8S opies (hndscape

Momentum and Imauise

Momentum-the product an object's mass and its
velo cty
momentum (kg-ms-)
Pnyrve locity lspeed Cms-')
mass in
in kg
+ Momeum is a vector gnd it has koth maqnitude and
direction.

Examples
1. A Car fmass east at /7ms-!
moving
Calculate the momentum g Hhe car.
Dute
P mU
V= 17 ms-! =u 585 ke 7m-s)
= a6 945 Kq-ms east

2. A thino with a momentum o, 19s0O kg-m-s

at a velo ity of
east,
moUing
Colculate the MAss the rhino.

Data

19500= mis)
19500 = m(8)
 in momentem (Ap)
Change
Collissions
exert fores
-Dutin9 colisions two or more forces
On each other.

Grempte
f pqssanget colliding with an
carbag
-A bat hittinq a ball.

Change in momentum laB)

-l; the velocity ç an object changes, then the momentum
¢ the oloect 1so chang e
will also
Final momentum

ini tial MOMentym

to chouse bne direchon as posihue

* do not forqet
Example
bel with a mass of 57q is trave ling
-A tennis ball
QO m-SThe be
horizotalls at 20m-sThe Strack by a Facquet
ball i5 Struek
and movea horizontally at 30 ms in the opposite
direchon.
Calculate tte change in MOMentum of the tennis ba |.
Data : Choose inhal direchon as posiRoe
m=
(Conuert to kilograms by üdng by loo)
s19O,051 kg,
-30 ms

VË =
O,05730-20)
=-48S kq-MS
- Apz 2,85 Kgmin the opposiths
 3
Example 2
LA Ca of ma sSS |200g i5 initally moving at a Genta
bant speed o lb :s
cons tant east,it approaches stop
Sign and it starts breaking and it comes to a complete
stop. Calaalate the change in mommentum Df the Car

Choose eost as posihve

bata
m l200k4
=l200(o- ls
-)
west

lewton's Q io ter ms of momentum

Derivo hon From eoton'S seeond lao

fnek E ma

fnet = maV
bt

Fnet =m-y)
Fnet = MVE -MU
At

At
 lewton's second lauo in terms of moMentem
-k states that the net/resu tant porce acting On an

Object is equal to the rate of change op momentum

of the object in the di rechon op the net force
the net çorte acinq on an objeco
Fnet in momentum o the ob,et.
chenge in
At,
the time jnter vel awer which the
mOmentum oE an obect s change

Example
Two cars op equal mass (%oo R) are iwoloecd in separate
Crash tests. Both cars haue an inihalCArvelocity of 2Oms
A
before oliding with the wall, and t comes to rest
the colTSion, wheres car B CollËdes with the
duringand rebounds with a uelocty of Sm-s awgy from
the wall. Both collisions last por O,as

On each car?
What exerts a porce
The wo

0n MoMentum Of the two cars

will the change
compare.
Answer:
Let the direction tow ords the woll be posihve

Data
Car A

20 ms-!
Oms-l
 S
Car A: Ap : mvp - m;
=(8oo )(o) -(800)(20)
= -lb o00 Kq-ms
sp =lb oo0 Kq.ms qooy from the sell

Cor B:
=(800)(-5) - (80o)(20)
= -20 o00kq:m:s
= 20 00D kq:m:S away Erom the wal(,
Car Bwill experience a greater Chenge in momentum.

How wil the net for e achng on each car Compare?

Car A:

=-lb Oo0

Foet = 8ooord away From the Ql|

Car B:

0,2
=- |0O 000

toet l0o 000r away from the uwgll.

 Why wald cor monyçacturers desin cars 4hat will be
rather than rebound duninq a co lliSio n?
brougnt to rest

- The net force eyperienced by the car is di recty propor horal

toothe change in momentun of the car,
Cars that rebound during a collision ex perience a gea ter
Change in momentum and thereçore experience a qreater net force
chis ald lead to more demage to the cor and increase
the chances oF Fata) ingurits to the passangrs Ofof the ar.
Lmpulse -momentum theorem

Tnpu Ise
-It is the produet q the netresultant porlt acing On onG object
at the time the net porce acts on the ob;ec!

foet At = ap
foet at= mve -m;
Jfaet st= mav
Impulse
fnet At i5 impuse.
-The direction af impulse is the same as the direchon +he
net force
-The units or imuse
How the oncept q impulse appies to
seqety
and seatbe lts increase the time taKen At) por apassanget
to come to rest
during an qccident. lf the time teken to come to
rest is increased then the net forte net) acting onnthe passanger wiu
decrease, this usill reduLe the chanes ef fatal injury.
Exumples
qolt
AA ba||l ofof masS o,Ik9 is driven rom the tee.The
accelerating gorce exerted by the qolf cub is looor,
and the ball moves Qway prom the club at 30 m-s
club in contact with the ba|?
for houw long was the

Data foet t = mAV

mz0,1kg foet at = m(yp-)

fnet = loooN (lo00)t = o,)3o -o)
3
1000

At = o, Oo35

2. A ball trave ling left iS stck by bat. The bat exerts

force of on tthe bail, an is in contect with the
ball For 0,08s. The ball moves off the bat tto tbe

right. in monentum Of the ball.

calculate the change

lake ngt as the positive direcio n

Date
75 N

fnet At = Ap

=(1s)loo8)
=b kq.m-s to the rght.
3 Toimprove safety, a modern car's pront end crumbles on
impat.A 2ookg cur travelS at aconstant velocity of
towards an inmovale wal| t hits the wall and omes
to aastop in g a5s

O (alcu late the impulse prouidd to he car.

Data
fret tmV
fnet At = m(-)
Foet at - (U200)(o-8)
At- 0, 25 fnet st =(200)-8)
fnetat: -46oods
fnet at= q600 N-s away
From the wall.

(b)What is the average net fore exerted on the car!

Fnet bt= Ap
Fnet at= -600
tnet (er2S) : -9boo

met :16O0
9,25
tnet =-38 40od
fnet 38 yoort Quway Erom the wall,
khe impulse and the net forte have the Same
direction.
9 for the same impulse, what averaqe net force wwould
the wal eXert on a (ar which stopped in o,04s cue
to havin a Higid bumper and Frame which do not
Crumpleon impuct!
foet = mAv

Foet = Ap
Fnet -b00
O, 04
toet = -240 oo0

. toet = 24O o0ON qwoy Erom the wall.

Jhe magnitude of the averaye net force with the iqid

Frame iS more than six (6) tim es qreatet than when
the cac crumplts.
Seatbe lts and airbags (car safety deviCes)
-They inctease collision time, therefore the Force exerted on
the motorst or driver /s smeller, resultin in a Small Or
less injry

Graph
The area
net porce versus time
under the qraph rejpresents the impulse op
the object. Area=bxh
xtime xforce
 EXample a houkey bail
The qraph shows the force exerted on a
kime.The hockey ball i5 ini hally Stationary and
has a mass of So9
F)

JSO

tCs)
O,S

Calculate the magnitude Of the imeulse (Change in momentum)

of the hockey bai|

Foet t = area under qraph

Impulse=xo
=(o,5) so)
impu ISe = 37,5 d.s

(onserUatjon of MOmentum

Principle of onse rvahon of line ar Momentum

The total inear mom entumn of an 5olated system remains
constant Gs onse rved)

Asystem is a collec hion o

two OF more objects theut
interat with each other.
Conservehon o momentu m

ERregore =
ZPaçrer

Collisions
1.
When objects col ide and move ofs toge ther, thei r masses
Can be added as one object. bject A and B
NB: Obects that are statio nary have an iniial veloaty
Of Zero.

ZPsepore Pafter

Collide Qnd rebounds

-Objects coude and move off separately.
-lnithally they were moung ot diçferent yelodies
ZReyore
Explosions Jsprings /Fire arms or camons
- The two obeck uoill sturt as ne ard sepaate

+ Iniially the tuo objecks are connested as

One,it can be q
aun end a bullet,or cars connested by a strin9
 12

Example
An object ith a mass of lk
wth is mouing to the ign
uith a
With a veloity o ms-,It collides head en
second ma ss Ofof i,5kq which is meving with a
velocty op |S m-s he pposite dreekon.
in
The i,S kg mass bounces back ith a a velocity f
I,2 m-5' to the ight.

Calculate the velocy p the lKg mass apter the

Collison
chocse to the raht posihve
Dat a
MasS ,S K9 mQ ss

Ye+ms-! Vis -I,Sm-s-!

e +,2m-s-!

Pa_ter
ce) + (,s)(-,s)=) t (I,5)(12)
a-2, 2s
- 0, 25 = Ven
-l,8-O 25 = VFA
- 2, 05 m.s =

-. Va = 2,05 m-s leç t

 YaH
NIG OL

EKample
A20 qbulet pired Erom a nigle,strikes a sand bag fate ned
to a
bolle o combne d mass 4kg treveling wes t at
on a prickonless 5urpule. The bullet becomes
embedded in the sand bag. The bullet's velocihy immediatey
besore impact s 2so ms east.
Calula te the ve oiky op the trolley immediately apter
the co (|T0n.

Choose C9st as pesikve

bete
lbullet
mg lmass pbulleo= ,02kG Sandbag Ifro ley
Yie -t250m-s 6=-2msl

Once the bullet is embedded jn the Sanel on He troley we

add tHheir Masses

}Pssgere
(o,o2)laso) +(4)(-2) = (902 +4) V
5-8
-3=
(402)vf
-3 =t t VE
4,02

west

the trolley s bave ling at o, 75ms west 2st apte the

Collision,
 QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)
10 ms', collides head-on with
Ball P of mass 0,16 kg, moving east at a speed of of 15 ms. After the collislon,
another ball Q of mass 0,2 kg, moving west at a speed
ball P moves west al a speed of 5 ms, as shown in the diagram below.
Ignore the effects of friction and the rotational effects of the balls.

BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION

10 ms' 15 msa 5 ms
P) w
4.1 Define the term momentum in words. (2)
4.2 Calculate the:
4.2.1 Velocity of ball Q after the collision (5)
4.2.2 Magnitude of the impulse onball P during the collision
(3)
(10]

4l Momentym is the product op an cbject's mass cnd its velodty

4-2-) Choose east as posihve
bata
P
ZReepere
-Sms
(o,-)uo)+o,2)15) (o)-5) +b2 Vea
I,b-3
- l,4 +0,$ = O2 a

O, 2
-3 ms-!
Veq =3 m-s -l west

4. 2.2 East as
posihve
fnetot sp
Impulse sp
= m(fp-p)
=9, l6(5-10)

west
Proving , a conision is clushc or inelastic

During inelashc collision,kineic eneryy ` not conserved

*for c collison to be elashc the inetic eneryy must
oe con ser ued, Z
tkbepore = }Ekater
When qrsuwerng a quesBon op this noture do not
Start wwith m
ZEk = 2Eke,calculate the m
6eparately then you will state if they ore equal
Or not after doing your calulaho ng

Example
A partide with mass qf (o kqs treveling with aspeel
to the raht.It collides uith another pars ce
truvellin to the lept with a massS
Speed 4m:st, -Agte
the colliS n the OkG parHdes con hnes moing ngt at
Speed g lams and the aky parkae also
moueS 40 He yut at 34 m-S -!.
beterine DE the co l TsDy elasht Or n clashc
7ake Hqt as
=m+ m
2

=36

ZErager 1(o1,a)+1(2l3,4²
= )8,7bi

he col|TSTen TS ne las he
Another exomple
Car A travels west at a constot Veoy f 28m
It cwlli des into the back fo car B, trave ling in te
Same direehon at |b ms Açter e co Iision CarB
Moue8 west at Q4 ms.Ahe and car A move
wegt at Ther mass of car A iS 6oO kg
and that of
ls the collis on els ht On
inelash ?
Data
Car A Cqr B
m=o0kq
VA = 28 m.s-1
= 24 m-s

ZEk: = tmav
-3SO 400

= 33 6ooo

:.the collisn TS inelas bo

+There is a nark For the Formula, correct sibshtuhon,

mentoning whetHner EK: s egual or to
equol to
and aso Stu hing if tHe col1STon
or jn elasho