a learned distribution.
use CHATGPT with minimal investment in technology. While GANs can be used for NLP tasks, they are typically
less accurate and flexible than transformer-based models like
ChatGPT vs Search Engines – ChatGPT (Goodfellow et al., 2014).
ChatGPT has the potential to disrupt the dominance of search Other Transformer-based models - There are several other
engines because it provides users with immediate and transformer-based models available for NLP tasks, including
personalized responses to their questions and inquiries, rather BERT, GPT-2, and RoBERTa. While these models are
than directing them to a list of relevant search results. This similar to ChatGPT in many ways, ChatGPT is the largest and
conversational AI technology can understand the context of a most powerful model currently available (Devlin et al., 2018).
user's request and provide specific and relevant information
in real-time, which can retain time & enhance the user
experience compared to traditional search engines.
Additionally, ChatGPT can integrate with multiple platforms
and devices, making it accessible and convenient for users.
With advancements in machine learning and natural language
processing, ChatGPT is becoming more sophisticated and

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Feature ChatGPT NPL Tools data and cannot understand complex reasoning. This
Rule-based,
can lead to inaccurate responses or a lack of
Retrieval-based, understanding of the question.
GANs, Transformer- 5. Lack of Creativity - ChatGPT is not capable of
Type of Model Transformer-based based
generating creative responses. It is instructed on a
Massive amount of Limited pre-defined large volume of text data & generates responses
Training Data text data data or rules based on the patterns it learned from the data. This
Response Dynamic, context- Pre-defined, limited means that it generates responses that are similar to
Generation aware diversity what it has seen in the training data, which can result
in a lack of creativity and originality.
Varies, typically
Accuracy High lower than ChatGPT 6. Difficulty in Understanding Humor - ChatGPT
has difficulty understanding humor. This is because
Varies, typically
Flexibility High lower than ChatGPT humor often relies on context, and the model cannot
understand the context. This can lead to
Table 1 - Comparison of ChatGPT and NLP tools inappropriate or insensitive responses, which can be
As displayed in the table, ChatGPT offers several advantages harmful.
over traditional NLP tools, including a higher level of 7. Difficulty in Understanding Emotion - ChatGPT
accuracy and flexibility in generating responses. These has difficulty understanding emotions. Emotions are
features make ChatGPT a valuable resource for NLP tasks often expressed through tone and body language,
and a preferred choice over other NLP tools. and the model cannot understand these cues. This
III. Limitations: can lead to inappropriate or insensitive responses,
which can be harmful.
While ChatGPT has several benefits, it also has some
limitations that cannot be ignored. In this essay, we will
discuss the major limitations of ChatGPT in detail. 8. Difficulty in Understanding Negation - ChatGPT
1. Lack of Common Sense - The main restriction of has difficulty understanding negation. This is
ChatGPT is its deficit of common sense. Common because negation often requires a deeper grasping of
sense is the ability of a system to understand the the definition of the words being used, and the
world and make decisions based on the knowledge model cannot understand this meaning. This can
of everyday life. However, ChatGPT lacks this lead to inaccurate responses.
ability and is not able to make decisions based on 9. Difficulty in Understanding Abstraction -
common sense. It can only produce text depending ChatGPT has difficulty understanding abstract
upon the patterns it absorbed from the training data. concepts. This is because abstract concepts often
2. Limited Understanding of Context - Another require a deeper grasping of the definition of the
limitation of ChatGPT is its limited understanding words being used, and the model cannot understand
of context. It is instructed on a large corpus of text this meaning. This can lead to inaccurate responses.
data, but it’s unable to understand the context in 10. Overreliance on Keywords - ChatGPT tends to
which the text was generated. This leads to overly on keywords. This is because it is trained on
responses that are not always relevant to the input. patterns in the text data, and it generates responses
3. Bias in Training Data - ChatGPT is instructed on a based on these patterns. This can lead to
large corpus of text data, & this data is often biased. inappropriate or irrelevant responses, as the model
Partiality in the training data can result in biased may not fully understand the context of the input.
responses from the model. For instance, if the IV. Future Scope -
training data holds a lot of sexist language, the
model may generate sexist responses. There is, however, still potential for refinement in terms of
accuracy, consistency, & relevance of responses. In this
4. Difficulty in Understanding Complex Questions - essay, I will discuss how ChatGPT can be improved in the
ChatGPT has difficulty understanding complex next generation of language models.
questions. This is because it is trained on simple text

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Contextual Understanding - One of the challenges should be trained on sentiment analysis to provide
faced by ChatGPT is its limited understanding of more emotionally relevant responses.
context. The model often generates irrelevant
5. Integration with Other AI Technologies - Finally,
responses or misunderstands the intent behind the
ChatGPT can be improved by integrating it with
input. For example, if a user publishes a query
other AI technologies. For example, the model could
“What is the weather like in New York City today?”
be integrated with computer vision to provide visual
and the model responds with “I am not capable of
responses to input or with speech recognition to
checking the weather as I am an AI language
provide voice-based responses. This would not only
model.” This type of response shows that the model
enhance the user experience but also expand the
lacks a deeper understanding of the context of the
range of applications for the model.
input. To address this issue, the next generation of
language models should be designed with a better Conclusion –
understanding of context, including the user’s In conclusion, CHATGPT is a superior AI tool compared to
previous interactions, location, time, and other other AI tools available today. Its advanced capabilities,
relevant factors. scalability, and accuracy make it an ideal solution for
2. Personalization - Another area for improvement is businesses looking to implement AI solutions in a wide range
personalization. The current ChatGPT model is not of applications, including conversational AI, customer
tailored to individual users and does not provide service, content creation, and marketing. Additionally,
personalized responses. This can lead to a lack of CHATGPT's open-source nature and flexible architecture
engagement and a poor user experience. To address make it a very good choice for companies looking to
this, the next generation of language models should customize & fine-tune their AI solutions to meet their specific
be able to learn from the user’s interactions and needs and requirements.
provide personalized responses. This could include ChatGPT reflects a remarkable advance in the domain of
incorporating the user’s preferences, interests, and NLP, offering improved accuracy and flexibility compared to
habits into the model’s responses. traditional NLP tools. Its applications in NLP tasks such as
3. Consistency - Another challenge faced by ChatGPT Q/A & dialogue generation hold promise for further research
is consistency in its responses. The model and development in the field. ChatGPT is a highly advanced
sometimes generates inconsistent responses to NLP tool that offers several benefits over traditional rule-
similar inputs. For instance, if a user publishes a based systems and retrieval-based models. It is also one of the
query “What is the capital of France?” & the model most powerful transformer-based models currently available,
responds “Paris”, but if the user asks “What is the making it a valuable resource for NLP tasks.
capital city of France?” the model responds “I am ChatGPT is a promising NLP model that offers improved
sorry, I don’t know the answer.” This type of accuracy and flexibility compared to traditional NLP tools.
inconsistency can lead to frustration and a poor user Its potential applications in NLP tasks such as Q/A &
experience. To address this, the next generation of dialogue generation make it a valuable resource for
language models should be instructed on a much organizations in various industries, and its continued
more vast & more diverse corpus of data to ensure development holds great promise for the future of NLP
consistent responses to similar inputs. technology.
4. Sentiment Analysis - Another challenge faced by References –
ChatGPT is its ability to know and produce a reply
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with “I am sorry to hear that. Is there anything I can Know what you don’t know: Unanswerable questions for
help with?” This type of response does not SQuAD. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.03822.
acknowledge the emotion behind the input and does [3]. Devlin, J., Chang, M. W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K.
not provide a supportive or empathetic response. To (2018). BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional
address this, the next generation of language models transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint
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IJRITCC | February 2023, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 3s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6161
Article Received: 10 December 2022 Revised: 18 January 2023 Accepted: 24 January 2023
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[4]. Goodfellow, I., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B.,
Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., ... & Bengio, Y. (2014).
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