Md Jowel Rahman

SMART AGRICULTURE WITH IoT

Thesis
CENTRIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Bachelor of Information Technology
May 2024
ABSTRACT

Centria University Date Author

of Applied Sciences 09.05.2024 Md Jowel Rahman

Degree programme
Bachelor of Engineering, Information Technology
Name of thesis
SMART AGRICULTURE WITH IoT
Centria supervisor Pages
Henry Paananen 33+2
Instructor representing commissioning institution or company

Food security is one of the crucial challenges people must face in the coming days. A majority num-
ber of farmers still cultivate in conventional farming methods, for which, the progress of crop produc-
tion is not notable. The aim of this thesis is to examine the digitalization of farming. The thesis finds a
way to cultivate in the challenging areas like Nordic countries.

The research begins with the challenges people face with current farming system in the natural disas-
ters, cultivable land, etc. Then it presents the IoT and its integration with agriculture. The research ex-
plores the expansion of sensor networks, data analytics, and communication technologies these create
a network environment that simplifies the real-time monitoring and control agricultural process.

The research creates a real-time demo with Arduino hardware and software. It shows how smart agri-
culture works and how programming language is used in the system. The demo shows the easy live
monitoring. The thesis analyses the difficulties people can face in the implementation of smart agri-
culture. Then it finds the solutions to solve the difficulties.

In the end, the thesis displays the revolutionary way to implement the smart agriculture with IoT. It
finds the way to produce food in the challenging areas.

Key words
Arduino, IoT, Irrigation System, Programming Language, Smart Agriculture, Sensors
CONCEPT DEFINITIONS

IoT
Internet of Things
AI
Artificial Intelligence
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
LTE
Long Term Evolution
ABSTRACT
CONCEPT DEFINITIONS
CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION....................................................................................................3
2.1 Current Challenges in Global Agriculture ..................................................................................3
2.2 IoT Framework and Components ................................................................................................3
2.3 IoT in Precision and Smart Farming ...........................................................................................4
2.4 Significant Implementations and Trends .....................................................................................4
2.5 Regulatory and Socioeconomic Factors .......................................................................................4

3 METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................................................6

4 OVERVIEW OF IOT ..........................................................................................................................7

4.1 IoT Components .............................................................................................................................7
4.1.1 Sensors ...................................................................................................................................7
4.1.2 Gateway .................................................................................................................................8
4.1.3 Cloud ......................................................................................................................................8
4.1.4 Analytics ................................................................................................................................9
4.1.5 User Interface ........................................................................................................................9
4.2 IoT Architecture ...........................................................................................................................10

5 IOT APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE...................................................................................11

5.1 Precision Farming ........................................................................................................................12
5.2 Agricultural Drones .....................................................................................................................12
5.3 Livestock Monitoring ...................................................................................................................13
5.4 Smart Greenhouse ........................................................................................................................15

6 IOT IMPLEMENTATION IN A GREENHOUSE ........................................................................16

6.1 Software Components ..................................................................................................................17
6.2 Hardware Software ......................................................................................................................17
6.2.1 Arduino Uno R3 ..................................................................................................................18
6.2.2 Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensor ............................................................................18
6.2.3 LED and Light bulb ............................................................................................................19
6.2.4 Resistors ...............................................................................................................................20
6.2.5 Servo Motor and DC Motor ...............................................................................................20
6.2.6 Power Supply and Relay ....................................................................................................21
6.3 Project Plan...................................................................................................................................22
6.4 Flowchart of the Project ..............................................................................................................24
6.5 Programming Part of the Project ...............................................................................................26

7 RESULT OVERVIEW AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES............................................................27

7.1 Result Overview ...........................................................................................................................27
7.2 Future Perspectives ......................................................................................................................28

8 CHALLENGES AND DIFFICULTIES ...........................................................................................29

9 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................30

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 31
APPENDICES

PICTURES
PICTURE 1. IoT application in agriculture ............................................................................................ 11
PICTURE 2. IoT based livestock monitoring ......................................................................................... 14
PICTURE 3. Soil moisture sensor ……………………………………………………………………. 19
PICTURE 4. Temperature sensor………………………………………………………………………19
PICTURE 5. DC Motor………………………………………………………………………………...21
PICTURE 6: Servo Motor ……………………………………………………………………………..21
PICTURE 7. Power Supply………..…………………………………………………………………...22
PICTURE 8: Relay……... ……………………………………………………………………………..22
PICTURE 9: The implementation of the project in Tinkercad………………………………………...23
PICTURE 10: Schematic view of the implemented project…………………………………………...24

FIGURE
FIGURE 1: Diagram of the project…………………………………………………………………….25

TABLES
TABLE 1. Passive Sensors vs Active Sensors .......................................................................................... 8
TABLE 2. Component List ..................................................................................................................... 17
 1

1 INTRODUCTION

In 1950, there were 2.5 billion population in the world. Today, the number is close to the total population
of the Indian subcontinent alone. According to the UN Population Division, the population of the world
will reach to 9.7 billion by 2050 (Haddad, 2023). The data shows how the population of the world is
increasing rapidly. It should be a serious concern to the world. But there is one more thing that is bigger
concern than the increasing population, even though they are related to each other. Food, providing food
for this growing population is the biggest concern to the world. Although food is one of the top biological
needs of humans, but it’s supply is now the biggest anxiety to the people. Various natural and unnatural
disasters, and climate change are the one of the major causes for this food crisis. The amount of agricul-
tural land is decreasing due to urbanization and industrialization which is another big reason of the
growing food crisis. Still, most of the farmers practice their conventional farming practices which hinder
them from bringing progressive results in crop production. As the food crisis continues to grow with
world’s population, technology can play influential role in addressing this crisis.

The applications of the Internet of Things have grown in every sector of social during the decades.
Internet of Things have a significant impact on agriculture during those times by addressing problems
including scarcity of food, environmental issues and resources. IoT helps to monitor and control the
agricultural environment to maximize productivity, minimize environmental impact, and optimize re-
source use in precision or smart agriculture.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a developing concept that allows electrical gadgets and sensors to com-
municate with each other via the Internet (Sachin Kumar, 2019). In IoT-based smart farming, there are
several sensors like- soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, motion detector sensor,
etc. and drones used to monitor and control the field or firm from everywhere and automates the irriga-
tion system (Ravindra, 2020). IoT sensors collect and transmit data from agricultural environments and
send these data to central receiver that helps farmers to monitor the field and make decisions if need. For
example, soil moisture sensors use capacitance or resistive techniques to provide real time information
on soil water level, guiding irrigation practices to minimize water use (Bogena, 2007). IoT technology
allows live monitoring that helps farmers to monitor livestock’s live location, health and behavior. This
leads to improvements in progress and production.

The aim of this thesis is to delve into the IoT impact on agriculture. This thesis seeks to explain how IoT
devices and sensors are revolutionizing farming methods by deeply exploring the diverse impacts of IoT
 2

on agriculture. As the aim of this thesis is to evaluate significant influence of IoT on agriculture, the
following crucial research questions would act as the road map:

1) How are the IoT technologies being integrated into various agricultural practices, and what are
the significant results of those integration in terms of crop production, resource management,
and economic growth?
2) How can IoT help Nordic countries to improve in agriculture by using IoT based greenhouse
model?

A several methods will be used to find out the answer to these questions including – case study analysis,
literature review, expert interview analysis, etc. The chapters of this thesis are structured to break down
the complexity of these questions and show proven results to improve our understanding about the IoT
in agriculture. This thesis aims to conclude with clear findings and proposals that will be helpful for
everyone and open new possibilities for the agricultural industry.
 3

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Using advanced devices connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) instead of primitive machinery has
significantly transformed farming methods due to the integration of technology in agriculture. The foun-
dation for modern innovative IoT systems was built by the advent of computer technology in the 1980s,
which marked the beginning of the digital era and carried over the mechanical breakthroughs. Those
technologies are crucial for addressing the issues brought on by an increasingly populous world and
developing environmental concerns because they enable accurate control over agricultural operations
and real time monitoring. Bogue (2016) states that the smart utilization of IoT technology can result in
notable improvements in crop production and resource management, which are essential for navigating
some of the major obstacles dealing with the world's agriculture industry.

2.1 Current Challenges in Global Agriculture

Several problems affecting the world's agriculture sector that threaten food security and sustainable de-
velopment. Serious land degradation, water scarcity, and the detrimental effects of climate change on
agricultural output are some of these problems. Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, faces unique chal-
lenges due to its unpredictable rainfall patterns and acute water scarcity when, which impact both crop
and livestock farming. Agriculture contributes up to 60% of some countries GDP (Omotoso, 2023). In
northern Europe, on the other hand, Finland faces particular difficulties because of its colder climate,
which means that energy-efficient agricultural solutions are crucial. The global increase in food con-
sumption brought on by population expansion and shifting dietary choices makes those challenges even
more urgent (Nordic Council, 2019). Innovative technology interventions that could boost farming sys-
tems endurance against climate abnormalities and offer sustainable solutions are needed to address these
challenging concerns.

2.2 IoT Framework and Components

The implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in agriculture involves the utilization of a
system comprised of sensors, actuators, and connectivity solutions. This system enables the collection,
transmission, and analysis of data especially for agricultural purposes. Field deployed sensors monitor
areas of environmental and soil parameters, with the aim of adjusting water levels or applying fertilizers
 4

in response to sensor activity. The system employees advanced data analytics to examine and compre-
hend data, and it makes use of technology to guarantee that data does not clash between devices and
central management. With this knowledge, farmers can decide how best to manage their crops and use
their resources to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability (Shahab, 2024).

2.3 IoT in Precision and Smart Farming

IoT plays a revolutionary role in precision and smart farming, providing strategies to increase crop yield
while reducing environmental effects. Smart farming utilizes IoT techniques to guarantee the accurate
use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides in the optimal quantities is required by individual plants. This
approach significantly minimizes waste and environmental harm. This strategy is very efficient in coun-
tries like Africa, where the preservation of resources is crucial. In the regions with colder climates such
as Finland, the adoption of IoT technologies enables the efficient management of smart greenhouses.
These greenhouses employ automated temperature control systems to extend the growing seasons and
improve agricultural yields by creating regulated conditions (Bartzanas, 2021). These technological im-
provements not only facilitate traditional farming methods but also facilitate the implementation of noble
farming techniques that can promote sustainable agricultural practices globally.

2.4 Significant Implementations and Trends

The use of IoT in agriculture has significantly increased production and operational efficiency globally.
Smart irrigation systems for instance automatically modify water consumption based on real time soil
moisture data, guaranteeing optimal plant development. Drones, on the other hand, are used for aerial
data collecting to monitor crop health and optimize field conditions. These examples highlight how IoT
may improve farming operations and increase the sustainability of agricultural methods. In addition,
new developments like artificial intelligence (AI) integration to forecast crop yields and identify plant
diseases early on, as well as vertical farming, which makes use of controlled environment agriculture
(CEA) technologies, are raising the bar for agricultural innovation (Mike O. Ojo, 2022).

2.5 Regulatory and Socioeconomic Factors

As Internet of Things (IoT) technologies grow more deeply rooted in agriculture, they give rise to im-
portant regulatory and social concerns. The prominence of data privacy and security issues is due to
 5

extensive data collection by IoT devices. Furthermore, there are ethical concerns surroundings the en-
hanced surveillance possibilities facilitated by these technologies. In terms of socioeconomic factors,
the automation of conventional agricultural activities has the capacity to replace employment, empha-
sizing the necessity for policies that strike a balance between technological progress and the economic
and social welfare of farming communities (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
2017). In order to ensure that the advantages of IoT in agriculture are distributed fairly among diverse
areas and groups, it is essential for regulatory frameworks to adapt and keep pace with these technolog-
ical improvements.

IoT in agriculture is expected to make significant advances in the future, potentially improving farming
methods sustainability and efficiency. It is anticipated that developments in genetic modification and
increasingly complex biotechnologies, along with sophisticated Internet of Things applications, will re-
sult in the creation of crop types that are more resistant to environmental challenges.
 6

3 METHODOLOGY

A research methodology explains and displays the methods used in the research (McCombes, 2023).
Although this thesis is a practice-based work, additionally this thesis will use some methods to collect
ethical information and gain clear knowledge. This thesis uses a mixed-methods approach to understand
the impact of IoT on agriculture. It will review the literature, case studies, and interviews to gain a
comprehensive understanding of the practical implementation and outcomes of IoT technologies in var-
ious agricultural scenarios. The study will also identify the challenges and difficulties of implementing
IoT technology in agriculture. Surveys and interviews will be conducted to gather quantitative data on
the prevalence of IoT technology, while thematic analysis will be used for qualitative data. Factor anal-
ysis, regression analysis, and descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the quantitative data. The
ethical considerations of privacy, confidentiality, and informed permission will be respected throughout
the research process. Institutional review boards will be consulted for ethical approval, and all research
operations will follow accepted ethical norms and procedures.
 7

4 OVERVIEW OF IOT

In recent months, there has been a notable increase in interest surrounding the Internet of Things, as
firms have been releasing goods and services based on IoT technology, and acquisitions connected to
IoT have been generating news. According to IDC 2014, the Internet of Things has the potential to
expand into a market value at $7.1 trillion by 2020 (Spencer, 2014). Nevertheless, there is a lack of
consensus over the specific scope of the Internet of Things. The phrase developed from the research
conducted by the Auto-ID Labs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on networked radio-
frequency identification (RFID) infrastructures. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) cur-
rently defines the Internet of Things as a worldwide framework for the Information Society. It facilitates
enhanced services by linking physical and virtual objects using established and developing interoperable
information and communication technologies. Alternative definitions of the IoT emphasis the intercon-
nectedness of objects, the Internet related features of the IoT, and the semantic issues that arise in the
IoT (Wortmann, 2015).

The implementation of IoT technology is becoming more widespread in different aspects of daily life,
including industries, housing, energy systems, transportation, healthcare, and urban development pro-
jects. The primary domains where this technology finds extensive use include industry, intelligent ther-
mostats, security systems, smart energy applications, advanced transportation solutions, intelligent
healthcare, and real time monitoring of parking and street lighting.

4.1 IoT Components

The structure of the IoT consists of a number of important components that work together to provide the
user-friendly interaction between the physical and digital worlds. By analysing the hardware components
of IoT, it becomes apparent that five crucial factors are important in building this revolutionary environ-
ment.

4.1.1 Sensors

IoT sensors are electrical chipsets or modules that detect and transmit data about the surrounding or
system conditions to the Internet. Sensors can be operated by direct physical touch, electromagnetic
radiation, or magnetic fields (Gerlée, 2023). Sensors are the key factor of this environment. Sensors are
 8

the responsible to collect real-time data from environment. The IoT technology works based on the data
that was collected by the sensors. For example, automated gate opens when it detects any motion within
its yard. Here, the gate is operated with motion detection sensor, the sensor detects motion from envi-
ronment as data, and the gate works based on that data (motion). A several sensors work for the IoT
technology, including temperature sensors, humidity sensors, soil moisture sensors, motion sensors, light
sensors, fire detection sensors, etc.

Two major types of sensors used in IoT:

Table 1: Passive Sensors vs Active Sensors

Passive Sensors Active Sensors

Do not need any external connection of power Require external power sources
Example: temperature Example: microphone in a cell-phone

4.1.2 Gateway

IoT gateways are designed to communicate between device to device or device to cloud. IoT gateways
create a link between sensors, machinery, and controllers. With offering management, data processing,
and communication gateway is one of the important components in IoT system (Tisha, 2024). These
gateways provide unique solutions for industrial applications and are often used in complex automation
systems where they act as a central hub for all IoT devices and sensors. IoT gateways increase the secu-
rity of IoT networks and data by adding additional security measures. They can perform many IoT ap-
plications including data filtering, advanced analytics, and data visualization. IoT gateways add ideal
solution for expanding IoT environments and improving enterprise infrastructure. They can be used on
devices or machines that are not connected to the Internet, allowing them to access local networks or
wireless IoT networks in the cloud (RS Components Ltd., n.d.).

4.1.3 Cloud

Cloud computing is crucial in Internet of Things systems, enabling data transmission, storage, pro-
cessing, and analysis from afar. Cloud platforms offer storage and application hosting services, allowing
devices to interact, analyze data, and execute instructions without relying on local computer resources
(Rajiv, 2024). Cloud systems provide high-performance processors and advanced analytics tools for
complex calculations, generating nuanced insights. Effective device management and integration are
 9

essential for IoT system protection. Cloud platforms offer adaptability, productivity, and enhanced per-
formance, with security measures protecting data and privacy. Examples include smart cities enhancing
traffic efficiency and healthcare monitoring for valuable information.

4.1.4 Analytics

The IoT is a complex network that depends on analytics to derive practical insights from the extensive
data produced by networked devices. IoT analytics encompasses several elements including sensors,
devices, data transfer, processing and storage, visualization, user engagement, and alerts and notifica-
tions. Sensors get instantaneous data from the surroundings, whilst technologies such as smartphones
and wearables gather various forms of data. Data transmission entails the seamless transfer of data cap-
tured by sensors and devices to a central processing facility in real time, assisted by wireless communi-
cation technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LTE, and emerging technologies like NB-IoT (Pons,
2023). Data processing and storage encompass the use of cloud and edge computing, as well as the
management of data lakes and warehouses. Data analysis and encompasses the use of real-time predic-
tive, And prescriptive analytics. Customizable interfaces in visualization and user interaction facilitate
the interpretation of information and enable users to make well informed decisions. IT analytics appli-
cations include several fields, gaining valuable knowledge in manufacturing, health care, agriculture,
and smart cities. Nevertheless, obstacles such as data privacy, security, quality, and scalability persist.

4.1.5 User Interface

The user interface (UI) of the Internet of Things (IoT) is crucial for user engagement, efficient control,
and data analysis. The design of IoT technologies impacts user experience, system usability, and adop-
tion. Key elements include simplicity, uniformity, immediate reactivity, personalization, and multiple
interaction modes. Challenges include managing complexity, accessibility, security, and privacy. Exam-
ples include smart home hubs, wearable health gadgets, and vehicle IoT systems. Efficient IoT user
interfaces include voice, mobile application, and dashboards. Prioritizing user-friendly, safe, and respon-
sive interfaces is essential for IoT advancements.
 10

4.2 IoT Architecture

The Internet of Things is a concept that imagines a vast network of interconnected devices exchanging
data and influencing our daily existence. The architecture of IoT has four essential layers: sensing or
participation, network or connection, processing of data, and user interface or application
(GeeksforGeeks, 2023). These layers collaborate to effectively manage the transmission of information
from the physical layer to the application layer by integrating sensors, apps, and physical devices into a
unified system.

The significance of IoT architecture is in its capacity to oversee by IoT enabled systems, facilitating
streamlined data analysis and processing. Nevertheless, IoT designs present other hurdles, including the
absence of standardized protocols or languages come on complexities in establishing Interconnectivity
between systems, difficulties in accessing networks that may not be readily available, and concerns over
portability.

In order to achieve successful implementation across different sectors, it is imperative to have a well-
designed and efficient architectural framework. The user interface/application layer serves a vital plat-
form for human interaction with the system and enables access to certain services. Incorporating addi-
tional components such as edge Computing, business layer, and security layer can enhance the design
and effectively address specific issues.

Concrete examples of IoT architecture in the real world illustrate the adaptability and efficiency of this
framework in enhancing several aspects of our life. Smart cities utilize an Internet of Things framework
to improve the quality of life by connecting networks and sensors, gathering data, and overseeing ser-
vices like transportation, safety standards, and energy optimization. IoT devices and technologies are
utilized in healthcare to facilitate remote patient monitoring, telemedicine services, and medical device
management, leading to enhanced patients’ outcomes. IoT architecture may be utilized in agriculture to
gather data on soil moisture temperature, and nutrient levels, facilitating precision farming and promot-
ing sustainability.
 11

5 IOT APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

The Internet of Things is significantly contributing to the modernization of agriculture, and it is estimated
that the industry will achieve a value of $84.5 billion by 2031 (Samriddhi Chauhan, 2023). The driving
force behind this rise is the imperative to grow agricultural production and fulfill the worldwide demand
for food. Internet of Things applications in agriculture encompass precision farming, livestock monitor-
ing, hence enhancing the efficiency and productivity of the industry.

Precision agriculture, facilitated by the Internet of Things, enhances resource utilization, such as water,
fertilizers, and pesticides, by applying them at specific moments and locations, customize to individual
section of a field. This methodology not only improves crop productivity but also preserves essential
resources, in contrast to traditional agricultural methods. IoT driven precision agriculture in the United
States has demonstrated significant enhancements in resource efficiency and crop production. Soil mois-
ture sensors and automated irrigation systems have effectively decreased water used by up to 30% and
equally improved crop yields by around 20% (Schimmelpfennig, 2016).

Picture 1: IoT application in agriculture (Image generated by AI)

 12

Conversely, conventional farming practices in many regions of Africa encounter obstacles and ineffi-
ciencies due to the absence of IoT technological advantages. South African farmers who have imple-
mented IoT technology have observed a decrease in water uses and an improvement in crop productivity.
IoT applications also go beyond agricultural production and include livestock management, which en-
hances animal health and improves firm efficiency. In Europe, the use of livestock collars for health
monitoring has been shown to decrease death rates and enhance milk production (Tzounis, 2017). These
collars enable farmers to promptly and efficiently identify and address infections, surpassing the effec-
tiveness of conventional approaches.

The extensive data gathered by Internet of Things devices facilitates sophisticated data analysis, em-
powering farmers to make well-informed choices that improve long-term sustainability and production.
With the ongoing advancement and increasing availability of IoT technology, it is positioned to bring
about a significant transformation in the agriculture industry, enhancing productivity and sustainability
(Weersink, 2018).

5.1 Precision Farming

Precision agriculture is an approach that enhances the management and precision of livestock and agri-
cultural cultivation via the use of information technology, sensors, control systems, robots, autonomous
vehicles, and automated hardware. The trend is being driven by crucial technologies such as high-speed
internet, mobile devices, and cost-effective satellites. CropMetrics is a precision agricultural company
that specializes in advanced agronomic solutions and precise irrigation management. Their offerings
encompass VRI optimization, soil moisture sensors, optimizer PRO. VRI improves profitability in irri-
gated agriculture fields by optimizing irrigation practices based on variations in topography on soil con-
ditions. It also enhances crop yields and improves water uses efficiency. Soil moisture sensor technology
provides real time assistance and advice for optimizing water uses efficiency during the growing season.
The virtual optimizer PRO integrates several water management technologies into a centralized, cloud-
based platform for consultants and producers (Ravindra, 2020).

5.2 Agricultural Drones

The utilisation of IoT drones in agriculture is on the rise, as they are employed for a range of functions
including evaluating crop health, managing irrigation, monitoring fields, applying pesticides, planting,
 13

and analysing soil composition. These drones have advantages such as capturing images of crop
health, using GIS mapping, being user-friendly, saving time, and having the potential to enhance crop
yields. PrecisionHawk, a company, use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) fitted with sensors to cap-
ture high-quality data about agricultural land using imaging, mapping, and surveying techniques.
Farmers provide field details and choose and altitude or ground resolution. That room data offers valu-
able information on various aspects of plant health and growth, including plant counting, yield predic-
tion, plant height measurement, canopy cover mapping, field water ponding mapping, scouting reports,
stockpile measurement, chlorophyll measurement, nitrogen content in wheat, drainage mapping, and
weed pressure mapping. The drone acquires multispectral, thermal, and visual imagery while in flight
and returns to its original takeoff position upon landing (Ravindra, 2020).

5.3 Livestock Monitoring

The use of IoT technology into livestock management has fundamentally transformed the health and
productivity of cattle enterprises. Wireless IoT apps are being utilized by large farm owners to monitor
the whereabouts, welfare, and general condition of their animals, therefore minimizing the spread of
diseases and minimizing labor expenses. Landowners may effectively track the whereabouts of their
livestock by utilizing sensors based on the IoT, therefore reducing the necessity for human inceptions,
and enhancing operational efficiency.

JMB North America provides advanced cow monitoring technologies, including a sensor that notifies
herd managers or farmers when a heifer’s amniotic sac splits, indicating the beginning of labor. This
forecast involvement guarantees that well-being of both the newborn calf and the mother, revolutioniz-
ing conventional methods in cattle management.
 14

Picture 2: IoT based livestock monitoring (picture generated by AI)

The utilization of IoT technology is also being employed to improve reproductive control, optimize
feeding techniques, and carefully monitor animal behavior. Sensors have the ability to identify altera-
tions in eating pattern or movement, which serve as early signs of health problems. This enables timely
veterinarian attention and enhances the well-being of animals. IoT devices have the capability to moni-
tor and evaluate the efficiency of different feed kinds and feeding patterns. This enables the develop-
ment of customized nutrition programs that are optimized for each individual animal or specific breed.

These IoT technologies optimize management practices and enhance sustainability in cattle farming by
facilitating accurate and timely interventions, minimizing waste, decreasing emissions, and promoting
responsible utilization of resources. The data obtained through IoT devices offer significant infor-
mation on health trends and productivity patterns in the herd. These data-driven approaches allow for
informed decision making which may ultimately result in improved productivity and profitability
(Ravindra, 2020).
 15

5.4 Smart Greenhouse

Smart greenhouse is a IoT-based automated agricultural system that helps to increase the growth sea-
son even in bad environment. In smart greenhouse agricultural system, IoT technology, like sensors
continuously monitor the agricultural project. Smart greenhouse monitors environmental conditions
like temperature, water level of soil, humidity, etc. At the same time, the system also monitors plant’s
needs, like fertilizer, water, etc. Sensors collect real-time data from the system and provide important
information about environmental factors that are analyzed by the central control system.

Smart greenhouses can use artificial lighting systems to augment or replace natural lights, while LED
lights are used to increase photosynthesis and accelerate plant growth. These lights have the ability to
automatically adjust their brightness levels based on varying natural light levels.

Smart greenhouses provide a shield against the external weather and its volatility, to create a controlled
environment for continuous production throughout the year, even in extreme climates. This optimizes
efficiency and ensures uninterrupted access to fresh cut produce.

IoT based smart greenhouse increases resources efficiency, alongside reduces water waste. Smart
greenhouse also decreases the environmental effects from the agricultural sector. Smart greenhouses
can continuously refine and improve growing methods by collecting data that provides valuable insight
into optimal growing conditions and strategies. Smart greenhouses integrate cutting-edge technology
with existing agricultural practices to provide a sustainable solution to modern agricultural constraints
(Ravindra, 2020).
 16

6 IOT IMPLEMENTATION IN A GREENHOUSE

IoT based smart greenhouse has transformed the traditional agriculture. The smart agricultural system
offers to monitor the environment and plant’s needs by using sensors that help to increase growth season
and increase crop production. Smart greenhouse is a crucial agricultural system in the areas like Nordic
countries where the growth season is lower than others due to winter effects. Smart greenhouses offer to
enable accurate regulation and surveillance of internal temperature conditions, irrespective of fluctua-
tions in external weather by using IoT technology. Smart greenhouse monitors the agricultural project
live, including temperature, humidity, soil moisture level, etc. Sensors collect data in real time and trans-
mit it to a central system, which then automatically changes the environment to create the best possible
growing conditions for different types of crops. Improved adaption supports year-round agriculture but
also improves the use of resources such as energy and water. According to research conducted by the
Nordic Council of Ministers, the utilization of IoT technology in greenhouses may result in a 20% boost
in productivity and a reduction in energy uses of up to 25% (Nordic Council, 2019). It shows positive
results in terms of sustainability and economic stability.

This part of the research focuses on the implementation of a digitally simulated smart greenhouse project
to demonstrate how IoT technology can be applied in a greenhouse environment. Its aim is to make
environmental monitoring more automatic and effective, especially in harsh environments such as those
found in the Nordic countries, thus making that use of IoT to improve greenhouse farming. The smart
greenhouse is controlled by an automated system, enabled by a complex network of Internet of Things
integrated devices using the Arduino Uno platform. These elements are needed to collect real time data
and make autonomous changes to the environment to increase crop growth. Sensors continuously mon-
itor essential things like soil moisture level, temperature, humidity, etc. The data is immediately sent to
a centralized system which autonomously controls conditions in the greenhouse. The degree of automa-
tion guarantees ideal uninterrupted growing conditions and greatly reduces the labor normally required
to operate the greenhouse. The project exemplifies the practical application of IoT in smart agriculture,
offering valuable knowledge on the utilization of IoT systems and the integration of IoT in greenhouse
environments. Continuous data monitoring enables valuable insights to be generated, enabling continu-
ous improvement of methods aimed at improving yield and crop quality.
 17

6.1 Software Components

There are some components needed to implement the project. Since, the project is done digitally, the
first requirement is a software through which the project can be executed. In this case, the project used
Tinkercad software to work on the project. Tinkercad is open-source online platform that allows 3D
modeling program. Tinkercad does not require downloading or installation separately, there is a web
version available to use the application (Macdonald, 2016). Tinkercad offers a simple drag and drop
system for the users, and it has two types of method to input data or write code/command, either blocks,
or code/text.

6.2 Hardware Software

Beside software, additionally the project needed to use some other components these are given in the
Tinkercad. The components are listed below:
Table 2: Components List

Name Quantity Component

U1 1 Arduino Uno R3
SEN1 1 Soil Moisture Sensor
D1 1 Red LED
D2 1 Green LED
R3 2 300 Ω Resistor
R4
SERVO1 1 Positional Micro Servo
U2 1 Temperature Sensor [TMP36]
M1 1 DC Motor
P1 1 5.5 Power Supply
K1 1 Relay SPDT
L2 Light bulb
L3 3
L4
R1 1 kΩ Resistor
R2 3
 18

R5

6.2.1 Arduino Uno R3

The Arduino Uno R3 is a easy to use and flexible microcontroller board, based on the ATmega328P
Microprocessor. The device provides USB connectivity, and ICSP header, 14 digital input/output pins,
16 MHz quartz crystal, 6 analog inputs, and a reset button. Its inherent simplicity makes it appropriate
for a wide range of undertakings, spanning from do-it-yourself crafts to scientific equipment. The fact
that it is open source and has support from a community makes it a perfect option for students and edu-
cators. The Arduino Uno R3 serves a central processing unit in IoT applications, such as smart green-
house systems, by analyzing data collected from environmental sensors and managing the operational
of actuators. The capacity of this device to interact with sensors and actuators, operate autonomously
or link to a computer, is crucial for the development of intelligent, automated systems in contemporary
agricultural advancements.

6.2.2 Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensor

Soil moisture sensor is an important equipment for smart agriculture. Especially it is essential for smart
irrigation system. In smart agriculture, soil moisture sensor provides essential information for making
decisions on irrigation strategies and water conservation. The sensor continuously measures the water
level of soil and sends the data the central controller to make decision, and this way it helps to reduce
the uses of water. Department of the soil moisture sensor usually depends on one or more technolo-
gies; capacitance and resistive sensing techniques are often used. The change in capacitance between
the two plates, which is dependent on soil moisture, is measured by a capacitance sensor. This tech-
nique gives accurate moisture measurements and is quite sensitive (Bollinger, 2024). Conversely, re-
sistive sensors detect the electrical resistance existing between 2 probes grounded; this resistance de-
creases as humidity increases.
 19

Picture 3: Soil Moisture Sensor Picture 4: Temperature Sensor

A temperature sensor uses an electrical signal to deliver a temperature measurement in a readable for-
mat. These devices are often thermal or resistant temperature detectors. One of the most basic types of
temperature monitoring equipment for determining heat and cold is a thermometer. In the geotechnical
sector, thermometers are used to track changes in foundation integrity caused by seasonal fluctuations
in concrete, constructions, water, soil, bridges, and other materials. Two different metals are used to
concrete a thermocouple (T/C), who is produces an electrical voltage directly proportional to tempera-
ture change. A variable resistor known as an RDT (Resistance Temperature Detector) adjusts it's elec-
trical resistance precisely, consistently, and almost linearly in response to temperature variations
(Encardio Rite, 2023).

6.2.3 LED and Light bulb

LED, also known as light-emitting diode, is a semiconductor that releases light when electrical current
flows through it (Kashyap, 2024). LED is perfect for a multitude of uses, including farming endeavors
for its superior efficiency, longevity, and reduced power consumption over conventional incandescent
bulbs. In a smart greenhouse, LED can be used for supplementing plant illumination. LED has the ability
to emit light at certain wavelengths, which improves growth rates and yield while providing exact control
 20

over the light spectrum. In IoT-based agricultural systems, where they may be controlled based on sensor
data, LEDs are also essential components.

On the other hand, smart greenhouse relies heavily on conventional light bulbs like halogen and incan-
descent because of their strong light production and wider spectrum range. While halogen bulbs are
more effective and brighter and are utilized for supplemental lighting in denser plant growth canopies,
incandescent bulbs give more heat in colder weather (Apex-books, n.d.). Although they have disad-
vantages like inefficiency, increased operating cost, and frequent bulb replacement, but it's still crucial
for smart greenhouse to generate heat.

6.2.4 Resistors

In agricultural technology projects, resistors are crucial electronic parts that regulate current flow in
circuits to guarantee safety and stability. They aid in limiting current and shielding delicate electronics
from damage or inefficient operation. Variable or fixed resistors are available based on the application.
Variable resistors enable resistance adjustment, whereas fixed resistors provide proper working currents
for gadgets like LED indicators and sensors. In order to ensure safe conditions and prolong life span,
resistors are utilized in sensor integration and LED lighting control. Resistance value, power rating, and
the ability to tolerate external elements including moisture, temperature swings, and chemical exposure
are all included into it during design. Despite their simplicity, resistors correct selection and implemen-
tation are crucial for the efficiency and longevity of agricultural technologies, optimizing operations and
productivity and hence comment (A Complete Guide to Resistors, 2024).

6.2.5 Servo Motor and DC Motor

A servo motor is a type of actuator that is capable of accurately controlling the position, velocity, and
acceleration of a system, whether it is rotational or linear in nature (Gastreich, 2018). It is often employed
in the fields of robotics, radio-controlled airplanes, and precision agriculture to regulate devices such as
vents, gates, and automated plant feeding systems. Servos are composed of a motor, control board, po-
tentiometer, and the gear system. They have a vital function in agricultural technology, particularly in
greenhouses and mechanized planting systems. They have the capability to automatically control win-
dow or roof vents, regulate watering systems, and maintain a consistent flow of light and nutrients.
Additionally, they play a crucial role in IoT systems by enabling real time modifications and improving
 21

accuracy in plant maintenance. Nevertheless, the obstacles encompass intricacy and expenditure, and
may want regular maintenance and adjustment.

Picture 5: DC Motor Picture 6: Servo Motor

On the other hand, electricity serves as automated machinery in many industries, including agriculture,
and transforms the electrical energy of a DC motor into mechanical energy. They exhibit the dependa-
bility, effectiveness, and accuracy of machine functioning. DC motors have application in diverse do-
mains, including power systems, conveyors, irrigation systems, and automated ventilation systems.
These devices can be incorporated into information technology systems to enable remote monitoring,
real time operational modifications, proactive maintenance, and energy management. DC motors possess
the benefits of being controllable, adaptable, energy efficient, durable, and dependable. Nevertheless,
they encounter challenges such as exorbitant installation costs, demanding maintenance needs, and com-
plex integration processes. Although facing those these difficulties, the incorporation of these systems
with IoT technology is a crucial element of intelligent agriculture solutions, contributing to the enhance-
ment of productivity and ecological sustainability.

6.2.6 Power Supply and Relay

The power supply is an essential element of electrical and electromechanical systems, particularly those
employed in agriculture. It transforms alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) to ensure the
effective functioning of electrical devices. Reliable and adaptable power supply is crucial in agriculture
for operating systems like automated feeders, irrigation pumps, and monitoring sensors. Advanced
 22

power systems sometimes incorporate functionalities such as voltage control, power conditioning, and
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to provide backup power in the event of outages.

Picture 7: Power Supply Picture 8: Relay

Relays are electromechanical devices employed in industrial and agricultural environments to control
the flow of electric current. They manipulate high-voltage circuits using low-voltage signals without any
physical actions, which is very beneficial in automated systems. Supplies and relays are crucial compo-
nents for the incorporation of automated systems in contemporary agriculture. Properly specifying and
installing them enhances the dependability of the system, improves safety, and increases efficiency. Im-
plementing automated control systems using relays and ensuring consistent power supply can result in
substantial enhancements in agricultural production and efficiency in resource utilization (Upadhyay,
2022).

6.3 Project Plan

The aim of the thesis project is to implement a smart greenhouse designed with an automated control
system by managing irrigation, temperature, heating, and lighting to regulate plant growth. Arduino Uno
is the main component or the controller of this project. A several sensors and actuators will be used in
the project to continuously monitor and regulate ambient conditions.

The system employs soil moisture sensors to quantify Soil moisture levels, ensuring that plants receive
an optimal amount of water. The Arduino reads the humidity data and operates a water pump to irrigate
the plants as necessary. The system will start a pump to distribute water if the soil moisture falls below
a threshold of 100 (only a scale of 0 to 1023). Conversely, it will cease the pump operation to prevent
water surplus if the soil moisture remains above the threshold. There will be LED light used in the project
that would work based on the water pump. If the water level of the soil is lower than the required amount,
red LED will turn on and it will remain on until the water level is enough. The red LED will turn off
 23

when the water level is higher than the required amount, and green LED will turn on then that will remain
on until the water level is low again. This is how visitors will understand that the water pump is on.

Picture 9: The implementation of the project in Tinkercad

Temperature regulation is another crucial element in maintaining optimal conditions within this green-
house. Temperature sensors serve the purpose of monitoring ambient temperature and providing data.
Additionally, they are utilized in the regulation of servo-controlled windows and some heat generating
light bulbs. The servo unit regulates the window’s position based on the temperature. If the temperature
exceeds 25°C, the servo unit opens the window to allow cold air to enter, so decreasing the greenhouse
temperature. On the other hand, as the temperature decreases the window closes. The light bulbs will
work based on the temperature too. If the temperature is between 1 to 10, one light bulb will turn on and
generate the heat; if the temperature is between-10 to 0 another light will turn on to increase the heat
level. If the temperature is below -10 another light will turn on and increase the heat level of the green-
house. These bulbs will maintain the heat level of the greenhouse in winter season, and it will increase
the growth season. This method is very beneficial for the countries like Nordic Nations where the growth
season is lower than other countries. There are several types of light bulbs these can be used in this
method, the bulbs are directly operated by the Arduino, so there is no physical operation need.
 24

Picture 10: Schematic view of the implemented project

This advanced control system is specially intended to autonomously regulate the greenhouse environ-
ment, ensuring the ideal conditions for plant growth with no need for human involvement. The project
employs temperature sensor, servo motor, DC motor as water pump, electronic bulbs, and LED to ad-
dress contemporary agricultural difficulties in a sophisticated manner. Combines technology with con-
ventional farming methods to enhance the effectiveness of agricultural activities, enhance sustainability,
and boost productivity. By utilizing the Arduino and its programmable adaptability, the system can be
effortlessly altered or enhanced by incorporating supplementary sensors or actuators as required to en-
hance environmental control system in forthcoming greenhouses.

6.4 Flowchart of the Project

A flowchart is diagram that displays the work process step by step. A flowchart is important in a project
as it makes the work process fluent. Flowchart informs the moderator about the next step of his work.
The flowchart of this project is given below -
 25

Start

Initialize Pins, Serial, and Servo

Read Soil Moisture Read Temperature

Convert Temperature
Soil Moisture
to Celsius
<= 100

Temperature
Water Pump Off Water Pump On >= 25°C

Set Servo to 90° Set Servo to 0°

Temp. =
Turn on Bulb 1
1° to 10°
Delay (100ms)

Temp. =
Turn on Bulb 2
-10° to 0°

Temp. < Turn on Bulb 3

-10°

Figure 1: Diagram of the project

 26

6.5 Programming Part of the Project

Programming part is one of the crucial parts of the project. Because the project/program will work based
on the command that is included in the code. Tinkercad, where the project has implemented, supports
C++ programming language that the project has used.

First of all, needed declare variables for the soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, and servo. Then,
needed to define the bulb pins as 8, 9, and 10, respectively. The setup function comes next, where needed
declare the pin configurations:

void setup() {
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
pinMode(A2, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
servo_A1.attach(A1, 500, 2500);

// Setup bulb pins as outputs

pinMode(bulb1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bulb2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bulb3, OUTPUT);
}

In the next step, author used the loop function where author declared commands for the project. It starts
by reading the soil moisture sensor (A0) and temperature sensor (A2). Author also included Se-
rial.print statements to display the values of both sensors. After declaring the commands, project
needed add a 100ms delay to improve the simulation performance.

The code, that is written for the project (given in Appendix) works perfectly in Tinkercad without any
errors. It is very simple and easy to follow.
 27

7 RESULT OVERVIEW AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Throughout the thesis paper, we have seen that IoT implementation in agriculture has a significant ad-
vantage over the conventional agricultural method. Higher crop production, less human involvement,
economical growth, etc. are benefits of IoT implementation in agriculture. The thesis has illustrated that
how IoT-based smart greenhouse can help countries these do not have suitable weather for agriculture,
like Africa, Nordic, and Arabs nations. This section of the thesis will display the results of IoT imple-
mentation in agriculture. At the same time, it will also focus on the future perspectives of the research
topic.

7.1 Result Overview

According to the explanation that we have observed during the thesis report, we can understand that this
thesis explores the use of IoT technology in agriculture, with specific emphasis on smart greenhouses,
in order to enhance productivity, optimize resource utilization, and promote sustainability. Smart green-
houses equipped with IoT technology have demonstrated notable enhancements in agricultural produc-
tivity. Automated irrigation systems have effectively decreased water consumption by up to 30%, while
temperature control systems have successfully prolonged growing periods. Furthermore, these technol-
ogies contribute to favorable environment outcomes by diminishing the ecological impact of farming
operations and fostering sustainable behaviors.

From an economic standpoint, the deployment of IoT in agriculture yields significant advantages, in-
cluding enhanced profitability for farmers and decreased operational expenses. Nevertheless, there are
notable obstacles to overcome, including the substantial upfront expenses, the intricate nature of IoT
systems, the limited technical knowledge among farmers, and the apprehensions around data confiden-
tiality and protection. In order to tackle those problems, it is necessary to implement extensive training
programs and establish support systems.

To summarize, the findings of this thesis emphasis the significant the impact of IoT in improving agri-
cultural methods, tackling crucial issues in contemporary farming, and providing effective remedies for
strengthening food security. The significance of using IoT in farming is highlighted by the economic,
environmental, and social advantages it brings, as well as the useful insights it provides in the burgeoning
 28

subject of smart agriculture. This study offers a strong basis for comprehending the present influence of
IoT in agriculture and defines essential measures for improving its implementation.
7.2 Future Perspectives

Technological improvements and the global demand for sustainable agricultural practices are projected
to drive substantial growth in the future of io T in agriculture. Advanced data analytics an artificial
intelligence are key methods that can offer precise and predictive insights into agricultural operations.
These methods allow for real time decision making and more efficient use of resources. The integration
of genomics with the Internet of Things has the potential to enhance crop and livestock breeding pro-
grams by increasing precision, improving desirable features in plants and animals, and mitigating re-
sistance to diseases, pests, and climatic changes.

Autonomous robots, including drones and self-driving vehicles, will have a growing significance in ag-
riculture in the future. This is due to the Internet of Things, which enhances their effectiveness and ability
to link with farm management systems. The Internet of Things will bring about a significant transfor-
mation in agricultural supply chains through enhanced transparency and traceability, waste reduction,
and improved product quality. Effective resource management is essential for IoT technologies, as it
enables accurate water management, optimal utilization of pesticides, and efficient monitoring of soil
health. This, in turn, reduces the environmental impact of agriculture activities.

With the increasing prevalence of the Internet of Things in agriculture, there will be a growing need to
address regulatory and ethical concerns. Stakeholders must establish frameworks to guarantee the con-
scientious utilization of new technologies and promote advantages for all partners involved in the agri-
cultural value chain. To summarize, the future of IoT in agriculture has prospects for tackling both con-
ventional and emergent obstacles, but necessitates cooperation among technologists, farmers, research-
ers, policymakers, and other industries.
 29

8 CHALLENGES AND DIFFICULTIES

The IoT application in agriculture or smart greenhouse has some difficulties these could be problematic
for the farmers or users. This section of the thesis delves into the hurdles faced during the application of
IoT in agriculture.

The adoption of smart agriculture has various challenges, such as the high cost, technical obstacles, lack
of expertise, environmental problems, and power supply limitations. Several costly components are uti-
lized in a smart agricultural system. Many farmers lack the financial means to invest in the system.
Conversely, numerous farmers lack sufficient expertise in technology, making it challenging for them
to effectively utilize it. In most rural areas, there is a lack of sufficient expertise, which might make it
challenging to address any technical issues that may arise. The power supply is a crucial component in
smart agriculture. Solar power plays a crucial role in smart agriculture by enabling the monitoring of
remote farms and fields. However, supplying the power source in a vast expanse of land in rural areas
poses a challenge. However, it is crucial to supply the necessary power source for the program to func-
tion. Environmental problems are significant concerns. Extreme weather conditions such as floods,
storms, high temperatures, and powerful winds might pose challenges for the sensors. This could poten-
tially interrupt the sensors to gather data.

Agriculture is an essential for economic growth in all countries, making a significant 4% contribution to
the world gross domestic product (GDP). In many underdeveloped countries, it may account for almost
25% of their GDP (Agriculture and Food, 2023). Government can play a crucial role by offering loan to
the farmers for agricultural sector. In this way, farmers could get the budget to spend on smart agricul-
ture. Many non-governmental banks or organizations also can come forward to solve the budget problem
my offering short-time or long-time loan. Many governmental and also non-governmental organizations
can teach and train farmers about technologies and its implementation on the field. Additionally, they
can offer to solve the technical issues by providing experts. Agricultural practitioners have the option to
use renewable resources such as solar power, wind power, and biogas as alternatives to electricity. These
alternatives are more affordable and dependable in comparison to electricity. Cybersecurity is crucial
since a cyberattack has the potential to devastate the system. Therefore, it is essential to guarantee the
protection of cybersecurity. This collective approach will help to overcome the challenges and increase
the productivity and sustainability.
 30

9 CONCLUSION

The extensive resource executed in this thesis convincingly illustrates the significance of IoT technology
in transforming the agricultural sector. The implementation of innovative I T technologies has achieved
substantial advancements in enhancing agricultural productivity, optimizing resource allocation, and en-
hancing sustainability, hence revolutionizing conventional farming into more effective and innovative
methods. The implementation of IoT in agriculture allows for accurate resource management, as demon-
strated by a 30% decrease in water consumption through the implementation of smart education systems
and the ability to increase growing seasons in unfavorable climate areas with the help of smart green-
houses. These enhancements are crucial not just for optimizing crop productivity but also for mitigating
the ecological repercussions linked to traditional agricultural practices.

The incorporation of IoT has significant economic ramifications, since it has the potential to decrease
operational expenses and enhance profitability by improving efficiency in crop management and re-
source utilization. Nevertheless, this thesis identifies and rigorously analysis significant obstacles that
impede the extensive implementation of IoT technology in agriculture. These factors encompass sub-
stantial upfront expenses, the intricacy of IoT systems, and the evident disparities in technical expertise
needed across farmers. Furthermore, the text highlights the crucial issues related to data privacy and
security, underscoring the immediately requirement for a robust legislative structure to implement IoT
technology in agriculture.

In conclusion, it can be said that this thesis argues that although there are substantial obstacles to the
widespread implementation of IoT in agriculture, its extensive advantages make a strong argument for
its ability to effectively tackle global food security issues. Stakeholders in the agriculture sector, such as
technology developers, legislators, and academic institutions, must recognize and address the socio-
economic, ethical, and legal obstacles that arise when forming partnership to advance technology. Con-
tinued research and development, together with targeted policy interventions and educational programs,
are essential for fully harnessing the transformative power of IoT in agriculture. This thesis makes sig-
nificant contributions to academic discussions regarding the incorporation of IoT technology in agricul-
ture. Additionally, it provides guidance for future research and practical applications, with the goal of
developing environmentally sustainable and economically feasible approaches to agricultural practices
and enhancing global food systems.
 31

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systems engineering, 57(3), pp. 221-224. doi:10.1007/s12599-015-0383-3. Assessed: 29 April 2024.
Rajiv. (2024, May 5). What are the major components of Internet of Things. RF Page. Available at:
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/. Assessed: 9 May 2024.

Wolfert, S., Ge, L., Verdouw, C., & Bogaardt, M. 2017. Big Data in Smart Farming – A review. Agricultural
Systems. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.023. Assessed: 30 April 2024.

Weersink, A., Fraser, E., Pannell, D., Duncan, E. and Rotz, S. 2018. Opportunities and
challenges for big data in agricultural and environmental analysis. Annual Review of Resource
Economics 10: 19-37. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100516-053654. Assessed: 30
April 2024.
APPENDIX 1/2

Code:

#include <Servo.h>

int soil_moisture_sensor = 0;
int temperature_sensor = 0;
Servo servo_A1;

// Calibration values
float temperatureOffset = 0; // Adjust based on calibration
float temperatureScale = 1.0; // Adjust based on calibration

// Define bulb pins

int bulb1 = 8;
int bulb2 = 9;
int bulb3 = 10;

void setup() {
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
pinMode(A2, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
servo_A1.attach(A1, 500, 2500);

// Setup bulb pins as outputs

pinMode(bulb1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bulb2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bulb3, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
soil_moisture_sensor = analogRead(A0);
temperature_sensor = analogRead(A2);

Serial.print("Soil Moisture: ");

Serial.println(soil_moisture_sensor);

// Apply temperature calibration

float voltage = temperature_sensor * 5.0 / 1023.0;
float temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100.0;
temperatureC = (temperatureC + temperatureOffset) * temperature-
Scale;

Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.println(temperatureC);
APPENDIX 2/2

// Control water pump and servo

if (soil_moisture_sensor <= 100) {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
} else {
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
}

// Control servo based on temperature

if (temperatureC >= 25) {
servo_A1.write(90);
} else {
servo_A1.write(0);
}

// Bulb control based on temperature

if (temperatureC > 0 && temperatureC <= 10) {
digitalWrite(bulb1, HIGH); // Turn on one bulb
digitalWrite(bulb2, LOW);
digitalWrite(bulb3, LOW);
} else if (temperatureC > -10 && temperatureC <= 0) {
digitalWrite(bulb1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(bulb2, HIGH); // Turn on two bulbs
digitalWrite(bulb3, LOW);
} else if (temperatureC <= -10) {
digitalWrite(bulb1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(bulb2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(bulb3, HIGH); // Turn on all three bulbs
} else {
digitalWrite(bulb1, LOW);
digitalWrite(bulb2, LOW);
digitalWrite(bulb3, LOW); // Turn off all bulbs
}

delay(100); // Delay a little bit to improve simulation perfor-

mance
}