Best Practices of Human Elephant Conflict

Management in India

Project Elephant Division

Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change
2020

1
 Best Practices of Human Elephant
Conflict Management in India

Project Elephant Division, MoEF&CC

Elephant Cell, Wildlife Institute of India

Contributors
Dr. Prajna Paramita Panda, National Coordinator, Elephant Cell
Shri Noyal Thomas, IGF (PE) & Director Project Elephant
Shri Soumitra Dasgupta, ADG (Wildlife), MoEF&CC

Citation: Panda, P. P., Noyal, T. & Dasgupta, S. (2020). Best

Practices of Human – Elephant Conflict Management in India.
Published by Elephant Cell, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand.

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 Message

Globally, wild Asian elephants are present in 13 countries and India holds the
largest population of wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with nearly 30,000
animals. Human habitation is impinging on the boundary of many Protected Areas
and shrinking space, shortage of food often forces wild animals towards populated
areas. Each year, human-elephant conflict results in about 500 human deaths and
damage to thousands of houses and millions hectares of crops, while over 100
elephants die due to human-related activities, which include poaching for ivory or
meat, poisoning, electrocution and collision with trains.

With the increasing instances of human - elephant conflict across the country
several State Forest Departments incur huge amounts of expenses towards
compensation for death of humans, loss of property and crops. Many conflict
mitigation measures have been attempted in bits and pieces by the State Forest
Departments with few successes and failures. Therefore, a need was felt to compile
all the management strategies adopted by the State Forest Departments and other
agencies across the country for mitigation of human - elephant conflict and come up
with a guide that can be handy and easily comprehensible by forest staff in
implementing on field.

I appreciate the efforts of team for compiling the best management practices
adopted by the states to mitigate HEC where conflict is severe and can this guide
shall serve as a reference tool for SFDs who are unaware of the HEC mitigative
measures adopted by the other states.

Hon’ble Minister, MEF&CC

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 Message

Human-elephant conflict is a major conservation concern in all elephant range

countries including India. However, human–elephant conflict is not a new
phenomenon and records exist of records exist of elephant crop raiding in Asia as
early as 300 BC. Humans and elephants have been utilizing the same space for
thousands of years. Despite widespread reverence for wild elephants, human –
elephant conflict is on the rise as local people attempt to protect their livelihoods.
Therefore, understanding human-elephant conflict is an important first step in the
conservation of highly endangered species that can have adverse effects on human
communities, such as elephants.

Addressing this concern, a variety of management strategies have been

developed and are practiced at different scales for preventing and mitigating human-
elephant conflict. This guide focuses on current human-elephant conflict mitigation
strategies, illustrating them with examples of their success and/or failure in mitigating
human – elephant conflict. The overall purpose of this guide is to highlight the best
practices adopted by states with a goal of mitigating conflicts and promoting human-
elephant coexistence. We believe this document will be useful to policy makers,
project implementers, academicians and researchers interested in the field of
elephant conservation.

Hon’ble Minister of State, MEF&CC

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Pictorial Guide on Best Practices of Human – Elephant Conflict

Management in India has been compiled as a reference for mitigation of human-
elephant conflict by states.

At the outset, our sincere gratitude to Shri Prakash Javadekar, Hon’ble

Minister of Environment, Forest & Climate Change for his constant guide and
support.

The undying support of Shri Babul Supriyo, Hon’ble Minister of State,

Environment, Forest & Climate Change has enabled to look out for pragmatic and
feasible solutions for human – elephant conflict and help in drafting the document.

Our deep gratitude is also to Shri Rameshwar Prasad Gupta, Secretary,

E,F&CC and Shri Sanjay Kumar for their constant support for compiling this
document.

We are also thankful to all the State Forest Departments and elephant experts
for sharing the photos of the practices adopted for mitigation of human – elephant
conflict in their states.

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BACKGROUND

India has the largest number of wild Asian Elephants, estimated at

29,964 according to 2017 census by Project Elephant, i.e. about 60% of the
species’ global population. Friction between humans and elephants termed
Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) occurs mainly over space and is a major
conservation concern across the country for governments, conservationists
and people living close to the wild animals. Loss of natural habitat and
fragmentation have been bringing wild elephants closer to human
habitations, sparking these conflicts. Over 500 humans are killed in
encounters with elephants annually, and crops and property worth millions
are also damaged. Many elephants are also killed in retaliation due to
conflict.

To tackle such conflicts and avoid losses on both sides, it is important

to strengthen the human-elephant coexistence through by active
management interventions by the State Forest Departments, involvement of
various stakeholders and sensitization and generating awareness in local
communities of forest fringe areas. A variety of management strategies and
practices has been developed and customized are implemented at different
scales by the State Forest Departments for preventing and mitigating
human-elephant conflict. Though majority of existing prevention strategies
are driven by site-specific factors that offer short-term solutions, but many
interventions adopted have resulted in successfully removing elephants
from the human habitations. This pictorial guide summarises the various
management inventions successfully adopted by the elephant range states
and serves as a reference manual for adoption of the best possible site
specific mitigative measures that can be adopted to reduce human –
elephant conflict.

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7
RETAINING ELEPHANTS IN THEIR
NATURAL HABITATS

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 Habitat Management Activit
Activities
ies for Mitigating HEC

1. Developm
Development and Maintenance of Perrenial Water Holes

Water Holes in Karnatka, Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh

2. Solar Powered Borewells

Borewells in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Uttarakhand

 To improve the availability of water, waterholes are created and filled with water naturally or
artificially. The existing water sources are desilted and disinfected periodically to increase
storage capacity.
 Due to extreme dry conditions
itions in cer
certain
tain ranges, adequate water availability in forests is a
big issue. Solar power borewells have been established to tackle this issue. Identified large
ponds are filled with solar powered bore wells which ensured availability of water all round
the year.
 Water management and distribution is largely done by leveraging gravitational force to
channelize the flow of water. Waterholes and saltlicks help in monitoring and eco-tourism
eco
also.
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 Habitat Management Activities for HEC Management

3. Creation of Fodder Plantations

Fodder Plantation in Tamil Nadu (Pennisetum pedicellatum-Elephant

Elephant Grass)
Grass

4. Fire Management for Control of HEC

Fire Managemetn in Karnataka

 Possibility of using coppicing and pollarding of fodder trees/poles preferred by elephants for
fresh fodder at appropriate scale
scale.
 Plantation of fodder grass keeps el
elephant herds confined to forest.
 Canopies are also opened up in patches for the fodder plants to grow as done in few National
Parks and Tiger Reserves and these are extensively used by elephants.
 Using controlled fire to encourage new growth of flush.
 Construction of watch towers is necessary for early detection of fire and quick response.
 Modern fire-fighting equipment like blowers, beaters etc. are used to contain and curtail the
spread of fire.
 Drones are used to detect fire.
 Local fire-watchers
watchers are also employed in summer months. Morning and evening patrolling is
done to collect litter and keep area cl
clean
ean and avoid fire. Fire lines are maintained.

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 Habitat Management Activities for HEC Management

5. Collection of Grass Seeds

Collection of Grass Seeds in Karnataka

6. Grassland
and Management 7. Vayal Management
Managemen

Grassland management in Karnataka Vayal management in Kerala

 After removal of weeds, locally available palatable grasses should be planted/ grass seeds
should be sown in the area and maintained for the next three/four years
 Vayals are Microhabitats forming an Ecological Niche and marshy Meadows surrounded by
forest. Vayals may be managed to reduce threat of infestation of exotic/invasive weeds such
as Lantana, Eupatorium,
patorium, Mikania, Mimosa
Habitat etc.
Management Activities

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 Habitat Management Activities for HEC Management

8. Wattle Removal 9. Weed Removal (Cassia

ia and Lantana)

Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu Weed removal in Karnataka and Kerala

10. Management of Invasie Species

pecies

 Invasive species like Prosopis and wattle needs to be removed from wildlife habitats and
rigorous monitoring and ecological restoration should be done to prevent reinvasion.
reinvasion It is
practiced in Tamil
amil Nadu and Karnataka among other states.
 Physical
al removal of invasives like Cass
Cassia and Lantana etc. viz. physical
hysical removal requires
huge investment of money and human resources. This may be taken up under habitat
management programmes.

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 Habitat Improvement for HEC Management

1. Bamboo Planting/Restocking

Bamboo planting in Karnataka

2. Intensive Soil Working

Soil Working Around Bamboo Plants in Karnataka

 New bamboo plantations/Restocking of existing degraded bamboo areas and also in lantana
removed areas.
 To improve the habitat by adding fodder and canopy, Ficus cuttings and bamboo wildlings
have been planted around the waterholes

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RESTRICTING
STRICTING ELEPHANTS IN THEIR
NATURAL HABITATS

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 Installation of Barriers

1. Elephant Proof trenches 2. Hanging fences

EPT in Tamil Nadu Installed by Karnataka FD

3. Rubble Walls 4. Solar Powered High Electric Fences

Constructed in Coorg, Karnataka Erected by Karnataka FD

 Elephant Proof Trenches (EPTsPTs) are advisable around small forest blocks but moderately
useful
ul around large forest blocks. The recommended design of EPTs consists of segments
separated by walls (septa) to prevent water flow. Tried in several states but not good in hilly
terrains.
 Solar electric fences require lower investment than EPTs. Hanging fences are very effective in
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
 Strong barriers
iers are using steel channels, used rails and concrete walls are useful
u over small
distances.
 Involvement of the local community or the stakeholder is most important in erection and
maintenance of barriers.

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 Installation of Barriers

5. Community Electric Fences

Community fencing being erected at WB Fencing erected at Kerala (Vengoor, Athikunni, Kalankandy)

6. Bee Hive Fence 7. Rail Fence

In Amba village, S.Wyanad Division, Kerala Rail Fences erected at Bandipur, Karnataka

 Involvement of the local community or the stakeholder is most important for effectiveness of
barriers. The stakeholders must be actively involved in installation and the maintenance of
the barrier. Has been tried in West Bengal and Kerala.
 A series of bee hives is created at short intervals along fences at the boundary of the
enclave. The bee hives are connected to the fence to drive away elephants. Successful in
Kerala.
 Rail fencing though expensive is eco-friendly and more effective than solar electric fences,
elephant proof trenches, which are partially successful. It has been successful in Karnataka.

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 Installation of Barriers

8. Bio Fence

Biofencing in West Bengal

9. Chilly Fences

Chilli fencing and curtains at West Bengal and around Banerghatta NP, Karnataka. Photo:WWF-India

 Forest Departments are adopting biofences as a biological elephant barricade which is made
of thorny plant varieties. Biofencing is cost effective and done in West Bengal, Assam, Tamil
Nadu etc.
 Chilli is known to have an irritating effect on olfactory nerves of elephants and act as a
psychological barrier. Chilli fence are made of 2-3 strands of strings strung along poles
surrounding a crop field. The ropes have clothes or rags soaked in chilli oil hung on the
strands. Chilli ropes were found to be more effective against elephant family groups than
bulls, and in drier regions as compared to high rainfall regions. Effective in Karnataka.

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 Installation of Barriers

10. Concrete Barriers

Erected in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Bridges, additional bays and opaque barricading in Nagaon, Assam

 Concrete/masonary structures like pillars/ precast blocks are created to deter the
movement of elephants into roads or rails cutting the forests.
 These structures are more prominent and effective as barriers for crop protection.

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 Monitoring of Elephants

1. Radio Collaring for Monitoring of Problematic Elephants

Radio collared elephants in Karnataka and Chhattisgarh

2. Watch Tower for Tracking Eelephant 3. Drones

Watch Tower in Karnatka Used by MP & WB FD (Sunderban, Buxa, Bankura)

 Radio collaring of elephants is used for tracking of movement patterns of tagged elephant
and is often the
Used bybest
MP &method
WB FDused in wide Buxa,
(Sunderban, ranging species like elephants.
Bankura)
 Watch towers erected by FD help in keeping a vigil over the movement of elephants and aids
in warning the villagers of elephants moving into human habitation.
 Early warning SMS alert systems/WhatsApp Group are useful in situations where
encounters with elephants are high. Warning about elephant presence may also be
advertised through local/ cable TV channels. Early warning system through WhatApp and
regular broadcasting of herd locations every day and their possible route are useful.
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 Strengthening Elephant Corridors for HEC Management

1. Relocation of Villages from Elephant Corridors/Protected Areas

Goloor, Wayanad in Kerala before and after relocation

2. Securement of Elephant Corridors

Thirunelli-Kudrakote Elephant Corridor, Kerala

 SFD should make efforts to protect corridor land, voluntary relocation of people or securing
with support from local community. The model of relocation of community (Goloor tribal
community) from Wyanad, Kerala may be referred to regenerate habitats within the forest.
 State Forest Departments may consider using CAMPA funds or funds from other sources for
legal acquisition of elephant corridor lands and protect the wildlife/elephant corridors.
 Karnataka Forest Department has relocated people from the elephant corridor of
Edayarahalli-Doddasampige by purchasing 25.37 acres of private land ensuring the safe
movement of elephant in the corridor.

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GUIdING
ING ELEPHANTS BACK INTO
THEIR NATURAL HABITATS

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 Repellent Methods

1. Fire crackers, Drum Beating 2. Bee, Carnivore Sounds

ZzZzZ

Drum beating inn Odisha Used in Assam, Kerala

3. SMS Alerts and Whatsapp 4. Use of Loud Speaker

Elephant is
on its way

Be careful

Used in Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, O

Odisha etc. Use of Loud Speaker in Odisha

 Beating of drums shouting, and bursting crackers are sometimes effective, depending on the
habituation of the elephants. Practiced in Odisha, West Bengal.
 Bee sound played has been used as a repellent method in Africa and found to be very
effective, especially if it is backed by beehive fences. Playback calls of predators such lion,
tiger and leopards may evoke negative responses in elephants. Used in Kerala in many
divisions.
 Drone is a good option to implement if resources for drones are available. Practised in MP,
West Bengal FD.
 Electric torch, kerosene torch are moderately effective if done systematically. Villagers hold
fire torches to preventt elephants from entering. Used in West Bengal.

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 Deterrent Methods

1. Trip Alarm, Sensory Based

ased Alarm 2. Crop
op Guarding

Piloted in West Bengal and Tamil Nadu Kendrapada, Near Bhittarkanika NP, Odisha

3. Chilli Smoke

Use of Chilli Smoke in North West Bengal

 Trip alarm rings when elephants cross the trip and gives sufficient warning to the
community to come to the point and drive away elephants.
 Sensor based alarm system detect elephant in o orr near village/agriculture land or railway
tracks. These are solar powered infra rayed system and could be even fitted with camera and
can alert villagers/ driving squad when elephants are detected close to human settlement or
agriculture land through SMS/
SMS/lights/sound, etc. Used effectively in Valparai, Tamil Nadu.
 Community guarding done in Od Odisha and many other states is effective ways of protecting
crops.
 Chilly as a repellent can be used in the form of chilli smoke, chilli rope and chilli bricks.
Chillii ropes were found to be more effective against elephant family groups than bulls, and
in drier regions as compared to high rainfall regions. Used in West Bengal, Karnataka.
 In Odisha, spikes
pikes have been put on electric poles to prevent elephants from getting
getti
electrocuted.

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 Removal of Elephants from Human Habitation/Area

1. Kumki Elephant

Use of Forest Department Kumki Elephants in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

2. Alternate Cropping

Growing of alternate crops like citrus, chilies, ginger not liked by elephants

 Elephant drive is done to drive the elephant herd out of one range to another division or
from human habitation towards the forest.
 Kumki elephants are effective in driving away elephants from villages, for
monitoring/capturing/ tranquilizing/ translocating/ training/ hunting of problem
elephants.
 Alternate cropping with non-edible crops crops like chilli, citrus, ginger, onion not
consumed by elephants could be grown in forest fringes as well as areas near settlements in
forest fringes may deter elephants from reaching and raiding the crop fields.

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 Individual Identification and Monitoring of Elephants for HEC Management

1. Daily monitoring of elephants

2. Profiling of Elephants and Creation of Elephant Dossier

 Individual monitoring of elephants helps in knowing herds and so solitary

litary elephant movement.
This is important for coordination. All Wildlife and Territorial Divisions are involved in this
process.

 An elephant dossier should be maintained for all elephants which have the history of being
ill-tempered.
tempered. West Bengal Forest Department has maintained elephant dossiers which is
very useful in HEC situations. Chhattisgarh FD has individually identified all elephants of
the state.

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 Equipping of Forest Department Staff and Communities for HEC Management

1. High Beam Torches 2. Fluorescent Jackets

Use of High Beam Torches by Chhattisgarh FD Use of fluoroscent jackets by Chhattisgarh FD

3. Well Equipped Vehicle

ADS Vehicles in Chhattisgarh and West Bengal

 Anti Depredation Squads (ADS) should be equipped with a vehicle, torch, siren, fire crackers
and sometimes even double barrel guns. ADS should be trained regularly to address HEC
situations in a systematic manner.
 It is essential that mahouts and kawadis are imparted training regularly in proper handling
of elephants.
 Well equipped vehicles called Airawat in West Bengal FD and Gajaraj in Chhattisgarh are
kept in place to attend to HEC emergencies.

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27
EMERGENCY MEASURES AdOPTEd TO
MITIGATE HUMAN ELEPAHNT
CONfLICT

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 Emergency measures

1. Mob Control to Prevent Casualties 2. Ensure Clear Communication to Field Officials

Chief
Wildlife
Warden of
State DFO/PA
Manager
Front-
line
Staff Local
People

3. Primary Response Teams, 4. Anti Depredation Squads

Rapid Response Teams

Primary
Response
Team

Rapid
Response ADS in Tamil
Nadu
Team

 Communication channels between the community and Forest Department should

remain open at all times. The community should be informed contact numbers of
the local member of frontline staff in case of arrival of elephants or crop damage.
SFDs also need to set up a grievance redressal system for communities and the
frontline staff.
 Develop Primary Response Team (PRT) comprising forest watchers/village volunteers
in each village who could work as first level of def
defense
ense to drive the elephant and keep
crowd under control till the time the Rapid Response team (RRT) reaches. Used
effectively in many states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal, Odisha.
 Anti Depredation Squad should be composed of trained staf stafff and local volunteers.

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 Emergency measures

5. Capture and Relocation

Customised Airavat
iravat Vehicle operat
operated and Elephant Capture/Removal by West Bengal FD

6. Crop Compensation 7. Ex-gratia

gratia Payment

Crop compensation provided by FD Highest ex-gratia in Maharashtra -15lakhs

 In regions where elephants have repeatedly moved out into humanhuman-dominated

dominated landscapes
landsc
primarily for crop raiding, tthe option
ion of releasing the elephants in forests should be first
examined. Relocated elephants sh should be fitted with GPS-based
based collars to monitor their
movement with the option of recapturing them in case they again come into conflict.
Successful in West Bengal.
 Compensation for crop damage should be expedited.
 In case of human death the exex-gratia should
hould be paid as MoEF&CC guidelines or may be paid
at enhanced rates as being done in Maharashtra and Kerala.

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 Establishment of Rescue Centers and Elephant Camps for Managing HEC

1. Elephant Camp Housing Kumki Elephants

Mudumalai, Tamil Nadu Wayanad Camp, Kerala

2. Elephant Rescue Center

Tamor Pingla, Elephant Rescue Center, Chhattisgarh and M.R.Palayam, Tiruchi, Tamil Nadu

 Elephant camps in South India are housing kunki elephants which are used in patrolling,
elephant drives and capture operations.

 All elephant rescue/ rehabilitation centers housing problematic elephants should get
approval of CZA and follow CZA guidelines and MoEF&CC guidelines for their management.

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 Mitigation of HEC on Line
Linear Infrastructures-Railway
Railway Tracks and Roads

1. Placement of Retroreflective Signages by the 2. Hoarding in Railway

R station
Side of Railway Tracks

Signage iIn
In Uttarakhand Signage in
i Uttarakhand

3. Joint Patrolling

Joint patrolling iin

n Rajaji NP, Uttarakhand & Karnataka

 Retroreflective signage giving warning to locopilots and drivers on elephant presence or

movement are erected near roads or rails to ensure drivers of vehicles passing through these
corridors can take due preca
precaution
ution upon seeing the signages. Therefore suitable
s signages
could also be placed to create awareness about the corridor and its importance
 Hoardings near roads and rail tracks regarding not throwing waste food materials helps in
spreading awareness towards elephant conservation.
 Night patrolling along the railway track passing through the corridor is essential during the
elephant migratory season.
 Installing an Animal Detection System near the track to alert train drivers will also help.

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USE Of TECHNOLOGY TO M
MITIGATE
ITIGATE
HUMAN ELEPAHNT CONfLICT

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 Technological A
Applications to Address HEC

1. Early Warng System for Undulating and Flat Terrain

Early Warning System in Tamil Nadu

2. Technology Near Rail Lines 3. Cell Opearted Flashing LED Lights

West Bengal Valparai,

alparai, Tamil Nadu
 A system of sending SMS alerts of elephant presence has been developed to warn of elephant
presence. A system of pulsating warning lights on towers that warns of elephant presence in
the area has been developed.
 Mobile operated LED light alert indicators were installed in locations to signal the presence
of elephants and their movements within 1km radius of each light. These indicators are
equipped with a SIM card and fitted wi with
th red flashing LED bulbs on a long pole and are
located
ted in strategic places that are visible from up to 1km away. Effective in Valparai, Tamil
Nadu.
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 CAPACITY BUILdING ANd
AwARENESS dRIvES TO MANAGE
HUMAN ELEPAHNT CONfLICT

35
 Capacity Building and Spread of Awareness Among Communities for Fighting HEC

1. Capacity Building of ADS 2. Training of Mahouts

Capacity Building in West Bengal Training in West Bengal

3. Training of Departmental Staff

Training in Chhattisgarh

 Anti Depredation Squads (ADS) to be equipped with a vehicle, torch, siren, fire crackers etc.
ADS should be trained regularly to address HEC situations in a systematic manner.
 It is essential that mahouts and kawadis are imparted training regularly in proper handling
of elephants.
 Regular training of departmental staff is important.

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 Awareness among Communities for fighting HEC

1. Awareness Programmes

Awareness Programme in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal

2. Awareness Programme on Radio

Awareness Programme iin Chhattisgarh

 The frontline staff shall communicate HEC management techniques to the community along
with the publicity and awareness brochure.. They will train the community in HEC
management techniques. Communication ch channels
annels between the community and Forest
Department should remain open at all times.
 In Chhattisgarh information on elephant movement is also communicated through radios at
specific timings on channel called ““Hamara haathi hamara gonth”.

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 Enlisting Involvement of Other Stakeholders

1. Involve Rest of Linear Agencies 2. Involve Police & District Administration

Stakeholder meeting with S. Railways at Chennai Meeting by SFD with Telengana Police

3. Community Participation 4. Involvement of School Children

Community orientation in West Bengal, Karnataka School Children in Assam and Tamil Nadu

 Multiple stakeholders like line Ministries of GoI and States should be involved along with the
State Forest department and local communities for effective planning and implementation of
mitigation measures.
 Communities should be involved to establish coordination between FD and community; to
.get reliable information on wild elephant, to manage situations till FD arrives at HEC site;
for a systematic effort and less collateral damage.
 School children should be involved to spread awareness on elephant conservation.

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 Involve Stakeholders and Assist Communities to Mitigate HEC

1. Capacity Building Workshops

Training vets at Kochi, Kerala Training of FD staff at Dehradun, Uttarakhand

2. Providing Transportation Facilities to School Children

Transporting school children in Karnataka

 Transportation facility
Capacity building to school children
workshops in Karnat
of various stakeholders organized at regular intervals by PE
Division and SFDs helps in updating and implementing better practices to mitigate HEC.

 In high elephant conflict zones, transportation facility by SFD to school children from their
homes to schools helps in reducing the frequency of elephant encounters and thereby
reducing conflict.

39
References:

1. Desai, A.J. & Riddle, H.S. 2015. Human – elephant conflict in Asia. Supported
by USFWS.
2. Guidelines for Management of Human-Elephant Conflicts. 2017. PE Division,
MoEF&CC
3. Mehta, Prachi. 2012. How to Protect your Crops from Elephants. A Handy
Guide for farmers and Forest Department. Supported by Asian Elephant
Conservation Fund, USFWS. Published by Wildlife Research and Conservation
Society, Pune.
4. Report of Technical Workshop on Right of Passage to Elephants to Mitigate
Human – Elephant Conflict in Southern Indian States.11 th to 12th January,
2018. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
5. Report of Technical Workshop on Right of Passage to Elephants to Mitigate
Human – Elephant Conflict in North – East India.20 th to 21st April, 2018.
Darjeeling, West Bengal.
6. Report of Technical Workshop on Right of Passage to Elephants to Mitigate
Human – Elephant Conflict for East-Central Region.1 st to 2nd July, 2019.
Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
7. Report of National Workshop on Habitat Management for Elephant to Mitigate
Human – Elephant Conflict. 20th to 21st January, 2020. Dehradun,
Uttarakhand.

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