CHEMISTRY CLASSES BY ANKUR SIR 7983744732

Importance Of Chemistry

Chemistry is a branch of science.

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• Chemistry plays an important role in daily life of

human for food, health care products. The drugs such
as cisplatin and taxol which are used for cancer
therapy. And used in the production of fertilizers,
pesticides and insecticides.

• It is used to design and synthesize new

materials having specific magnetic, electric and
optical properties such as optical fibre,
semiconductors.
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Importance Of Chemistry

Synthesis of new materials having specific magnetic, electric

and optical properties has lead to the production of
superconducting ceramics, conducting polymers, optical fibres
and large scale miniaturization of solid state devices .

Safer alternatives to environmentally hazardous refrigerants

like CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), responsible for ozone
depletion in the stratosphere, have been successfully
synthesised.

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Matter is anything which has mass and occupies space.

Solids have definite volume and definite

shape.

Liquids have definite volume but not the

Matter definite shape.

Gases have neither definite volume nor

definite shape.
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Classification of matter

Matter

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A mixture contains two or more substances present in it which are

called its components.

A mixture is of 2 types:
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous

In a homogeneous mixture, the components completely mix with each

other
and its composition is uniform throughout.

In heterogeneous mixtures, the composition is not uniform throughout

and sometimes the different components can be observed

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Pure Substances
Pure substances are classified into
Elements
Compounds

An Element consists of only one type of particles. These particles

may be atoms or molecules.

When two or more atoms of different elements combine, the

molecule of a Compound is obtained.

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Molecule
Two or more atoms of different elements combine, the molecule of a
compound is obtained.

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Properties Of Matter

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

• Colour • Acidity
• Odour • Basicity
• Melting point • Combustibility
• Boiling point
Density etc

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The two different systems of measurement are

• the English System
• the Metric System

The metric system is more convenient and it is based on the

decimal system.

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Mass
Mass of a substance is the amount of
matter present in it and it is a constant
value.
It can be measured accurately by using
analytical balance.

Weight
Weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object and it
vary as place changes due to change in gravity.

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Volume
S.I unit of volume is m3
The volume of liquids can be measured by graduated cylinder, burette,
pipette etc. A volumetric flask is used to prepare a known volume of a
solution.

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Density
The amount of mass per unit volume is called Density of a substance.
SI Unit of mass
SI unit of density =
SI Unit of volume
= Kg m-3

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degree celsius(°C)
Temperature
degree fahrenheit (°F)
kelvin(K)

• The thermometer with Celsius Scale is calibrated from 0° (freezing

point of water) to 100°(boiling point of water).
• The Fahrenheit Scale is represented between 32° to 212°.

The relationship between the temperatures of the two scales are given as

9
℉= ℃ + 32
5
The relation between kelvin scale and celsius scale is:
K = ⁰C +273.15
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LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
The combination of elements to form compounds is governed by the
following five basic laws. They are:

Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of Definite Proportions

Law of Multiple Proportions

Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes

Avogadro Law

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Law of Conservation of Mass

This law states that matter can neither be
created nor destroyed in chemical or physical
changes.

Law of Definite Proportions

This law states that a chemical compound
contains exactly the same proportion of
elements by mass.
Thus, irrespective of the source, a given
compound always contains same elements in
the same proportion.

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Law of Multiple Proportions

This law states that two elements can combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass
of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

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Gay Lussac’s Law

This law states that when gases combine or are produced in a chemical
reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at
same temperature and pressure.

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Avogadro Law
Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of gases at the same
temperature and pressure should contain equal number of
molecules.

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DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

Dalton proposed the following :
Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
All the atoms of a given element have identical properties
including identical mass. Atoms of different elements differ in
mass.
Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine in a fixed ratio.
Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are
neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

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Atomic and Molecular Masses
Atomic Mass
 The mass of an atom or atomic mass is actually very small because
atoms are extremely small.
 The present system of atomic masses is based on Carbon - 12 as the
standard. Carbon - 12 is one of the isotopes of carbon and has mass of
exactly 12 atomic mass unit (amu) .
 Atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal to one twelfth the
mass of one carbon - 12 atom.
1 amu = 1.66056X 10-24g
 Mass of an atom of hydrogen = 1.6736X 10-24g
1.6736∗10−24 g
 Mass of hydrogen atom (amu) = 1.66056∗10−24

= 1.0078 amu
= 1.008 amu
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Molecular Mass
Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements
present in a molecule. This is obtained by multiplying the atomic
mass of each element by the number of its atoms and then add
them together.

Molecular mass of methane = one carbon atom + four hydrogen atoms

(CH4) = (12.011 u) + 4(1.008 u) = 16.043 u
(H2O) = 2(1.008 u) + 16.00 u =18.02 u

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Formula Mass
Consider a substance such as sodium chloride in which
sodium(positive) and chloride(negative) entities are arranged
in 3D structure.

Formula mass of sodium chloride = atomic mass of sodium +

atomic mass of chlorine

NaCl = 23.0 u + 35.5 u = 58.5 u

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Mole Concept and Molar Masses

Atoms and molecules are very small in size and their numbers in a
small amount of any substance is very large.

One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles or

entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012kg) of the 12C
isotope.

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called Molar Mass.

1 mol of water molecules = 6.022 X 1023 water molecules

Molar mass of water = 18.02 g mol-1

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Percentage Composition
The percentage composition of both hydrogen and oxygen (water) can be
calculated as:

Mass % of element =
mass of that element in the compound
𝑋100
molar mass of the compound
Molar mass of water = 18.02 g
2 𝑋 1.008
Mass % of hydrogen = X 100 = 11.18
18.02

16.00
Mass % of oxygen = X 100 = 88.79
18.02

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Empirical Formula for Molecular Formula

An Empirical Formula represents the simplest whole number
ratio of various atoms present in a compound
Empirical formula can be determined if mass per cent of
various elements present in a compound is known.
The Molecular Formula shows the exact number of different
types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
Molecular formula is determined if the molar mass is known.

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• Stoichiometry deals with the calculation of masses (or volumes) of

the reactants and the products involved in a chemical reaction.

• ‘Stoichiometry’ is derived from two Greek words stoicheion means

element and metron means measure.

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Consider the combustion of methane and the balanced equation for

this reaction is as given as
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2(g) + 2H2O
Methane and dioxygen are reactants and carbon dioxide and water are
products.

According to the above chemical reaction:

One mole of CH4 (g) reacts with two moles of O2 (g) to give one mole of CO2
(g) and two moles of H2O (g)

One molecule of CH4(g) reacts with 2 molecules of O2 (g) to give one

molecule of CO2 (g) and 2 molecules of H2O (g)

22.4 L of CH4(g) reacts with 44.8 L of O2 (g) to give 22.4 L of CO2 (g) and
44.8 L of H2O (g)

16 g of CH4(g) reacts with 2×32 g of O2 (g) to give 44 g of CO2 (g) and 2×18
g of H2O (g).
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Limiting Reagent
The reactant which is present in the lesser amount gets consumed and
after that no reaction takes place irrespective of the amount of other
reactant present. Thus limiting the amount of product formed is called
limiting reagent.

Reactions in Solutions
Reactions can also be carried out in solutions. The concentration of a
solution present in its given volume can be expressed in the following
ways:
Mass per cent or weight per cent (w/w %)
Mole fraction
Molarity
Molality

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Mass per cent
mass of solute
Mass percent = × 100
mass of solution

Mole Fraction
It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total
number of moles of the solution.

no.of moles of A
Mole fraction of A = × 100
no.of moles of solution

nA
=
nA :nB

no.of moles of B
Mole fraction of B = × 100
no.of moles of solution

nB
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=
nA :nB
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Molarity
It is defined as the number of moles of the solute in 1 litre of the
solution.
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity 𝑀 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

Molality
It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent. It
is denoted by ‘m’.

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

Molality (m) =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔

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