C H A P T E R

2 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Learning Objectives
 Ilustrate the structure and function of male and female reproductive

system
.
 Explain spermatogenesis and oogenesis LIST OF TOPICS
.
 Explain and understand about menstrual cycle and the role of Topic-1: Human Reproductive
system ����������������������������������������������

.
hormones (pituitary and ovarian)


Topic-2 : Gametogenesis and
 Understand fertilisation and placentation in humans Menstrual cycle ������������������������������
.

 Explain stages of embryonic development Topic-3 : Fertilisation and
post-fertilisation events. ���������������
Describe parturition and lactation



.
TOPIC-1 Human Reproductive System

Concepts Covered
 Structure of Male Reproductive System,  Structure of Female Reproductive System

Revision Notes  Sertoli cells give shape and nourishment to developing

spermatogenic cells and therefore also called as nurse
 Reproductive System cells.
 Humans are sexually reproducing and viviparous.There  The regions outside the seminiferous tubules are the
are separate male and female reproductive systems interstitial spaces which contain small blood vessels
 Male Reproductive System and interstitial cells or Leydig cells.
 It consists of: [Board, 2020]  The Leydig cells are endocrine in nature and secrete
testicular hormones called androgens.

(a) A pair of testes
 Other Immunologically competent cells are also
(b) Accessory ducts
present.
(c) Accessory glands
 Accessory Ducts
(d) External genitalia  The duct system includes rete testis, vasa efferentia,
 Testes epididymis and vas deferens.
 Testes are the primary sex organs that produce sperms  The seminiferous tubules open into the vasa efferentia
and testosterone hormone. Shape is oval. Size: Length through rete testis.
4–5 cm, width 2–3 cm  The vasa efferentia open into the epididymis.
 Testes are situated outside abdominal cavity within  The epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascends into
pouch called scrotum present in between upper thighs. the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder.
 The low temperature (2 – 2.5°C less than the normal  It receives a duct from the seminal vesicle and opens
internal body temperature) in the scrotum helps for into the urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
the proper functioning of testes and spermatogenesis.  These ducts store and transport the sperms from the
 Each testis has about 250 (200 – 300) compartments testis to the outside through urethra.
called testicular lobules.  The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and
 Each lobule is filled with connective tissue and contains extends through the penis to its external opening
1–3 coiled yellow seminiferous tubules in which sperms called the urethral meatus.
are produced.  Accessory Male Genital Glands
 Seminiferous tubule is lined internally with spermato-  It includes paired seminal vesicles,
genic cells called spermatogonia or primary male germ prostate and paired bulbourethral
cells and sertoli cells or supporting cells. glands (Cowper’s glands).
 Spermatogonia undergo meiotic divisions and leads to
 The secretions of these glands
sperm formation. constitute the seminal plasma,
which is rich in fructose, calcium
Human Reproduction

and certain enzymes.  The secretion of bulbourethral glands is alkaline and

 Seminal vesicles produce seminal fluid and form 60 – rich in mucus. It helps in the lubrication of the penis,
70% of semen. supplies nutrient to sperms and provides an alkaline
medium to counteract the acidity of the uterus.
IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

Ureter

Vas deferens Urinary bladder

Seminal vesicle

Prostate
Bulbourethral gland
Epididymis
Vasa efferentia Urethra
Rete testis
Testicular lobules
Testis
Glans penis
Foreskin

Fig 2.1 : Human Male Reproductive System

Spermatozoa
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatid
Primary spermatocyte
Sertoli cell

Spermatogonium

Fig 2.2 : Sectional view of human seminiferous tubule

Uterine fundus
Uterine cavity

Isthmus
Ampulla
Fallopian
tube
Endometrium Infundibulum
Myometrium Fimbriae
Peremetrium Ovary
Cervix
Cervical canal
Vagina

Fig 2.3: Human Female Reproductive system

 BIOLOGY, Class-XII

 External Genitalia  The vagina opens to the exterior between the urethra
 The penis is the male external genitalia. and anus.
 It is made up of special tissue that helps in the erection  The lumen of the vagina is lined by a glycogen-rich
of the penis to facilitate insemination. mucous membrane consisting of sensitive papillae and
 The enlarged end of the penis is called the glans. Bartholin’s glands.
The penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called  The secretions of Bartholin’s glands lubricate the penis
foreskin. during sexual activity.
 The Female Reproductive System [Board, 2023]  External Genitalia
 It includes a pair of ovaries, accessory ducts and  It includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia
external genitalia. minora, hymen and clitoris. The external genitalia are
 Ovaries collectively called the vulva.
 They are the primary female sex organs that produce
 Mons pubis is a cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin
ova or the female gametes. It secretes many steroid
ovarian hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. and pubic hair.
 Ovaries are located on both sides of the lower abdo-  The labia majora are a pair of large thicker fleshy folds
men. of tissue, which surround the vaginal opening.
 Each ovary is about 2-4 cm in length.  The labia minora are a pair of narrow fleshy folds of
 The ovaries are connected to the pelvic wall and uterus tissue found below labia majora.
by ligaments.  The opening of the vagina is often covered partially by
 Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium which
a membrane called the hymen. Clitoris a tiny structure
encloses the ovarian stroma.
opens at urethral opening at the junction of two labia
 The stroma has outer cortex and an inner medulla.
minora.
 The ovary contains groups of cells known as Ovarian
or Graafian follicles.  Mammary Glands
 Each follicle carries a centrally placed ovum.  A pair of mammary glands containing glandular tissue
 Accessory Ducts
and fat is present in the chest region.
 It includes two oviducts or fallopian tubes (uterine  The glandular tissue of each breast has 15-20 mammary
tubes), cervix, a uterus and vagina. lobes containing clusters of cells called alveoli.
 Each oviduct is 10-12 cm long. It extends from periphery  The cells of alveoli secrete milk which is stored in the
of each ovary to the uterus and has four parts namely, cavities or lumen of alveoli.
infundibulum which is funnel shaped and has finger  The alveoli open into mammary tubules.
like projections called fimbriae, ampulla, isthmus and  The tubules of each lobe join to form a mammary
uterine part. duct.
 Uterus
 Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary
 It is single and also called the womb. ampulla which is connected to the lactiferous duct
 The shape of the uterus is like an inverted pear. through which milk is sucked out.
 It is supported by ligaments attached to the pelvic wall.
 The uterus opens into the vagina through a narrow MNEMONICS
path called cervix. 1. Concept: Accessory Male Genital Glands
 The cavity of the cervix is called the cervical canal
Mnemonics: Supreme Power in Back or Seven Pieces of
Banana
which along with the vagina forms the birth canal.
Interpretations: Seminal vesicles, Prostate, Bulbo-urethral
 The wall of the uterus is thick and muscular and is glands
differentiated into three layers of tissue namely, 2. Concept: Structure of Oviducts.
(a) The external thin membranous perimetrium. Mnemonics: I Am Intelligent than U
(b) The middle thick layer of smooth muscle, myometrium. Interpretations: Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, Uterine
(c) The inner glandular layer called the endometrium. part.
3. Concept: Female External genitalia
 The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes during Mnemonics: Mobile's Light Led Him Crazy.
the menstrual cycle while the myometrium exhibits Interpretations: Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora,
strong contraction during delivery of the baby. Hymen, Clitoris.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions  (1 mark each) Ans. Prostate, Seminal vesicle and Bulbourethral gland
1. Name the glands that contribute to human seminal contribute to human seminal plasma. 1
plasma. Ap [Delhi Set-1, 2020]
2. Which part of the fallopian tube is closet to the
ovary ? [OEB] K
Concept Applied Male Reproductive System
Concept Applied Female Reproductive system
Human Reproduction

Ans. The infundibulum of the uterine tube is the funnel- 2. Read the two statements below and answer the
like end of the mammalian oviduct nearest to the questions that follow:
ovary. 1 Statement I: Female P has been a surrogate mother once.
3. In males, androgens are synthesised by which cells? Statement II: Female Q is a national-level swimmer.
 [OEB] K (a) Is it correct to say that the hymen is DEFINITELY
Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each) broken in both females P and Q?
1. Write the location and functions of the following in (b) Give a reason to support your answers to (a).
human organ (a) myometrium and (b) endometrium.  Ap U [CFPQ]
 K [Delhi Set-1, 2016] 3. The graph given below shows the number of primor-
dial follicles per ovary in women at different ages.
Concept Applied Female Reproductive system Study the graph and answer the questions that follow.
(a) What is the average age of the women at the onset of
Ans. (a) Myometrium: Middle layer of the uterus, exhib- menopause?
its contractions of the uterus during delivery/child (b) At what age are maximum primordial follicles
birth/parturition. present in the ovary according to the given graph?
(b) Endometrium: Inner layer of the uterus, undergoes  A U [Outside Delhi Set-1, 2023]
cyclic changes during menstruation/implantation of
Embryo. 1+1 Concept Applied Female Reproductive system

Ans. (a) The average age of women at the onset of

menopause is 45 years. 1
(b) According to the given graph, at the age of 10,
maximum primordial follicles are present in the
ovary. [Marking Scheme OD, 2023] 1
4. In the diagram of a human sperm given below:
(a) What is the ploidy of the nucleus?
(b) Why does the middle piece have a lot of mitochon-
dria?
(c) What is the role of the acrosome?
(d) Only one sperm is able to fertilise the egg. How is
this ensured? K A [Delhi Set-1, 2023]

Concept Applied Male Reproductive System

Ans. (a) Haploid

(b) To provide energy to the sperm to swim
(c) Contains enzymes that help in the process of fertili-
sation
(d) The first sperm induces changes in the ovum
membrane to block the entry of other sperms.
5. Answer the following questions about the human
female reproductive system.
(a) Name the part where the secondary oocyte
completes meiosis
 BIOLOGY, Class-XII

(b) Complete this statement. The completion of the (a) Scrotum.

second meiotic division of secondary oocyte is (b) Leydig cells.
triggered by the ________________. (rupture of the (c) Male accessory glands.  [SQP 2023-24]
Graafian follicle in the ovary, penetration of zona
pellucida by the sperm) Ans. (a) Scrotum: The testes are situated outside the
(c) The ploidy of the secondary oocyte before reaching abdominal cavity within a pouch called scrotum.
(a) is ___ and after (b) is ___ U A [Delhi Set-1, 2023] The scrotum helps in maintaining the low
temperature of the testes (2–2.5 degree celsius
Commonly Made Error lower than the normal internal body temperature)
necessary for spermatogenesis.
Students can get confused between first and second (b) Leydig cells: The regions outside the seminiferous
meiosis tubules called interstitial spaces, contain small
blood vessels and interstitial cells or Leydig cells.
Answering Tip Leydig cells synthesise and secrete testicular
hormones called androgens.
Read carefully about sperm meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 (c) Male accessory glands: The male accessory glands
include paired seminal vesicles, a prostate and
Ans. (a) Fallopian tube or oviduct paired bulbourethral glands. Secretions of these
(b) penetration of zona pellucida by sperm glands constitute the seminal plasma which is
(c) 0.5 marks for each of the following: rich in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes. The
first blank - n secretions of bulbourethral glands also help in the
second blank - n [Marking Scheme Delhi, 2023] lubrication of the penis.
 [Marking Scheme SQP 2023]
Short Answer Type Questions-II  (3 marks each) 2. Draw a sectional view of the human ovary showing
1. Explain the functions of the following structures in the different stages of developing follicles, corpus
the human male reproductive system. K
luteum and ovulation. U [Delhi Set-1, 2019]

Topper Answer, 2019

Ans.

3. Name the male accessory glands in humans and (i) Identify ‘X’ and write its location in the body.
write their functions. (ii) Name the accessory gland ‘Y’ and its secretion.
 [Delhi Comptt. Set-1, 2, 3, 2017] (iii) Name and state the function of Z.
 A [Delhi Comptt. set-1, 2015]
4. Draw a diagrammatic sectional view of a
seminiferous tubule (enlarged) in humans and label
its parts. U [Outside Delhi Set-1, 2019]

Y Ans.

Spermatozoa
Z Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatid
Primary spermatocyte
Sertoli cell
X
Spermatogonium

The above diagram shows human male reproductive (Any Three Labelled Parts) 1×3
system (one side only). [Marking Scheme Delhi, 2019]
Human Reproduction

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each) 3. Refer to the diagram below
1. Observe the diagram of the human male where, the first circle (P)
reproductive system shown below with some of its includes parts of the human
P R
parts marked P, Q, R, S, and T. female reproductive system
that support conception
P and the second circle (R)
includes parts that support
Q pregnancy.
Seminal vesicle (a) Name two parts each that belong to (i) P (ii) R
Prostate (b) Name two parts that support both contraception
R and pregnancy.
Bulbourethral
gland (c) Name two parts that function as endocrine glands
Vasa efferentia
and indicate whether they belong to P or R.
S T (d) Which part from (c) is temporary?
Testicular
lobules  U Ap [Delhi Set-1, 2023]
Glans penis 4. Trace the events from copulation to zygote
formation in a human female K [SQP 2022]
(a) For each of the following statements pertaining
to male infertility, identify and name the parts Concept Applied Female Reproductive system
between which sperm transfer is obstructed.
(i) The obstruction of the vas deferens leads to low Ans. (i) During copulation (coitus) semen is released by
sperm count. the penis into the vagina (insemination).
(ii) The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the
(ii) Epididymitis is the inflammation of the epididymis. cervix, enter into the uterus and finally reach the
(b) Fill in the blank using one of the options enclosed ampullary region of the fallopian tube.
in the brackets. (iii) The ovum released by the ovary is also transported
Retrograde ejaculation occurs when the semen to the ampullary region where fertilisation takes
enters the urinary bladder. This is possible place.
because of the existing anatomy of the human male (iv) Fertilisation can only occur if the ovum and sperms
reproductive system, i.e., the ____________________ are transported simultaneously to the ampullary
region. This is the reason why not all copulations
(vas deferens merges with ureter, urinary bladder lead to fertilisation and pregnancy.
opens into the vas deferens, urethra emerges from (v) The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is
the urinary bladder).  K Ap [CFPQ] called fertilisation.
Ans. (a) (i) - R (epididymis) (vi) During fertilisation, a sperm comes in contact with
- T (urethra) the zona pellucida layer of the ovum and induces
changes in the membrane that block the entry of
(a)(ii) - S (rete testes) additional sperms. Thus, it ensures that only one
- Q (vas deferens) sperm can fertilise an ovum.
(b) urethra emerges from the urinary bladder [CFPQ] (vii) The secretions of the acrosome help the sperm enter
into the cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona
2. (a) Draw a labelled diagrammatic view of human pellucida and the plasma membrane.
female reproductive system. [SQP 2023] (viii) This induces the completion of the meiotic division
(b) List the changes the primary oocyte undergoes in of the secondary oocyte.
the tertiary follicular stage in the human ovary. (ix) The second meiotic division is also unequal and
results in the formation of a second polar body and a
 K
haploid ovum (ootid).
(x) Soon the haploid nucleus of the sperms and that of
the ovum fuse together to form a diploid zygote.

TOPIC-2 G ametogenesis and Menstrual Cycle

Concepts Covered
 Gametogenesis,  Structure of Sperm,  Structure of Ovum,  Menstrual Cycle

Revision Notes of testes. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty due to

increase in GnRH.
 Gametogenesis
 It has two stages namely,
 The process of formation of gametes or sex cells is (a) Formation of spermatids
known as gametogenesis. (b) Spermiogenesis
 It includes spermatogenesis and  During the formation of spermatids, spermatogonia
oogenesis. i.e., sperm mother cells or immature male germ cells
 Spermatogenesis produce spermatids.
 It is the process of the formation  In spermiogenesis, the spermatids are transformed
of sperms in seminiferous tubules into sperm.
 BIOLOGY, Class-XII

 Each primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis-I and  The seminal plasma and sperms together constitute
produces two haploid secondary spermatocytes. the semen.
 Each secondary spermatocyte divides by Meiosis-II  The human male ejaculates about 200–300 million
and produces two haploid spermatids. sperms during a coitus ejaculation.
 Thus, four spermatids are formed from each primary  For normal fertility at least 60% of sperms must have
spermatocyte. a normal shape and size and 40% of them, must show
 The spermatids, under the influence of FSH of the vigorous motility.
anterior pituitary, are converted into spermatozoa. The Key Diagram : [Board, 2020]


process is called spermiogenesis.
 After spermiogenesis, the sperm head become Acrosome
embedded in the Sertoli cells and are finally released Head
from seminiferous tubules. The process of release of Nucleus
mature spermatozoa from the Sertoli cells into the
lumen of seminiferous tubules is known as spermiation.
Neck
 Hormones in Spermatogenesis
 The hypothalamus releases a large amount of Mitochondria
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
 GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete
two gonadotropins namely Luteinizing hormone (LH) Axial filament
and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
 LH acts on the Leydig cells and stimulates the synthesis
and secretion of androgens which in turn stimulate the
spermatogenesis.
 FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates the
secretion of some spermatogenic factors which help in
the process of spermiogenesis. Tail
 Structure of Sperm
 It is a microscopic structure.
 A mature sperm measures about 60 μm (0.06 mm)
long.
Fig 2.4: Structure of a Sperm
 A plasma membrane envelops the whole body of
 Oogenesis
sperm.
 It is the process of formation and
 Sperm consists of four parts namely, head, neck, a
maturation of the ovum.
middle piece and a tail region.
 It takes place in Graafian follicles.
(a) Head
 It is initiated in embryonic stage
 It is oval-shaped, consisting of a nucleus and acro-
when millions of egg mother cells
some. (oogonia) are formed within each ovary.
 The acrosome is formed from Golgi complex which  No oogonia are formed and added after birth.
contains lytic enzymes, that help in fertilisation of the  Oogonia multiply to form primary oocytes which enter
ovum. into Prophase-I of the meiosis and get temporarily
(b) Neck arrested at that stage.
 Behind the head is a neck containing proximal and  Each primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of
distal centrioles. granulosa cells to form a primary follicle.
 The distal centriole of the neck is connected to the axial
 A large number of primary follicles degenerate during
the phase from birth to puberty.
filament.
 Therefore at puberty, only 60,000–80,000 primary
(c) Middle Piece
follicles are left in each ovary.
 It is composed of axial filament surrounded by
 The primary follicles get surrounded by more layers
numerous mitochondria and cytoplasm. of granulosa cells and a new theca to form secondary
 Mitochondria produce energy for the sperm motility. follicles.
(d) Tail  The secondary follicles get transformed into a tertiary
 It consists of a central axial filament. follicle.
 It has a fluid-filled cavity (antrum).
 The sperm moves in fluid medium and female genital  The theca layer forms an inner theca interna and an
tract by the undulating movement of the tail. outer theca externa.
 Sperms are transported through the accessory ducts.  The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows
 The secretions of the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal in size and undergoes first unequal meiotic division to
form a large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first
vesicle and prostate are essential for maturation and
polar body.
motility of sperms.
Human Reproduction

 The secondary oocyte retains the nutrient-rich  The secondary oocyte forms a new membrane (zona
cytoplasm of the primary oocyte. pellucida).
 It is unknown, whether the first polar body divides  The Graafian follicle now ruptures to release the
further or degenerates. secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary. This is called
 The tertiary follicle further changes into the mature ovulation.
follicle (Graafian follicle).

Key Diagram :

Spermatogonia Chromosomes
Oogonia
number per cell
(2n) Mitosis Mitosis
differentiation differentiation
Primary spermatocytes 46 Fetal life Primary oocyte
st
(2n) 1 meiotic 1st meiotic division
division
Birth (completed prior
childhood to ovulation)
Secondary spermatocytes puberty
nd 23
(n) 2 meiotic First secondary
division polar body oocyte
Spermatids Adult Ovum
reproductive Second
23 life
(n) Differentiation polar body

Spermatozoa
(n)

Fig 2.5: Schematic representation of (a) Spermatogenesis (b) Oogenesis

 Structure of Ovum
 It is a spherical or oval and non-motile female gamete.
 It is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
 The human ovum is non cleidoic (without shell) and Antrum
alecithal (without yolk). It is rich in cytoplasm (ooplasm)
and has a nucleus with membranes surrounding it. Secondary oocyte
 Ovum has four membranes namely,
(a) Plasma membrane (Oolemma): Innermost layer.
surrounding the ooplasma
(b) Vitelline membrane: Attached to the plasma mem-
brane.
(c) Zona pellucida: Transparent non-cellular, thick,
glycoprotein rich layer found outer to the vitelline Fig 2.7: Graafian follicle
membrane. The space between these membrane is
perivitelline space. Secondary follicle
(d) Corona radiata: Outer layer is formed of follicle cells. Tertiary follicle
These cells are held together by a mucopolysaccharide showing antrum
called hyaluronic acid. Primary follicle
Graafian follicle

Cells of the
Zona pellucida corona radiata
Ovum Plasma
membrane

Perivitelline
space Corpus luteum

Fig 2.6: Structure of human ova Fig 2.8: Sectional view of ovary
 Hormone levels
Pituitary
FSH LH

Ovarian events Developing Regressing

Developing follicle Mature follicle corpus luteum corpus luteum

Ovulation
Hormone levels
Ovarian

Estrogen

Progesterone
Uterne events

Menses

Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29/1
Menstruation Follicular Luteal Next cycle
(proliferative phase) (secretory phase) begins

Fig 2.9: Various events during Menstrual Cycle

 Menstrual Cycle  Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level

 The reproductive cycle in the human female and during the mid-cycle called LH surge induces rupture
related primates is called the menstrual cycle. of Graafian follicle and thereby the release of an ovum
 The first menstruation begins at puberty (at the age of (ovulation).
10–12 years) and is called menarche.  The ovulation (ovulatory phase) is followed by the
 In human females, menstruation is repeated at an luteal phase during which the remaining parts of the
average interval of about 28/29 days and the cycle of Graafian follicle transform as the corpus luteum.
events starting from one menstruation till the next one  The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
is called the menstrual cycle. progesterone which is essential for the maintenance of
 One ovum is released during the middle of each the endometrium.
menstrual cycle.  During pregnancy, all events of the menstrual cycle
 The cycle starts with the menstrual phase, when stop and there is no menstruation.
menstrual flow occurs, it lasts for 3–5 days.  In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum
 The menstrual flow results due to the breakdown degenerates. This causes disintegration of the
of the endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood endometrium leading to menstruation, marking a new
vessels which form the liquid that comes out through cycle.
the vagina.  In human beings, the menstrual cycle ceases at around
 Menstruation occurs only if the released ovum is not 50 years of age and is termed as menopause.
fertilised.  Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of the normal
 Lack of menstruation may be indicative of pregnancy or reproductive phase and extends between menarche
may also be caused due to some other underlying causes and menopause.
like stress, poor health, etc.
 The menstrual phase is followed by the follicular phase. MNEMONICS
 During the follicular phase, the primary follicles in 1. Concept: Structure of Sperm
the ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian Mnemonics: High Node Magnification Time
follicle and simultaneously, the endometrium of uterus Interpretations: Head, Neck, Middle piece, Tail
regenerates through proliferation. These changes in 2. Concept: Structure of Ovum
the ovary and the uterus are induced by changes in the Mnemonics: Please cross Via Zebra Crossing
levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones. Interpretations: Plasma membrane Vitelline membrane,
 The secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) increases Zona pellucida, Corona radiata
gradually during the follicular phase and stimulates
follicular development as well as secretion of estrogens KEY-TERM
by the growing follicles. Spermatids: Formed after the second meiotic division
 Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of from secondary spermatocyte and develop into
the cycle (about the 14th day). spermatozoa.
Human Reproduction

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions  (1 mark each) LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis
and secretion of androgens. Androgens, in turn,
1. A period tracking app is a mobile application that
stimulate the process of spermatogenesis. ½
maintains information such as date of onset of
menstruation, ovulation, duration of menstrual FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates
cycle, etc. A female who got her period on January secretion of some factors which help in the process
22 is using the period tracking app. of spermiogenesis. ½
Based on your understanding of the menstrual  [Marking Scheme SQP 2023]
cycle, what will be the tentative date of ovulation 2. Mention the relationships between pituitary and
estimated by the app? Provide a reason.  ovarian hormones during a menstrual cycle.
Ap
 U [CFPQ]
 Ap [Outside Delhi 2017, Set-2]
3. Mention the relationship between concentration
Concept Applied Menstrual Cycle of luteinizing hormone and maintenance of
endometrium in the human uterus.
Ans. -Tentative date: between February 4 and February 6  A [Delhi Set-1, 2017]
Reason: Ovulation happens between 14th-16th day Concept Applied
Hormones of Menstrual
from the onset of latest or previous menstruation/ Cycle
period.  1
2. After spermiogenesis, the sperm heads get embed- Ans. (Mid-cycle) LH surge ® formation of corpus
luteum ® progesterone, maintain the growth of
ded in which cells? K
endometrium. ½×4=2
 [Outside Delhi Set-1, 2020]  [Marking Scheme, Delhi Set-1, 2017]
Short Answer Type Questions I (2 marks each) 4. Polyspermy is an extremely rare condition in which
an ovum is fertilised by more than one sperm.
1. Explain the process of hormonal regulation of (a) How many chromosomes will a zygote contain if 2
spermatogenesis. U [SQP 2023–24] sperms fertilised an ovum?
Ans. Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to (b) How is polyspermy prevented in humans?
significant increase in the secretion of gonadotropin  A U [Delhi Set-1, 2023]
releasing hormone (GnRH). This is a hypothalamic 5. List the changes occur when the primary oocyte
hormone. ½ undergoes in the tertiary follicular stage in human.
 A [OEB]
The increased levels of GnRH then act at the
Ans. During mid-cycle the rapid secretion of LH leading to
anterior pituitary gland and stimulate secretion of
its maximum level is known as LH surge. It induces
two gonadotropins – luteinising hormone (LH) and rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby, the release
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). ½ of ovum occur which is known as ovulation.

Short Answer Type Questions II (3 marks each)

1.
At puberty Oogonia
Spermatogonia
Mitosis
Mitosis differentiation
differentiation Fetal life Primary oocyte
Primary spermatocytes
1st meiotic division
1st meiotic Birth (completed prior to
division childhood ovulation)
puberty
Secondary spermatocytes First Secondary
polar bady oocyte
2nd meiotic
division Adult Ovum
reproductive Second
Spermatids life polar bady
Differentiation

Spermatozoa

(a) (b)

With reference to the above schematic representation of (a) Spermatogenesis and (b) Oogenesis, answer the
following questions:
 BIOLOGY, Class-XII

(a) About 300 million spermatozoa may be present in a human male ejaculation at one time. Calculate how many
spermatocytes will be involved to produce 300 spermatozoa.
(b) How many chromatids are found during oogenesis in (i) Primary oocyte and (ii) First polar body in a human
female? Ap [SQP 2020-21]
Ans. (a) Each primary spermatocyte will undergo Meiosis-I and Meiosis II, which will result in 4 spermatozoa
300 million/4=75 million 1
(b) Since replication has occurred by this stage
46 × 2 = 92 chromatids 1
Meiosis - I is completed by this time. So, 92/2 =46 chromatids  [Marking Scheme SQP 2020-21] 1
2. Study the transverse section of human ovary given (ii) Uterine events from 13 to 15 days
below and answer the questions that follow: (iii) Ovarian events from 16 to 23 days.
A B C  A [Outside Delhi Comptt. set-1, 2015]
Blood vessels
Ans. (i) FSH and LH levels – low
(ii) Endometrium is highly vascularised, proliferative
phase of uterine lining.
(iii) Formation of corpus luteum, secretion of progester-
one. 1+1+1
[Marking Scheme OD Comptt Set-1, 2015]

D Ovum Long Answer Type Questions  (5 marks each)

1. (a) Where and how in the testes process of
(a) Name the hormone that helps in the growth of spermatogenesis occur in humans?
A ® B ® C. (b) Draw diagram of human sperm and label four parts.
(b) Name the hormone secreted by A and B.  U [Delhi Set-1, 2020]
(c) State the role of the hormone produced by D. Ans. (a) Spermatogenesis is the process of the formation
A [Outside Delhi Set-3, 2020]
of sperms (spermatozoa) from the immature germ
cells in males. It takes place in seminiferous tubules
3. (i) How many primary follicles are left in each ovary in
present inside the testis. It consists of two stages:
a human female at puberty?
Formation of spermatids and Spermiogenesis.
(ii) Draw a sectional view of the ovary showing the
During spermatogenesis, a diploid spermatogonium
different follicular stages of a human female in her (male germ cell) increases its size to form a diploid
pre-ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle. primary spermatocyte.
 K [Outside Delhi Comptt. Set-1 & 3, 2016] The diploid primary spermatocyte undergoes
Ans. (i) 60000–80000 primary follicles 1 the first meiotic division (Meiosis I), which is a
(ii) Refer to Topic 2/ Revision Notes/ Important reductional division to form two equal haploid
secondary spermatocytes.
Diagrams/ Fig 2.8 ½×4=2
Each secondary spermatocyte then under- goes
 [Marking Scheme OD, 2016] second meiotic division (Meiosis II) to form
4. (a) Highlight one aspect by which meiosis during two equal haploid spermatids. Hence, a diploid
oogenesis differs from regular meiosis. spermatogonium produces four haploid spermatids.
(b) Name two hormones that are common to spermato- These spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa
genesis and oogenesis. (sperm) by the process called spermiogenesis.
(c) State the function of hormone identified in
(b) in both human male and Female. U At puberty
[CFPQ] Spermatogonia Chromosomes
5. Explain the events in a normal woman number per cell
during her menstrual cycle on the following Mitosis
differentiation
days:
(i) Pituitary hormone levels from 8 to 12 days Primary spermatocytes 46

1 meiotic
st

(b) Please refer fig. 2.4. 3+2 division

2. Name the gonadotropins in human. Explain
their role in human male and female, Secondary spermatocytes
23
respectively. 2nd meiotic
division
 U [Delhi Set-2, 2020]
3. (a) Explain the following phases in the Spermatids
menstrual cycle of a human female: 23
Differentiation
(i) Menstrual phase
(ii) Follicular phase Spermatozoa
(iii) Luteal phase
Human Reproduction

(b) A proper understanding of menstrual cycle can

help immensely in family planning. Do you agree Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
with the statement? Provide reasons for your (ii) Site of Seminiferous Fallopian tube
completion tubule / Ampullary
answer.
- isthmic
 A [SQP 2023–24] junction /
4. (a) Differentiate between spermatogenesis and Ampullary
region
oogenesis on the basis of
(iii) Nature of Equal cell division/ Unequal cell
(i) Time of initiation of the process. meiotic division
division
(ii) Site of completion of the process.
Continuous cell Suspended/
(iii) Nature of meiotic division undergone by gamete division/ arrested
mother cells. at early
embryonic
(b) Name the hormones and state their role involved in stage/
controlling spermatogenesis in humans.
Formation of four Formation
 Ap [Delhi Set-3, 2019] daughter cells / of one egg /
spermatids ovum
Ans. (a)  ½×6
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis (b) GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary to secrete
(i) Time of At puberty During foetal LH and FSH, LH acts on the Leydig cells
and stimulates the synthesis and secretion
initiation stage / of androgens, androgen stimulates sperma
embryonic -togenesis, FSH acts on Sertoli cells which
stimulate secretion of some factors which helps in
stage the process of spermiogenesis. ½×4
 [Marking Scheme Delhi Set-1, 2019]

TOPIC-3 Fertilisation and Post-Fertilisation Events

Concepts Covered
 Fertilisation,  Pregnancy,  Placenta Formation and Functions,  Lactation,  Parturition

Revision Notes  As soon as sperm contacts with zona pellucida, it

induces changes in the membrane that block the entry
 Fertilisation  [Board, 2022] of additional sperms.
 The process of fusion of male gamete (sperm) with the  With the help of enzymes of the acrosome, which
female gamete (ovum) is called fertilisation. dissolve the zona pellucida and plasma membrane
 During copulation (coitus), semen is released through of the ovum, the sperm enters into the cytoplasm of
the penis into the vagina (insemination). the ovum. This induces second meiotic division of the
 After insemination, the sperms swim through the cervix secondary oocyte to form a second polar body and a
and enter into the uterus and reach the ampullary- haploid ovum (ootid).
isthmic junction of the oviduct where fertilisation takes  The haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum fuse
place. together to form a diploid zygote.
 The process of fertilisation takes place as follows:  Implantation
Sperms ® vagina ® cervical canal ® uterus ® isthmus  The mitotic division (cleavage) starts as the zygote
¯ moves through the isthmus of the oviduct towards
Fertilisation ¬ Ampullary-isthmic Junction the uterus and forms 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called
 ampulla blastomeres.
 The embryo with 8–16 blastomeres is called a morula.
Ovum (from ovary) ® fimbriae ® infundibulum  Morula continues to divide and transforms into a large
 Fertilisation (sperm + ovum mass of cells called the blastocyst, which moves further
® zygote) occurs only if ovum towards the uterus.
and sperms are transported  The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an
simultaneously. So all copulations outer layer (trophoblast) and an inner group of cells
do not lead to fertilisation and (inner cell mass) attached to the trophoblast.
pregnancy.  The trophoblast layer then gets attached to the endo-
metrium and the inner cell mass gets differentiated
 BIOLOGY, Class-XII

into three germ layers namely, outer ectoderm, mid-  They support the foetal growth, metabolic changes in
dle ­mesoderm and inner endoderm forming 3-layered the mother and maintain pregnancy.
structure (gastrula) leading to the formation of the  Three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
­embryo. give rise to all tissues (organs) in adults.
 After attachment, uterine cells divide rapidly and cover  The stem cells in inner cell mass have the potency to
the blastocyst. give rise to all the tissues and organs.
 As a result, the blastocyst becomes embedded in the  Human pregnancy (gestation period) lasts 9 months (for
endometrium of the uterus. This is called implantation. cats: 2 months, dogs: 2 months, elephants: 21 months).
 Changes in Embryo during Pregnancy
 After one month of pregnancy: The heart is formed.
Inner cell mass  End of second month: Limbs and digits are developed.
 End of 12 weeks (first trimester): The major organs such
Blastocoel as limbs, external genital organs etc., are well developed.
 During 5th month: The first movement of foetus and
Trophoblast
appearance of hair on the head.
 End of 24 weeks (second trimester): Body is covered with
fine hair, eyelids separate and eye lashes are formed.
Fig 2.10: Diagram of a Blastocyst  End of 9 months: Ready for delivery.
 Parturition (Labour) and Lactation
 Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
 The process of giving birth to young ones after the ges-
 After implantation, the finger-like projections called
chorionic villi appear on the trophoblast which is tation period of nine months is known as parturition.
surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood.  Parturition is induced by a neuroendocrine mechanism.
 The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become  The signals originating from the foetus and placenta
interdigitated with each other and form a structural and induce mild uterine contractions (foetal ejection reflex).
functional unit between the developing embryo and the This causes the release of oxytocin from the maternal
maternal body called the placenta. pituitary.
 The placenta is a structural and  Oxytocin causes stronger uterine muscle contractions
functional unit between the embryo which in turn stimulate further secretion of oxytocin.
(foetus) and the maternal body. This process is continued leading to the expulsion of
 The placenta is connected to the the baby out of the uterus through the birth canal.
embryo by an umbilical cord.  After parturition, the umbilical cord is cut off.
 The umbilical cord helps to  The placenta and remnants of the umbilical cord are
transport substances to and from the embryo. expelled from the maternal body after parturition. This
 Functions of Placenta is called “after birth”.
 It acts as a barrier between the foetus and mother.  Lactation
 Soluble inorganic and organic materials, nutrients,  The mammary glands produce milk towards the end
hormones, antibodies, etc., can pass through the of pregnancy by the process called lactation.
placenta from the mother to the foetus.  The yellowish milk produced during the initial few
 It helps in the gas exchange between mother and foetus. days of lactation is called colostrum.
 It helps to eliminate nitrogenous wastes of foetus.
 The colostrum contains several antibodies essential to
 It acts as an endocrine gland by secreting several
hormones like human chorionic Gonadotropin develop resistance for newborn babies.
(hCG), human placental Lactogen (hPL), oestrogens,
progesterone and relaxin. KEY-TERM
 Pregnancy Chorionic villi: Tiny projections of placental tissue that
 During pregnancy, levels of estrogen, progestogen, look like fingers and contain the same genetic material
cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine, etc., are also increased in as the foetus.
maternal blood.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions  (1 mark each)
1. State from where do the signals for parturition originate in human females. U [Delhi Set 1, 2, 3, 2019, 2016]

Topper Answer, 2019

Ans.
Human Reproduction

2. On which day of menstrual cycle Graafian follicle 5. How does zona pellucida of ovum help in
rupture. Name the process induces the rupture of preventing polyspermy? U [SQP 2023-24] 2
Graafian follicle.  U [SQP 2023–24] Ans. Once a sperm comes in contact with the zona
3. Label A and B in given figure U [SQP 2023–24] pellucida of the ovum, it induces changes in its
Ans. A – Primary follicle B – Tertiary follicle ½ +½ =1 membrane. These changes prevent the entry of
other sperm into the ovum and thus prevent
Graafian polyspermy.  [Marking Scheme SQP 2023-24]
A B follicle
Blood vessels 6. In the figure given below, parts A and B show the
level of hormones which influence the menstrual
cycle. Study the figure and answer the questions
that follow:

A
FSH LH

Estrogen
Ovum B
Progesterone
4. Explain the function of umbilical cord. [OEB]
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1
 U
Days in the menstrual cycle
[2]
Concept Applied Pregnancy
(a) Name the organs which secrete the hormones
represented in parts A and B.
Short Answer Type Questions I  (2 marks each) (b) State the impact of the hormones in part B on the
1. State the role of Oxytocin in parturition. What uterus of the human female during 6 to 15 days of
triggers its release from the pituitary? K menstrual cycle? K [Delhi 2023] [2]
 [Outside Delhi Set-2, 2016]
Ans. (a) A –Pituitary gland; B: Ovary [½ × 2 =1]
Hormones Related to
Concept Applied (b) Endometrium of the uterus regenerates through
Pregnancy
proliferation. [1]
Ans. Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscles and causes  [Marking Scheme Delhi, 2022–23]
stronger uterine contraction, leading to the Short Answer Type Questions II (3 marks each)
expulsion of the foetus/baby out of the uterus. 1. Explain the formation of placenta after implantation
½ × 3 = 1½
in a human female. U [Delhi Set-1, 2020]
The signals from fully formed foetus and the
placenta which induce mild uterine contraction/ Concept Applied Pregnancy
foetal ejection reflex triggers release of oxytocin. ½
 [Marking Scheme OD Set-2, 2016] Ans.
• After implantation, the trophoblast forms finger-like
2. Explain the events that follow upto fertilisation
projections called chorionic villi, surrounded by the
when the sperms come in contact with the ovum in
uterine tissue and maternal blood.
the fallopian tube of a human female.
 U [Outside Delhi Set-3, 2016] • The chorionic villi and uterine tissue gets
3. What happens to corpus luteum in human female if interdigitated with each other to form the placenta.
the ovum is (i) fertilised, (ii) not fertilised? • The placenta is a structural and functional unit
 U [Outside Delhi Comptt. Set-1, 2015] between the embryo (foetus) and the maternal body.
• The placenta is connected to the embryo by an
Concept Applied Fertilisation umbilical cord. It transports substances to and from
the embryo. 3
Ans. (i) Corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone 2. A fully developed foetus initiates its delivery from
to maintain pregnancy, it persists and produces the mother's womb. Justify the statement.
progesterone.  A [SQP 2020–21]
(ii) It disintegrates and changes into corpus albicans. 3. Medically it is advised to all young mothers that
 1+1=2 [Marking Scheme OD Set-1 Comptt, 2015] breast feeding is the best for their newborn babies.
Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your
4. Name the stage of human embryo at which it gets
implanted. Explain the process of implantation. answer. A [Delhi Outside Delhi, 2018]
 K [Delhi Set-1, 2015] Concept Applied Lactation
 Topper Answer, 2018
Ans.

3

4. Describe the embryonic development of a zygote called the functional junction because it facilitates
upto its implantation in humans. the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo
 U [Outside Delhi 2017 Set-1, 2, 3] and removes carbon dioxide and excretory/waste
materials produced by the embryo. 3
Concept Applied Post fertilisation Changes (b) The placenta is connected to the embryo through
an umbilical cord which helps in the transport of
5. Draw a labelled diagram of the embryonic stage substances to and from the embryo. 1
that gets implanted in the human uterus. State the (c) Amniotic fluid; a foetal sex determination test is
functions of the two parts labelled. based on the chromosomal pattern of the cells in the
 amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
K [Outside Delhi Set-1, 2016]
 1
Long Answer Type Questions  (5 marks each) 2. Where does fertilisation occur in the oviduct of a
1. The following figure shows a foetus within the human female? Describe the process of fertilisation.
uterus. On the basis of the given figure, answer the  A [Outside Delhi, 2020]
questions that follow: 3. (i) Arrange the following hormones in sequence of
their secretion in a pregnant woman.
hCG; LH; FSH; Relaxin.
(ii) Mention their source and the function they perform:
A  K [Delhi - 2017 Set-1]
B 4. (a) Briefly explain the events of fertilisation and
implantation in an adult human female. 5
C (b) Comment on the role of placenta as an endocrine
gland. Ap [Delhi Set-2, 2019]
D
Ans. (a) The events of fertilisation and implantation in an
adult human female are as follows:
(i) On the 14th day of menstrual cycle, ovulation takes
place which releases secondary oocyte.
(ii) This secondary oocyte is caught by fimbriae and it
starts moving up the fallopian tube.
(iii) In the meantime, sperm that has been deposited
in the vagina will start moving up and reach the
(a) In the above figure, choose and name the correct fallopian tube.
part (A, B, C or D) that act as a temporary endocrine (iv) The two gametes meet at the ampullary isthmus
gland and substantiate your answer. Why is it also junction and fuse together.
called the functional junction? (v) After entry of sperm, secondary oocyte completes its
(b) Mention the role of B in the development of the Meiosis II, changes the ovum and fuse with sperm
embryo. pronuclei leading to zygote formation.
(vi) This zygote after some time starts dividing. It changes
(c) Name the fluid surrounding the developing
to morula (8–16 celled), which continues to divide to
embryo. How is it misused for sex-determination?
form the blastocyst. The morula moves further into
 U [SQP 2020-21]
the uterus.
Concept Applied Pregnancy and hormones (vii) The cells in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer
trophoblast and an inner cell mass.
Ans. (a) Part labelled A -Placenta. It acts as an endocrine (viii) The trophoblast gets attached to the uterine
tissue as it produces several hormones like human endometrium and the process is called implantation.
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental This leads to pregnancy. The inner cell mass gets
lactogen (hPL), estrogen, progesterone, etc. It is also differentiated to form the embryo.
Human Reproduction

(b) Placenta as endocrine gland produces: (d) Name the specific region in the female reproductive
(i) HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) system where the event represented in the diagram
(ii) HPL (Human Placental Lactogen) takes place.
(iii)Oestrogen
(iv) Progesterone
(v) In the later stages of pregnancy, it also releases B
relaxin. These hormones support foetal growth and
help in maintaining pregnancy. C
5. Given below is the diagram of a human ovum A
surrounded by a few sperms. Study the diagram
and answer the following questions:
(a) Which one of the sperms would reach that ovum D
earlier?
(b) Identify ‘D’ and ‘E’. Mention the role of ‘E’. E
(c) Mention what helps the entry of sperm into the
ovum and write the changes occurring in the ovum
during the process.  U [Delhi Set-1, 2019]

Topper Answer, 2019

Ans.

6. Describe the process of parturition in humans. This process is continued leading ultimately to the
 U [Delhi Set-1, 2015] expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through the
Ans. (i) Parturition is the process of giving birth to a baby. birth canal.
(ii) The physical activities like uterine and abdominal (vi) After parturition, the umbilical cord is tied and cut
contractions, dilation of the cervix for passage of baby off. The placenta is separated from the uterus and
are involved in this process which are collectively is expelled out due to a series of strong uterine
called as labour and the discomfort or agony caused
contractions.
by it is known labour pains.
7. (a) Name the hormones secreted and write their
(iii) Parturition is controlled by a complex neuroendocrine functions:
mechanism.
(i) by corpus luteum and placenta (any two)
(iv) Signals originate from the fully formed foetus and
(ii) during follicular phase and parturition.
placenta which induce mild uterine contractions
called foetal ejection reflex. This causes the release (b) Name the stages in a human female where:
of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary. (i) Corpus luteum and placenta coexist.
(v) Oxytocin causes stronger uterine muscle contraction (ii) Corpus luteum temporarily ceases to exist.
which in turn stimulate further secretion of Oxytocin. K [Delhi Set-1, 2017]
 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
Objective Type Questions Explanation: The uterus opens into vagina through
a narrow cervix. The cavity of the cervix is called
[A] Multiple Choice Questions cervical canal which along with vagina forms the
birth canal.
1. The nature of meiotic division during oogenesis in
a human female is  [Delhi Set-1 2023, Term-I 2022] 6. Identify the four accessory ducts in a human male
(A) Equal cell division reproductive system.  [Delhi Term-I 2022]
(B) Suspended cell division
(C) Continuous cell division
(D) Rapid cell division E 1
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: The process of formation of a mature
female gamete is called oogenesis. Oogenesis is
initiated during the embryonic development stage
when gamete mother cells (oogonia) are formed
2
within each fetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed
3
and added after birth. These cells start meiotic
division and get suspended at Prophase - I stage, 4
called primary oocytes. Meiosis resumes only once
the puberty begins.
2. The fimbriae help in:  K [APQ 2023]
(A) Collection of ovum
(B) Collection of sperm (A) 1- Vas deferens, 2-Rete testis, 3- Vasa efferentia,
(C) Fertilisation of sperm and ovum 4- Epididymis
(D) Maturation of sperm  E (B) 1- Vasa efferentia, 2- Epididymis, 3- Vasa
Ans. Option (A) is correct. deferens, 4- Rete testis
Explanation: The edges of the infundibulum possess (C) 1- Vas deferens, 2- Epididymis, 3- Vasa efferentia,
finger-like projections called fimbriae, which help in 4- Rete testis
collection of the ovum after ovulation. (D) 1- Vas deferens, 2- Epididymis, 3- Rete testis, 4-
3. Some events of pregnancy in humans are written Vasa efferentia K
below in a sequence. Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(i) complete development of foetus Explanation: 1- Vas deferens, 2- Epididymis, 3- Vasa
(ii) uterine contraction efferentia, 4- Rete testis.
(iii) dilation of cervix 7. Which of the following statements describes the
(iv) delivery of the baby difference between placenta and umbilical cord?
(v) lactation  U [CFPQ]
Between which of the following events does the (A) The placenta secretes hormones whereas the
shedding of the placenta happen? umbilical cord does not.
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iii) (B) The placenta persists after pregnancy while the
(C) (iii) and (iv) (D) (iv) and (v) umbilical cord is expelled the placenta persists
 after pregnancy while the umbilical cord is
K [CFPQ]
expelled.
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
(C) The placenta is lined with veins and arteries
Explanation: The shedding of the placenta occurs while the umbilical cord is not.
after the baby is delivered. The placenta, which (D) The placenta interlocks with foetal tissues
provided nutrients and oxygen to the baby during whereas the umbilical cord interlocks with the
pregnancy, is no longer needed. After the baby is uterine tissue.  A
born, the uterus continues to contract, helping to
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
expel the placenta from the uterus. This process
Explanation: The placenta is an endocrine organ which
typically happens shortly after the baby's delivery.
produces peptide hormones (hCG, hPL, PGH) and
4. The hormone that regulates the synthesis and steroid hormones (progesterone, oestrogens) which
secretion of androgens in human males is have significant influence on maternal metabolism
 K [Delhi Set-1, 2020] and its adaptation throughout pregnancy.
(A) GH (B) FSH
8. Which of these statements about the female
(C) LH (D) Prolactin
reproductive system is FALSE?  K E [CFPQ]
5. The uterus opens into the vagina through a narrow
(A) Ampulla (B) Isthmus (A) Menarche marks the initiation of oogenesis.
(C) Cervix (D) Infundibulum. K (B) The germ layers start forming after implantation.
 [Delhi Term-I 2022] (C) The oocyte completes meiosis after the entry of
Ans. Option (C) is correct. sperm.
Human Reproduction

(D) Ovulation and menstruation stop permanently Ans. Option (B) is correct.
after menopause. Explanation: Globozoospermia is a rare (incidence
Ans. Option (A) is correct. <0.1%) but severe disorder in male infertility. Total
Explanation: Oogenesis begins before birth but globozoospermia is diagnosed by the presence
of 100% round-headed spermatozoa lacking an
is not finished until after puberty. A mature egg
acrosome, so cannot penetrate ovum.
forms only if a secondary oocyte is fertilised by a
sperm. Oogenesis begins long before birth when an 13. During human embryonic development the heart in
the embryo is formed after [SQP 2022]
oogonium with the diploid number of chromosomes
(A) 15 days (B) 30 days
undergoes mitosis. It produces a diploid daughter
(C) 45 days (D) 60 days
cell called a primary oocyte.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
9. Which of these cells of the human male reproductive
Explanation: At around 18 to 19 days after
system is haploid? U [CFPQ] fertilisation, the heart begins to form. After one
(A) Spermatid (B) Sertoli cell month of pregnancy (around 22–30 days), the heart
(C) Leydig cell (D) Spermatogonium starts to beat and to pump circulating blood.
 K 14. Choose the correct option for the features of
10. Match between the following representing parts functional mammary gland of all female mammals
of the sperm and their functions and choose the from the statements below: [Delhi Term-I 2022]
correct option. (i) Glandular tissue with variable amount of fat.
Column A Column B (ii) Mammary lobes, 30 – 40 in number called alveoli.
A. Head i. Enzymes (iii) Mammary ducts joining to form mammary tubules.
B. Middle piece ii. Sperm motility (iv) Mammary ampulla connected to lactiferous duct.
C. Acrosome iii. Energy (A) (i) and (iii) (B) (ii) and (iii)
D. Tail iv. Genetic material (C) (i) and (iv) (D) (ii) and (iv)
Options:
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(A) A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii (B) A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
Explanation:
(C) A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii (D) A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv (i) The mammary glands are paired structures
 [OEB] A (breasts) that contain glandular tissue and
Ans. Option (B) is correct. variable amount of fat.
Explanation: (ii) The glandular tissue is divided into 15–20
A. Sperm head contains nucleus with densely mammary lobes containing cells called alveoli.
coiled chromatin fibres surrounded by (iii) The mammary tubules of each lobe join to form
acrosome. Nucleus transfers the genetic material a mammary duct.
to next generation. (iv) Mammary ampulla is connected to lactiferous
B. Middle piece of sperm contains large number of duct through which milk is sucked out.
mitochondria to provide energy needed for the
movement. [B] Assertion & Reason
C. Acrosome present in the cap of sperm contains Directions: In the following questions, a statement
hydrolytic enzymes which help sperm to
of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason
penetrate the egg. These enzymes break down
(R). Mark the correct choice as:
the outer membrane of the ovum, called the
zona pellucida, allowing the haploid nucleus in (A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
the sperm cell to join with the haploid nucleus reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
in the ovum. (A).
D. Tail of sperm helps in propelling or swims the (B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
sperm cell forward to meet the egg. reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
11. Which of these hormones would be detected in assertion (A).
both a pregnant female and a female who is not (C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
pregnant? K [CFPQ] (D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
(A) Relaxin 1. Assertion (A): Interstitial spaces outside the
(B) Prolactin seminiferous tubule have blood vessels & sertoli
(C) Progesterone cells.
(D) Human chorionic gonadotropin K Reason (R): Sertoli cell provides nutrition to the
12. Globozoospermia is a condition where sperms have germ cells.  U [Delhi Term-I 2021]
a characteristic round head lacking the acrosome. Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Which of the following functions will a sperm NOT
Explanation: The interstitial spaces are the regions
be able to do because of the above condition?
outside the seminiferous tubules, contains small
 A [CFPQ]
blood vessels and interstitial cells or Leydig cells. Each
(A) Enter the cervix
seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types
(B) Penetrate the ovum
of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia) and
(C) Leave the ejaculatory duct
Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ
(D) Swim to the Fallopian tube
cells during spermatogenesis.
2. Assertion (A): In human male, testes are extra- 1. The early morning recording of temperature in
abdominal and lie in scrotal sacs. the graph during actual menstruation and during
Reason (R): Scrotum protects the testes. ovulation respectively are:
 U [SQP 2023-24] (A) low, high (B) high, low
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: The scrotum is a bag-like structure that (C) low, low (D) high, high
helps to protect the testicles. Testicles make sperm Ans. Option (D) is correct.
and for this, they need to be cooler than the inside of Explanation: Due to hormonal fluctuations there
the body. This is why the scrotum is located outside is a slight rise in basal core body temperature,
the body. early morning during menstrual cycle and during
4. Assertion (A): Only one sperm can fertilise an ovum.
ovulation.
 K [CFPQ]
Reason (R): During fertilisation, a sperm comes in 2. The time of ovulation is of importance in cases of:
contact with zona pellucida layer of the ovum.  U (i) couples having difficulty in conception.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (ii) to know the safe period for prevention of pregnancy.
Explanation: The reason behind this is that when (iii) to inhibit the process of ovulation.
one sperm comes in contact with zona pellucida (iv) to stimulate ovarian follicular development.
then some changes occur in the membrane which
(A) (i) and (iv) (B) (ii) and (iv)
prevents the further entry of sperms which is called
polyspermy. (C) (i) and (ii) (D) (iii) and (iv)
5. Assertion (A): Ovarian or Graafian follicles is the site Ans. Option (C) is correct.
for oogenesis. Explanation: The timing of sexual intercourse in
Reason (R): Ovum contain group of cells called relation to ovulation strongly influences the chance
Graafian follicles. K [OEB] of conception and to not get pregnant because this
is the infertile period in a menstrual cycle. For most
[C] Case Based MCQs women, ovulation occurs approximately 14 days
I. Read the following passage and answer any of the before the next menstrual cycle starts. If periods
four questions on the basis of the same: are mostly regular, it is easy to calculate the days of
A group of medical students carried out a detailed ovulation as an egg can be fertilised only four days
study on the impact of various factors on the before ovulation and three days after ovulation,
different hormones during the menstrual cycle in a this knowledge can help a couple who are likely to
human female.They collected the data with different conceive. However for others, this is not the safe
factors. Given below is the graph plotted from the period and so they should avoid intercourse during
data collected showing for monitoring temperature
this period to avoid pregnancy.
& concentration of hormones FSH,LH, Oestrogen,
progesterone during normal menstrual cycle of 3. The increase in the level of progesterone is
women. U + K [CBSE Exam 2021] maximum under the influence of LH during:
(A) Secretory phase (B) Follicular phase
Concept Applied Menstrual Cycle (C) Menstruation (D) Proliferative phase
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Progesterone levels peak in the middle
of the secretory or luteal phase. The corpus luteum
secretes large amounts of progesterone, which is
essential for maintenance of the endometrium for
implantation of the fertilised ovum and other events
of pregnancy.
4. Which of the following hormone/hormones is/are
showing rapid surge leading to changes in Graafian
follicle just before ovulation?
(A) LH (B) FSH
(C) FSH and Estrogen (D) FSH and LH
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Rapid secretion of LH leading to its
maximum level during the mid-cycle called LH surge
induces rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby the
release of ovum (ovulation).
5. The human corpus luteum starts regressing ......... ....
days after ovulation. (Identify the correct choice for
the blank.)
(A) 10 – 11 (B) 14 – 15
(C) 16 – 17 (D) 18 – 20
Human Reproduction

Ans. Option (A) is correct. Reason (R): This involves cell movements (morpho-
Explanation: The corpus luteum usually regresses 14 genetic movement) that help to attain new shape
to 15 days after ovulation. and morphology of embryo.
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
6. As per the data plotted in the graph, in which
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
period of the menstrual cycle is the chance of the
(A).
fertilisation very high in human female?
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(A) 3rd – 9th days (B) 10th – 17th days reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
th th
(C) 18 – 23 days (D) 23rd – 28th days assertion (A).
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Explanation: The highest chance of fertilisation at the (D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
time of ovulation i.e., when an egg is released from Ans. Option (B) is correct.
your ovaries, usually occurs 12 to 14 days before the Explanation: During gastrulation, the blastula
next period starts. reorganises cells and migrate to the interior of the
II. Read the following passage and answer any of the embryo, forming the three germ layers.
four questions on the basis of the same: [D] Case Based Subjective Questions
Implantation is the embedding of the blastocyst
I. The image below shows the levels of various
into the endometrium of the uterus. Blastocyst is
hormones measured in a human female throughout
a ball of cells with a large, fluid-filled cavity called
the course of her pregnancy. Based on the image,
the blastocoel. The blastomeres in the blastocyst are
answer the following questions. Ap [CFPQ]
arranged into an outer layer called trophoblast and
1. In which week of pregnancy does the corpus luteum
inner cell mass. With the formation of blastocoel,
degenerate? 1 mark
morula is converted to blastula which is called
Ans. Week 10
blastocyst in mammals. U + K [OEB]
2. Name three hormones from the above image that
are secreted by the ovary. 2 marks
Concept Applied Post Fertilisation Changes
Ans. - Progesterone
1. Stage of embryo development, at which - Oestrogen
implantation occurs in human female is : - Relaxin
(A) Morula
(B) Zygote
hCG Level

(C) Blastocyst
(D) Transient 3-celled stage.
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: The zygote is formed after the
fertilisation. This zygote now undergoes cleavage
Progester One

and forms an 8–16 cell structure known as morula. Produced by

the corpus
The morula grows and forms the blastocyst, which Luteum
Level

gets implanted in the uterine wall.

2. Which organ is formed during gastrulation?
(A) Gill (B) Vitelline membrane
(C) Archenteron (D) Heart.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Produced by
the corpus
Oestrogen

Explanation: The primary gut that forms during Luteum

Level

gastrulation in the developing zygote is known as

archenteron.
3. The process that transforms the embryo into a three-
layered stage is called............. .
(A) Blastulation (B) Cleavage Produced by
Relaxin Level

the corpus
(C) Gastrulation (D) Organogenesis. Luteum
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: The process that transforms the embryo
into a three-layered stage is called gastrulation (a
phase early in the embryonic development of most
Oxytocin Level

animals).
4. The ectoderm cells will form the ________ .
(A) Skeletal system (B) Nervous system
(C) Excretory system (D) Respiratory system
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Ectodermal cells form the central 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
nervous system.
5. Assertion (A): Blastocyst undergoes gastrulation to Week of Pregnancy
form three germinal layers.
3. Which hormone level rises near the end of The mitotic division (cleavage) starts as the zygote
pregnancy? Mention its role. 1 mark moves through the isthmus of the oviduct towards
Ans. - Oxytocin the uterus and forms 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called
- It stimulates contractions of the uterus and leads to blastomeres. The embryo with 8–16 blastomeres
childbirth is called a morula. Morula continues to divide
OR and transforms into a large mass of cells called the
blastocyst, which moves further towards the uterus.
Of the hormones secreted ONLY during pregnancy:
The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into
(i) Which one has low levels in early weeks of
an outer layer (trophoblast) and an inner group of
pregnancy?
cells (inner cell mass) attached to the trophoblast.
(ii) Which one starts declining 15 weeks before [OEB] A + K
parturition?


1. What is the exact site of fertilisation in female
Ans. (i) hCG reproductive system? 1 mark
(ii) Relaxin Ans. The ampullary-isthmic junction in the fallopian tube
II. Read the given passage and answer the questions. is the exact site of fertilisation.
The process of fusion of male gamete (sperm) with
2. Name the three germ layers that lead to formation
the female gamete (ovum) is called fertilisation. The
of embryo? 2 marks
process of fertilisation takes place as follows :
Ans. The three germ layers are outer ectoderm, middle
Sperms ® Vagina ® Cervical canal ® Uterus ® Isthmus mesoderm and inner endoderm forming 3-layered
structure (gastrula)
Fertilisation ¬ Ampullary-isthmic Junction 3. What is implantation? 2 marks
Ans. The outer layer of blastocyst called trophoblast
Ampulla gets attached to the wall of endometrium. After
Ovum (from ovary) ® Fimbriae ® Infundibulum ®  attachment, uterine cells divide rapidly and cover
Fertilisation (sperm + ovum ® zygote) occurs only the blastocyst. As a result, the blastocyst becomes
embedded in the endometrium of the uterus. This
if ovum and sperms are transported simultaneously.
process is called implantation.
As soon as sperm contacts with zona pellucida, it
induces changes in the membrane that block entry OR
of additional sperms. With the help of enzymes of How do developing embryo gets food and nutrition?
the acrosome, which dissolve the zona pellucida and Ans. The developing embryo gets its nutrition from
plasma membrane of the ovum, the sperm enters a structural and functional unit between the
into the cytoplasm of the ovum. This induces second developing embryo and the maternal body called the
meiotic division of the secondary oocyte to form a placenta. The placenta is connected to the embryo
second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid). by an umbilical cord. The umbilical cord helps to
transport substances to and from the embryo.

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-1)

VSATQs Commonly Made Error
Ans. 3. The Leydig cells or interstitial cells are endocrine
cells which secrete testicular hormones called Student's often fail to write correct names and
androgens. 1 proper functions of various parts.

SATQs-I Answering Tip
Ans. 2. (a) 0.5 marks for each of the following:
Learn the names and function of different accessory
- Female P - No
glands properly.
- Female Q - No
(b) 1 mark for any of the following: Ans. 4.
Hymen can persist after childbirth or coitus or even after (i) X- is testicular lobules found in testis. The testes are
intense physical activity. located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch-
like structure called 'scrotum'.
SATQs-II (ii) The accessory gland Y is a seminal vesicle. It
Ans. 3. (Paired) seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral produces an alkaline secretion called seminal fluid
glands (paired) ½×3 which forms 60–70% of semen by volume.
Functions: Secretions constitute the seminal (iii) Z is the epididymis. It stores sperm and also it
plasma, which is rich in fructose / calcium and secretes fluid containing the nutrients required for
certain enzymes, lubrication of penis ½×3 the maturation of spermatozoa.

[Marking Scheme Delhi Set-1, 2017]

Human Reproduction

LATQs
Ans. 2. (a)
Uterine fundus
Uterine cavity

Isthmus
Ampulla
Fallopian
tube
Endometrium Infundibulum
Myometrium Fimbriae
Peremetrium Ovary
Cervix
Cervical canal
Vagina

(b) The primary oocyte grows in size and completes (b) oviducts, ovaries, uterus
meiosis I and form a larger cell, the secondary oocyte
(c) - ovaries (P)
and a smaller cell, the first polar body.  5
Ans. 3. (a) (i) P: vagina, oviducts, ovaries, uterus - placenta (R)
(ii) R: uterus, cervix, placenta (d) placenta

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-2)

VSATQs bodies, while meiosis results in the production of
four haploid gametes.
Ans. 2. After spermiogenesis, the sperm heads get
(b) 0.5 mark each for any two of the following:
embedded in Sertoli cells. 1
- FSH or follicle-stimulating hormone

SATQs-I - LH or Luteinizing hormone
- GnRH or Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Ans. 2. FSH stimulate follicular development and [Accept any other relevant answer.]
secretion of estrogen.  1 (c) 0.5 mark for each of the following:
LH induces ovulation and development of the - In females, FSH stimulates the development of
corpus luteum which secretes progesterone.  1 follicles in ovary.
[Marking Scheme Delhi Set-1, 2017] - In males, LH stimulates the production of

Ans. 4. (a) 69 chromosomes testosterone hormone by Leydig cells.
(b) Contact between a sperm and ovum causes changes OR
in the zona pellucida that block the entry of other - In females, LH triggers ovulation.
sperms. - In males, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and
stimulates them to secrete some factors which help
SATQs-II in spermiogenesis.
Ans. 2.
(a) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted LATQs
Ans. 2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating
under the influence of releasing hormone from
hormone (FSH) are the main gonadotropins produced
the hypothalamus stimulates the development of
in humans.
primary follicles into Graafian follicles. LH leads to Functions of LH:
the growth of follicle and secretion of estrogen. • In males: It acts on the Leydig cells to secrete
(b) Hormone secreted is Estrogen. testosterone.
(c) Progesterone hormone helps in the maintenance and • In females: It helps in ovulation (release of ovum
preparation of the endometrium for the implantation from mature Graafian follicle). It also takes part in
the development of the corpus luteum.
of the embryo. High levels of progesterone hormone
Functions of FSH:
in the blood decrease the secretion of LH and FSH, • In males: It stimulates the formation of sperms.
therefore inhibiting further ovulation. 1+1+1 • In females: It stimulates the growth of Graafian
Ans. 4 (a) 1 mark for the following: follicle, and secretion of estrogen by the growing
- Oogenesis results in a one gamete and some polar follicles. 1+2+2
 SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-3)
VSATQs Ans. 5.
th
Ans. 2: 14 day ½
The rupture of Graafian follicle and the release of
ovum is called ovulation.1
Ans. 4. The umbilical cord carries deoxygenated blood
from the foetus, back to the placenta and provide
oxygen and essential nutrients. 1

SATQ-I
Trophoblast - helps in implantation/attachment to
Ans. 2. The secretion of the acrosome help the sperm to
endometrium/attachment to uterus.
enter into the cytoplasm of the ovum through zona
pellucida and the plasma membrane, this induces Inner cell mass - gets differentiated into an embryo.
the completion of the second meiotic division of
the secondary oocyte, forming second polar body LATQs
and a haploid ovum, soon the haploid nucleus of Ans. 2. (a) The site of fertilisation is the ampullary isthmic
the sperm and the ovum fuse together to form a junction (fallopian tube).
diploid zygote. ½×4=2 (b) During fertilisation, the sperm induces changes in
 [Marking Scheme, Delhi Set I, 2016] the zona pellucida and blocks the entry of other
sperms. This ensures monospermy that only one
Ans. 4. The embryo gets implanted at the blastocyst stage.
sperm fertilises the ovum and prevents polyspermy.
The trophoblast gets attached to the endometrium
uterine wall of the mother by a process called
implantation and the inner mass of cells gets
differentiated as an embryo. After attachment, the Sperm
uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst.
As a result, the blastocyst gets embedded in the
endometrium of the uterus.  2

SATQs-II
Ans. 2. Cells of the
Zona pellucida
• The signals for parturition originate from the fully corona radiata
Ovum
developed foetus and the placenta which induce
Perivitelline
mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex.
space
• It triggers the release of oxytocin from the maternal
pituitary.
• Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscles and causes  1+4
stronger uterine contractions, which in turn The enzymatic secretion of the acrosome help the
stimulates the further secretion of oxytocin. sperm enters the cytoplasm of the ovum.
• The stimulatory reflex between the uterine This causes the second meiotic division of the
contraction and oxytocin secretion continues secondary oocyte to form a secondary polar body
resulting in stronger and stronger contraction. and a haploid ovum (ootid).
• Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine Then the haploid sperm nuclei fuse with the haploid
mechanism involving cortisol, oestrogens and nucleus of the ovum to form a diploid zygote.
oxytocin. Ans. 3. The sequence of seretion of Hormones in the
• This leads to the expulsion of the baby out of the pregnant women is-FSH®LH®hCG®relaxin
uterus through the birth canal. 3 Source and functions are
FSH: It is secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary
Ans. 4. Zygote moves through the isthmus and under- gland. It stimulate the growth of the ovarian follicles
goes cleavage (forming morula), morula continues in the ovary.
to divide and transform into blastocyst (as it moves
LH: It is secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
further into the uterus). Blastomeres in the blasto-
Its function is to induce ovulation.
cyst are arranged into an outer layer trophoblast,
and inner cell mass, the trophoblast layer gets hCG: It is sereted by placenta It stimulate the corpus
attached to the endometrium, uterine cells divide luteum to secrete progesterone.
and cover the blastocyst. 3 Relaxin: It is secreted by by ovary and the placenta.
 [Marking Scheme, Delhi Set-1, 2017] It helps during childbirth by relaxing the pelvic
muscles and muscles of the cervix.
Human Reproduction

Ans. 7. (a)(i) Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of corpus luteum in the pregnancy and stimulates the
progesterone and some small amount of estradiol release of progesterone.
hormone. Both these hormones are essential for the (ii) Gonadotropins like LH and FSH are secreted
maintenance of the endometrium which is necessary during follicular phase. They stimulate the follicular
for the implantation of the fertilised ovum. It also development as well as the secretion of estrogens by
inhibits the release of FSH so that it may not develop the growing follicles.
additional follicles and eggs. During parturition, oxytocin is released which
Placenta secretes human placental lactogen which leads to the contraction of smooth muscles of the
ensures energy supply to the foetus by modifying myometrium of the uterus and directs the full-term
the metabolism of the mother during pregnancy. It foetus towards the birth canal.
has anti-insulin property which reduces the maternal (b)(i) Corpus luteum and placenta coexist in case of
insulin sensitivity thereby increasing the level of pregnancy.
blood glucose. It also secretes human chorionic (ii) Corpus luteum ceases to exist during menstruation.
gonadotropin (HCG) hormone. It maintains the 3+2


SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
MCQs whereas primary spermatocytes are tetraploid (4C).
Ans. 4. Option (C) is correct. Ans. 11. Option (C) is Correct.
Explanation: In males, LH (luteinizing hormone) A&R
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens Ans. 5. Option (C) is correct.
from testis.
Explanation: Oogenesis is the process of formation
Ans. 9. Option (A) is correct.
and maturation of the ovum. It takes place in
Explanation: Human spermatids are haploid (1C) Graafian follicles. The ovary contains groups of cells
after two rounds of meiotic division; spermatogonia
known as Ovarian or Graafian follicles.
and secondary spermatocytes are diploid (2C),

REFLECTION
1. Were you able to identify the difference in the structure and parts of male and female reproductive
system?
2. Have you understood the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
3. Can you mention the role of hormones in the reproductive cycle of males and females?
4. Were you able to remember the sequence of events that take place during formation of foetus?