Numerical Simulation based Design Theory and

Methods 1st Edition Xu Han pdf download

https://ebookmeta.com/product/numerical-simulation-based-design-
theory-and-methods-1st-edition-xu-han/

Download more ebook from https://ebookmeta.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookmeta.com
to discover even more!

Economic Growth: Theory and Numerical Solution Methods,

3rd Edition Novales

https://ebookmeta.com/product/economic-growth-theory-and-
numerical-solution-methods-3rd-edition-novales/

Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion

Engines 1st Edition Zhiyu Han

https://ebookmeta.com/product/simulation-and-optimization-of-
internal-combustion-engines-1st-edition-zhiyu-han/

New Numerical Scheme with Newton Polynomial: Theory,

Methods, and Applications 1st Edition Abdon Atangana

https://ebookmeta.com/product/new-numerical-scheme-with-newton-
polynomial-theory-methods-and-applications-1st-edition-abdon-
atangana/

Marketing 3rd Edition Shane Hunt

https://ebookmeta.com/product/marketing-3rd-edition-shane-hunt/
The Ethics of Hooking Up Casual Sex and Moral
Philosophy on Campus 1st Edition James Rocha

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-ethics-of-hooking-up-casual-
sex-and-moral-philosophy-on-campus-1st-edition-james-rocha/

National Geographic Readers Bears National Geographic

Kids

https://ebookmeta.com/product/national-geographic-readers-bears-
national-geographic-kids/

William Gladstone New Studies and Perspectives 1st

Edition Roland Quinault Editor Roger Swift Editor Ruth
Clayton Windscheffel Editor

https://ebookmeta.com/product/william-gladstone-new-studies-and-
perspectives-1st-edition-roland-quinault-editor-roger-swift-
editor-ruth-clayton-windscheffel-editor/

The High Stakes Rescue: A K9 Handler Romance (Disaster

City Search and Rescue, Book 29) 1st Edition Jenna
Brandt

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-high-stakes-rescue-
a-k9-handler-romance-disaster-city-search-and-rescue-book-29-1st-
edition-jenna-brandt/

HARD BRAKE Gia Beck Graffiti Street Red Lipstick Book 1

1st Edition Brynn Hale

https://ebookmeta.com/product/hard-brake-gia-beck-graffiti-
street-red-lipstick-book-1-1st-edition-brynn-hale/
Resurrection in Paul Cognition Metaphor and
Transformation 1st Edition Frederick S. Tappenden

https://ebookmeta.com/product/resurrection-in-paul-cognition-
metaphor-and-transformation-1st-edition-frederick-s-tappenden/
Xu Han
Jie Liu

Numerical
Simulation-
based Design
Theory and Methods
Numerical Simulation-based Design
Xu Han Jie Liu
•

Numerical Simulation-based
Design
Theory and Methods

123
Xu Han Jie Liu
Hunan University College of Mechanical and Vehicle
Changsha, Hunan, China Engineering
Hunan University
Changsha, Hunan, China

ISBN 978-981-10-3089-5 ISBN 978-981-10-3090-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3090-1
Jointly published with Science Press
The print edition is not for sale in China Mainland. Customers from China Mainland please order the
print book from: Science Press.

Translation from the Chinese language edition: 基于数值模拟的设计理论与方法 by Xu Han, © Science

Press 2015. Published by Science Press. All Rights Reserved.
© Science Press, Beijing and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for
any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

Numerical simulation-based design is the linchpin in the development of the inno-

vative high-end equipment in the manufacturing industry. In the stage of mechanical
equipment design, the performances in manufacturing, assembly, service, and
maintenance can be comprehensively synthesized with the application of the
numerical simulation. It greatly reduces the trial and test number of the physical
prototypes, shortens the design cycle, effectively improves the design quality, and
reduces substantially the cost of the traditional serial design. Although numerical
simulation has demonstrated the outstanding advantages and potential application
prospects, at the present stage, practical implementation of the simulation-based
mechanical design in the equipment manufacturing industry and engineering is still
not widespread. The reason lies in the features of the modern equipment generally
characterized by the complex structures, extreme server conditions, diverse func-
tional requirements, and uncertainties of parameters. There are not yet proficient
numerical approaches to the key scientific problems reflected in the technical diffi-
culties including the ineffectiveness in the simulation model, the intractable com-
putational intensity, the high-dimensional variables, the multi-objective design, and
the uncertainty quantification for the structural design. It leads to hardly guarantee in
the design precision, efficiency, functionality, and reliability for the simulation-
based design, and thus, greatly restricts the general applications of the numerical
simulation in the design and development of engineering equipment.
In view of the aforementioned imperfections in the numerical simulation, devel-
opments of high-fidelity modeling method, rapid structural analysis method, and
structural multi-objective optimization design method and uncertainty quantification
method are imperative. This book endeavors to integrate the numerical simulation
with the mechanical design and systematically and comprehensively develop the
relevant simulation-based design theory and the specific implementation methods for
complex equipment. The contents of this book consist of four parts: (1) the
high-fidelity modeling method based on the computational inverse techniques to
ensure the design precision of mechanical equipment, (2) the rapid structural analysis
techniques based on the surrogate models and the reduced basis methods to facilitate
proficient computation for the cost-effective design of the complex equipment, (3) the

v
vi Preface

high-performing multi-objective engineering optimization methods to synthesize the

comprehensive performances in equipment design, and (4) uncertainty modeling and
optimization design methods to ensure the design reliability of the complex equipment
under the uncertain conditions. Exemplifications for the specific applications of the
developed modeling procedures of the inverse techniques, rapid structural analysis,
structural optimization, and uncertainty evaluation, which configurate the basic
framework of the simulation-based structural design, will be demonstrated. It aims to
promote the key transformations for the numerical simulation from the assumptions
of the simulation data to the reliable design information and knowledge, as well as
from the auxiliary analysis tool to the leading design tool.
For the research works presented in this book and its wrapping up, many
researchers have provided their unreserved assistances, valuable suggestions, and
comments. The authors would take this opportunity to express their appreciations and
gratitude. Special thanks go to Prof. Fang Wang from Hebei University of
Technology, Prof. Guirong Liu from University of Cincinnati, and Prof. Daolin Xu
from Hunan University for reviewing this book thoroughly and putting forward
valuable suggestions. The authors are very indebted to Prof. Chao Jiang for his
contributions in the work of uncertainty optimization, to Dr. Guiping Liu and
Guodong Chen for their participations in the work of multi-objective optimization,
and to Dr. Fei Lei, Zheng Zhang and Ziheng Zhao for their involvements in the work
of the rapid structural analysis. The authors also wish to acknowledge the innovative
works and useful discussions from the graduate students, which enrich the presen-
tation of the context during the repeated revisions and finalization of this book.
The works in this book have been supported financially by the National Program
on Key Basic Research Project of China (2004CB719402, 2010CB832705) and
the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (11202076).

Changsha, China Xu Han

Jie Liu
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Key Scientific Issues and Technical Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 State-of-the-Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Theory and Methods for High-Fidelity Numerical
Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7
1.3.2 Theory and Methods for Rapid Structural Analysis
for Complex Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9
1.3.3 Theory and Methods for Efficient Structural
Optimization Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 10
1.3.4 Theory and Methods for Uncertainty Analysis
and Reliability Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 11
1.4 Contents of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 12
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 14
2 Introduction to High-Fidelity Numerical Simulation Modeling
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Engineering Background and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Modeling Based on Computational Inverse Techniques . . . . . . . 20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Computational Inverse Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Sensitivity Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.1 Local and Global Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.2 Direct Integral-Based GAS Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.3 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.4 Engineering Application: Global Sensitivity
Analysis of Vehicle Roof Structure . . . . . . . ........ 38
3.3 Regularization Methods for Ill-Posed Problem . . . . . ........ 41

vii
viii Contents

3.3.1 Ill-Posedness Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 41

3.3.2 Regularization Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 42
3.3.3 Selection of Regularization Parameter . . . . . . . . ..... 47
3.3.4 Application of Regularization Method to Model
Parameter Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 50
3.4 Computational Inverse Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 53
3.4.1 Gradient Iteration-Based Computational Inverse
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 55
3.4.2 Intelligent Evolutionary-Based Computational
Inverse Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4.3 Hybrid Inverse Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4 Computational Inverse for Modeling Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 Identification of Model Characteristic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.1 Material Parameter Identification for Stamping Plate . . . 68
4.2.2 Dynamic Constitutive Parameter Identification
for Concrete Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.3 Identification of Model Environment Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.3.1 Dynamic Load Identification for Cylinder Structure . . . 79
4.3.2 Vehicle Crash Condition Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5 Introduction to Rapid Structural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1 Engineering Background and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 Surrogate Model Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.3 Model Order Reduction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6 Rapid Structural Analysis Based on Surrogate Models . . . . . . . ... 97
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 97
6.2 Polynomial Response Surface Based on Structural
Selection Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 98
6.2.1 Polynomial Structure Selection Based on Error
Reduction Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 98
6.2.2 Numerical Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2.3 Engineering Application: Nonlinear Output Force
Modeling for Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension . . . . . . . . . 101
6.3 Surrogate Model Based on Adaptive Radial Basis Function . . . . 105
6.3.1 Selection of Sample and Testing Points . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.3.2 Optimization of the Shape Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Contents ix

6.3.3 RBF Model Updating Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

6.3.4 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.3.5 Engineering Application: Surrogate Model
Construction for Crash Worthiness of Thin-Walled
Beam Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.4 High Dimensional Model Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.4.1 Improved HDMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.4.2 Analysis of Calculation Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.4.3 Numerical Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7 Rapid Structural Analysis Based on Reduced Basis Method . . . . . . 125
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.2 The RBM for Rapid Analysis of Structural Static
Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.2.1 The Flow of Rapid Calculation Based on RBM . . . . . . 126
7.2.2 Construction of the Reduced Basis Space . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.2.3 Engineering Application: Rapid Analysis
of Cab Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3 The RBM for Rapid Analysis of Structural Dynamic
Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.3.1 Parameterized Description of Structural Dynamics . . . . 132
7.3.2 Construction of the Reduced Basis Space Based
on Time Domain Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.3.3 Projection Reduction Based on Least Squares . . . . . . . 135
7.3.4 Numerical Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8 Introduction to Multi-objective Optimization Design . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.1 Characteristics of Multi-objective Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.2 Optimal Solution Set in Multi-objective Optimization . . . . . . . . 143
8.3 Multi-objective Optimization Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.3.1 Preference-Based Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.3.2 Generating Methods Based on Evolutionary
Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9 Micro Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.2 Procedure of lMOGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
9.3 Implementation Techniques of lMOGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
x Contents

9.3.1 Non-dominated Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

9.3.2 Population Diversity Preservation Strategies . . . . . . . . . 158
9.3.3 Elite Individual Preserving Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.4 Algorithm Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.4.1 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.4.2 Engineering Testing Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
9.5 Engineering Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9.5.1 Optimization Design of Guide Mechanism
of Vehicle Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9.5.2 Optimization Design of Variable Blank Holder
Force in Sheet Metal Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
9.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
10 Multi-objective Optimization Design Based on Surrogate
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
10.2 Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm Based
on Intelligent Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
10.2.1 Intelligent Sampling Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
10.2.2 Convergence Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
10.2.3 Procedure of IS-lMOGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
10.2.4 Performance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
10.2.5 Engineering Application: Multi-objective
Optimization Design of Commercial Vehicle
Cab Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
10.3 Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm Based
on Sequential Surrogate Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
10.3.1 Multi-objective Trust Region Model Management . . . . 198
10.3.2 Sample Inheriting Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
10.3.3 Computational Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10.3.4 Performance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
10.3.5 Engineering Application: Multi-objective
Optimization Design of the Door Structure
of a Minibus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
10.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
11 Introduction to Uncertain Optimization Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11.1 Stochastic Programming and Fuzzy Programming . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11.2 Interval Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Contents xi

12 Uncertain Optimization Design Based on Interval Structure

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
12.2 The General Form of Nonlinear Interval Optimization . . . . . . . . 221
12.3 Interval Optimization Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
12.3.1 Interval Order Relation and Transformation
of Uncertain Objective Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
12.3.2 Interval Possibility Degree and Transformation
of Uncertain Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
12.3.3 Deterministic Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
12.4 Interval Structure Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
12.5 Nonlinear Interval Optimization Algorithm Based
on Interval Structure Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
12.6 Engineering Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
12.6.1 Uncertain Optimization Design of Vehicle Frame
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
12.6.2 Uncertain Optimization Design of Occupant
Restraint System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
12.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
13 Interval Optimization Design Based on Surrogate Models . . . . . . . 243
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
13.2 Interval Optimization Algorithm Based on Surrogate
Model Management Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
13.2.1 Approximate Modeling for Uncertain Optimization . . . 244
13.2.2 Design Space Updating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
13.2.3 Calculation of the Actual Penalty Function . . . . . . . . . 246
13.2.4 Algorithm Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
13.2.5 Engineering Application: Uncertain Optimization
for Grinder Spindle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
13.3 Interval Optimization Algorithm with Local-Densifying
Surrogate Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
13.3.1 Approximate Uncertain Optimization Modeling . . . . . . 252
13.3.2 Algorithm Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
13.3.3 Engineering Application: Crashworthiness Design
on a Thin-Walled Beam of a Vehicle Body . . . . . . . . . 254
13.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Background and Significance

In the current development trend of informatization, digitalization, and intelligenti-

zation, different disciplines are comprehensively intersecting. Digital technologies
unprecedentedly permeate and facilitate to realize the advanced design and manufac-
turing technologies, which lead to significant progress of the manufacturing industry
in concurrence with both great opportunities and challenges. The profound inte-
gration of the information technology into the manufacturing technology enables
the digitalization of the mechanical equipment to accommodate massive data com-
prehended in the full lifecycle. Complex modeling, simulation, analysis, and data
mining in each individual stage of initiation of the concept, design, processing, man-
ufacturing, assembling, testing, service, maintenance, scrap and recycling, and the
transformation from simulation data to higher-level information and knowledge will
greatly promote the intelligentization of industrial products and boost the innova-
tive research and development (R&D) of high-tech equipment. The objective of the
advanced design and manufacturing technology, based on numerical simulation, dig-
italization, and informatization of equipment, is to integrate the numerical models,
design methods, computing tools, data sets and so on into an advanced manufactur-
ing process, and to establish the scientific computation foundation for the physical
mechanism analysis, processing and its controlling, performance prediction, and
optimization of complex equipment. Simulation-based engineering science (SBES)
[1, 2] is the linchpin in the field of complex equipment design and manufacturing,
and has made a significant impact on the development of the manufacturing industry
globally. Nevertheless, the general application of the simulation technology to the
mechanical equipment design and manufacturing is yet to be expected and advanced.
Currently, the key technologies of the simulation-based design and manufacturing
are still under development. Specifically, there are still wanting on the advanced
design technology with the consideration of the full lifecycle of products and the
professional digitalization design platform. In this regard, this book is mainly dedi-
cated to the discussion of the common technologies in the simulation-based design.

© Science Press, Beijing and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 1
X. Han and J. Liu, Numerical Simulation-based Design,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3090-1_1
2 1 Introduction

Based on these advanced common technologies, the highly-efficient scientific com-

putation can be applied to the complex model data in the design process to realize the
transformation from design data to design information and knowledge, and to further
improve the design precision, efficiency, functionality, and reliability of mechanical
equipment.
In the field of scientific research and engineering, numerical simulation is an
important approach with equal emphasis on both theoretical analysis and experi-
mental validation. It is the most powerful analysis tool for complex physical and
engineering problems. The advanced simulation-based design technologies compre-
hensively integrate multiple disciplines of mechanical engineering, mechanics, mate-
rials, computer science, and physics for the digitalization of equipment. It has been
an important means to the independent R&D and innovative design of equipment.
Numerical simulation, as a bridge between the basic data and service performance of
equipment, has the significant advantages in the reproducibility of model develop-
ment, the controllability of development process, and the predictability of equipment
performance. With application of the numerical simulation technology at the early
stage of equipment design, designers can take into consideration of the information,
knowledge and scientific laws in the manufacturing and service stages to improve the
digitalization design level of equipment. At present, numerical simulation technol-
ogy has been widely applied to various fields of science and engineering. Figure 1.1
shows examples of its applications in the designs of ship, automobile, aircraft, wind
turbine, and other complex equipment.
The numerical simulation with consideration of the full lifecycle of equipment
acts as a bridge for the transformation from data integration to knowledge integration
in equipment design. It is applied to optimize design process, reduce development
cycle, and thus, substantially enhance the design efficiency and performance of equip-
ment. Successful applications of the numerical simulation-based design in industry
have been reported. For instance, the Boeing 777 aircraft was the world’s first fully
digitalized large engineering project, in which each individual component was repre-
sented by a respective three-dimensional digital model. The utilization of the virtual
assembly technology reduced the design modifications and rework rate by more than
50%, eliminated the assembly problems by 50–80% and shortened the R&D cycle
by 40%. It was a pioneering showcase of the numerical simulation-based design and

Fig. 1.1 Applications of the numerical simulation technology in advanced designs

1.1 Background and Significance 3

manufacturing in the aviation field. Another example was the famous Joint Strike
Fighter project, which adopted the numerical simulation technology throughout the
full lifecycle of design and service of the aircraft. Comparing to the traditional meth-
ods, the aircraft design time with the simulation-based technologies was reduced
by 50%, the manufacturing time was decreased by 66%, the assembly time was
shortened by 90%, the total number of components was reduced by 50%, and the
maintenance cost was spared by 50%. This project significantly promoted the devel-
opment of the numerical simulation-based design and manufacturing. Nowadays the
numerical simulation technology has been widely used in the design and manufactur-
ing by the world-leading automobile enterprises and results in the benefits of quality
improvement, development cycle and cost reduction. The specific beneficial effects
are tabulated in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Benefits of simulation technology in automobile industry

Benefit Reflection of the beneficial Case
effect
Improvement in the In the simulation General Motors reused 80%
reusability of the best environment, the identified of the digital models of
knowledge best knowledge can be easily engine production equipment
shared and reused in product to save substantially research
design, process planning and cycle and cost
production line design
Development of concurrent In numerical simulation, Toyota Corporation employed
engineering many practically sequential concurrent digitalizing
jobs from the design to project and reduced 2/3
production line can be overall development time
implemented in parallel, from design to production
which can efficiently
accelerate the product
development
Innovation of design and Due to the low cost of the DaimlerChrysler conducted
process plan adjustment of numerical the process simulation and
simulation models, the design optimization design before
performance and automobile assembly, which
manufacturing process can be saved the operation time and
continuously modified and made the process almost
verified in the virtual 100% accurate
environment
Optimization design for Numerical simulation In Ford Motor, through the
manufacturing and assembly improves the production simulation-based
process reliability and manufacturing optimization, the
quality by identifying in manufacturing of clutch was
advance the potential flaws in realized with a single fixture,
manufacturing and assembly which reduced the
and conducting the manufacturing cost by 10%
optimization design and enhancing the planning
efficiency by 18%
4 1 Introduction

For the development of the special equipment stationed in extreme environments,

significance of the numerical simulation technology is more prominent and even
indispensable. The structures of the special equipment could be very complex, the
functions and the service conditions challenge the existing technical limits, and the
demand on the operation safety and reliability tends to be more stringent. The present
state and future trend of the development of complex special equipment have brought
up a series of new technical challenges on the numerical simulation technology. The
fundamental theory, methods, and technical approaches to improve the processing
capacity of ultra-large and ultra-small scale equipment, to ensure the working sta-
bility of special equipment in the extreme service conditions, or to realize the high
reliability and safety in full lifecycle, are all beyond the capacities of the conven-
tional design, manufacturing, and standards. Fortunately, the advanced numerical
simulation technology on the basis of scientific computation is expected to offer
the powerful analysis tool and guidance for resolving the above problems [3, 4].
For instance, for the alien landing exploration in extreme environments, due to the
limitation of the experimental conditions and the insufficiency of the theoretical
understanding on complex physical processes, the numerical simulation technology
will play a prominent role in the development and service of the aircrafts.
In general, the advantages of the advanced simulation-based design can be sum-
marized in the following aspects. (1) It can realize the accurate quantitative analysis
of the complex equipment under the extreme service conditions. (2) The compre-
hensive performance of products during manufacturing and service processes can
be taken full account at the initial design stage. (3) The trial-manufacturing and
testing effort of the physical prototypes and product design cycle can be greatly
reduced. (4) The bottleneck problems of design quality, efficiency and others in
the traditional sequential design can be effectively overcome. (5) The digitization,
parallelization, intellectualization, and optimization designs of products in complex
multi-disciplinary environments can be realized. However, at the present time, there
are still a couple of technique problems emerging in the numerical modeling and
optimization design of the complex high-end equipment. Hence, it is necessary to
develop the common technologies associated with advanced design, such as the fron-
tier computation theory, numerical simulation, optimization design, and uncertainty
quantification methods and so on to promote the general applications of the numeri-
cal simulation technology in mechanical equipment design and development, and to
boost the innovation design in the manufacturing industry.

1.2 Key Scientific Issues and Technical Challenges

Modern complex equipment is a comprehensive system with multi-physical pro-

cesses, multi-modular structures, and multi-functional characteristics. The structure
usually has the characteristics of the extremely small or large scale, coupled compo-
nents, various materials, extreme service conditions, multisource uncertainties and
multi-objective design requirements. As a result, there exist a series of technical and
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
nam sī nāvigāsset naufragiō esse peritūrum, in terrā remānsit. Quī
inde solverant, flūctibus et procellīs in cōnspectū ēius obrutī sunt.
Ipse gāvīsus est, quod vītam suam somniō quam nāvī crēdere
māluisset. Memor autem beneficiī ēlegantissimō carmine virum
celebrāvit, quō melius illī et diūturnius in animīs hominum sepulcrum
cōnstituit quam quod in dēsertīs arēnīs strūxerat.’

Mihi quidem brevior haec fābula multō magis placuit quam illa dē
Thrasyllō longior, neque mē retinēre poteram quīn ita dīcerem.
Quibus dictīs, longiōris fābulae auctor dīxit oportēre puerulōs tacēre
neque stultōs sē praestāre, cuī is quī de Simōnide nārrāverat
‘Interdum’ respondit, ‘etiam stultus bene loquitur’.

Comitēs Ulixis.

Hī igitur iūrgiō alius alium lacessere coepērunt neque multum

aberat quīn ē iūrgiō rīxa orerētur. Itaque pater statim ‘Ulixem’ inquit,
‘trāditum est errantem, ēversō iam Iliō, tempestātibus hūc illūc et ad
aliās Ītaliae āc Siciliae urbēs et Temessam etiam appulsum; ibi dē
nāvālibus sociīs ēius ūnum, virgine per vīnum violātā, ab oppidānīs
contumēliam vindicantibus lapidibus obrutum. Ulixem quidem nūllā
ratiōne mortem ulcīscendī initā inde profectum; peremptī vērō sociī
mānēs nūllum saeviendī fīnem in cūiuslibet aetātis hominēs fēcisse,
dōnec patriam relictūrī Temessēnsēs, ut eam pestem effugerent,
Pȳthicī Apollinis respōnsō hērōem plācāre iūssī sunt et cōnsecrātō eī
solō templum aedificāre; dēvovēre eī praetereā quotannīs virginem
illam, quae ipsīs fōrmōsissima vīsa esset. Quod cum illī ex ōrāculō
facere pergerent, nihil omnīnō gravius dehinc passī sunt. Forte vērō
cum vēnisset Euthȳmus Temessam, eō ipsō tempore quō sollemne
nūminī sacrum fīēbat, rē tōtā cōgnitā, āiunt illum postulāsse ut in
templum intrōmītterētur; ibi virginem cōnspicātum, prīmō
misericordiā commōtum, deinde etiam amōre incēnsum; āc puellam
quidem, sī ab eō servāta esset, sē in ēius manum conventūram,
fidem dedisse. Armīs igitur captīs cum geniō congrēssum; illum
victum moenibus et agrō excessisse, ē cōnspectū prōrsus hominum
in mare dēmersum ēvānuisse. Fuisse memorant, cīvitāte ūniversā ē
foedissimā calamitāte līberātā, māximē illūstrēs Euthȳmī nūptiās’.
Quibus nārrātīs ‘Mīrum’ inquit, ‘quam mīrābilēs apud māiōrēs nostrōs
rēs acciderint; nūsquam tālia hodiē audīmus’. ‘Sed accidunt’
respondit alius, ‘et apud nōs.’

Caesar Rubicōnem trānsit.

Quid enim Caesarī ōlim accidit dubitantī utrum Rubicōnem flūmen

trānsīret necne? Nam post sōlis occāsum, mūlīs ē proximō pistrīnō
ad vehiculum iūnctīs, occultissimum iter modicō comitātū ingrēssus
est; et cum, lūminibus exstīnctīs, dēcessisset viā, diū errābundus,
tandem sub lūcem duce repertō, per angustissimōs trāmitēs pedibus
ēvāsit; cōnsecūtusque cohortēs ad Rubicōnem flūmen, quod
prōvinciae ēius fīnis erat, paulum cōnstitit, āc reputāns quantum
mōlīrētur, conversus ad proximōs ‘Etiam nunc’, inquit ‘regredī
possumus; quod sī ponticulum trānsierimus, omnia armīs agenda
erunt’. Cūnctantī ostentum fit hūiusmodi. Quīdam eximiā
magnitūdine et fōrmā proximē sedēns repente appāruit, harundine
canēns; ad quem audiendum cum praeter pastōrēs plūrimī etiam ex
statiōnibus mīlitēs concurrissent, raptā ab ūnō tubā, ad flumen
prōsiluit et ingentī spīritū classicum exōrsus ad alteram rīpam
pertendit. Tunc Caesar ‘Eātur’ inquit ‘quō deōrum ostenta vocant;
iacta ālea est’.
Cubitum eō.

Equidem vērō quamquam vehementer cupiēbam fābulās audīre in

summō eram terrōre nē quis mē dē Dāvī somniō percontārētur.
Īmmō vērō dum pater nārrat mihi cōnscius eram animī perturbātiōnis
neque procul aberam quīn rubēscendō omnēs certiōrēs facerem mē
perturbārī. Nam Valerium, avunculum meum, foedā speciē senem et
mihi invīsum, cūriōsē mē spectāre vidēbam. Id igitur ēgī ut quam
celerrimē ē cōnspectū ēius effugerem, quārē hiāre incipiēbam et
omnibus modīs simulāre mē fessum esse. Quibus animadversīs pater
‘Iamdūdum’ inquit ‘puerulōs dormīre oportet; age nunc, mī Lūcī, iubē
omnēs valēre et ad cubiculum abī’. Simul atque haec audīvī summō
cum gaudiō, salūtātīs convīvīs, discessī, nam, quamquam plērumque
cubitum īre nōlō, sed adultōrum rītū pervigilāre mālō,—neque
intellegere possum quam ob rem parentēs aliīque adultī tam
mōrōsōs sē praestent ut iūniōrēs semper cubitum dīmīttant
priusquam ipsī dormīre velint,—tunc autem minimē aegrē ferēbam
mē dīmīttī. Quis enim serēnus esse potest cuī semper aliquis adsit
terror? Beātum illum, cuī mēns rēctī sibi cōnscia; sed nēmo, cuī
animī serēnitās abest, beātus dīcī potest quamvīs sit dīves. Ut
Horātius dīcit:—

Dēstrīctus ēnsis cuī super impiā

cervīce pendet, nōn Siculae dapēs
dulcem ēlabōrābunt sapōrem,
nōn avium citharaeque cantūs
somnum redūcent.

Dionȳsius et Dāmoclēs.
 Neque Dionȳsius, Syrācūsārum tyrannus, quī tantās habēbat
dīvitiās, tantamque rērum abundantiam, putābat sē esse beātum.
Nam cum quīdam ex assentātōribus ēius, Dāmoclēs, commemorāret
in sermōne cōpiās ēius, opēs, māiestātem dominātūs, rērum
abundantiam, māgnificentiam aedium rēgiārum; negāretque
umquam beātiōrem quemquam fuisse: ‘Vīsne igitur,’ inquit, ‘Dāmoclē,
quoniam haec tē vīta dēlectat, ipse eandem dēgustāre, et fortūnam
experīrī meam?’ Cum sē ille cupere dīxisset, collocārī iūssit hominem
in aureō lectō, strātō pulcherrimē textilī strāgulō, māgnificīsque
operibus pīctō; abacōsque complūrēs ornāvit argentō aurōque
caelātō. Tum ad mēnsam eximiā fōrmā puerōs dēlēctōs iūssit
cōnsistere, eōsque nūtum ēius intuentēs dīligenter ministrāre.
Aderant unguenta, corōnae; incendēbantur odōrēs; mēnsae
conquīsītissimīs epulīs exstruēbantur. Fortūnātus sibi Dāmoclēs
vidēbātur. In hōc mediō apparātū fulgentem gladium, ē lacūnārī
saetā equīnā aptum, dēmīttī iūssit, ut impenderet illīus beātī
cervīcibus. Itaque nec pulchrōs illōs ministrātōrēs aspiciēbat, nec
plēnum artis argentum; nec manum porrigēbat in mēnsam; iam
ipsae dēfluēbant corōnae. Dēnique exōrāvit tyrannum ut abīre
licēret, quod iam beātus nōllet esse.

Satisne vidētur dēclārāsse Dionȳsius nihil esse eī beātī, cuī semper

aliquis terror impendeat?

Fūnus.

Hodiē pater nōs omnēs iūssit vestēs mūtāre quia avus meus
mortuus esset. Erat homo prōvectae aetātis, facilis ergā omnēs
cōmisque, puerīs praecipuē benīgnus. Mihi saltem quotiēns eum
vīsēbam, crustula, vel alia quaedam puerīs grāta, semper dabat.
Summō igitur dolōre affectus sum cum audīvissem eum esse
mortuum. Mortem obiit nūdius tertius, aviaque mea, quae aderat,
oculōs ēius exstantēs rigentēsque clausit; quibus clausīs, cadāver
inclāmābat ‘Avē’ vel ‘Valē’ identidem iterāns. Deinde cadāver humī
dēpositum pollīnctōrēs (quasi pellis ūnctōrēs) quōs libitīnāriī
mīserant, aquā calidā lavant unguentīsque variīs unguunt. Quae cum
gererentur uxor, animī valdē commōta, hūc illūc ambulābat et
‘Utinam’ clāmāvit ‘adhūc vīveret; numquam anteā percēpī quam
cārus mihi esset. Ō stultōs mortālēs! quī nisi quod Libitīna sacrāvit
nihil mīrēminī’. At pollīnctōrēs, cum mūnera sua rīte cūrāvissent,
corpus albā vestītum togā in lectō prope vēstibulum pedibus ad forēs
versīs tanquam novissimē exitūrum composuērunt; mortuum sīc
positum necessāriī lūgēbant; omnibusque rītū perāctīs et trientī ōrī
impositō nē ad portitōrem illum sine viāticō abīret, discessērunt
omnēs. Tum dēmum cupressī rāmus foribus est affīxus.

Posterō diē exsequiae dūcēbantur, multīque necessāriī fūnerī

intererant; quattuor vespillōnēs (hōc modō appellantur quia
vespertīnō tempore mortuōs efferunt) mortuum feretrō impositum
pedibus efferēbant; accēnsīs facibus pompa longa sequēbātur, quam
dēsīgnātor, līctoribus adiuvantibus, ōrdinābat; tībīcinēs prīmī
incēdēbant; deinde praeficae quae ut mortuī laudēs, immīxtīs
lāmentīs, canerent condūctae erant, histriōnēs deinde scurraeque,
quī māgnō cum cantantium sonō sequēbāntur, inter quōs et
archimīmus erat, quī persōnam avī meī agēbat atque, ut est mōs,
facta āc dicta ēius imitābātur. Quod tam bene faciēbat ut frāterculus
meus, quippe quī nōn dubitāre posset quīn mortuus iterum vīveret,
summō terrōre afficerētur. Proximī erant lībertīnī pilleātī; ante ipsum
cadāver imāginēs māiōrum ferēbantur, deinde necessāriī vestibus
pullātīs amictī. Tandem ad būstum perventum est, ubi rogus ārae
īnstar exstrūctus iam stabat. Cadāvere impositō necessāriī ardentī
face, voltibus āversīs, pyram incendērunt; odōrēs, unguenta, alia
mūnera, in īgnem iēcērunt; victimās quoque ut mānēs plācārent
apud pyram mactāvērunt; combūstō rogō, exstīnctōque īgnī, vīnōque
super cinerēs effūsō, ossa collēcta urnae sunt imposita, ipsaque urna
sepulcrō. Quibus perāctīs vātes quīdam omnēs, quī aderant, aquā
lūstrālī ē laurī rāmō iniectā lūstrāvit et ‘Īlicet’ clāmāvit; omnēs deinde
priusquam abiērunt novissima verba dīxērunt mortuumque iūssērunt
valēre. Nōn ita multō post hoc ēlogium in sepulcrō est sculptum:—

DĪS MĀNIBUS SACRUM

HĪC IACET
M. Cornēlius Polliō
S.T.T.L. [sit tibi terra levis.]

Ā sōle exoriente suprā Maeōtis palūdēs

nēmo est quī factīs aequiperāre queat.
sī fās endo plagās caelestum ascendere cuīquam est,
mī sōlī caelī māxima porta patet.

Tēstāmentum et līs inde orta.

Tēstāmentō apertō atque recitātō haec invēnimus: hērēdēs

īnstituerat prīmōs, Līviam (uxōrem suam) ex parte dīmidiā, Sīlium
(avunculum meum et patre nātū māiōrem) ex parte tertiā;
secundum, Sextum Cornēlium (patrem meum) ex sextante. Haec
patris hērēditās fundus erat Sabīnus, quī māximae molestiae nōbīs
erat initium. Namque in tēstāmentō ‘Sextus Cornēlius’ modo erat
scrīptum cōgnōmine omīssō; alter tunc Rōmae erat Sextus Cornēlius,
quī simul atque dē tēstāmentō audīvit fundum nostrum, ut hērēs,
sibi vindicāvit. Amīcōrum operā pater diū cōnābātur lītem
compōnere; tandem autem nōn facere potuit quīn adversārium suum
(Libanus erat eī cōgnōmen) in iūs vocāret. Domum igitur profectus
‘In iūs’ inquit, ‘tē vocō; sequere ad tribūnal’. Cum negāret ille, pater
ad praetereuntem quemdam versus ‘Licetne antestārī?’ rogāvit; hīc
auriculam oppōnit et Libanus in iūs rapitur. Prīmō tamen simulāvit sē
aegrōtāre nē in iūs īret; negāvit dēnique sē posse ambulāre. Sed
pater plaustrum mīsit quō ad praetōrem veherētur. Sed etiam tunc
Libanus domō suā, tūtissimō refugiō, ēgredī recūsābat. Itaque pater,
quippe quī scīret eum fraudis modo causā latēre, epistulā mīssā,
iterum eum in iūs ēvocāvit. Libanus igitur quī timēbat nē pater in
bona sua mītterētur, sī diūtius latuisset, domō tandem ēgrēssus est,
et pater sine morā eum in iūs rapuit. Fāstus, ut accidit, diēs erat—
diēs fāstī ā ‘fandō’ appellantur, quod hīs diēbus praetōrī licet haec
tria verba fārī

DŌ, DĪCŌ, ADDĪCŌ

nam praetor āctiōnem dat, iūs dīcit, bona vel damna alterutrī
adversāriōrum addīcit. Hoc et Ovidius Nāso poēta expōnit:—

Ille nefāstus erit, per quem tria verba silentur:

fāstus erit, per quem lēge licēbit agī.

Pater igitur, cum ad forum perventum est, cōram praetōre lītem

quam in reum intendēbat, exposuit, āctiōnemque postulāvit. Libanus
simul ōrāvit ut advocātus sibi darētur quī causam suam ageret.
Āctiōne datā, pater lēgulēium arcessīvit quī fōrmulam scrīberet;
timēbat enim nē, sī quid in fōrmulā concipiendā errāvisset, causa
caderet; deinde fōrmulam hōc modō rēctē scrīptam Libanō recitāvit;
vadēs quoque poposcit quī spondērent eum perendiē adfutūrum, cuī
Libanus, nē in vincula iacerētur, vadimōnium dedit. Quibus factīs
domum est discessum.

Apud nōs tōtus diēs summō cum silentiō agēbātur; īmmō vērō
pater ita animī commōtus est ut nīl cēnae edere posset. Omnēs
igitur rem compōnere cōnābāmur; pater prōmīsit fore ut reum iūdiciō
absolveret sī modo fundum sibi reddidisset. Sed nūllō modō efficere
potuimus ut hoc faceret.

Diē cōnstitūtō pater sē ad tribūnal praetōris māne contulit;

nōndum aderat Libanus; paululum vidēbātur vadimōnium dēsertūrus
esse; tandem autem vēnit obiitque vadimōnium. Ingrēssus forum,
‘Ubi tū es’ inquit, ‘quī mē vadātus es? Ecce mē tibi sistō, tū contrā et
tē mihi siste.’ ‘Adsum’ respondit pater; deinde ille ‘Quid ais?’ rogāvit,
cuī pater ‘Āiō fundum, quem possidēs, meum esse; inde ego tē ex
iūre manum cōnsertum vocō’; et Libanus respondit ‘Unde tū mē ex
iūre manum cōnsertum vocāstī, inde ibi ego tē revocō’. Quibus dictīs
praetor ‘Utrīsque’ inquit, ‘superstitibus praesentibus, istam viam
dīcō.’ Statim ambo proficīscēbantur tamquam glaebam allātūrī; ubi
autem praetor sine morā ‘Redīte viam’ inquit, ambo rediērunt, et
praetor ‘Utī nunc possidētis, ita possideātis; vīm fierī vetō’, dīxit.
Deinde hunc in modum agēbātur āctiō.

Pater meus, quippe quī possessiōne dēiectus esset, ad Libanum

versus ‘Quando’ inquit ‘ego tē in iūre cōnspiciō, postulō an siēs
auctor (id est possessor) unde iūs meum repetere possim’; deinde
postulāvit ut satisdaret sē nihil dēterius in possessiōne factūrum vel
abscīdendō arborēs vel aedificia dēlendō. Tunc praetor utrīque
imperāvit ut sacrāmentum solveret. Quā pecūniā solūtā, pater rūrsus
‘Quando negās’ inquit, ‘hunc fundum esse meum, sacrāmentō tē
quīngēnāriō prōvocō; spondēsne quīngentōs, sī meus est?’
‘Quīngentōs’ respondit Libanus, ‘spondeō, sī tuus sit. Et tū
spondēsne quīngentōs, nī tuus sit?’ Et ‘Spondeō’ respondit pater, ‘nī
meus sit’; deinde ad praetōrem versus hōc modō pergit ‘Praetor,
recuperātōrēs postulō ut dēs in diem perendinum’, et praetor
recuperātōrēs sīc dedit: ‘C. Aquillī, iūdex estō. Sī pāret fundum
Sabīnum, dē quō Cornēlius Polliō cum Libanō agit, Cornēlī esse ex
iūre Quirītium, neque is Cornēliō ā Libanō restituātur, tum Libanum
condemnā.’ Omnibus recuperātōribus hunc in modum addictīs, pater
et Libanus inter sē in perendinum diem, ut ad iūdicium venīrent,
dēnūntiāvērunt. Quibus factīs iterum domum est discessum.

Domī inter cēnandum māter cum animadverteret patrem tantā

taciturnitāte oppressum ‘Utinam’ inquit, ‘pater tuus numquam esset
mortuus, neque fundum istum tibi relīquisset; nam nīl nisi molestiam
cūramque nōbīs praebet. Horātius scīlicet scrīpsit

Cūr valle permūtem Sabīnā

dīvitiās operōsiōrēs?

Sed nesciō quid nōbīs saltem molestius fierī possit quam fundus ille
Sabīnus’. At pater ‘Nīl muliere loquācius est’ respondit, et omnēs
cubitum abiimus.

Tertiō diē iterum ad tribūnal rediimus. Quisque iūdex sē ex animī

sententiā iūdicātūrum esse hōc modō iūrāvit: lapidem dextrā tenēns
‘Sī sciēns fallō’ dīxit, ‘tum mē Diēspiter, urbe salvā et arce, ē bonīs
ēiciat, ut ego hunc lapidem’. Quibus dictīs in subselliīs sedēbat, quasi
ad pedēs praetōris. Ipse praetor, togā praetextā amictus, in sellā
curūlī sedēbat. Ut sūdābat! Ō miserum hominem aestīvō tempore tot
vestibus vestītum! Equidem vērō mihi grātulābar quod nōn eram
praetor nec togā praetextā, sed tunicā modo, amictus. Advocātī
utriusque partis causās agunt, sed ōrātiōnēs omīttam, nē taedium
vōbīs moveam. Causā utriusque perōrātā, iūdicēs paulisper
dēlīberant, deinde sententiīs lātīs, praetor assurrēxit et clāmāvit
‘Secundum Sextum Cornēlium Polliōnem lītem dō’. Quibus audītīs nōs
omnēs summō gaudiō affectī sumus et, līte tam bene iūdicātā,
domum redīvimus.

Rūs ītur.

Posterō diē pater sē ad hunc Sabīnum fundum abitūrum esse dīxit;

et mē sēcum dūxit. Ō quam grātum mihi erat rūs post tot urbis
strepitūs forīque negōtia! Mihi quidem rūs semper vidētur urbe multō
melius esse. Ut dīcit Iuvenālis—

nam quid tam miserum, tam sōlum vīdimus ut nōn

dēterius crēdās horrēre incendia, lāpsūs
tēctōrum assiduōs āc mīlle perīcula saevae
urbis, et Augustō recitantēs mēnse poētās?

Diū per vīcōs artissimōs, raedīs, armentīs cōnfertōs, vehimur et

‘nōbīs properantibus ōpstat

turba prior, māgnō populus premit āgmine lumbōs
quī sequitur; ferit hic cubitō, ferit assere dūrō
alter, at hic tīgnum capitī incutit, ille metrētam.
Pinguia crūra lutō, plantā mox undique māgnā
calcor et in digitō clāvus mihi mīlitis haeret;
scinduntur tunicae sartae modo, longa coruscat
serrācō veniente abiēs, atque altera pīnum
plaustra vehunt, nūtant altē populōque minantur;
nam sī prōcubuit quī saxa Ligustica portat
axis et ēversum fūdit super āgmina montem,
quid superest ē corporibus? quis membra, quis ossa
invenit? obtrītum volgī perit omne cadāver
mōre animae. Domus intereā sēcūra patellās
iam lavat et buccā foculum excitat et sonat ūnctis
strīglibus et plēnō compōnit lintea gūtō.
Haec inter puerōs variē properantur, at ille
iam sedet in rīpā taetrumque novīcius horret
porthmea nec spērat caenōsī gurgitis alnum,
īnfēlix nec habet quem porrigat ōre trientem’.
 Strigilis et gūtus

Tandem ad pōmērium tūtī pervenīmus, et, urbe relictā, agrōs

apertōs vidēmus. Quam fēlīcēs omnēs videntur esse rūsticī!

Ego vērō nōn facere poteram quīn Horātī versūs in memoriam

revocārem

Beātus ille, quī procul negōtiīs,

ut prīsca gēns mortālium,
paterna rūra bōbus exercet suīs,
solūtus omnī faenore,
neque excitātur classicō mīles trucī,
neque horret īrātum mare,
forumque vītat et superba cīvium
potentiōrum līmina.

Circā merīdiem, itinere perfectō, ad fundum nostrum pervēnimus.

Longē ab aliīs remōtus sōlus in valle reconditā iacēbat; vīlicus nōs
excēpit et ubi vīllam intrāvimus prandium parātum nōbīs apposuit.

Prānsus per tōtum fundum vagābar, summā admīrātiōne affectus.

Vīlicus mihi omnia dē variīs aedificiīs, dē animālibus expōnēbat. Tōta
locī amoenitās māximē mihi cordī erat; quam bene nōs monet
Iuvenālis:—

Hortulus hīc puteusque brevis nec reste movendus

in tenuēs plantās facilī diffunditur haustū.
vīve bidentis amāns et cultī vīlicus hortī;
unde epulum possīs centum dare Pȳthagorēīs.
est aliquid, quōcumque locō, quōcumque recessū
ūnīus sēsē dominum fēcisse lacertae.

Equidem certē nīl magis cupiēbam quam tōtam nostrō in fundō

vītam dēgere. Quam beātus mihi vidēbātur noster ‘cultī vīlicus hortī’
quī numquam ā fundō, nisi ad mortem, discessūrus esset. Sed in vītā
perāctā multum errāverat, multāsque vīserat cīvitātēs. Multa enim
mihi dē aliīs terrīs nārrāvit, id tamen quod praecipuē mihi placuit erat
fābula dē gruibus quam hunc in modum mihi exposuit.

Dē gruibus.

‘Gruēs aestīvō tempore cum calōrem Aegyptī nōn amplius ferre

possint abeunt; passīsque vēlōrum in modum ālīs, rēctā viā Scythiam
versus per āëra feruntur. Cum vērō parum concinna corpora vix
possint lībrāre (in mediō enim graviōra, suprā sunt nimis porrēcta, et
quae caudam pars tangit, levior est) necesse est (nōn secus quam
nāvis quae ventīs iactātur) in āëre flūctuent. Quod cum vel sēnsū vel
ipsā compertum habeat experientiā, nōn prius in altum sē tollit grūs,
quam lapidem ōre sūmat, quī illī et saburrae īnstar est, commodē ut
volet, et salūtī nē pereat.’
Dē cervīs.

Haec mihi mīrantī vīlicus ille de cervīs pergit. ‘Cervae quoque,

aestīvō tempore, pāscendī causā, ex Siciliā Rhēgium trānsmīttunt;
quī cum nōn exiguus sit trāiectus, fit tandem ut dēficiant, aegrēque
suprā aquam capita tollant. Ergō hoc excōgitāvērunt remedium.
Singillātim omnēs natant ōrdine, ut alteram sequātur altera, nōn
aliter quam bene īnstrūctus prōcēdit exercitus. Sequentis enim caput
priōris incumbit laterī, atque ita natant dōnec dēfatīgētur prīma quae
āgmen dūcit. Quod cum fit, illa in tergō locātur, et alia prīmum tenet
locum.’

Utrum haec fābula vēra sit necne, nesciō, sed cum vīlicum
offendere nōllem, mē crēdere simulāvī. Deinde tot rēbus spectātīs
dēfessus ad novum meum cubiculum abīvī.

Posterō diē, māne experrēctus, ad flūmen, quod fundum nostrum

praeterit, vīlicō comitante, piscandī causa ambulāvī. Neque piscium
cōpia dēerat, et dum apud rīpam sedēmus ‘Nōn eādem, quā Canius’
inquit vīlicus ‘fortūnā ūtimur’. ‘Deinde mihi rogantī quid eī accidisset
hanc nārrāvit fābulam.

Dolus piscātōrum.

C. Canius, eques Rōmānus, cum sē Syrācūsās ōtiandī (ut ipse

dīcere solēbat) nōn negōtiandī causā, contulisset, dīctitābat sē
hortulōs aliquōs velle emere, quō invītāre amīcōs, et ubi sē oblectāre
sine interpellātiōnibus posset. Quod cum percrēbuisset, Pȳthius eī
quīdam, quī argentāriam faceret Syrācūsīs, dīxit vēnālēs quidem sē
hortōs nōn habēre, sed licēre ūtī Caniō, sī vellet, ut suīs; et simul ad
cēnam hominem in hortōs invītāvit in posterum diem. Cum ille
prōmīsisset, tum Pȳthius, quī esset, ut argentārius, apud omnēs
ōrdinēs grātiōsus, piscātōrēs ad sē convocāvit, et ab hīs petīvit ut
ante suōs hortulōs postrīdiē piscārentur; dīxitque quid eōs facere
vellet. Ad cēnam tempore vēnit Canius; opiparē ā Pȳthiō apparātum
convīvium; cymbārum ante oculōs multitūdō; prō sē quisque quod
cēperat, afferēbat; ante pedēs Pȳthiī piscēs abiciēbantur. Tum Canius
‘Quaesō’ inquit, ‘quid est hoc, Pȳthī, tantumne piscium, tantumne
cymbārum?’ Et ille ‘Quid mīrum?’ inquit ‘hōc locō est, Syrācūsīs
quidquid est piscium; haec aquātiō; hāc vīllā istī carēre nōn possunt’.
Incēnsus Canius cupiditāte, contendit ā Pȳthiō ut venderet. Quid
multa? Impetrat; emit tantī, quantī Pȳthius voluit, et emit īnstrūctōs;
nōmina facit, negōtium cōnficit. Invītat Canius postrīdiē familiārēs
suōs; venit ipse mātūrē. Scalmum nūllum videt; quaerit ex proximō
vīcīnō num fēriae quaedam piscātōrum essent, quod eōs nūllōs
vidēret. ‘Nūllae, quod sciam,’ inquit ille, ‘sed hīc piscārī nūllī solent;
itaque herī mīrābar quid accidisset!’

Stomachābātur Canius; sed quid faceret?

Lūdī magister scelerātissimus.

Quae cum vīlicus ille mihi nārrāvisset ego aliquid in memoriam

revocāre cōnābar quod eī nārrārem. In mentem vēnit fābula quam
apud Līvium ōlim in lūdō recitāvimus. Hunc igitur in modum incēpī.
Ut tū multa scīs dē piscibus, cervīs, gruibus, cēterīsque animālibus,
ita ego multa dē lūdōrum magistrīs, quōrum dē scelerātissimō nunc
audī fābulam:
 ‘Mōs erat Faliscīs eōdem magistrō līberōrum et comite ūtī,
simulque plūrēs puerī ūnius cūrae dēmandābantur. Prīncipum līberōs,
sīcut ferē fit, quī scientiā vidēbātur praecellere, ērudiēbat. Is cum in
pāce īnstituisset puerōs ante urbem lūsūs exercendīque causā
prōdūcere, nihil eō mōre per bellī tempus intermīssō, modo
breviōribus, modo longiōribus spatiīs trahendō eōs ā portā lūsū
sermōnibusque variātīs, longius solitō, ubi rēs dedit, prōgrēssus inter
statiōnēs hostium, castraque inde Rōmāna (Rōmānī tunc oppidum
obsidēbant) in praetōrium ad Camillum eōs perdūxit. Ibi scelestō
facinorī scelestiōrem sermōnem addit; Faleriōs sē in manūs Rōmānīs
dedisse, quando eōs puerōs quōrum parentēs capita ibi rērum sint,
in potestātem dēdiderit. Quae ubi Camillus audīvit “Nōn ad similem”
inquit, “tuī nec populum nec imperātōrem scelestus ipse cum
scelestō mūnere vēnistī. Nōbīs cum Faliscīs, quae pāctō fit hūmānō,
societās nōn est; quam ingenerāvit nātūra utrīsque, est eritque. Sunt
et bellī sīcut pācis iūra, iūstēque ea nōn minus quam fortiter
didicimus gerere. Arma habēmus nōn adversus eam aetātem, cuī
etiam captīs urbibus parcitur, sed adversus armātōs et ipsōs, quī, nec
laesī nec lacessītī ā nōbīs, castra Rōmāna ad Vēiōs oppūgnārunt. Eōs
tū, quantum in tē fuit, novō scelere vīcistī; ego Rōmānīs artibus,
virtūte opere armīs, sīcut Vēiōs, vincam”. Dēnūdātum deinde eum,
manibus post tergum illigātīs, redūcendum Falēriōs puerīs trādidit,
virgāsque eīs, quibus prōditōrem agerent in urbem verberantēs,
dedit.’

Quā recitātā fābulā ‘Tālia quidem’ inquam ‘hodiē numquam

accidunt. Sed et apud nōs, nostrō in lūdō, mīra quaedam
nōnnumquam accidunt’.

Physiōgnōmōn.
 ‘Nam postrēmō annō physiōgnōmōn quīdam, Zōpyrus nōmine,
Rōmam vēnit, quī sē nātūram cūiusque ex fōrmā perspicere
profitēbātur. Hic quondam ad lūdum nostrum vēnit, ōrāvitque
magistrum ut sibi licēret puerōrum mōrēs nātūrāsque ex corpore
vultū oculīs expōnere. Magister igitur nōbīs imperāvit ut ōrdine
stārēmus et capita advenae pertractanda adhibērēmus. At ille,
mīrābile dictū, capite cūiusque manibus pertractātō, omnium nātūrās
rēctē exposuit, et nōs omnēs “Macte” exclāmāvimus; etiam magister,
quī plērumque sē trīstissimum praestat, nōn facere potuit quīn
hominī grātulārētur. Quibus laudibus ērēctus physiōgnōmōn magistrō
quoque persuāsit ut sibi licēret et ipsīus pertractāre caput; et dum
pertractat, pariter āc nōbīscum anteā fēcit, mōrēs expōnēbat; tam
submīssā vōce tamen loquēbātur ut nōs reliquī vix audīre possēmus;
ego autem vīdī magistrum rubēre animōque plānē perturbārī. Itaque
ā tergō clam appropinquāvī ut quid dīceret Zōpyrus audīrem; quid
vērō dīxisset non invenīre poteram; nam simul atque ego tacitō
gradū ad eōs pervēnī, magister summā īrā commōtus, correptā
ferulā, caput Zōpyrī ingentī ictū pulsāvit et “Accipe” inquit “tū
quoque tumōrem capitis ut omnēs sciant tē stultissimum esse”. Quō
dictō hominem tot verberibus onustum ē lūdō expulit. Nōs discipulī
īrae ēius nōn oblītī, sī quando molestiam eī posteā volēbāmus
afferre, semper rogābāmus num rē vērā animī nātūra ē corporis
fōrmā posset cōgnōscī.’

Quibus nārrātīs iam tempus erat ad vīllam redīre.

Advena.

Quō cum rediissem invēnī amīcum patris meī ad vīllam pervēnisse

ut apud nōs aliquot diēs dēgeret. Centuriō est quī bellīs multīs
interfuit. Contrā Germānōs, Britannōs, multās aliās nātiōnēs
pūgnāvit. Nōn semel bisve sed saepe in proeliō est vulnerātus. Ōlim
cum commīlitō quīdam ab hostibus oppressus in eō erat ut
interficerētur, centuriō illī summā virtūtē succurrit, et vītā amīcī
cōnservātā ipse graviter factus est saucius. Ō centuriōnem
fortissimum! quam vellem et ipse mīles essem, ut contrā hostēs
patriae meae strēnuē pūgnārem! Nōmen centuriōnī est Sulpiciō,
Gādibus in Hispāniā nātō annīs abhinc quīnquāginta. Quam dīves
hominum nōn modo fortium sed etiam ingeniōsōrum est et fuit terra
illa Hispānia! Lucānus poēta, Seneca philosophus, Quīntiliānus
rhētōr, Mārtiālis poēta, hī inter aliōs in Hispāniā nātī posteā Rōmam
vēnērunt.

Multa pater meus et centuriō post cēnam inter sē collocūtī sunt,

quibus sermōnibus ego quoque interfuī. Cum satis diū dē bellō
Britannicō nārrāvissent, ‘Ō pater’ inquam ‘cūr necesse est bella tam
longinqua gerant Rōmānī? Nōnne satis māgnum est imperium
nostrum?’ ‘Satis sānē’ inquit pater ‘plūs quidem quam satis, ut
arbitrantur nōnnūllī. Sed Sulpicius noster melius quam ego hīs dē
rēbus tibi potest dīcere’. Cuī Sulpicius subrīdēns, ‘Libēns faciam’
inquit ‘quod rogās; negōtiīs enim aliīs vacō, et fīlius tuus scientiae
cupidus vidētur. Multīs in regiōnibus nostrī bella gerere cōguntur, nōn
ut imperium augeant sed ut fīnēs imperiī fīrmātī sint atque dēfēnsī.
Quōmodo enim incolae longinquārum prōvinciārum sēcūrī possunt
vīvere, sī semper eīs timendum est nē irrumpant barbarī, omnia
rapiant, hominēs interficiant? Nōn aliēna cupimus, sed nostra
nostrōsque dēfendere. Nōnnumquam tamen fit ut nostra dēfendere
nōn possīmus nisi contrā aliōs populōs bellum ultrō gerāmus. Itaque
et Britannōs oppūgnāvit Gāius Iūlius Caesar, quia Gallīs auxilium
praebēbant. Mihi quidem vidētur nihil magis reī pūblicae prōdesse
quam ut prōvinciae dēfendantur, etiam sī bella longinqua gerere
cōgimur.’ Cuī ego ‘Grātiās agō’ inquam ‘quod haec omnia tam clārē
exposuistī. Quam velim dē prīscīs Rōmānōrum factīs mihi aliquid
nārrēs’. ‘Crās fortāsse’ respondit ‘nārrābō’. ‘Pergrātum’ inquam
‘faciēs’.

Postrīdiē igitur ego, frāter, sorōrēs (omnēs enim Sulpicium audīre

cupiēbāmus) vesperī ad eum convēnimus. Quibus vīsīs subrīdēns
‘Nōn modo discipulōs’ inquit ‘sed etiam discipulās, ut vidētur,
doctūrus sum. Strēnuē mihi rēs est agenda, ut omnibus placeam.’
Tum frāter, ‘Nōlī timēre,’ inquit, ‘nē nōbīs displiceās; nam et historiās
amāmus et tē ipsum, quī fortissimum in proeliandō tē praestiteris.
Scrīptōrēs rērum plērīque multa quidem scrībunt, ipsī agunt nihil.
Audītōrēs habēbis nōn incūriōsōs.’ ‘Quod poterō’ respondet ‘faciam’.

Pyrrhī medicus.

Ōlim, ut scītis omnēs, populō Rōmānō Pyrrhus, rēx Ēpīrōtārum,

bellum ultrō intulit. Nam cum Rōmānōs potentēs vidēret Apollinem
dē bellō cōnsuluit. Ille ambiguē respondit ‘Āiō tē Rōmānōs vincere
posse’. Hoc ad sē dictum ratus contrā Rōmānōs vēnit, adversus quōs
variō ēventū pūgnābat. Diū dē summō imperiō inter eum et
Fabricium, imperātōrem Rōmānum, erat certāmen. Perfuga quondam
ab eō in castra Fabricī vēnit, eīque est pollicitus, sī praemium sibi
posuisset, sē, ut clam vēnisset, sīc clam in Pyrrhī castra reditūrum,
et eum venēnō necātūrum. Hunc Fabricius redūcendum cūrāvit ad
Pyrrhum; idque ēius factum laudātum ā senatū est. Nam sī glōriae
causā imperium expetendum est, scelus absit, in quō nōn potest
esse glōria; sīn ipsae opēs expetuntur quōquō modō, nōn poterunt
ūtilēs esse cum īnfāmiā. Quod posteā Rēgulus quoque iterum arguit.