4 Reinforced Cement Concrete

(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)

04. Ans: (b)

03. Limit State Design – Singly Reinforced Sol: b = 200 mm
Beams

01. Ans: (a)

Sol: For Fe415, d = 400 mm
Mu limit = Equation (1) with xu max
= 0.138 fckbd2
= 0.138  15  200  (500)2
= 103.5 kN-m #4 , 20 mm  (mild steel Fe250)

i) xumax = 0.53  d
02. Ans: (c) = 0.53  400
Sol: Balanced (or) limiting percentage of steel = 212 mm
(use xu max)
ii) xu = ? C = T
C=T
0.36  fck  b  xu = 0.87  fy  Ast
0.36 fck bxu max = 0.87 fy Ast
0.36  15  200  xu = 0.87  250  4
0.36 fck b(0.48d) = 0.87  415 Ast
 
0.36  15  200  0.48  300 = 0.87  415 Ast    20 2 
4 
Ast = 430mm2
 1080xu = 273318.5
03. Ans: (b) xu = 253.1 mm
6
Sol: Mu = 138  10 N-mm xu > xu max ⇒ over reinforced section
Mu = Mu limit Over reinforcement section fails suddenly
= 0.138  fck bd2 – (design as BS) To avoid sudden fail decrease the MR to
6 2
138  10 = 0.138  20  200  d that of a balanced section
d = 500 mm Mu limit = 0.148  fck bd2
= 0.148  15  200  4002
= 71040000 N-mm = 71.04 kN-m
≃ 72 kN-m

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 2 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

P P
05. Ans: (d)
Sol: 1.5 1.5 1.5
b = 200 mm

P 4.5 m P
P
d = 400 mm
P

1.5 P M = Pa

#3 – 20 mm  Homogenous beam
fcr = 2 MPa
i) xu max = 0.53 d Modulus of rupture/tensile stress of
= 0.53  400 = 212 mm concrete from bending equation
ii) C = T M f

0.36  fck  b xu = 0.87  fy  Ast I y

0.36  15  200  xu = 0.87  250  bD 2 

M = fcr  z  z 
    6 
  3   202 
 4   250  400 2  6
1080 xu = 204988.92
 2  = 13.33 10 N-mm
 6 
xu = 190 mm M = P.a
xu < xmax ⇒ Under reinforced section 13.3 = P  1.5

Mu = 0.36fck bxu(d – 0.42xu) 13.3

P  8.86 kN
1.5
= 0.36 15 200 190 (400 – 0.42  190)

Mu = 65.7 kN.m ≃ 66 kN-m 07. Ans: 31.6 kN

Sol: b =250 mm
06. Ans: 8.86 kN
D = 400mm

Sol: d =360mm
b = 250mm

40 mm
D = 400mm
#2, 16mm 

Reinforced concrete beam

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 3 Reinforced Cement Concrete

i) xumax = 0.48d Mu limit = 0.36fck b xu max (d–0.42 xu max)

= 0.48  360 = 172.8 mm = 0.3620150168( 350–0.42 168)
C=T = 50.70 106 N-m
0.36fckbxu = 0.87 fy Ast
= 51 kN-m
0.36  20 250  xu = 0.87  415
   09. Ans: 503 mm2
  2   16 2 
 4  Sol: C = T
1800 xu = 145186.8 0.36 fck b xu max = 0.87 fy Ast
xu = 80.65 mm 0.36f ck bx u max
Ast =
xu < xmax 0.87  f y
∴ Under reinforced section 0.36  20 150 168
=
M.R = 0.36fck bxu (d – 0.42xu) 0.87  415
= 0.36  20  250  80.65 = 502.53 mm2
(360 – 0.42 80.65) Ast ≃ 503 mm2
Mu = 47.5 kN-m
Mu = P a
10. Ans: 196 mm
47.5 = P  a
Sol:
47.5 300mm 0.003 0.51 fck
P= P = 31.6 kN
1.5 A2 C2
d = 450mm

0.002
A1 C1

08. Ans: 51 kN-m

Sol: T
150mm 0.003 0.45 fck
fy
x2 #3, 16 (Fe415) 0.002 
0.002 C2 1.15Es
d = 350mm

x1 C1

xumax = 0.003 → (1)

T  fy 
(d-xumax) =  0.002  
 1.1E s 
xu max = 0.48  d
 415 
450 – xumax =  0.002  5 
→ (2)
= 0.48  350  1.1  2  10 
= 168 mm

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 4 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

415 xa = 196.3 mm
0.002 
450  xu max 1.1 2 10 5
 xa < xc  U.R.S
xu max 0.003
1  x 
On solving M.R   cbc bx a  d  a  (ORS)
2  3 
xu max = 196.04 mm
= 196 mm  x 
M.R = st Ast  d  a  (URS)
 3 

Conventional Practice Solutions   196.3 

 140  4   20 2  550  
4  3 

01. M.R = 85.25 kN-m

Sol: Given:
02.
M20, b = 300 mm , d = 550 mm
Sol: Given:
Ast = 4 - 20 mm  - mild steel Fe250
b = 300 mm
MR = ?
l=6m
2
cbc = 7 N/mm
L.L = 10 kN/m
2
st = 140 N/mm , m = 13
D.L = 5 kN/m
m cbc M20 = fck = 20 N/mm2
k
m cbc   st
For Fe-415  st = 230 N/mm2
13  7
= 280 280
13  7  140 m   13.33
3 cbc 3  7
k = 0.393
m cbc 13.33  7
xc = k.d = 0.393  550 k 
m cbc   st 13.33  7  230
= 216.67 mm
k = 0.288
2
x
b  mA st d  x a 
a
k 0.288
2 J  1  1  0.904
3 3
x a2 
300   13  4   20 2 550  x a  Q
1 1
 cbc JK   7  0.904  0.288
2 4 2 2
150x a2  16.3  10 3 550  x a  Q = 0.911
150 x a2  8.98  10 6  16.3  10 3 x a  0 MR = Qbd2

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 5 Reinforced Cement Concrete

If BM  MR  S.R.B Area of Steel Reinforcement :

If BM > MR  D.R.B  x 
Max BM =  st A st  d  c 
Assume d = 600 mm, b = 300 mm  3 

20 xc = k.d
D = 600 + 20 +  630 mm
2 = 0.288  600 = 172.8 mm
Effective Span: M
Ast =
i. l + bs = 5.7 + 0.3 = 6.0 m  st Jd
ii. l + d = 5.7 + 0.6 = 6.3 m 88.76  10 6
A st  = 711.49 mm2
Effective span leff = 6.0 m 230  0.904  600
Loads : Minimum Tension Steel:
D.L = 5 kN/m A st 0.85

L.L = 10 kN/m bd fy

Self weight of beam = .B.D = 25  0.3  0.63 0.85  300  600

A st  = 368.67 mm2 < Ast
= 4.725 kN/m 415

Total load = 5 + 10 + 4.725 Maximum Tension Steel :

= 19.725 kN/m 4
4%bD   300  630  7560 mm 2
100
For simply supported beam
No. of bars required, use 20 mm 
W L2e
Maximum B.M = A st 711.49
8 n  = 2.26 ≃ 3 Nos0
a st 
19.725  6 2  20 2

 4
8 2–12
= 88.76 kN-m
2
MR = Qbd

M 88.76  10 6
d=  = 569.88 mm
Qb 0.911  300
drequired < dassumed
 Hence Safe 2–20 3–20 2–20
300
L/7 L/7

6m
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 6 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

3. Maximum B.M required to M.R

2 – 12 1  x 
M.R =  cbc bx a  d  a 
630 2  3 
3 – 20
= 200  106
30
300 1  244.64 
=   cbc  300  244.64 550  
2  3 
03. cbc = 11.63 N/mm2
Sol: 300 mm  550 mm From similar triangles of stress diagram
Ast = 4 – 25    st 
 
 11.63  m 
 4  25 2  1.96  10 3 
4 244.64 305.3
Simply supported over a span st = 217.65 N/mm2 (or)
l=8m  x 
Max. BM = st Ast  d  a 
udl = 25 kN/m  3 
m = 15
m cbc 11.63
k
m cbc   st
244.7
cbc & st = ?

1. Maximum Bending Moment for S.S.B 305.3

W 2 25  8 2  st
M   200 kN-m
8 8 m
2. Actual Depth of N.A   244.64 
200  10 6   st  4   25 2   550   st
x a2 4  3 
b  m Ast (d – xa)
2 = 217.4 N/mm2
x a2
300   15  1.96  10 3 550  x a 
2
150 x a2  16.17  106 – 29.4  103xa
xa = 244.64 mm

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 7 Reinforced Cement Concrete

04. Since the depth provided is more than

Sol: l = 5 m required hence it will be an under reinforced
M20 & Fe-415 section.
L L Area of Steel Reinforcement:
Assume effective depth, to
7 10  A fy 
M u  0.87f y A st d 1  st 
5000 bd f ck 
d=  500 mm 
10
 A st  415 
D = 500 + 50 = 550 mm 156.73 10 6  0.87  415  A st  500 1  
 250  500  20 
b = 250 mm
156.73 106 = 180.52  103 Ast – 29.96 A st2
Loads:
Ast = 1051.82 mm2
DL = 18 kN/m
Minimum Tension Steel:
LL = 12 kN/m
A st 0.87
Self weight of the beam = BD 
bd fy
= 25  0.25  0.55
0.87  250  500
= 3.437 kN/m Ast =
415
Total load = 18 + 12 + 3.437
Ast = 262.04 < Ast  Ok
= 33.437 kN/m
Maximum tension steel:
33.437  5 2
Bending moment = 4
8 4% of bD   250  550  5500  A st
100
= 104.49 kN-m
No. of bars required, use 16 
Factored bending moment = 1.5  104.49
A st 1051.8
= 156.73 kN-m n  = 5.23 ≃ 6 No’s
a st 
 16 2

Checking the Effective Depth: 4

M 156.73  10 6 05.
d 
R u .b 0.138  20  250 Sol: Size of beam = 300 mm  600 mm
d = 476.6 mm 
Ast = 4 – 25 = 4   25 2
drequired < dassumed 4

 safe = 1.96  103

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 8 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

ec = 50 mm Wu 6 2
 199.4
le = 6 m 8
w=? 199.4  8
Wu   44.3 kN/m
DL = 4.5 kN/m2 62

M20 , Fe-250 44.3

W  29.5 kN / m
1.5
Effective depth = d= D – ec
Safe load, W  DL  LL  Self weight
= 600 – 50 = 550 mm
Maximum depth of N.A LL = 29.5 – 4.5 kN/m – (25  0.3  0.6)

xu max = 0.53d = 20.5 kN/m

= 0.53  550
= 291.5 mm 06.
Sol: Assume effective depth, d = 500 mm
Actual depth of N.A :
D = 550 mm
C=T
b = 250 mm
0.36 fck b xu = 0.87fy Ast
Effective span, le = 8 m
0.36  20  300  xu
Loads :
= 0.87  250  1.96  103
self weight = BD
xu = 197.36 mm
= 25  0.25  0.55
xu < xu max
= 3.44 kN/m
 Under reinforced section
Live load = 12 kN/m
Moment of Resistance:
Total load, W = 15.44 kN/m
MR = T  Z
Maximum B.M
= 0.87 fy Ast (d – 0.42 xu)
WL2 15.44  8 2
 M  = 123.52 kN-m
 0.87  250  4   25 2 550  0.42  197.36 8 8
4
M.R = 199.4 kN-m Checking the effective depth
Maximum B.M for SSB M
d
Wu  W 6
2 2 Qb
M  u
8 8 For M15  cbc = 5 MPa
Equate max B.M to MR
Fe-415  st = 230 MPa
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 9 Reinforced Cement Concrete

280 280 Minimum Tension Steel :

Modular ratio, m    18.7
3 cbc 3  5 A s 0.85

m cbc bd fy
k
m cbc   st As 0.85

18.7  5 250  900 415
  0.289
18.7  5  230 As = 460. 8 mm2 < Ast  O.K
k 0.289 Maximum Tension Steel :
J  1  1  0.904
3 3
4
1 ≯ 4% of bD   250  950
Q =  cbc Jk 100
2
= 9500 mm2 > Ast  ok
1
=  5  0.904  0.289
2
= 0.65 04 Limit State Design – Doubly Reinorced
Beams
123.52  10 6
d  871.85 mm
0.65  250 01. Ans: (c)
Assume depth < Required depth Sol: BM = 300 kN-m
 Not safe (Redesign) Concrete, M15 = fck = 15
Provided d = 900 mm Steel, fy = 415
fsc =353.7 MPa
D = 950 mm
Effective Cover d = 50mm
Area of tension steel required 350 mm
In LSM, we have to use
50 mm

M 123.52  10 6
A st   Factored moment

700 mm
 st jd 230  0.904  900
Mu = M  f
2
= 660 mm Use f = 1.5
A st 660 = 300 1.5 = 450 kN-m
No of bars required = 
a st 
 16 2 To calculate Mu limit
4
Mu limit= 0.138 fck bd2
= 3.28 ≃ 4 = 0.138 15 350 (700)2
Provided 4 – 16 mm  Mu limit = 355 kN-m
Mu = 450 kN-m

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 10 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

 Mu>Mulimit 
Asc = 2   16 2 = 402.12 mm2
So we need to use ‘DRB’ 4
Mulimit = 0.87fy Ast (d-0.42 xu max)  C = T  C1 +C2 = T
355106= 0.87415Ast(700–0.420.48700) 0.36 fck b xu +fscAsc = 0.87 fy Ast
Ast = 1759.31 mm2 0.36 25  300 xu + (0.8566 415)  402.12
for extra moment we need to provide tensile = 0.87 415 1963.495
steel & comp. steel xu = 209.618 mm
Mu – Mu limit = 0.87fy(d–d)Ast2 xu max = 0.48  d
(450–355) 106 = 0.87  415Ast2(700–50) = 0.48  462.5 = 222 mm
= 234682.5Ast2 xu < xu max
Ast2 = 404.8 ≃ 405 mm2  under reinforced section.
Ast = Ast1 +Ast2 = 2165 mm2 Mu = 0.36fck.b.xu(d–0.42xu)+fscAsc(d – d1)
Now our purpose is to calculate ‘Asc’ = 0.36  25 300  209.6
Mu-Mulimit = fscAsc(d–d) (462.5–0.42209.6) +(0.8556415)
(or) fsc Asc = 0.87 fy Ast2 402.12 ( 462.5 –50) = 270.9 kN-m
Asc = 413.2 mm2
03. Ans: 18.82 kN/m
02. Ans: 271 kN-m Sol: Working /line moment,
Sol: 270.9
# 2,16 mm  M=  180.6kN  m
1.5
D =300 mm
Self weight of beam, wD = (c) b D
50 mm
d = 462.5 mm

 
D = 500 mm

= 25kN / m 3  (0.3  0.5)

W = 3.75 kN/m w = w D + wL
37.5 mm

l=8m
# 4,25 mm 

M=
w D  w L   l 2
b = 300 mm, D = 500 mm, d = 462.5 mm
8
fck= 25 N/mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2,
180.6 
3.75  w L   82
fsc = 0.8566 fy
8

Ast = 4   25 2 = 1963.495 mm2 wL = 18.825 kN/m
4
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 11 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Conventional Practice Solutions f sc  413.25 

424.25  413.250.0028  0.00277 
0.00312  0.00277 
01. fsc = 414.19 N/mm2
Sol: Given 0.36 fck b xu + fsc Asc = 0.87 fy Ast
b = 400 mm 0.36  20  400  xu + 414.19  804.2
d = 550 mm = 0.87  500  1256.6
Effective Cover = 50 mm xu = 74.14 mm
Tension steel  4 – 20 mm  xu < xu max  U.R.S
Compression steel 4 – 16 mm  Moment of resistance
M20 & Fe 500 Next trail :
  50 
Ast = 4   20 2  1256.6 mm2  sc  0.00351  = 0.00113
4  74.14 
 Take b = 300 mm
A sc  4   16 2  804.2 mm2
4
0.36  20  300 xu + 414.19  4  804.2
xu max = 0.46 d = 0.46  550 = 253 mm
= 0.87  500  1256.6
Actual depth of N.A :
xu = 98.85 mm  253 mm
C =T
C1 + C2 = T
Next trail :
0.36 fck bxu + fsc Asc = 0.87 + fy Ast  (1)
 50 
 sc  0.00351   0.00172
 d 
 sc  0.00351    98.85 
 x4  For fsc = 348  sc = 0.00174
xu = xu max Substitute in eq (1)
 50  0.36 fck b xu + fsc Asc = 0.87 fy Ast
 sc  0.00351   0.0028
 253  0.36  20  300 xu + 348  804.2
f sc  sc = 0.87  500 1256.6
413.25 0.00277
xu = 123.4 mm  98.85
- 0.0028
424.25 0.00312

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 12 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

Next trail: 369.75 0.00195

 50  - 0.00199
sc  0.00351    0.00208
 123.4  391.5 0.00226
fsc  sc
369.75 
0.00199  0.00195391.5  369.75
369.75 0.00195 0.00226  0.00195
– 0.00208 fsc = 372.5 N/mm2
391.5 0.00226 0.36  20  300xu + 372.5  804.2

 369.75 
0.00208  0.00195391.5  369.75 = 0.87  500  1256.6
0.00226  0.00195
xu = 114.3 mm ≃ 116 mm
fsc = 378.8 N/mm2
Substitute in eq (1) fsc = 372.5 N/mm2 & xu = 114 mm

xu = 112.02 mm  123.4 xu < xu max

Under Reinforced Section
 50 
sc = 0.0035 1  
 112.02 
Moment of Resistance :
sc = 0.00193
M.R = 0.36 fck b xu (d – 0.42 xu)
fsc sc
+ fsc Asc(d –d)
348 0.00174
= 0.36  20 300  114
– 0.00193
369.75 0.00195 (550 – 0.42114) + 372.5  804.2 

 348 
0.00193  0.00174369.75  348 (550 – 50)
0.00195  0.00174 M.R = 273.42 kN-m

fsc = 367.67 N/mm2

Substitute in eq. 1 02.

0.36  20  300 x4 + 367.67  804.2 Sol: Simply supported beam

= 0.87  500  1256.6 l = 5.6 m

WL = 24 kN/m
xu = 116.17  112
WD = 16 kN/m
 50 
 sc  0.00351    0.00199 M20 , Fe 415
 116.17 
fsc sc
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 13 Reinforced Cement Concrete

L L  Calculate Ast2 ,
Assume effective depth  to 
 7 10  Mu – Mu lim = 0.87 fy Ast2 (d– d)
1. Assume, d = 560 mm
(261.07 – 216.38)  106 = 0.87  415
D = 560 + 40 = 600 mm
 Ast2 (560 – 40)
b = 250 mm
Ast2 = 238 mm2
2. Width of support, bs = 300 mm
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Effective span (le)
= 1340.4 + 238
l + bs = 5.6 + 0.3 = 5.9 m
l + d = 5.6 + 0.56 = 6.16 m = 1578.4 mm2 ≃ 1579 mm2

Effective span (le) = 5.9 m d/d

fsc
Loads: sc
DL (WD) = 16 kN/m  40 
sc = 0.0035 1  
 0.48  560 
LL (WL) = 24 kN/m
Total load, sc = 0.00297

W = 16 + 24 = 40 kN/m fsc sc

Factored load, 351.8 0.00276

Wu = 1.5  40 = 60 kN/m - 0.00297

Factored bending moment, 360.9 0.0038

fsc =
60  5.9 2
Mu =
8 351.8 
0.00297  0.00276360.9  351.8
= 261.07 kN-m
0.0038  0.00276
Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2 fsc = 353.63 N/mm2 ≃ 353.025 N/mm2
= 0.138  20  250  5602 Mu – Mu lim = T2 Z2 = C2 Z2
= 216.38 kN-m T2 = C2
Mu > Mu lim 0.87 fy Ast2 = fsc Asc
 Double Reinforced Beam 0.87  415 238 = 353.025  Asc
Mu lim = 0.87 fy Ast 1 (d – 0.42 xu max)
Asc = 243.4 mm2
6
216.38  10 = 0.87  415  Ast 1
(560 – 0.42  0.48  560)
Ast1 = 1340.4 mm2
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 14 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

Minimum Tension Steel : 05. Limit State Design – Flanged Beams

A st 0.85

bd fy 01. Ans: (c)
As 0.85 Sol: For T-beams,
 15 m
250  560 415 l
bf = 0  b w  6D f
Ast = 286.74 < Ast  ok 6
10 m
Maximum Tension Steel :
4
4% of bD   250  600  6000 mm 2
100
0.7 10 Fixed to column
Maximum compression steel =  0.25  6  0.1 lo = 0.7 l
6
= 4% of bD
= 2.01 m ≯ c = 3 m
4
=  250  600  6000 mm 2  Ok  bf = 2.01 m
100
A st 02. Ans: (d)
Tension : No of bars =
a st Sol: L – beam
l0
1579 Bf =  b w  3D f
  3.21 ≃ 4 No’s 12

 25 2
10
4 =  0.25  3  0.1
12
= 1.38 m ≯c = 3 m
Compression:
 bf = 1.38 m
A
No of bars = sc
a st 03. Ans: (d)
243.4 Sol: Df = 100 mm, bw = 300mm, d = 500mm,
  2.15 ≃ 3 No’s
 c = 3m, l = 6m, l0 = 3.6 m, bf = ?
 12 2

4 l0
40 bf =  b w  6D f ≯c
6

560 3.6
600 3 – 12 =  0.3  6  0.1
4 – 25 6
= 1.5 m ≯ c = 3 m
40
250 = 1.5 1000 m = 1500 mm
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 15 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Conventional Practice Solutions 02.

Sol: Given :
01. bf = 1000 mm
Sol: Given Df = 100 mm, bw = 300 mm
bf = 1200 mm Ast = 2600 mm2
Df = 100 mm Effective Cover, d = 50 mm
bw = 300 mm d = 450 mm
d = 560 mm M20 & Fe-415
MR = ?
M20, Fe415 Maximum depth of N.A :
Ast = 4 – 25  xu max = 0.48 d
Maximum depth of N.A = 0.48  450 = 216 mm
xu max = 0.48 d = 0.48  560 = 268.8 mm
Actual depth of N.A : Actual depth of N.A :

Assume xu  Df Assume xu  Df
C=T C=T
0.36 fck bf xu = 0.87 fy Ast 0.36 fck bf xu = 0.87 fy Ast

0.36  20  1200 xu 0.36  20 1000 xu = 0.87  415 2600

 xu = 130.38
= 0.87  415  4   252
4 xu > Df
xu = 82.05 mm < Df Assumption is wrong
Assumption is true D f 100
  0.22
xu < xu max  U.R.S d 450

Moment of Resistance : Df
 0 .2
d
M.R = T  Z = 0.87 fy Ast (d – 0.42 xu)
C=T

= 0.87  415  4   252 C1 + C2 = T
4
(560 – 0.42  82.05) 0.36 fck bw xu + 0.446 fck (bf – bw) yf

= 372.56 kN-m = 0.87 fy Ast

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 16 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

yf = 0.15 xu + 0.65 Df Load of wall on beam = 12 kN/m2

yf = 0.15 xu + 65 M20 , Fe415
0.36  20  300 xu + 0.446  20 Loads:
(1000 – 300)(0.15 xu + 65) Self wt of slab = D f  25  0.13
= 0.87  415  2600 = 3.25 kN/m2
= 2160 xu + 936.6 xu + 405.86  103 L.L = 10 kN/m2
= 938.73  103 F.F = 0.75 kN/m2
xu = 172 mm Total load = 14 kN/m2
yf = 0.15  172 + 0.65 100 Load transferred to beam = 14  3.3
= 90.8 mm < Df = 46.2 kN/m
xu< xu max  U.R.S Load of wall on beam = 12 kN/m
Total load = 46.2 + 12 = 58.2 kN/m
Moment of Resistance:
Factored load,
M.R = C1Z1 + C2 Z2
Wu = 1.5  58.2 = 87.3 kN/m
= 0.36 fck bw xu (d – 0.42 xu) + 0.446 fck
Factored bending moment,
 y 
(bf– bw)  yf  d  f  Wu  2e 87.3  6 2
 2  Mu    392.85 kN / m
8 8
= 0.36  20  300  172
Effective width of flange:
(450 – 0.42 172) + 0.446  20 (1000 –300) 
o
bf   b w  6D f
 90.8  6
90.8  450  
 2  6
  0.3  6  0.13  2.08 m  c / c
= 369.73 kN-m 6
= 2.08 < 3.3 m c/c
03. Assume N.A lies in the flange
Sol: Given xu = Df
le = 6 m S = 3.3 m c/c Mu1 = 0.36 fck bf (Df) [d – 0.42 (Df)]
Df = 130 mm bw = 300 mm = 0.36  20  2080 (130) [(450 – 50)
D = 450 mm L.L = 10 kN/m2 0.42  130]
2
F.F = 0.75 kN/m = 672.45 kN-m
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 17 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Mu1 > Mu Vu 120  10 3

v  
 Assumption is true b  d 400  230

 f y A st  = 1.3 N/mm2
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d 1  
 f ck b f d  v  c max – safe in shear

Mu = 0.87  415  Ast  400 ii) v > c – not safe in shear reinforcement
Minimum shear reinforcement is required
 415 A st 
1  20  2080  400  (0.87f y )A sv  d
  Vus 
Sv
6 3 2
392.875  10 = 144.42  10 Ast – 3.601 Ast
Vus = Vu – cb.d
Ast = 2935 mm2
= 120  103–0.48  400  230
Use 30 mm , = 75840 N = 75.84 kN
2935 0.87  250  100.53  400
No of bars required  75.84 103 
 Sv
 30 2
4
Sv = 115 mm c/c
= 4.15 ≃ 5 No’s
02. Ans: (c)
06. Limit State of Collapse ‐ Shear
Sol: T =10.90 kN-m

01. Ans: (b) b = 230 mm 1.6 Tu

Ve = Vu 
b
Sol:
d = 400mm

1.6  10.90  10 6
 120  10 3 
Vu = 120 kN 230

fck = 20 N/mm2 Ve= 196 kN

Main steel, fy = 415 N/mm2 Design shear force

#2, 8mm  Vus =Ve – c.b.d
Stirrups, fy = 250 N/mm2
c = 0.48 N/mm2 = 196  103–0.48  230  400
i) 8mm–2 legged Vus = 151.84 103N
Stirrups = 151.84 kN

Asv = 2   82
4
= 100.53 mm2

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 18 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

03. Ans: (d) Vus = Vu – c bd

Sol: b = 230 m, d = 450 mm = 100 103 –0.75 230 450
Vu = 50 kN
= 22.375 kN
fck = 20 N/mm2
For vertical stirrups,
fy = 250 N/mm2
0.87f y A sv d
c max = 2.8 MPa, c = 0.75 MPa. Vus =
Sv
V 50  10 3
v = u  = 0.483 MPa 0.87  250  100.53  450
bd 230  450 Sv =
22.375  10 3
v < c,max safe in shear.
Provide minimum shear reinforcement. = 439.75 mm

A sv 0 .4 Min spacing:

b S v 0.87f y i. 439.75 mm
ii. 0.75d = 0.75 450 = 337.5 mm
  82
Asv = 2  = 100.53 mm2 iii. 300 mm
4
iv. Spacing for min shear reinforcement
100.53  0.87  250
Sv = A sv 0 .4
0.4  230   Sv = 237.7 mm
bS v 0.87f y
= 237.7 mm c/c
Provide min spacing of 230 mm c/c.
Sv ≯ 0.75 d = 0.75 450 = 337.5 mm

Sv ≯ 300 mm 05. Ans: (c)

Sol: Vu = 150 kN
 Provide spacing of 230 mm c/c
150  10 3
v = = 1.449 MPa
230  450
04. Ans: (c) v < c,max – safe in shear reinforcement
Vu = 100 kN v > c  Shear reinforcement is required.
Vu 100  10 3 Design shear force,
v =  = 0.966
b  d 230  450 Vus = Vu – c bd
v < c max – shear reinforcement safe = 150 103 – 0.75 230450
v > c not safe in shear reinforcement = 72.375 KN
Shear reinforcement is required. Shear force taken by bent-up bars.
Vus1 = 0.87fyAsvsin
Design shear force for shear reinforcement
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 19 Reinforced Cement Concrete

 Vus = Vu – cbd
= 0.87 415 2  162 sin 45o
4 = 400 103 – 0.75  400 750
Vus = 175 kN
= 102.66 kN
Beam –Q
≯0.5 Vus = 36.18 kN Vu = 750 kN
 Vus1 > 0.5 Vus Vu 750  10 3
v =   2.5 N / mm 2
b  d 750  400
As per IS: 456 ; Vus1 ≯ 0.5 Vus. In this case v > c max
Vus1 is exceeding 0.5 Vus. Therefore limit The beam is not safe in shear. It should be
Vus1 as 36.18 kN, the remaining S.F i.e revised.
36.195 kN should be resisted by vertical
stirrups.
Conventional Practice Solutions
Vertical stirrups:
For Vus2 = 36.195 kN
0.87f y A sv .d 01.
36.195 103 =
Sv Sol: Given
  
0.87  250   2   82   450 b = 250 mm d = 450 mm
 4 
Sv = Ast = 4 – 20 mm  Vu = 130 kN
36.195  10 3

= 271.708 mm M15 , Fe -250

Provide minimum center to center spacing
of 230 mm c/c Design vertical stirrups:
06. Ans: (a) 1. Nominal shear stress:
Sol: Beam -P b = 400 mm
Vu
c max = 2.1 MPa v 
bd
d = 750 mm

fck = 30 N/mm2
130  10 3
c = 0.75 MPa   1.15 N / mm 2
250  450
Vu = 400 kN
2. Shear Resistance of concrete (c)
V 400  103
v  u  #2, 8mm  100A st
b  d 750  400 % of tension steel =
bd
v = 1.33 N/mm2

i) v < c max –shear reinforcement safe 100  4   20 2
 4
ii) v > c Minimum shear reinforcement is 250  450
required = 1.11
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 20 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

Pt c Check:
1.00 0.60 i.Cal S v  162.42 mm 
1.11 – ii.S v minimum  218.6 mm 
Smaller
1.25 0.64 iii.0.75 d  0.75  450  337.5
0.64  0.61.11  1.0  0.617 iv. 300 mm 
 0.6 
1.25  1.0 Provide 2 legged 8 mm  stirrups with
2
= 0.617 N/mm spacing 160 mm @ supports 2-8 mm  @ 210
v > c  Not safe mm c/c @ mid span

Design for Shear :

2 - 10
Design vertical stirrups, 450
4 – 20
Vus = Vu – c bd
L L L
= 130  103 – 0.617  250 450
250 3 3 3
= 60.58  103 = 60.58 kN 2-8 mm  @ 2-8 mm  2-8 mm 
160 mm c/c @ 210 mm c/c @ 160 mm c/c
Assumed 2 legged 8 mm  stirrups 02.
d Sol: Given
Vus = 0.87 fy A sv
Sv c/c = 2.5 m l=5m
 450 Df = 100 mm bw = 300 mm
= 0.87  250  2   82 
4 Sv D = 500 mm fck = 20 MPa

Sv = 162.42 ≃ 160 mm fy = 415 MPa Ast = 3 – 25 mm 

L.L = 6 kN/m2
Minimum Shear Reinforcement :
Design shear reinforcement:
A sv 0.4
 Effective span:
bs v 0.87f y
Assume width of support 300 mm

2   82 i. For simply supported beam
4 0.4

250  S v 0.87  250 (a) l + d = 5 + 0.3 = 5.3 m
Sv = 218.6 mm (b) l + bs = 5 + 0.45 = 5.45 m
d = D – ec = 500 – 50 = 450 mm
le = 5.3 m Provide le = 5.3 m
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 21 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Loads: Shear strength of concrete (c)

Self weight = Df = 25  0.1 = 2.5 kN/m2 
100  3   25 2
100Ast 4
L.L = 6 kN/m2 Pt  
bwd 300  450
Total load = 8.5 kN/m2
= 1.09
Total load per meter length
Pt c
= 8.5  2.5 (c/c distance)
1.00 0.62
= 21.25 kN/m
1.09 -
Self wt of beam
1.25 0.67
= 0.4  0.3  25 = 3 kN/m
c  0.62 
0.67  0.621.09  1.0
Total load = 21.25 + 3 = 24.25 kN/m 1.25  1.0
Factored load, Wu = 1.5  24.25
c = 0.638 N/mm2
= 36.38 kN/m
v < c
Factored shear force,
 Hence Safe
W
Vu = u e However provide minimum shear
2
reinforcement
36.38  5.3
 Provide 2 legged 8 mm  stirrups
2
= 96.407 kN A sv 0.4

x b.S v 0.87f y

 2
d 2 8
x 4 0.4
WL 
300  S v 0.87  415
2
Design Shear Force = 96.40 – W  d Sv  302.47 mm ≃300 mm c/c

 0.3  However provide 2-legged 8 mm  stirrups

= 96.40 – 36.38   0.45 
 2  with 300 mm c/c
= 74.5 kN
Nominal shear stress
74.5  10 3
v   0.55 N / mm 2
300  450
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 22 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

07. Bond 02. Ans: (d)

Sol:  = 12mm
01. Ans: (c) fy = 415 N/mm2
250 mm fck = 30 N/mm2, bd = 2.4 MPa
 s
Ld 
400  bd  4
12  0.87  415
 = 282.0703
#3, 16 mm 
(1.6   bd )  4
V4 = 150 kN
Ld = 282.0703 mm
Flexural bond: Ld with 90o bend = 282.0703–8
Steel in tension ( sagging moment) = 282.0703 – 8  12
M1 = 186.1 mm
Ld ≯ +l0  continuous beam
Vu

l0 = 12  = 12  16 03. Ans: (d)

 192mm  Sol: Axially loaded short column
Which is greater
d  400mm  = d = 20mm, spliced = 16 mm
Take l0 = 400 mm fy = 415 N/mm2
0.87f y  0.87  250  16 bd = 1.2 MPa
Ld =  = 870 mm
4 bd 4 1 lap  l d 
 max
xu, max = 0.53 400 = 212 mm  24

 Use smaller diameter ⇒  = 16 mm

0.87  250  3   16 2
4
xu =  s 16  0.87  415
0.36  15  250 Ld  
4   bd 1.25  4  1.2  1.6
= 97.18 mm
= 601.75 mm
xu < xu,max  Under reinforcement section.
M1 = 0.36 15 250 97.18 ( 400–0.4297.18) Lap length ≮ Ld = 601.75 mm
= 47.12 106 N-mm ≮ 24  = 384 mm
47.12  10 6 Use maximum, i.e., 601.75 mm
Ld ≱  400 = 714.15 mm
150  10 3
Ld > 714.15
not safe in bond.
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 23 Reinforced Cement Concrete

04. Ans: (d) Ld (req) = 752.1875 – 8  16

Sol: 1) Pull out (bond fail) = 624.1875 mm
P1 = bd[Dl] xu max = 0.48  425 = 204
2) Breaking of steel bar minimum 0.87f y A st
xu =
  0.36f ck b
P2   st   D 2 
4  0.87  415  402.12
=
0.36  20  250
05. Ans: 46.8 = 80.65 mm
2
Sol: fck = 20 N/mm , xu < xu max  Under reinforced section
bd = 1.2 MPa 60% - HYSD bars M1 = 0.87 fyAst (d –0.42 xu)
Steel bar is in tension = 0.87 415 402.12 (425–0.42 80.65)
 s   360 = 56.78 106 N –mm
Ld    46.8
4   bd 4  1.6  1.2 1.3M 1
Ld =  l0
V
06. Ans: 290 mm 56.78  10 6
624.1875  1.3   l0
Sol: Given , Vu = 220 kN 220  10 3
 l0 = 288.66 mm
Ast = 2   16 2 = 402.12 mm2
4 Minimum extension beyond centre of
b = 250 mm, d = 425 mm support = 290 mm
Fe 415 ,M20 ,bd = 1.2 MPa
l0 = ? for 90o bond
d = 425

l0

0.87f y  0.87  415  16

Ld = 
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
= 752.1875 mm

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 24 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

08. Limit State of Collapse ‐ Torsion 03. Ans: (a)

Sol: T = 68 kN-m
01. Ans: (d) Me2 = MT – Mu
Sol: i) size – 300  1000 mm If MT < Mu then no need of Asc
Vu = 150 kN; Mu = 150 kN  D  600 
Tu 1   681  
Tu = 30 kN -m  b  300 
MT = =
1.7 1.7
1.6Tu
Ve = Vu  = 120 kN-m
b
1.6  30  10 6
= 150  10  3
= 310 kN MT > Mu – additional compression steel is
300
required for Me2 i.e Me2 = MT – Mu
Me1 = Mu + MT = 120 – 100
 D = 20 kN-m
Tu 1  
b
 Mu   04. Ans: (a)
1.7
Sol: b = 500, D = 700 mm
 1000 
301  d = 35 mm, V = 15 kN
300 
 150   = 226.47 kN-m M = 100kN-m, T = 10 kN-m
1.7
c = 1.5 MPa
02. Ans: (d) If ve  c ignore torsion
b = 300mm, D = 600 mm If ve > c consider torsion for Ast
V = 100 kN, M = 100 kN-m Ve = Vu + VT
T = 34 kN-m Tu
 Vu  1.6
b
Me1 = Mu + MT
 10 
 15  1.6  
 D  0.5 
Tu 1  
b
 Mu  
= 47 kN
1.7 Ve 47  10 3 47
ve   
 600  b.d 500  (700  35) 0.5  0.7
34 1 
300 
 100   = 0.14 MPa
1.7 ve < c
=160 kN-m  Design BM for Ast is Mu only
Mu = 100 kN-m

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 25 Reinforced Cement Concrete

05. Ans: (d) 1.6Tu

Ve = Vu 
Sol: V = 20 kN, T = 9 kN-m b
b = 300 mm, M = 200 kN-m 1.6  30
Ve  80   240 kN
gross depth = 425 mm 0.3
cover = 25 mm Equivalent nominal shear stress
Ve = Vu + VT ve
 ve 
T  9  bd
 Vu  1.6 u  20  1.6 
b  0.3 
240  10 3
= 68 kN   1.74 N / mm 2
300  460
ve > c
06. Ans: (b)
 Not safe in torsional shear
Sol: As ve < c
Design for Torsion:
Tu = 0
Me1 = Mu = 200 kN-m Longitudinal Steel Design:
Ast based on Mu only Me = M u + M t
 D
1  
b
Conventional Practice Solutions M t  Tu 
1.7
 500 
1  
01. Size of the beam = 300  500 mm  300 
 30  10 6
Effective span, le = 8 m 1.7

Mu = 100 kN-m = 47.05 kN-m

Tu = 30 kN-m Me = M u + M t

Vu = 80 kN-m = 100 + 47.05

Effective cover = 40 mm = 147.05 kN-m

M20, Fe415 Mt < M u

No need of compression steel
c = 0.55 N/mm2
Design the beam :  A fy 
Me = 0.87 fy Ast d 1  st 
 bd f ck 
Equivalent shear force,
147.05  106 = 0.87  415  Ast  460

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 26 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

 A st 415  20 8 8
y1  500  40    25 
1  300  460 20  2 2 2
 
Ast = 1051 mm2 = 500 – 40 + 10 + 4 – 25 – 4

Use 20 mm  y1 = 445 mm
 2 30  10 6  S v 80  10 3  S v
1051 2 8  
No. of bars  4 214  421  0.87  415 2.5  421  0.87  415

 20 2
4
= 0.922 Sv + 0.21Sv
= 3.34 ≃ 4 No’s = 1.132 Sv

Transverse Steel : Sv = 88.8 mm

Tu S v Vu S v  ve   c b.S v
A sv   A sv 
b1d 1 0.87f y  2.5d 1 0.87f y  0.87 f y

 2 1.74  0.55  300  S v

 20  2 8 
b1 = 300 – 2 25 = – 2(8) – 2   4 0.87  415
 2 
32 = 980  47  10–3 Sv
b1 = 214 mm
Sv = 101.67 mm
12
d1 = 460 – 25 – 8  = 421 mm
2 Maximum spacing:

i. ≯x1  ≯ 242 mm

x 1  y1 242  445
ii. ≯   171.75 mm
4 4
ASC
460
d1 500 iii. > 300 mm
Ast
Provide 2 legged 8 mm  @ 100 mm c/c

b1
x1
b
8
x1 = 300 – 2  25 – 2 
2
= 242 mm

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 27 Reinforced Cement Concrete

09. Slabs (a)  y  b s  9  0.3  9.3 

 minimum
(b)  y  d  9  0.15  9.15

Conventional Practice Solutions Ley = 9.15

Ly 9.15
01. Aspect ratio =   2.9  2
Lx 3.15
Sol: Given
 One way slab
Size = 9 m  3m
2. Loads:
2
LL = 5 kN/m
Self weight of slab = D
M25, Fe415
= 25  0.175 = 4.375 kN/m2
Design the Slab
L.L = 5 kN/m2 F.F = 0.625 kN/m2
Ly 9
  3  2 i.e; One Way Slab F.F = 0.625 kN/m2
Lx 3
Total load = 4.375 + 5 + 0.625
Assume width of slab = 1000 mm,
Wv = 10 kN/m2
bs = 300 mm
Factored load (per m run) = 1.5  10
Assume Effective depth;
Wu = 15 kN/m

 20 w L
2
d Factored BM , Mu = u e x
8
3000
 20
d 15  3.15 2

d = 150 mm 8

10 Mu = 18.6 kN-m
D  150  20   175 mm
2 Checking effective depth:
1. Effective span: Mu 18.6  10 6
d 
(i) Lex R u .b 0.138f ck b
(a)  x  b s  3  0.3  3.3  18.6  10 6
 minimum d d = 73.4 mm
(b)  x  d  3  0.15  3.15 0.138  25  1000
Lex = 3.15 m However provided = 100 mm
(ii) Ley 10
D  100  20   125 mm
2
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 28 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

3. Area of Tension Steel:  2

1000  8
4
 A fy  S=
M u  0.87f y A st d 1  st  150
 bd f ck 
S = 335.10 ≃ 330 mm ≃ 300 mm
18.6  10 6  0.87  415  A st  100

 A st 415  Check:
1  1000 100  25  i. 5d = 5  100 = 500
 
18.6  106 = 36.105  103 Ast – 5.99 A st2 ii. 450 mm
iii. S = 300 mm
Ast = 569 mm2
Provide 8 mm  @ 300 mm c/c
4. Minimum Steel:
0.12
0.12% of bD =  1000  125 8 mm  @ 300 mm c/c
100
= 150 mm2 < Ast
5. Maximum Steel:
4% of bD
4 10 mm  @ 130 mm c/c
=  1000  175  5000 mm 2  A st  Ok 3.0 m
100
 02.
1000   10 2
a 4
Spacing, S  st  Sol: Given
A st 569
Size = 4 m  5 m
S = 138 ≃ 130 mm
L.L = 3 kN/m2
Check: M20, Fe415
i. 3d = 3  100 = 300 mm 1. Assume effective depth
ii. 300 mm 
 20
iii. S = 130 mm d
Provide 10 mm  @ 130 mm c/c 4000
 20
6. Distribution Steel: d

0.12 d = 200 mm
0.12% of bD =  1000  100
100 10
D = 200 + 20 +  225 mm
= 150 mm2 2
b = 1000 mm
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 29 Reinforced Cement Concrete

2. Effective span:
7 4 3
(i) Lex
5 2 1 2
 x  d  4  0.2  4.2  7 4 3 4
 minimum
 x  b s  4  0.3  4.3

Lex = 4.2 m 9 8 6 8

(ii) Ley Four edges discontinuous -9

 y  d  5  0.2  5.2  x =
 minimum
 y  b s  5  0.3  5.3 1.2 - 0.072

Ley = 5.2 m 1.23 - ?

L ey 1.3 - 0.079
5.2
Aspect ratio =   1.23  2
L ex 4.2 0.072 
1.23  1.20.079  0.072
1.3  1.2
Hence design the two way slab
1.23  x = 0.0741
Loads:
Self weight of slab = D y = 0.056

= 25  0.225 Mx = x wL  2ex

= 5.625 kN/m2 = 0.0741  12.94  4.22

L.L = 3 kN/m2 Mx = 16.9 kNm
Total load, W = 5.625 + 3 My = y wL  2ex = 0.056  12.94  4.22
= 8.625 ≃ 8.63 kN/m = 12.78 kNm
Factored load, Wu = 1.5  8.63 Checking effective depth:
= 12.94 kN/m2 Mx 16.9  10 6
d 
Factored load per m run = 12.94 kN/m Rub 0.138  20  1000
Moments: = 78.27 mm
Mx = x wL Lex2 However provide d1 = 100 mm
My = y wL Lex2 10
D = 100 + 20 + = 125 mm
Table 26: Page 91 2

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 30 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

Area of Steel Reinforcement: Spacing:

 A st x f y  Use 10 mm  bars,
M x  0.87f y A st d 1 1   
 bd 1 f ck  
1000   10 2
1000a st 4
16.91  106 = 0.87  415  Ast x  100 Sx  
A st x 525.6
 A st x 415 
1    ast = 149.4 mm ≃ 140 mm
 1000  100 20 

Ast x = 525.6 mm2 1000   10 2
1000a st 4
10 10 Sy  
d2 = 100 –   90 mm A st y 437.4
2 2
= 179.5 mm ≃ 170mm
 A st y fy 
My = 0.87 fy Ast y d2 1   
 bd 2 f ck  Check:
i. 3d = 3  100 = 300 mm
ii. 300 mm
12.78  106 = 0.87  415  Ast y  90
Provide 10 mm  @ 140 mm c/c along
 A st y 415 
1    Shorter span
 1000  90 20 
Provide 10 mm  @ 170 mm c/c along
Asty = 437.4 mm2
Longer span
Minimum Steel:
The above steel can be provided only in the
0.12
0.12% of bD =  1000  125 middle strips.
100
= 150 mm2 < Astx Distribution Steel:

< Asty 0.12

0.12% of bD  1000  125 = 150 mm2
100
Maximum Steel:
Use 8 mm ,
4
4% of bD =  1000  125
100  2
1000  8
1000 a st 4
= 5000 mm2 > Ast x Spacing, S  
A st 150
> Ast y  Ok
= 335.1 mm ≃ 300 mm
Provide 8 mm  @ 300 mm as a distribution
steel.
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 31 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Check:
i. 5d = 500 mm Live Load = 3 kN/m2
ii. 450 mm Partition Loads = 1.35 kN/m2
The above steel can be provided only in edge Floor Finish = 0.65 kN/m2
strip M20 Fe415
Design of torsion steel: Assume effective depth
3 3  3300
A st x   525.6  394.2 mm 2 d   132 mm
4 4 25 25
 x  x 4.2 d = 150 mm
Size of mat =   0.84 m
5 5 5 10
D = 150  20   175 mm
Use 8 mm , 2
 2 b = 1000 mm, bs= 300 mm
840  8
Spacing, S = 4
394.2
Effective span:
= 107.11 mm ≃ 100 mm Lex
Provide 8 mm  @ 100 mm c/c i. L x  d  3.3  0.15  3.45
 minimum
ii. L x  b s  3.3  0.3  3.6 
03. Lex = 3.45
Sol:

10 m Ley
i. L y  d  10  0.15  10.15
 minimum
ii. L y  b s  10  0.3  10.3 
0.3 m
Ley = 10.15 m
3.6 m 3.6 m 3.6 m 3.6 m
L ey 10.15
  2.94  2
L ex 3.45
Loads:
Self weight =. D= 0.175  25 = 4.375 kN/m2

3.3 m 3.3 m 3.3 m 3.3 m Total load = 4.375 + 1.35 + 0.65

WD = 6.375 kN/m2
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 32 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

Factored load per m run At Interior Supports:

WD = 6.375 kN/m 1 1 
M 4   WD L2  WL L2 
WL = 3 kN/m2  12 9 
1 1 
Moment for end panel    6.375  3.45 2   3  3.45 2 
 12 9 
Near mid span: = – 10.29
2 2
WD  W  Mu4 = 1.5  10.29 = – 15.43 kN-m
M1   L
12 10
6.375  3.45 2 3  3.45 2 Checking Effective Depth:
 
12 10 Maximum moment
d
= 9.89 Ru b
Mu1 = 1.5  9.89 = 14.835 kN-m
17.33  10 6
 = 79.24 mm
At Support: 0.138  20  1000
Next to the end support However,
1 1  Provided = 125 mm, D = 150 mm
M 2   WD L2  w L L2 
 10 9 
1 1  Area of Steel Reinforcement:
   6.375  3.45 2   3  3.45 2 
 10 9 
 A fy 
M2 = – 11.55 M u1  0.87f y A st 1d 1  st 1  
 bd f ck 
Mu2 = – 1.5  11.55 = – 17.33 kN-m
= 0.87  415  Ast1  125
At Interior Span:  A st 1 415 
At Middle of interior panel  1000  125  20 
1 
 
1 1 14.835  106 = 45.13  103 Ast 1 – 7.49 Ast12
M3  WD L2  WL L2
16 12
Ast1 = 348.9 mm2
1 1
  6.375  3.45 2   3  3.45 2 Mu2 = – 17.33  106
16 12
17.33  106 = 45.13  103 Ast 2 – 7.49 Ast 22
= 7.71
Ast 2 = 412.2 mm2
Mu3 = 1.5 7.71 = 11.57 kN-m
Mu3 = 11.57  106

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 33 Reinforced Cement Concrete

11.57  106 = 45.13 103 Ast 3 – 7.49 Ast 32 For Ast4

Ast 3 = 268.31 mm3 
1000   10 2
Mu4 = 15.43  106 S 4  215.83 mm ≃ 210 mm
363.85
15.43  106 = 45.13  103Ast 4 – 7.49 Ast 42
Check:
Ast 4 = 363.87 mm2
Main steel
i. 3d = 3  120 = 360 mm
Minimum steel:
ii. 300 mm
0.12% of bD
Provide
0.12
=  1000  150  180 mm 2 10 mm  @ 220 mm c/c
100
Maximum Steel: 10 mm  @ 180 mm c/c

4 10 mm  @ 290 mm c/c
4 % of bD =  1000  150  6000 mm 2
100 10 mm  @ 210 mm c/c
Spacing : Distribution Steel:
For Ast 1 0.12
 1000  150  180 mm 2
 100
1000   10 2
4 78.53  103 
S  1000   82
349 349 4
Use 8 mm  bar, S 
= 225.04 mm ≃ 220 mm 180

For Ast 2  279.25 mm ≃ 270 mm

 Check:
1000   10 2
S 4  190.6 mm ≃ 180 mm i. 5d = 5  120 = 600 mm
412
ii. 450 mm
For Ast 3
Provide 8 mm  @ 270 mm c/c

1000   10 2
S 4  292.68 mm ≃ 290 mm
268.31

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 34 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

10. Limit State of Collapse ‐ Compression 03. Ans: (d)

Sol: Ag = 300  300 mm
01. Ans: (c) fck = 20 N/mm2,
Sol: b = 300 mm Ac = Ag (neglecting Asc)
d = 600 mm fy = 415 N/mm2
fy = 415 MPa 
fck = 20 MPa Asc = 4   20 2  1256.63
4
Pu = 0.40fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc Pu = 0.420300300 + 0.67  415 1256.63
Asc = 0.8% Ag = 1069 kN
0.8
 (300  600) = 1440 mm2
100 04. Ans: (d)
Ac = Ag – Asc
E strong E steel
= 300  600 – 1440 Sol: m  
E weak E conc
2
= 178560 mm
compatability condition for composite
Pu = 0.4  20 178560 + 0.67  415  1440
(RCC) members
Pu = 1829 kN
s  c
Ps l Pl
02. Ans: (d)  c
AsEs AcEc
Sol: d = 300 mm; fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2;
Ps A s  E s  1% A c
   =  10  10%
Pu = 1.05[0.4fck Ac + 0.67fy Asc] Pc A c  E c  Ac
  1
Asc    300 2   = 706.85mm2
4  100
Conventional Practice Solutions
Ac = Ag – Asc
01.
 
   3002   706.85 Sol: Given
4 
Pu = 1900 kN
= 69978.98 mm2
Square column
Pu= 1.05(0.4  20 69978.98 + 0.67 
M20 , Fe250
415  706.85)
= 794.19 kN emin < 0.05 D
Assume longitudinal steel Asc = 1% of Ag
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 35 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Size of column & Asc Tension Steel:

Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc 8 mm  @ 250 mm c/c
 1  Longitudinal steel
1900  103 = 0.4  20   A g   Ag 
 100 
1
+ 0.67  250  Ag
100
Ag = 198.03  103 mm2 450 m

Side of square column = 198.03  10 3

= 445 mm 450 m

Provide 450 mm  450 mm

Longitudinal steel Lateral ties

Asc = 1% of Ag 02.

450  450 Sol: Given:

=  2025 mm 2
100 P = 1000 kN
No of bars required, use 4 – 20 mm  & M20 , Fe 415
4 – 16 mm  It is assuming that the column design with

Transverse steel (Laterals Ties): helical reinforcement.

Diameter: 1. Assume longitudinal steel:

1 1 Asc = 0.8% of Ag
i.  LLD   20  5 mm
4 4 2. Pu = 1.5  1000 = 1500 kN
ii. 8 mm Size of column & longitudinal steel
Pitch: Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
i. LLD = 450 mm 1500  103 = 1.05 (0.4  20 
ii. 16 SL = 16  16 = 256 mm (Ag – Asc) + 0.67 fy Asc)
iii. 300 mm 1500  103 = 1.05
Provided 8 mm  @ 250 mm   0.8  0.8
 0.4  20   A g  A g    0.67  415  Ag
Longitudinal Steel:   100  100
4 – 20 mm  & 4 – 16 mm   2
D  140.6  10 3
4
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 36 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

D = 423.1 mm ≃ 430 mm 
Ak   350 2  96.21 10 3 mm 2
4
Longitudinal steel:
Volume of helical reinforcement,
0.8 
A sc    430 2 = 1161.76 mm2  
100 4 Vh  d h   2h 
4 
No of bars required, use 16 mm 
 2
A 1161.76    342   8  54  10 3
n  sc  = 5.77 ≃ 6 No’s 4
a sc 
 16 2
 2
4 Vk   k  P
4
Transverse Steel (Helical Reinforcement):

Diameter:   350 2  P
4
1 1
i.  LLD   16  4 mm 54  10 3 145.22  10 3  20
4 4  0.36  1
  96.21  10 3  415
ii. 8 mm  350  P
2

4
Provide 8 mm  P  63.5 mm
Calculation of Pitch : Pitch
Vh  Ag f
 0.36   1 ck i. ≯ 75 mm
Vk Ak  fy
1 1
Core dia = k = D – 2c = 430 – 2  40 ii. ≯  k   350  58.33 mm
6 6
= 350 mm
iii. ≮ 25 mm
 
Core distance dh = D – 2(c) – 2  h 
 2  iv. ≮ 3 h = 3  8 = 24 mm

8 Provide 55 mm pitch.
 430  2  40  2 
2
= 342 mm
Area of Gross Cross Section :

Ag   430 2  145.22  10 3 mm 3
4
Area of core ,

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 37 Reinforced Cement Concrete

11. Footings 02. Ans: (c)

Sol:
dc dc

01. Ans: (b)

Sol: B = 3.5m
0.4

0.4
column size = 400 mm
d = 560 mm
q0 = 122.4 kN/m2 0.56 0.56
B  0.4  
2 2
0.4 m = 0.96
dc =d Vu = q0[hatched area]
= 560 mm q0 = 122.4 kN/m2
= 122.4 [3.52 – 0.962]
= 1386 kN
3 .5 0 .4
0.4 m  d
2 2 Vu 1386  103
3.5 m = 0.99 m
v  
d pd (4  960)(560)
= 0.64 MPa
3.5 m
Vu is more for 2-way
For one way shear
2-way shear is critical
Vu = q0[hatched area]
= 122.4 [0.99  3.5] 03. Ans: (a)
= 425 kN Sol:

Vu 425  103
v   0.56
b.d c 3500  560 m

= 0.22 N/mm2 3.5 m

3 .5 0 .4
= 0.22 MPa 0.4 m   l.55m
2 2
x

Mu = q0[hatched area  x ]
 1.55 
 122.43.5  1.55  = 515 kN
 2 

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 38 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

04. Ans: (a)

N
Conventional Practice Solutions

3m 01. A square footing 3.5 m × 3.5 m is used for a

square column 300 mm × 300 mm carrying a
total ultimate load of 1500 kN. Safe bearing
3m
 max  P M capacity of soil is 100 kN/m2 under service
  A
 min  A Z
loads, using grades M20 and Fe-415. Shear
450 60 strength of concrete is 0.4 MPa. Design the
 
3  2  2  32 
  pad type footing.
 6 
Sol: Given :
max = 95 kN/m2 compression
Size of column : 300 mm  300 mm
min = 55 kN/m2 compression
Column load (Factored) : 1500 kN
As per IS 456 –2000 the assumed pressure
S.B.C of soil qo : 100 kN/m2
distribution below the footing is uniform
M20, Fe-415
05. Ans: (a) Size of Footing :
Sol: l = 2m ; d = 200 mm Net upward soil pressure
column size = 300 300 mm W 1000
= Po  
q0 = 320 kN A 3.5  3.5
v = ? = 81.6 kN/m2 < 100 kN/m2  O.K.
320 0.2 Depth of Footing:
q0   80 kN / m 2
2 2
x i. Based on B.M
2 0.3
x   0.2 Po B
2 2 0.3
d M= B  b2
0.3 8
= 1 – 0.15 – 0.2
81.6  3.5
= 0.65
2m
 3.5  0.32  365.56 kN-m
8
One way shear Vu = q0 [hatched area]
Mu = 1.5  365.56 = 548.35 kN-m
= 80[0.65 2] = 104 kN
V 104  10 3 Mu 548.35  10 6
v  u   0.26 d   238.25 mm
bd c 2000  200 0.138f ck B 0.138  20  3500

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 39 Reinforced Cement Concrete

ii. Based on one way shear = 954.9 kN

B b  Vu = 1.5 V = 1.5  954.9
Shear Force, V = Po B    d 
2 2  = 1432 kN
 3.5 0.3 
= 81.6  3.5    d Punching Shear Stress:
 2 2 
Vu
Vu = 1.5V v 
bod
 3.5 0.3 
= 1.5  81.6  3.5    d 1432  10 3
 2 2    1.09 N / mm 2
4300  440 440
= 428.4 [1.6 – d]
Permissible shear stress = Ks c
V
Nominal shear stress,  v  u
Bd Ks = 0.5 + c ≯ 1
428.4 [1.6 - d] 0.3
 = 0.5 +  1.5  1  Ks = 1
3.5  d 0.3
c = 0.4 N/mm2  400 kN/m2 c = 0.25 f ck
For safety v  kc
= 0.25 20 = 1.118 N/mm2
Assume D  300 mm, k = 1
v  Ks c  Safe
428.4 [1.6 - d]
 400
3.5  d Area of Tension Steel Required:
122.4 [1.6 - d]  400 d  A fy 
Mu = 0.87 fy Astd 1  st  
[1.6 – d]  3.26 d  Bd f ck 
0.37 m  d = 0.87  415  Ast  440
d  0.37 m  A st 415 
1  3500  440  20 
d  370 mm  
Take maximum of above two cases 548.35  106 = 158.86  103 Ast – 2.14 A st2
Adopted D =500 mm, d = 500 – 60 Ast = 3629 mm2
= 440 mm
B  a st
Spacing, S = (use 16 mm  bars)
Check for punching Shear: A st
V = Po [B2 – (b +d)2]
= 81.6 [3.52 – (0.3 + 0.44)2]
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 40 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

 Design Rectangular Footing:

3500   16 2
 4  193.8 mm Size of Footing:
3629
W  W
Provide 16 mm  @ 190 mm C/C Area of footing =
qo
Check for Development Length:
10
Ld = 47  = 47  16 = 752 mm 1420  880  1420  880
 100
1 140
Available length of footing = B  b   60
2 = 18 m2
1
 3500  300  60 Dimensions of Footing:
2
= 1540 mm > Ld  OK B b

L a
B  L = 18
b
 L  L  18
a
0.45 2
 L  18
500mm 0.6

L = 4.89 ≃ 5 m
3500 mm
B = 3.67 m
Provide 5.0 m  3.75 m

3500 mm Net upward soil pressure

W 1420  880
Po  
AP 5  3.75
= 122.67 kN/m2
16 mm  -190 mm
02. Po < qo  Safe
Sol: Given
Size of column = 450 mm  600 mm
DL = 880 kN, LL = 1420 kN
SBC of soil ,qo = 140 kN/m2
M20 & Fe415

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 41 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Depth of footing: Nominal shear stress :

i. From maximum bending moment: Vu
v 
Po B Bd
M1  L  a 2
8 6902.2  d 

122.67  3.75 3.75  d
 5  0.62
8 1842.2  d 
v =
= 1113.2 kNm d

Mu1 = 1.5  1113.2 = 1669.84 kN-m For safety v  k c

PL Assume c = 0.3 N/mm2 for an under

M 2  o B  b 
2

8 reinforced section
122.67  5 v =  c
 3.75  0.452
8 1842.2  d 
 300 kN/m2
= 834.9 kN-m d
Mu2 = 1.5  834.9 = 1252.38 kN-m 404.8 – 184 d = 300 d
d = 836  10–3 m
Effective depth: d = 836 mm
M u1 iii. From two way shear :
d
R u .B V = Po[ L B – (a+d) (b+d)]

1669.84  10 6 = 122.67 [5  3.75 – [(0.6 + 0.836) (0.45 +


0.138  20  3.75  10 3 0.836)]
d = 401.66 mm V = 2073.52 kN
ii. From one way shear : Vu = 1.5  2073.52 = 3110.28 kN
L a  Punching shear stress ,
V  Po B   d 
2 2  Vu Vu
v  
 5 0.6  b o .d 2a  d b  d d
 122.67  3.75   d
2 2  3110.28  10 3

V = 460 [2.2 – d] 2600  836   450  836 836
Vu = 1.5  V= 690 [2.2 – d] v = 0.68 N/mm2
Shear resistance of concrete = Ks c
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 42 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

Ks = 0.5 + c 1252.38  106 = 0.87  415  Ast2  884

0.45  A st 2  415 
 0.5  1  5000  884  20 
0.6  
= 1.25 > 1
1252.38106 = 319.168103 Ast 2 – 1.498 A st2 2
Ks = 1.0
Ast 2 = 4000 mm2
c = 0.25 f ck  0.25 20
(i) Area of steel provided in middle band
2
= 1.118 N/mm 2A st 2
A st 2 B 
v < Ks c  1
 Safe 2  4000
  3428.57 mm 2
Provide d1 = 900 mm 5
1
3.75
D = 950 mm
Use 16 mm  bars,
Area of Tension Steel:
B a st
 A fy  Spacing, S 
Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast1 d 1 1  st 1   A st
 Bd f ck 

1669.84  106 = 0.87  415 Ast1  900 3750   16 2
= 4  219.9 mm
 A st 1  415  3428.57
1  3750  900  20 
  Provide 16 mm  @ 210 mm c/c

1669.84  106 = 324.9  103 Ast1 – 1.99 A st2 1 (ii) Area of steel provided in end band:
A st 2  A st 2 B
Ast 1 = 5312 mm2 A st 2 A 
2
Use 16 mm  bars,
4000  3428.57
  = 285.715 mm2
3750   16 2 2
Ba st 4
Spacing, S = = A st 285.715
A st 5312 No. of bars required = 
a st 
 16 2
= 142 mm ≃ 140 mm 4
Provide 16 mm  @ 140 mm c/c = 1.42

d2 = 900 – 16 = 884 mm However provide ‘3’ No’s

 A fy 
Mu2 = 0.87 fy Ast2 d2 1  st 2  
 L.d 2 f ck 
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 43 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Check for development length: Depth of footing:

1 Bending moment:
Ld ≯ B  b   Cover
2 Po B
M B  b 2
47  = 47  16 = 752 mm 8
105.24  3.75
Available length  3.75  0.452
8
1
 3750  450  50 M = 537.2 kNm
2
= 1600 mm > Ld Mu = 1.5 M = 1.5  537.2
 Safe = 805.8 kN-m
Effective depth required,
03. Mu 805.8  10 6
d 
Sol: Size of column = 450 mm  450 mm Rub 0.138  20  450

Asc = 8 – 18 mm = 805.5 mm

W = 1480 kN Provide at edges 200 mm thickness and at
qo = 120 kN/m2 centre 850 mm
Check for one way shear:
Design a Sloped Footing :
B b 
V  Po B   d 
Size of Footing: 2 2 
10  3.75 0.45 
1480   1480  105.24  3.75   0.85
W  W 100
A   2 2 
qo 120
V = 315.72 kN
= 13.57 m2
Vu = 1.5  315.72
Side of square footing = 13.57 = 3.68 m
= 473.58 kN
Provide (Ap) = 3.75 m  3.75 m d d
450
W
Net upward soil pressure Po  2150
Ap
d=850 x x
1480 h
Po 
3.75  3.75 150 200
Po = 105.24 kN/m2

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 44 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

x 196
450 
3750  2150 196  144
2
x = 461 mm
Nominal shear stress
200 mm
Vu
3750 v 
b n d

473.58  10 3
 3750  450  v   0.314 N / mm 2   c
   850 3072  490
h  2 

700  3750  450   Safe
 
 2  Check for two way shear:
h = 340 mm  
V  Po  B 2  b  d 2 
Effective depth at critical section  
d = 340 + 150 = 490 mm
 2
 105.243.75 2  0.45  0.85 
For balanced section  xu max = 0.48 d
 
For under reinforced section
= 1302 kN
xu = 0.4d = 0.4  490 = 196 mm
Vu = 1.5 V = 1953 kN

2150 Punching shear stress,

Vu
196mm v 
x x 340 mm bod 2
x x
144 mm
1953 103

4450  850  670

3750 v = 0.56 N/mm2

d/2 450 d/2
bn = 2150 + 2x
= 2150 + 2  461
d=850
= 3072 mm h
150

3750
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 45 Reinforced Cement Concrete

 st 16  0.87  415
Ld    752 mm
 3750  450  850 4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
 
 2  2 h 1
 3750  450 

700
Available length = 3750  450  50
2
 
 2  Ld = 1600 mm
h = 519.69 ≃ 520 mm Ld = 752.18 < 1600 mm

Shear resistance = Ks c = 1.11 N/mm2  Hence it is safe

v < ks c
 Safe 13. Retaining Walls
Area of Tension Steel:
01. Ans: 1.4
 A fy 
M u  0.87f y A st d 1  st   Sol: As per IS 456, a factor of 0.9 is multiplied
 b.d f ck 
for stabilising force (or moments) in FOS
805.8106 = 0.87415 Ast 850
calculation if dead load is a stabilising force
 A st 415 
1  3750  850  20  (or moment).
 
Factor of safety against sliding is given by
805.8106 = 306.89103 Ast [1–6.5010–6 Ast]
 0.9Stabilising force 
805.8106 = 306.89103 Ast –1.997 A st2  Overturning force   1.4
 
1.997 A st2 = 306.89 103 Ast + 805 .8106 = 0  0.9W 
   1 .4
 p a cos  
2
Ast = 2672 mm
Use 16 mm  bars, Note: If stabilising force is not multiplied
 by 0.9 then FOS ≥ 1.55
3750   16 2
B.a st 4
Spacing, S  
A st 2672
02. Ans: (c)
= 282 mm
 0.9Stabilising force 
Provide 16 mm  @ 285 mm c/c Sol: FOS =    1 .4
 Overturning force 
Check for development length
Note: If stabilising moment is not multiplied
1
Ld ≯ [B –b] – 50 by 0.9 then FOS ≥ 1.55
2

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 46 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

03. Ans: (b) 09. Ans: (b)

Sol: Economical spacing of counterforts is H/3 Sol: In retaining walls, the loads are due to self
to H/2, where H is height of the retaining weight and earth pressure which can be
wall. classified in dead loads category. For a
Generally, the spacing is between 3 to 3.5m. continuous beam in interior span, the
negative moment coefficient for dead loads
04. Ans: 0.12% is 1/12. In case of counterfort retaining wall,
Sol: Minimum reinforcement required in any the counterforts gives full fixity to held slab
direction in retaining wall is 0.12% at its ends. Hence the moment coefficient
for end span can be taken same as interior
05. Ans: (b)
span = 1/12
In a cantilever retaining wall (with no
Bending moment in heel slab at
surcharge) , the variation of earth pressure is 2
counterfort = -wl /12
linear with zero at top and (kaϒH) at
bottom. The total earth pressure P is given
10. Ans: (b)
by
Sol: For a cantilever retaining wall, with
1 H
P  k a H 2 acting at height of from horizontal backfill total earth pressure is
2 3
1 1  sin 
base. p  k a wH 2 where k a 
2 1  sin 
07. Ans: (a)
Sol: According to Rankine’s formula, the 11. Ans: (d)
minimum depth of foundation is given by Sol: The midspan moment can be considered as
2 the location of midspan of interior support
p 1  sin  
w 1  sin   in a continuous beam. The positive moment
coefficient for dead loads at midspan of
Note: It does not consider the loads acting
interior span is 1/16.
on the foundation.
Bending moment in heel slab between
w 2
08. Ans: (c) counterfort =
16
Sol: The width of the stem at the top should not
be less than 200mm for proper placement of
reinforcement.

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 47 Reinforced Cement Concrete
0.4 m

Conventional Practice Solutions

01.
Sol: W1 = Weight of stem 6m
W1 W3
W2 = Weight of base slab
1.1 m 1m 1.65 m
W3 = Weight of soil above the heel slab
0.4 m W2
H1 = Height of stem
H1 = 6 – 0.4 = 5.6 m 3m
W1 = 25 × 0.35 ×1 × 5.6 = 49 kN

5 kN/m2
147 kN/m2
W2  0.4  3  1 25  30 kN
W3 = 1.65 ×5.6 × 1 × 16 = 147.84 kN
∑W = 226.84 kN
Pressure Distribution,
At the junction between stem and toe slab.
At Toe:
2
P3  5   142 = 100 kN/m2
W  6e  3
P1  1  
b  b
At the junction between stem and heel slab
226.84  6  0.47  2 1.65
P1  1   = 147 kN/m P4  5   142 = 85 kN/m2
3  3  3
At Heel: Design of Heel Slab:
W  6e  The following forces are consider weight of
P2  1  
b  b heel slab and its C.G = 2.5  1.65  1  0.4
226.84  6  0.47  1.65
P2  1   = 5 kN/m = 1.65 kN  @
3  3  2
Weight of soil above heel slab and its C.G =
1.65
16  1.6  1  5.6 = 147.84 kN  @
2
Total soil pressure below heel slab and its CG
1
 (83  5)1.65 = 72.6 kN 
2

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 48 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

 a  2b  h  83  2)5)  165 = 162 mm

C.G    = 0.58 m
 a  b  3  83  5  3 Provide 16 mm  @ 160 mm c/c @ Fe415
Net moment about junction between stem and Distribution Steel:
heel slab Provide minimum steel
1.65 1.65 
M  16.5   147.84  = 72.6  0.58  10 2
2 2 a st
Spacing, S  1000  1000  4
M = 93.4 kNm A st 480

Mu = 1.5M = 1.5  93.4 = 140.2 kNm = 163 mm

Mu Provide 10 mm  @ 160 mm c/c@ Fe415

Effective depth required, d 
R uB 0.4 m

140.2  10 6
d = 225 mm
0.138  20  1000
Available effective depth = 400 – 60
= 340 mm > 285 mm
6m
 U.R.S
1.1 m 1m

Area of Main Steel Required:

0.4 m
0.5f ck  4.6M u 
A st  1  1   Bd
f y  f ck Bd 2  3m

0.5  20  4.6  140.2  10 6  Design S.F at Critical Section:

A st  1  1  1000  340
415  20  1000  340 2  Total soil pressure below the base slab
Ast = 1235 mm2
1
 [147  5]  3 = 228 kN
Minimum Steel: 2
0.12 0.12 V = W1 + W2 + W3 – W4
bD   1000  400
100 100 V = 49 + 30 + 147.8 – 228 = – 1.2 kN
2
= 480 mm < Ast  OK
V = – 1.2 kN ('–' Indicates resistance is

1000   16 2 high)
1000a st 4
Spacing, S  
A st 12.35 Vu = 1.5V = 1.5  1.2 = 1.8 kN
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 49 Reinforced Cement Concrete

14. Water tanks 10. Ans: (a)

Sol: Permissible direct tensile stress for M20
01. Ans: (b)
grade in RCC water tanks is 1.2 MPa and
Sol: When shrinkage stresses are allowed,
bending tensile stress is 1.7MPa.
permissible tensile stress (direct and
bending) are increased by 33.33 %.
13. Ans: 0.2%
02. Ans: (a) Sol: Minimum percentage of reinforcement for
Sol: In water tanks, Reinforcement is designed sections upto 450mm thick is 0.2%.
such that entire hoop tension is resisted by Minimum percentage of reinforcement for
steel only. sections upto 100mm thick is 0.3%.

03. Ans: (b) 14. Ans: (d)

Sol: Minimum grade of concrete for reinforced Sol: Permissible direct tensile stress for M30
concrete structures is M20. grade in RCC water tanks is 1.5 MPa and

05. Ans: (c) bending tensile stress is 2.0 MPa.

Sol: In case of intze tanks, bottom dome is
conical and generally the rise is 1/8th of the 15. Ans: (b)
span. Sol: Minimum percentage of reinforcement for
sections upto 100mm thick is 0.3%.
07. Ans: (a)
Sol: Top ring beam of a intze tank is subjected to
hoop tension, weight of the dome and self
weight.

09. Ans: (a)

Sol: Vertical wall of a intze tank is subjected to
hoop tension due to water pressure ,vertical
loads and self weight.

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 50 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

Conventional Practice Solutions Horizontal Frame Action:

H
The critical section is at a height, h 
01. 4

Sol: Given (or)1 m which ever is maximum.

Size : 6 m  8 m  4 m h =1m

B  L D Ph =  (H – h)

Ignore cantilever effect = 9.8  (4 – 1)

M20, Fe-415 = 29.4 kN/m2

Design the walls above 1 m Fixed end moments are

It is given that ignore cantilever effect. For Ph L2 29.4  8 2

  156.8 kN-min long wall
cantilever effect, vertical steel shall be 12 12

provided. In this problem no need to calculate Ph B 2 29.4  6 2

  88.2 kN-min short wall
vertical steel. 12 12

1. Constants Since thickness of short and long walls are

For M20, Fe-415 maintained same, distribution factors at joints

are as shown in below.
cbc = 7 MPa, st = 150 MPa
S.No Member Stiffness Total D.F
280 280 stiffness
m   13.33
3 cbc 3  7 1 Short wall 4EI 4
m cbc 6 7
13.33  7
k   0.384 7
m cbc   st 13.33  7  150 EI
6
k 0.384 2 Long wall 4EI 3
J = 1  1  0.872
3 3 8 7
` 4 3
1
Q   cbc Jk 7 7
2
S.W – 88.2 +156.8
1
  7  0.872  0.384 L.W –39.2 – 29.4
2
= 1.17
–127.4 + 127.4
L 8
  1.33 < 2
B 6
Corner moment, Mc = 127.4 kN-m
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 51 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Effective thickness required Use 20 mm  bars

Mc 127.4  10 6 
  1000   20 2
Qb 1.17  1000 Spacing , S  4  102.58 mm
3062.44
d = 329.98 mm
Provide 20 mm  @ 100 mm c/c
Provided D = 380 mm
d = 380 – 30 = 350 mm
ii. At mid span :
D
Eccentricity, x   Cover Ph L2
2 Design moment =  Mc
8
380
  30  160 mm
2 29.4  8 2
  127.4
8
Direct pull on longwall and short wall
= 107.8 kN-m
B 6
TL  Ph   29.4   88.2 kN
2 2 Design moment
A st1 
 st Jd
L 8
TB  Ph   29.4   117.6 kN
2 2 107.8  10 6

150  0.872  350
For Longwall (Horizontal reinforcement) = 2354.74 mm2
i. At corner TL 88.2  10 3
A st    588 mm 2
Design moment = Mc – TL.x  st 150

= 127.4 – 88.2  0.16 Ast = A st1  A st 2  2942.74 mm 2

= 113.28 kN-m 
1000   20 2
Design moment Spacing, S  4  106.75 mm
A st1 
 st Jd 2942.74
Provide 20 mm  @ 100 mm c/c
113.28  10 6
  2474.44 mm 2
150  0.872  350
For Short Wall:
TL 88.2  10 3
i. At corner
A st 2    588 mm 2
 st 150
Design moment = Mc –TB .x
2
Ast = A st1  A st 2  3062.44 mm = 127.4 – 117.6  0.16
= 108.58 kN-m
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 52 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

8 @ 150 c/c 20 m @100 mm c/c

Design moment y
A st1 
 st Jd

20mm @ 180
16 @ 110 c/c 8 @ 150 c/c
108.58  10 6 20 @ 90 mm
  2371.87 mm 2 8 @ 150 mm 6m
150  0.872  350 x 8m x

TB 117.6  10 3
A st1    784 mm2
 st 150
Sectional plan at base y
2
Ast = A st1  A st 2  3155.87 mm

 2m
1000   20 2 20@ 180
Spacing, S  4 = 99.54 mm 20@ 180
3155.87 20@ 90
2m
20@ 90 8@ 220 in both direction
Provide 90 mm c/c –20 mm 

Section through short (Section y-y) wall

ii. At mid span:
Ph B 2
Design moment =  Mc
8 16@ 220 3m
8@ 150
29.4  6 2
  127.4 16@ 110
1m
8 8@ 220

 4.9 kN-m
Section through long wall (Section y-y)
4.9  10 6
  107.03 mm 2
150  0.872  350
15. Staircases
TB 117.6  10 3
A st 2    784 mm 2
 st 150
01. Ans: (a)
Ast = A st1  A st 2 = 891.03 mm2 Sol: The depth (thickness) of the waist slab is the
Since the area of steel is very less hence minimum thickness perpendicular to the
provide 20 mm  @ 180 mm c/c at centre soffit of the staircase.

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 53 Reinforced Cement Concrete

02. Ans: (a) Assume rise = 150 mm

Sol: For staircases spanning on edge of Tread = 250 mm
landings, parallel to the risers: Providing two flights
The effective span = Going + half width of 3.6
Height of each fight =  1.8m
the slab at each end or 1m whichever is 2
smaller. = 1800 mm

= 2.25 + min (1.5/2, 1) + min(2.2,1) 1800

No. of risers =  12
150
= 2.25 +0.75+1 = 4.0 m
No. of Treads = 12 – 1 = 11
Total space covered by steps
03. Ans: (b)
= 11  250 = 2750 mm = 2.75 m
Sol: Staircase: IS 456
Water tanks: IS 3370 Assume landing width = 1.0 m

Earth quake resistant design: IS 4326 and IS Free passage = 4.75 – 2.75 – 1.0 = 1.0 m

1893 Assuming wall thickness = 300 mm

Prestressed concrete: IS 1343 = 0.3 m

0.3
Effective span = 2.75  1   3.9 m
2
Conventional Practice Solutions
0.3 m

1.0
01.
2.3 m Le =3.9 m T
Sol: 2.75 m

R B
1.1 m 1.1 m 1.0

4.75 m T

Loads:

B  R 2  T2
M20 , Fe 415  150 2  250 2 = 291.55 m
H = 3.6 m Assume waist slab thickness = 200 mm
2
L.L = 5 kN/m
 RT  25
D.L    WB 
Ru = 0.138 fck = 0.138  20 = 2.76  2 T
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 54 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

 0.15  0.25  25 A st 1091.24

  0.2  0.2915 No of bars required = 
 2  0.25 a st 
 12 2
4
= 7.705 kN/m2
Floor finish (F.F) = 0.75 kN/m2 = 9.64 ≃ 10 No’s
Live load (L.L) = 5 kN/m2 Assuming dia of bar 10 no’s 12 mm
Total load = 7.705 + 0.75 + 5
= 13.45 kN/m2 Distribution Steel :
we 2 0.12
Maximum bending moment = 0.12% bD   1000  200  240 mm 2
8 100

13.45  3.9 2 a st
  25.57 kN-m Spacing, S =  100
8 A st

Mu = 1.5  25.57 = 38.36 kN-m  2

8
 4  1000
Mu 240
Effective depth d 
R u .b
= 209.4 ≃ 200 mm
38.36  10 6
 Provide 8 mm dia @ 200 mm c/c
2.76  1000

d = 117.9 ≃ 120 mm
D = 200 mm

Area of Steel Reinforcement :

 A fy 
M u  0.87f y A st d 1  st 
8 mm@200 mm c/c

 bd f ck 

38.36  106 = 0.87  415  Ast  120 10Nos. 12 mm

 A st 415  6
1  1000  120  20  38.36  10
 
1m 2.75 m 1m
= 43.326  103 Ast – 7.49 Ast2
Ast = 1091.24 mm2

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 55 Reinforced Cement Concrete

17. Fundamentals of Prestressed P Pe

t =  ------------------ (2)
Concrete A z
Adding (1) & (2)
Refer theory in Volume I Material
P Pe
20= 
A z
18. Analysis of Prestressed Concrete P Pe
Members –2 = 
A z
2P
01. Ans: (b) 18 =
A
Sol: Prestressing force, P = 2500 kN
P = 1620 kN
Effective span, l = 10 m
P Pe
udl on the beam, w = 40 kN/m b = 
A z
For load balancing
1620  10 3 1620  10 3  6  e
w 2 20 = 
P.e  300  600 300  600 2
8
e = 122 mm
2500e   4010
2

e ≃ 135 mm
8
e = 0.2 m = 200 mm
03. Ans: (a)
02. Ans: (b) Sol: 150  300 mm
3
Sol: c = 24 kN/m l = 10 m, e at support = 0mm
t = 2 MPa e = 50 mm (center), P = 500 kN
b = 20 MPa Q =? (at center of span)
Pe
300
Zt 150 mm Q
–
500 kN

500 kN
600 300
e 50
+
Pe
Zb 10m
P Pe
b =  ------------------ (1) Ql
A z Pe =
4
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 56 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

50 Q  10 05. Ans: (c)

500  
1000 4 Sol: l = 6 m, b = 300 mm, d = 600 mm
100 = Q  10 e = 100 mm, P = 1000 kN,
Q = 10 kN
b = 300 mm

04. Ans: (b)

d = 600 mm
Sol: Self weight
e = 100mm
wD = c  b  D
= (24 kN/m3) 0.15  0.3
= 1.08 kN/m
P – line at upper kern point (b = 0) Neglecting self weight of the beam

w Dl 2 1.08  10 2 P Pe
MD = = = 13.5 b = 
8 8 A z

P Pe M D M L 1000  10 3 1000  10 3  100

b = 0 =    = 
A z z z 300  600  300  6002 
 
 6 
500  10 3 500  10 3  50 13.5  10 6  
=  
300  150  150  300 2   150  300 2  = 5.55+5.55 = 11.11 MPa
   
 6   6 
06. Ans: (b)
ML
– Sol: b = 200 mm, D = 250 mm
 150  300 2 
  A = 500 mm , 2
P = 1000 MPa
 6 
m = 10
ML
0 =11.11+11.11 6 –  s = e
225  10 4
s c
ML= 16.22  225  104 
Es Ec
ML = 36.5 kN-m,
   s 1000
Ql  c = s  c  = 
ML =  m 10
4  s 
Q  10 e =100 MPa
36.5 =
4 Prestressing force on steel = s.As
146 = Q  10 = 1000  500 = 500  103N
Q = 14.6 kN Compression force in concrete = 500 kN

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 57 Reinforced Cement Concrete

= c .Ac (a) At mid span due to prestress

Compression stress in concrete c = Pc + self weight
Ac
Prestress + selfweight
500  10 3
= = 10 MPa P Pe M D
200  250 t   
A Z Z
100 10 3 100  10 3  150 8.88  10 6
Conventional Practice Solutions   
46,400 4235.7  10 3 4235.7  10 3

01. = 2.155 – 3.541 + 2.096

Sol: Given = 0.7104 N/mm2

l=8m P Pe M D
b   
A Z Z
e = 150 m
= 2.155 + 3.541 – 2.096
P = 100 kN
= 3.5 N/mm2
Wu = 2 kN/m
Pe MD
(a) prestress + self weight ( = 24 kN/m3) 0.7
P/A Z Z
(b) prestress + self weight + LL
Area of the section
+
A = 2(200  60) + 280  80 + =

A = 46400 mm2
P Pe MD 3.5
200  400 3 120  280 3
M.I  I   A Z Z
12 12
(b) At corner:
= 847.14  106 mm4
Prestress + self weight + L.L
I 847.14  10 6
Z  w u L2 2  8 2
y 400 LL Moment M L  
2 8 8

Z = 4235.7  103 mm3 = 16 kN-m

Self weight = WD = A P Pe M D M L
t    
A Z Z Z
WD = 24  46400  10–6 = 1.11 kN/m
100 103 100  103  150 8.88  106 16  106
WD L 1.11  8
2 2    
MD    8.88 kN  m 46,400 4235.7  103 4235.7  103 4235.7  103
8 8 = 2.155 – 3.541 + 2.096 + 3.77
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 58 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

= 4.48 N/mm2 Self weight = A

P Pe M D M L = 24  0.2  0.3
b    
A Z Z Z WD = 1.44 kN/m
= 2.155 + 3.541 – 2.096 – 3.77 Dead load moment,
= – 0.17 N/mm 2 P2
WD  2
MD ML MD = e2
P Pe 8
A Z Z Z 4.48
1.44  6 2
– + + + MD   6.48 kN / m e1
8
= + + + + = P1
  
P1  840  10   5 2 
+ – – –  4 
P Pe MD ML 0.71 = 164.93 kN
A Z Z Z
A = 60000 mm2
02.
Sol: Area = 200  300 = 60000 mm2 200  300 2
Z  3  10 6 mm4
6
10 – 5 mm  bars – bottom-65 mm
e1 = 150 – 65 = 85 mm
3 – 5 mm  bars – top – 25 mm
e2 = 150 – 25 = 125 mm
Effective stress in steel wire = 840 N/mm2
  
o = 840 N/mm2 P2 = 840   3   5 2 
 4 
i. Prestress + self weight
P2 = 49.48 kN
l=6m
Stresses:
ii. If WL = 6 kN/m
P1 P1e1 P2 P2 e 2 M D
fcmax = ? t     
A Z A Z Z
iii. fcr = 5 N/mm2
164.93  10 3 164.93  10 3  85
 
Load factor = ? 6  10 4 3  10 6
25
49.48  10 3 49.48  10 3  125 6.48  10 6
  
6  10 4 3  10 6 3  10 6
300
= 2.74 – 4.67 + 0.82 + 2.06 + 2.16
65 = 3.11 kN/mm2
200
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 59 Reinforced Cement Concrete

P1 P1e1 P2 P2 e 2 M D Mcr = 27.03 kN-m

b     
A Z1 A Z Z M cr 27.03
Load factor =  1
b = 2.74 + 4.67 + 0.82 – 2.06 – 2.16 ML 27

= 4.01 N/mm2 03.

Sol: 160 kN/m
P2 6 kN/m
ii. Live Load Moment: e2 1000 kN 1000 kN
P2 P1 M1 50 mm 100 mm
WL  2 P2 50 mm
ML  P1
8 e1
6  62 P1
  27 kN-m
8
6m
P Pe P Pe M M
t  1  1 1  2  2 2  D  L
A Z A Z Z Z At End:
= 2.74 – 4.67 + 0.82 + 2.06 + 2.16 P Pe M D M L
t    
27  10 6
A Z Z Z
+
3  10 6 1000  10 3 1000  10 3  50 
t  
= 12.1 N/mm2 400  600 400  600 2
P1 P1e1 P2 P2 e 2 M D M L 6
b      
A A A Z Z Z t = 4.167 – (– 2.08) = 6.247 N/mm2
= 2.74 + 4.67 + 0.82 – 2.06 – 2.16 – 9 P Pe
2
b = 
= – 4.99 N/mm A Z
Cracking load M cr 1000  10 3 1000  10 3  50 
Load Factor =   
Live load ML 400  600 400  600 2
6
Wcr M cr
Load Factor =  b = 4.167 + (– 2.08) = 2.087 N/mm2
WL M L
At Mid span:
P Pe P Pe M M
 5  1  1 1  2  2 2  D  cr WD = 6 kN/m
A Z A Z Z Z
– 5 = 2.74 + 4.67 + 0.82 WD L2 6  62
MD =  = 27 kN-m
M cr 8 8
– 2.06 – 2.16 –
3  10 6 WL WD L2
ML  
4 8
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 60 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

160  6 6  6 2 Initial stress in wires = 1200 MPa

  = 267 kN-m
4 8 Loss of stress in wires = ( + kx)
P Pe M D M L = 1200[0.35   + 0.001510]
t    
A Z Z Z From equation of parabola
1000  10 3 1000  10 3  100 4  0.1
t   = = 0.04 radians
400  600 400  600 2 10
6  = 2   = 0.08
27  10 6 267  10 6 Loss = 1200[0.35  0.08 + 0.0015  10]
 
400  600 2 400  600 2 Loss of stress = 51.6 MPa
6 6 51.6
% loss of stress =  100
= 4.167 – 4.167 + 1.125 + 11.125 1200

t = 12.25 N/mm2 = 4.28 ≃ 4.3%

P Pe M D M L
b    
A Z Z Z 02. Ans: (b)
= 4.167 + 4.167 – 1.125 – 11.125 Sol:
Tensioning from both the ends % loss of
= –3.916 N/mm2
stress
19. Losses in Prestressed Concrete % loss of stress 4.28
  = 2.15
2 2
01. Ans: (b)
Sol: l = 10 m, b = 100 mm, 03. Ans: (b)
D = 300 mm A = 200 sq-mm, Sol: Straight tendon tensioned from one end
e = 50 mm,  = 0.35; Loss of stress in wires = [ + kx]
k = 0.0015 per m (  = 0)
1200(0.35  (0) + 0.0015  10) = 18 MPa
e = 50mm

  18
 100
e = 50mm

% of loss =
1200
50mm
= 1.5%
A B
If tensioned from two ends
=2 % of loss 1.5
h = 2e = 100mm  = 0.75%
2 2
l = 10m

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 61 Reinforced Cement Concrete

04. Ans: (c) 05. Ans: (d)

Sol: Hoyer system Sol: 100 mm
Movable
Fix  = 20mm

c=50mm

mm
300
100 mm
10m

PL  P P P 2
  as    fc   ( e)
AE  A A I

E Initial stress in steel wire =1200 MPa

Prestress induced in steel wire,  =
L Prestressing force in each steel wire
20  2  10 5 P = s. As
= = 400 MPa
10,000 P = 1200  50 = 60 kN
200 mm 60  103 60  103
 50 
2
fc = 
100  300  100  300  3
 
400 mm  12 
c/s of sleeper fc = 2.66 MPa
Simultaneous tensioning = loss of prestress
Eccentricity of Prestress, e = 0 is zero
Prestressing force in steel wire = P = s.As
= 400  500 mm2 06. Ans: (a)
= 200 kN Sol: Successive tensioning of the 3 cables
P Pe 200  103 n n  1
fc =  ( e) =  2.5 MPa = (m.fc)
A I 200  400 2
33  1
Loss due to elastic shortening = 6  2.66
2
E 
= m  fc =  s  f c = 48.0 MPa
 Ec 
48.0
 200,000  % of loss =  100 = 4%
=    2.5 = 25 MPa 1200
 20,000  (or) For pretensioning system
25 Loss = n(mfc)
% loss of Prestress =  100 = 6.25%
400 = 3(6  2.66) = 48.0 MPa
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 62 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

07. Ans: (c) 09. Ans: (c)

Sol: Anchorage slip = 3 mm Sol:  = shrink + creep
l = 30 m,  = 1200 MPa = 0.0008
E = 2.1  105 MPa Loss of prestress on steel =   Es
E 3  2.1  105 = 0.0008  200  103
E =
l 30  103 = 160 MPa
 = 21 MPa Stress remaining after loss = Initial stress–Loss
21 = 200  160
% of loss =  100 = 1.73%
1200 = 40 MPa

08. Ans: (b) Conventional Practice Solutions

Sol: 120 mm
P = 150 kN, e = 20 mm 01.
A = 187.5 mm2 Sol: Given
5
Es = 2.1  10 MPa 200 mm n = 50
4
Ec = 3.0  10 MPa dia = 3 mm
P Pe P = 400 kN
fc =  .e
A I
Es = 210 kN/mm2
150  10 150  10  20
3 3 2
= + Ec = 32 kN/mm2
187.5  120  200 3 
  cu = 35 10–6 mm/N/mm2 of stress
 12 
= 800 + 0.75 MPa Relaxation of steel stress = 6% of initial stress
fc = 800.75 MPa sh = Total shrinkage
loss due to elastic shortening = m.fc = 250  10–6 per unit length
E  2.1 10 5 Elastic Deformation:
=  s .f c =  7 = 4.9
 Ec  3.0  10 4 E s 210
m   6.56
Percentage loss in the prestressing steel due Ec 32
to elastic deformation
P P.e 400  10 3
4.9 fc     4.44 N / mm 2
=  100 = 6.12% A Z 300  300
800.75
 = mfc
= 6.56  4.44 = 29.12 N/mm2
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 63 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Loss of stress due to shrinkage of concrete: 02.

 = 250  10–6  210  103 Sol: Given:
= 52.5 N/mm2 b = 250 mm D = 360 mm
Loss of stress due to relaxation of steel : l = 12 m As = 350 mm2
 = 6% initial prestress e = 60 mm o = 1250 N/mm2

400  10 3 Determine the percentage loss of stress

Prestress = f =  1131.76
 2 i. Pretensioning
 3  50
4 ii. Post tensioning
6 Es = 210 kN/mm2 , Ec = 35 kN/mm2
 =  1131.76  67.9 N/mm2
100
cu = 45  10–6  Pre tensioning
Loss of stress due to creep of concrete :
= 22  10–6  Post tensioning
 = cu fc Es
–6 3
sh = 300  10–6  Pre tensioning
= 35  10  4.44  210  10
= 215  10–6  Post tensioning
= 32.63 N/mm2
Relaxation of steel stress = 5% of initial stress
After all losses stresses in tendon
 = 1.25 mm
= 1131.76 – 29.12 – 52.5 – 67.9 – 32.63
K = 0.00015/m
= 949.61 N/mm2
E s 210
 Modular ratio, m   6
Prestressing force P = 949.61   3 2  50 Ec 35
4
P = 335.61 kN Prestress force P = o As = 1250  350
Final stress in concrete, = 437.5 kN

P 335.61  10 3 Stress in concrete at the level of tendon

=  = 3.729 N/mm2
A 300  300 P Pe
fc =  .e
 A I
% loss =  100
o 437.5  10 3 437.5  10 3  60
   60
29.12  52.5  67.9  32.63 250  360 250  360 3
  100 12
1131.76
= 16.09% = 4.86 + 1.62 = 6.48 N/mm2

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 64 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions

i. In Pretensioning  Loss of prestress due to relaxation of steel

 Loss of prestress due to elastic deformation  = 5% of o = 62.5 N/mm2
 = mfc = 6  6.48 = 38.88 N/mm2  Loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete
 Loss of prestress due to relaxation of steel  = sh Es
 = 5% of o = 215  10–6  210  103
5 = 45.15 N/mm2
=  1250
100  Loss of prestress due to creep of concrete
2
= 62.5 N/mm
 = cufc Es
 Loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete
= 22  10–6  6.48  210  103
   s h E s  300  10 6  210  10 3 = 29.94 N/mm2
= 63 N/mm2  Loss of prestress due to anchorage slip
 Loss of prestress due to creep of concrete  1.25
 = Es   210  10 3
 = cu fcEs L 12000
= 45  10–6  6.48  210  103 = 21.875 N/mm2

= 61.24 N/mm2  Loss of prestress due to friction

Total loss of prestress
 = o [ + Kx]
 = 38.88 + 62.5 + 63 + 61.24 = 1250 [0 + 0.00015  12]
= 2.25 N/mm2
= 225.62 N/mm2
  = 0  if  = 0  for straight cables
% loss of stress   100
o Total loss of prestress
225.62  = 0 + 62.5 + 45.15 + 29.94 + 21.875 +2.25
  100 = 18.05%
1250 = 161.751 N/mm2

% Loss of stress   100
ii. In post Tensioning: o
 Loss of prestress due to elastic deformation 161.715
=  100 = 12.94 %
 = 0 1250

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