INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM

UNIT-1 MODULE-1
1. BHARAT-The Knowledge Centric Society
 Bha known as to shine
 Rata known as affiliation
2. Knowledge Centralism
 “ Knowledge is the earliest record of the thought-mapping of
mankind.” – Bhagavad Gita
 Vidya which means the true knowledge of liberation and
enlightenment is divided into two : 1. Parā Vidyā - The knowledge
leading to the direct experience of reality. 2.Aparā Vidyā - The
knowledge dealing with the workings of the universe .

3. Sustainable and Holistic Approach to Human Goals :

 Ten Characteristics of DHARMA
1. Patience
2. Forgiveness
3. Self control
4. Honesty
5. Purity
6. Control of Senses
 7. Reasoning
8. Knowledge and learning
9. Truthfulness
10.Control of anger
 Two terms vidya (knowledge and learning) and dhih(reasoning) is
essential to appreciate the layout of Indian knowledge Landscape
 "Vidya" is not just about facts, but also about gaining wisdom and
understanding. This knowledge can lead to progress and prosperity in
the world and help us achieve spiritual growth. Vidya means it
emphasizes the importance of knowledge and learning in all aspects
of life.this is also divided into ; Apara Vidya: This refers to our
understanding of the material world around us. It encompasses our
knowledge of objects, events, means, ends, virtues, and vices. It's the
knowledge we acquire through our senses and experiences in the
world. Para Vidya: This represents the higher knowledge, the
knowledge of the Absolute Reality. It's about understanding the true
nature of existence, beyond the material world. It's about realizing
the interconnectedness of all things and our place within the grand
scheme of the universe.
 "Dhih," a Sanskrit term for prayerful contemplation. It emphasizes
that "Dhih" represents the recognition of wisdom, which is the
foundation of all knowledge. Furthermore, the image links "Dhih"
with "Prajna," another term for visionary insight or consciousness,
highlighting that all phenomena, cosmic and psychical, are rooted in
this supreme consciousness.
4. Hierarchical Scheme
"Hierarchical Scheme" which outlines the different fields of knowledge in
ancient India. It lists four main categories:

 Trayi: This refers to the study of the Vedas, the sacred texts of
Hinduism, and their related scriptures.
 Vartā: This category encompasses practical skills and knowledge,
such as agriculture, commerce, and medicine.
 Dandanitih: This refers to the science of governance and
administration, including laws and regulations.
 Anvīkşikī: This deals with rigorous logic and reasoning, including
numerical, psychological, and empirical logic. It emphasizes the
importance of critical thinking and the right approach to learning.
5. Panca Vidya Scheme of Bauddha Dharma :

Panca Vidya Scheme" of Bauddha Dharma, which outlines five key areas of
knowledge in Buddhism:

 Sabda Vidya: The science of language, focusing on the study and

understanding of language and communication.
 Hetu Vidya: The science of logic, emphasizing critical thinking and
reasoning.
 Cikitsa Vidya: The science of medicine, dealing with the healing and
well-being of the body and mind.
 Silpa-Karma-Sthana Vidya: The science of fine arts and crafts,
encompassing various creative pursuits.
 Adhyatma Vidya: The science of spirituality, focusing on inner
development and enlightenment.

6. Modern knowledge system : It explains that scientists try to understand

things by breaking them down into smaller parts. They hope to find a
simple explanation for everything, like how all matter is made up of tiny
particles and how they interact. This way, they can understand even the
most complex things in the world.
7. Fundamental contradictions : While material reality is believed to be
governed by information and mathematical structures, these concepts
themselves are non-material and abstract. This contradiction arises
because these abstract ideas are assumed to be true without being
proven through evidence or rational reasoning.
8. Modern Binary Logic vs Inclusive Logic of IKS : while traditional logic
often uses the "either-or" approach, where only one option is
considered true, Indic logic embraces a more inclusive "both-and"
approach, recognizing that sometimes both options or multiple
perspectives can be valid.
9. Cultural Impact of Binary Logic and Transcendent Concepts : the
importance of considering "spirituality," which emerges from personal
experiences and extends beyond individual goals, and "transcendent"
experiences, which involve non-material realities beyond our immediate
comprehension.
10.The significance of transcendent concepts and traditional knowledge :
the significance of "transcendent concepts" in both Western science and
traditional knowledge systems. It points out that these concepts, like
abstract mathematics in quantum physics or deep informational
structures in theories, go beyond what we can directly observe or
experience with our senses. They suggest a reality that is deeper and
more complex than what we immediately perceive, similar to the
concept of the curvature of space in Einstein's theory of general
relativity. This emphasizes that Western criteria should not be the only
standard for evaluating knowledge systems, as traditional knowledge
systems also contain valuable insights and understandings about the
world.
11.Traditional knowledge systems : "Traditional Knowledge Systems"
represent the accumulated wisdom and practices that have been passed
down through generations in various cultures. This knowledge
encompasses a wide range of areas, including technical skills, social
organization, cultural values, and ways of understanding and interacting
with the environment. It reflects the human experience of adapting and
thriving in different contexts, demonstrating the ingenuity and resilience
of human societies over time.
 INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Unit - 1
Module - 2

Vedic And Contemporary Context Of Knowledge :

Major focus on exploring the foundational aspects of human existence and the natural world
through the lens of Bharatiya (Indian) knowledge traditions. The Learning Objectives
emphasize cultivating a deep understanding of human beings, nature, and the entirety of
existence. The Intended Outcomes highlight fostering awareness that the principle of the
"well-being of all" forms the cornerstone of Bharatiya knowledge systems. This holistic
perspective integrates ancient Vedic wisdom with contemporary applications.

Foundation of Indian Knowledge Systems :

It highlights that the Indian Knowledge System (IKS) is rooted in the principle of the
"wellbeing of all". This foundational philosophy is expressed through the Sanskrit verse:

"सर्वे भवन्तु सखि

ु नः सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः"
(sarve bhavantu sukhinah sarve santu niraamayaah)

This conveys the aspiration for universal happiness and freedom from suffering.

The IKS emphasizes a holistic understanding of human beings in harmony with nature and
the broader existence. Another guiding verse, "कृण्वन्तो विश्वं आर्यम ्" (kṛṇvanto viśvam āryam),
further underlines its vision of fostering noble and righteous values throughout the world.

Directions of Human Effort :

It presents various aspects that define human pursuits and aspirations. It outlines distinct
dimensions of human efforts toward achieving a holistic and fulfilling life. These efforts are
categorized as:

1. Living (Surviving): The basic necessity of sustaining life through essential means.

2. Physical Acility (Capability): The effort directed toward maintaining and enhancing
physical abilities and health.

3. Living with Fulfillment: Moving beyond mere survival to achieving contentment and
satisfaction in life.
 4. Relationship and Physical Facility: Establishing harmonious relationships and
ensuring material well-being.

5. Living with Continuous Fulfillment: Striving for sustained and holistic satisfaction in all
dimensions of existence.

6. Bliss, Enlightenment, Independence, Self-Actualization, etc.: The ultimate pursuits

involving spiritual growth, inner peace, and achieving one's highest potential.

It emphasizes a progression from basic survival needs to higher aspirations of

self-realization and enlightenment, reflecting the comprehensive approach of Indian
Knowledge Systems in understanding human life.

World View Models :

Under this heading here it contrasts the approaches of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) and
Western Knowledge Systems (WKS). It explains that Indian Knowledge Systems follow a
top-down model, emphasizing the comprehensive understanding of all domains of
knowledge before deriving conclusions. In this model, mastery over the entire system is
considered essential for meaningful knowledge application, reflecting a holistic and
integrative approach.

In contrast, Western Knowledge Systems are described as following a bottom-up model,

where knowledge is built progressively from individual parts or specific observations. This
model is characterized by its focus on analyzing components, often making it challenging to
grasp the whole system collectively.

It visually represents this distinction with arrows illustrating the IKS top-down and WKS
bottom-up approaches. This comparison highlights differing paradigms in the pursuit of
knowledge, emphasizing the systemic and holistic nature of Indian traditions.

IKS Structuring :

The Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) framework is structured to foster a harmonious way of
living by focusing on three core aspects:

1. Relationship: This emphasizes living in harmony with fellow beings, nurturing connections
based on mutual respect, empathy, and understanding.

2. Physical Facility: It underscores ensuring adequate resources—more than just the bare
minimum—while maintaining balance and harmony with nature. This involves utilizing skills
and knowledge responsibly to coexist sustainably with the environment.

3. Inner Peace: The framework aspires to cultivate inner tranquility and a sense of balance
within individuals, promoting well-being and alignment with the external world.
This structure represents the essence of IKS, integrating human, material, and spiritual
dimensions for a holistic and balanced existence.

INTRINSIC HUMAN CENTRIC EDUCATION :

The concept of Intrinsic Human-Centric Education focuses on fostering stability and progress
in civilization by promoting a comprehensive understanding of the world and human values.
It follows a systematic approach, as outlined below:

1. Humane Worldview and Perspective (शिक्षा संस्कारः - śikṣā saṃskāraḥ): This foundational
step aims at cultivating a humane worldview through education and cultural refinement,
encouraging individuals to perceive the world with compassion and a sense of
interconnectedness.

2. Human Values and Culture (मानवीय दृष्टिः - mānaviya dṛṣṭiḥ): Building on the humane
perspective, this stage emphasizes the development of human values and cultural
understanding, ensuring ethical and moral grounding in societal interactions.

3. Human Conduct (मानवीय मल् ू यानि - mānaviya mūlyāni): This phase translates values into
actions, focusing on appropriate behavior, work, and meaningful participation in society,
thereby fostering responsible conduct.

4. Society, Culture, and Civilization (मा नवो य आचारः व्यावहारः - mā navī ya ācāraḥ
vyavahāraḥ): The culmination of the process integrates individual behavior with societal
norms, enabling collective progress through harmonious living, cultural practices, and the
advancement of civilization.

This framework highlights a holistic approach to education that aligns individual growth with
societal and cultural progress, ensuring a balanced and sustainable future.

The Continuity of Education :

1. Education as a Continuous Process: Education is not limited to formal institutions or

specific time periods; rather, it is an ever-evolving journey. It grows through the integration of
insights from diverse sources, adapting to new experiences and knowledge over time.

2. Inherent Quest for Knowledge: Certain individuals exhibit a natural curiosity and an
intense desire to understand the world around them. This innate drive motivates them to
observe and learn from their surroundings, particularly nature, fostering a deeper connection
with the environment and a broader understanding of life.

This perspective highlights the importance of viewing education as an unending endeavor,

driven by curiosity and enriched by diverse learning experiences. It underlines the role of
continuous growth and the exploration of knowledge in shaping both individuals and
societies.
Nature as the Ultimate Teacher :

It illustrates how ancient Indian scriptures recognize the profound role of the natural world in
imparting wisdom. The Mahabharata, a significant Indian epic, identifies around 108
teachers who provide lessons in various contexts, showcasing the diverse methods through
which knowledge can be acquired. Similarly, the Srimad Bhagavata narrates the story of
Avadhuta, a sage who attained profound understanding by observing nature and its
behaviors. Avadhuta acknowledges 24 gurus, including elements of nature such as birds,
animals, and other natural phenomena, highlighting the invaluable teachings available in the
world around us. This perspective underscores the multifaceted ways through which one can
gain insight by keenly observing and learning from the environment.

MYTHS AND LEGENDS :

It explores the interplay between myths, legends, and scientific observations, emphasizing
their role in explaining and preserving knowledge. It references the Nilamata Purana, which
narrates the legend of Satisar and the flow of the river Jhelum, illustrating how ancient texts
embedded geographical and cultural insights within mythological frameworks. The
discussion of "Myths vs. Science" highlights that the distinction between the two lies not in
their structure but in their procedural approach to understanding the world. Myths, viewed in
a paradigmatic sense, are condensed expressions of root metaphors that reflect the
ingenuity and depth of particular knowledge traditions. This perspective suggests that myths,
while often symbolic, are profound carriers of cultural and scientific insights encoded in
storytelling.

Relationship between Knowledge , Society and Development :

It begins with Knowledge Generation and Acquisition, which involves systematic inquiry and
the transfer of technology as foundational processes for creating new knowledge. Next is
Knowledge Adaptation, where innovation is tailored to meet the demands of specific fields,
ensuring relevance and addressing practical needs. The third stage, Dissemination,
highlights the critical transfer of knowledge from its developers to those responsible for
applying it, ensuring widespread accessibility. Finally, Knowledge Application focuses on the
skilled implementation of knowledge in various fields to achieve tangible, practical results.
This structured approach demonstrates how knowledge serves as a cornerstone for societal
growth and sustainable development.
 Unit 1 Module 3
1. Dharma as the Basis of Indic Faiths

• Key Concept: The idea of “Dharma” is central to the civilizational psychology of

India. It unifies the various “religions” that share a common cultural and geographical birthplace.

• Unity in Diversity: Dharma provides the foundation for the multiplicity of realities
and inherent tendencies within the Indian subcontinent’s diverse traditions.

2. Aspects That Unite Dharmic Faiths

• Faiths Involved: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism are bound by shared
principles.

• Key Concepts:

• Janma (Re-birth): The cycle of reincarnation is a shared belief across these

traditions.

• Karma (Law of Action): Actions and their consequences are central to the ethical
framework.

• Moksha (Liberation): The ultimate goal is to achieve liberation or freedom from

the cycle of birth and death.

3. Expansion of Dharmic Faiths

• Spread of Dharma: Originating in Bharata (India), Dharma influenced the cultures

and lives of Southeast Asia.

• Cultural Imprint: The Dharmic worldview left a lasting impact on Southeast Asian
soil.

• Religious Coexistence: Even in regions dominated by monotheistic religions

today, the influence and essence of Dharmic faiths remain deeply embedded.

1. Sources of Indic Knowledge Systems (IKS):

IKS relies on two main aspects: "Availability and decipherment."

Sources are categorized into three types:

Oral Sources
Literary/Written Sources

Material-Archaeological and Epigraphical Sources

2. Hierarchy of IKS:

The structure of Indic Knowledge Systems is depicted as a pyramid:

Kala (Skill and Practice): The foundation based on practical expertise.

Vidyasthana (Theoretical Wisdom): Application of theoretical knowledge.

Adhyatma Vidya (Underlying Wisdom): Knowledge of consciousness at the top of the hierarchy.

3. Oral Tradition:

Defined as "The recording, preservation, and interpretation of historical information or events

based on personal experiences of a community."

Examples include Vedic chants and various Bharatiya folk traditions, highlighting the importance
of oral transmission.

4. Colonial Mischief:

Discusses how colonizers disregarded India's highly civilized history to justify their civilizing
mission.

Strategies included:

Ignoring massive evidence.

Appropriation of skills.

Creating false narratives.

Destruction of knowledge-centric society

The concept of "Literary Tradition" encompasses the various ways in which literature is
preserved, transmitted, and understood throughout history. Here's a deeper breakdown of the
three main elements:

1. Canonical Traditions

- These are the recognized bodies of work that hold significant cultural and historical value.

- They can exist in different formats, including manuscripts made from materials like palm
leaves, paper, birch bark, and cloth. This variety illustrates how different cultures have
preserved their literary heritage over time.

- Canonical works often become touchstones for cultural identity and educational curricula.

2. Literary Works

- This refers to the actual written texts that make up the literary tradition. These can include
poetry, prose, drama, and other forms of writing.

- Literary works reflect the values, struggles, and experiences of the societies in which they
were produced, often serving as a means of storytelling, education, and commentary on human
experience.

3. Foreign Accounts
- These are narratives written by individuals from outside a given culture who documented
their observations and experiences.

- Such accounts can provide unique insights into the customs, beliefs, and literary practices of
a culture from an outsider's perspective.

- They often enrich the understanding of a culture's literary tradition by offering comparative
perspectives and highlighting interactions between different societies.

Together, these elements illustrate how a literary tradition is built not only on the works produced
by a culture but also on the materials used to preserve them and the ways in which they are
perceived by others. Literature, therefore, becomes a dynamic and multi-faceted aspect of
cultural expression.
an overview of the classification of Jain Agamas (sacred scriptures in Jainism).

1. 12 Angas (Primary Scriptures): These are the most important and ancient texts, containing
the essence of Lord Mahavira’s teachings.

2. 12 Upangas (Subsidiary Scriptures): These complement the Angas and provide detailed
insights into various aspects of Jainism.

3. 6 Chedasutras: These scriptures focus on rules and discipline for Jain monks and nuns.

4. 4 Mulasutras: These explain the fundamental principles of Jainism and methods of

meditation.

5. 2 Culikasutras: These are special texts that elaborate on complex and profound aspects of
Jain philosophy.
 Unit 1 Module 4

1. Veda - The Revealed Wisdom:

• The Vedas, known as “Śrutiḥ” or “Āmnāya,” are direct intuitive revelations and are
considered supremely validated knowledge.

• They are eternal truths revealed to ancient Rishis (sages) of India

2. Rishis as Seers:
• Rishis did not create the Vedic hymns but were the seers of pre-existing thoughts.

• They are spiritual discoverers of these truths, with metaphors of “seeing” and
“hearing” used to emphasize the holistic and convincing nature of their experiences.

3. Tree Diagram of Vedic Literature:

• The diagram represents the vast branches of Vedic knowledge, including the four
main Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda) and their associated texts like
Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads.

4. Layout of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):

• A structured overview of Hindu scriptures categorized into Śruti (Vedas), Smṛti
(epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata), Vedāṅga (auxiliary sciences), Āgama (Tantras),
and Darśana (philosophical schools).

Main Categories:
• Hindu scriptures are broadly classified into Śruti (heard/revealed texts) and Smṛti
(remembered texts).

2. Śruti:

• Includes Vedas (Nigama) and Upa Vedas.

• Vedas consist of the 4 main Vedas, Saṃhitās, Brāhmaṇas (23), Āraṇyakas, and
Upaniṣads.

• Upa Vedas cover:

• Āyurveda (medicine),

• Arthaśāstra (economics/politics),

• Dhanurveda (martial arts),

• Sthāpatyaveda (architecture),
• Gandharvaveda (music).

3. Smṛti:

• Includes:

• Vedāṅga (auxiliary sciences like grammar, astronomy, etc.),

• Dharmasūtras/Śāstras (law texts),

• Itihāsa (epics like Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata),

• Purāṇas (mythological texts like Mahāpurāṇas and Upapurāṇas),

• Āgama (Tantra) (texts related to temple rituals and worship, divided into Vaiṣṇava,
Śaiva, and Śākta traditions),

• Darśana (philosophical schools such as Nyāya, Sāṅkhya, Vedānta, etc.),

• Other derived commentaries and systems.

1. Purāṇa Layout:
The Purāṇas are divided into three categories:

Mahāpurāṇas: 18 in total.

Upapurāṇas: 18 in total.

Other Purāṇas: 18 in total.

2. Vedāṅga Layout:
Vedāṅga consists of six branches of knowledge:

Vyākaraṇa (grammar)

Śikṣā (phonetics)

Chandas (meter)

Nirukta (etymology)

Jyotiṣa (astronomy)

Kalpa (rituals)

3. Itihāsa Layout:
Itihāsa refers to historical narratives, mainly:
 Rāmāyaṇa

Mahābhārata

Tantra/Āgama – This diagram highlights three major branches:

• Vaiṣṇava (210 texts) – Associated with Lord Vishnu.

• Śaiva (28 texts) – Focused on Lord Shiva.

• Śākta (64 texts) – Centered around Goddess Shakti.

Darśana and Commentaries– The traditional philosophical systems (darśana) are

listed, including:

• Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṅkhya, Yoga, Pūrva Mīmāṃsā, Advaita, Dvaita, etc.

Other systems such as Bauddha, Jaina, and Cārvāka are also included.

Division of Vedic Literature – This section highlights:

• Four-fold Division of Vedas

• Recensions of Vedas

• Classification within each Veda

• Extant Material for Study

Layout of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):

• Dharmasūtra/Śāstra serves as the central category.

• It branches into six major traditions:

• Āpastamba, Baudhāyana, Vasiṣṭha, Yājñavalkya Smṛti, Manu Smṛti, and Nārada

Smṛti.

• Sub-branches include Gautama under Āpastamba and Viṣṇu Smṛti under

Baudhāyana.

Division of Vedic Literature –

Rig-Veda:
• Divided into several categories:

• Sākhās (Schools): Śākala and Vāskala.

• Samhitā (Root Texts): Ṛk.

• Brāhmaṇa (Interpretive Texts): Aitareya, Kauṣītaki, Śāṅkhāyana.

• Āraṇyaka (Anchorite Texts): Aitareya, Kauṣītaki, Śāṅkhāyana.

• Upaniṣad (Philosophical Texts): Aitareya, Kauṣītaki.

• Minor Upaniṣads: Ātma-bodha, Nāda-bindu, Mudgala.

• Gṛhya Sūtras (Domestic Rituals): Aitareya, Kauṣītaki, Śāṅkhāyana.

• Dharma Sūtras (Law Books): Aitareya, Kauṣītaki, Śāṅkhāyana.

Krishna Yajur-Veda:
• Sākhās (Schools): Taittirīya, Kaṭhaka, Maitrāyaṇī.

• Samhitā (Root Texts): Taittirīya, Kaṭhaka, Maitrāyaṇī.

• Brāhmaṇa (Interpretive Texts): Taittirīya, Kaṭha.

• Āraṇyaka (Anchorite Texts): Taittirīya, Kaṭha.

• Upaniṣad (Philosophical Texts): Taittirīya, Kaṭha, Maitrī.

• Minor Upaniṣads: Includes Nārāyaṇa, Sarva-sāra, Amṛta-bindu, Tejo-bindu, etc.

• Gṛhya Sūtras: Baudhāyana, Āpastamba, Hiraṇyakeśin, etc.

• Dharma Sūtras: Āpastamba, Baudhāyana, Vaikhānasa.

Yajur Veda (Śukla)

• Śākhas (Schools): Madhyandina, Kanva.

• Samhitā (Root Texts): Vājasaneyī.

• Brāhmaṇa (Interpretive Texts): Bṛhadāraṇyaka.

• Āraṇyaka (Anchorite Texts): Bṛhadāraṇyaka.

• Upaniṣad (Philosophical Texts): Īśa.

• Minor Upaniṣads: Includes Muktika, Niralamba, Paingala, Subala, Bhikṣu, and

others.

• Gṛhya Sūtras (Domestic Rituals): Pāraskara.

• Dharma Sūtras (Law Books): Pāraskara.

Sāma Veda
• Śākhas (Schools): Kauthuma, Rāṇāyanīya, Jaiminīya/Tālavakra.

• Samhitā (Root Texts): Sāma.

• Brāhmaṇa (Interpretive Texts): Pañcaviṁśa, Ṣaḍviṁśa, Jaiminīya, Sāma-vidhāna,

Chāndogya.

• Āraṇyaka (Anchorite Texts): Tālavakra.

• Upaniṣad (Philosophical Texts): Chāndogya, Kena, Tālavakra.

• Minor Upaniṣads: Maitreyā, Vajra-sūcī, Dhyāna-bindu.

• Gṛhya Sūtras (Domestic Rituals): Gobhila, Khadira, Jaimini.

• Dharma Sūtras (Law Books): Gautama.

Atharva Veda
• Śākhas (Schools): Śaunaka, Paippalāda.

• Samhitā (Root Texts): Atharva.

• Brāhmaṇa (Interpretive Texts): Gopatha.

• Āraṇyaka (Anchorite Texts): Not explicitly listed.

• Upaniṣad (Philosophical Texts): Mundaka, Māṇḍūkya, Praśna.

• Minor Upaniṣads: Nārada-parivrājaka, Śāṇḍilya.

• Gṛhya Sūtras (Domestic Rituals): Kauśika.

• Dharma Sūtras (Law Books): Kauśika.

Vedangas (Six Limbs of the Vedas):

1. Śikṣā - Phonetics (Study of sounds and pronunciation).

2. Chandas - Prosody (Study of poetic meters).

3. Vyākaraṇa - Grammar (As detailed by Pāṇini in Aṣṭādhyāyī).

4. Nirukta - Etymology (Interpretation of words, as explained by Yaska).

5. Jyotiṣa - Astronomy/Astrology (Used for timing Vedic rituals).

6. Kalpa - Rituals (Includes Śrauta, Gṛhya, and Dharma Sūtras).

Upavedas (Ancillary Vedas):
1. Āyurveda - Health and medicine.

2. Dhanurveda - Archery and military science.

3. Gandharvaveda - Music and performing arts.

4. Śilpaśāstra (Sthāpatyaveda) - Architecture and fine arts.

Śad-darśanas (Six Schools of Philosophy):

1. Mīmāṁsā (Jaimini) - Ritual interpretation of the Vedas

2. Vedānta (Bādarāyaṇa) - Philosophy of ultimate reality.

3. Nyāya (Gautama) - Logic and reasoning.

4. Vaiśeṣika (Kaṇāda) - Atomism and metaphysics.

5. Sāṅkhya (Kapila) - Enumeration of elements of existence.

6. Yoga (Patañjali) - Practice for mental and physical discipline

Dharmashastras (Law Books):

1. Manu Smṛti - Early law code.

2. Yājñavalkya Smṛti - Comprehensive legal texts.

3. Parāśara Smṛti - Specific law texts.

Associated sages: Viṣṇu, Vyāsa, Gautama, and others.

Dharmashastras and Puranas

1. Mahā-Purāṇas:

• Include Brahma, Padma, Vishnu, Śiva (Vayu), Linga, Garuda, Nārada, Bhagavata,
Agni, Skanda, Bhavisya (Kalki), Brahmavaivarta, Mārkandeya, Vāmana, Varaha, Matsya,
Kurma, and Brahmāṇḍa.

2. Upa-Purāṇas:
• Include Ādya, Narasiṁha, Skanda, Śivadharma, Durvasa, Naradiya, Kapila,
Vāmana, Auśanasa, Brahmāṇḍa, Varuṇa, Kālika, Maheśvara, Sāmba, Saura, Parāśara,
Marīca, and Bhārgava.

Other Shastras and Classical Literature

• Kāvya (Poetry):

• Types: Śrāvya (lyrical/epic), Dṛśya (drama).

• Subcategories: Sanskrit, Prākṛta, Apabhraṁśa, Miśra.

• Literary forms: Padya (metrical poetry), Gadya (prose), Katha (fiction), Akhyāyika
(true stories), Campū (mixed forms).
 Unit 1 Module 5

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS

1. Characterisising knowledge in indic system

Abstraction
Problem solving
System building
Validation

2. 14 subjects of learning

● 4 vedas
● 4 Upanishads
● 6 vedangas

3. 18 vidyasthanas

The number of vidyasthanas was raised to 18 by the addition of purana , nyaya ,

mimasa and dharamshasrtra

4. Analysis of structure of iks through a case study : Chola murals

● Agama vidya - mukutagama

● Gandharva veda - performing arts
● Alekhya vidya - painting

Rasa - the philosophy of art

Agama - for the understanding of iconsdepicted along with depiction methods
Citrashastra - the principal of painting, colour psychology etc
UNIT 1

MODULE : 6

Chapter 1: Introduction

● Organizational Structure of the Vedas

○ Vedas comprise three key literary genres:
■ Samhitas
■ Brahmanas: Includes Aranyakas and Upanishads.
■ Four Vedas: Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Samaveda, and Atharva Veda.
● Understanding 'Veda'
○ Common interpretation includes only mantra and brahmana.
○ Misunderstandings exist regarding the definition of 'Veda'.
○ Some scholars consider only mantras as Veda.
● Authority of Vedas
○ Critique from Buddhists and Jains regarding Vedic authority.
○ Questioning eternal nature of Vedas due to unpleasant topics discussed.

Chapter 2: The Atharva Veda

● Philosophical Perspectives
○ Udaya of Nyaya Vaisesika argues for Ishwara as Veda's author.
○ Vaisesika Sutra asserts Veda’s absolute authority.
○ Opposition from some philosophers denying the need for a Vedic author.
● Vedic Constituents
○ Four principal Vedas: Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Samaveda, and Atharva Veda.
○ Each Veda encompasses Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka, and Upanishads.

Chapter 3: Development of Vedic Terms

● Historical Usage of Vedic Terms

○ Terms Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Samaveda, and Atharva Veda emerged later in
texts like Aitareya Brahmana.
○ Earlier texts used variations to describe the Vedas.
● Understanding Mantrams
○ Rik: Poetic structure of mantras.
○ Saman: Musical setting for mantras.
○ Yajus: Prose mantras.

Chapter 4: Vedic Structure**

● Vedic Classification
 ○ Vedas described as 3 or 4 based on representation.
○ Purusha Sukta mentions only 3 of the Vedas.
○ Rig Veda indirectly mentions all 4 Vedas.
● Formation of Vedas
○ Transition from a unified Vedic corpus pre-Kalayuga to distinct Vedas
post-Dwapara Yuga attributed to Vedavyasa.

Chapter 5: King Harishchandra

● Significance of Yagna
○ Aranyaka texts offer esoteric insights, connecting rituals to philosophical
questions about existence.
○ The legend of King Harishchandra explores themes of Dharma and sacrifice.

Chapter 6: The Son to Varuna

● The Narrative
○ King Harishchandra's sacrifice of his son, Rohita, through Varuna's condition
raises themes of attachment and sacrifice.

Chapter 7: The Soma Sacrifice

● Symbolism in Sacrifice
○ Shana Shepa's story symbolizes the journey of freedom from bodily desires.
○ Purity and divine aid emphasized in the process of spiritual liberation.

Chapter 8: Conclusion

● Essence of Vedic Knowledge

○ Vedic knowledge conveyed through symbolic legends.
○ Unity in diversity is a key aspect, akin to colors in a rainbow.
Unit 1 Module 7: Verbal Testimony: Transmission and Validity of the Vedas
Oral Tradition: The oral transmission of knowledge has been a fundamental aspect of Indian culture,
where spoken words are considered more authentic and trustworthy than written texts. This
tradition emphasizes careful memorization and disciplined recitation from teacher to student across
generations.

Preservation of Vedic Texts: The Vedas were categorized and compiled by Rishi Veda Vyasa, and the
responsibility for preserving each branch (Shakha) of the Veda was assigned to its followers. This
meticulous preservation ensured that large bodies of Vedic texts remained intact over thousands of
years.

Techniques for Accuracy: To maintain the purity and clarity of the Vedic texts, a complex system of
recitation patterns was developed. This included rules for correct pronunciation, stress on syllables,
and breath control, all aimed at preventing errors that could arise from written transmission.

Importance of Pronunciation: The meaning of words in Vedic texts can change based on their
pronunciation and intonation, highlighting the importance of oral tradition in conveying the correct
interpretation.

Cultural Values: The Indian philosophical approach values both perception and inference, but places
a strong emphasis on meditation and deep thinking, reinforcing the significance of the spoken word
in understanding and knowledge.

Overall, the document underscores the critical role of oral tradition in the preservation and
transmission of sacred texts in India, emphasizing the techniques developed to ensure their accuracy
and integrity.
 Unit 1 Module 8

Writing
A graphic phonetic representation of verbal communications

Evolution of writing
• Remarkable evolution from its practical origins in facilitating order and
advancement
• Became a profound medium for the expression of human thought and
creativity.

Qualities of literature
1.introduction to the three qualities: invention, uniqueness, otherness
2how these qualities distinguish exceptional literary works
3.connection to the concept of writing as a medium to embody these qualities.

VANMAYA IN BHARAT
• Vanmaya as Indian literature with an oral tradition
• Mention of early Indian poetry and poems in texts like the rgveda and
brahmana
• Range of topics leading to discussions about language and words

Classification of literature
1.sastra
1A. apauruseva
A. Aveda
B vedanga
1B. pauruseva
A purana
B anvisiki
C Mimamsa
D dharmasastra
E kavyavidya
F kamasastra
2.kavya
Shastra
➢ A treatise or text on a specific field of knowledge
➢ Often a suffix added to the subject to treatise, such as yoga shastra
➢ Covers the theory of a practice as also the practice of theory

Difference between shastra and kavya

1.shastra – technical composition
Kavya – imaginative composition
2. used for :
Shastra – instructions
Kavya-aesthetic pleasure
Sastra- theory of practice and practice of theory
1.theory of practice
• Details principles of health, disease, diagnosis and treatment
• Grasping the fundamental principles and concepts
2.practice of theory
• Diagnose patient’s health imbalances by assessing their dosha
constitution
• Learnings acquired from these practice helps in further enhancement
of the theoretical build up

Conclusion
Writing is a written form of human thoughts and creativity.
Indian literature is classified into shastra and kavya.
Sastra has two types of theory namely
1. Theory of practice
2. Practice of theory.
 MODULE 9
The discussion explores the concept of Shabda pramana, or verbal testimony, in
Vedic philosophy. It differentiates between auditory perception and verbal
knowledge, using a classical music example to illustrate how understanding
musical theory enhances appreciation. The Mimamsa, Nyaya, and Sankhya schools
of thought differ on the origin and reliability of Vedic words, with Nyaya and
Sankhya attributing authorship to Ishvara or Rishis, respectively. The Jaina view,
represented by Agama, posits scriptural knowledge as indirect cognition from an
omniscient source. Buddhism rejects verbal knowledge as a distinct form of
cognition. The conversation also touches on the orality of Indian literature and the
unity of language hierarchy rooted in Shabda Brahman.
Outline
Shabda Pramana and Verbal Testimony in Vedic Philosophy
•Introduction of the topic of Shabda pramana, or verbal testimony, in Vedic schools
of philosophy.
•Shabda is defined as knowledge obtained through words, which have a dual nature
as sounds and meaning objects.
•The distinction between auditory perception and verbal knowledge is illustrated
with an example of attending a classical music concert.
•Auditory perception involves sensory experience, while verbal knowledge comes
from studying musical notation and theory.

Mimamsa and Nyaya Views on Vedic Words

•The Mimamsa philosophy believes the Vedas are eternal and originally
transmitted orally, with their sounds and meanings considered eternal.
•The Nyaya system argues that valid words must come from a trustworthy person,
with Ishwara being the most trustworthy.
•The Sankhya system, while accepting Nyaya's doctrine, rejects Ishwara as the
author of the Vedas, instead attributing their insights to great Rishis.
•The Vyakarana or Indian science of grammar, also known as Shabda Brahmas,
posits that the eternal word called Sporta is the cause of the world and the seed of
all creation.
Jaina Concept of Agama and Buddhist Arguments
•The Jaina concept of Agama, or scriptural knowledge, is described as indirect
cognition obtained from words.
•Acharya Yesho Vijay states that ordinary verbal knowledge is direct cognition,
while scriptural knowledge is indirect.
•The Jaina view holds that scriptures must be composed by an omniscient,
dispassionate person, making Jaina scriptures absolutely true.
•Buddhism does not accept verbal knowledge as a distinct means of valid
cognition, viewing it as a combination of perception and inference.

Literature and Language in Indian Context

•This topic discusses the orality of Indian literature, with the term "vam Maya"
emphasizing the performance aspect of compositions.
•India has a vast body of literature, including the world's earliest poetry and prose,
which has led to significant theoretical thinking about verbal discourse.
•Various symbols and categories were created to describe different aspects of
verbal communication, rooted in the belief in an indivisible reality.
•The theory of speech evolution asserts that all levels of language hierarchy
emanate from one indivisible Reality, Shabda Brahman, the Absolute.
Conclusion and Final Remarks
Speaker 1 concludes by reiterating the importance of understanding the
relationship between diversity and underlying unity in language.
The discussion emphasizes the complementary nature of auditory perception and
verbal knowledge in enhancing the musical experience.
 MODULE 10: VEDAS AS CONTAINERS OF KNOWLEDGE

SUMMARY

The Vedas are ancient texts that preserve profound knowledge on spirituality,rituals and
philosophy.The word Veda is derived from sanskrit.They serve as a timeless container of
wisdom,offering insights into the nature of existence and the cosmos.

It tells about the three task such as :

1. Recovery of the ancient spiritual knowledge in fullness including the vedas,the puranas
and tantra.

2. Ponduring that knowledge into new modules of philosophical,scientific and critical

knowledge.

3. Dealing with the contemporary problems in a new manner and to realise a spiritualised
society.

Hierarchical scheme of vedas are experiential wisdom,pure science and pratical

science.According to Aurobindo the word has two meaning such as internal and exernal
meaning.Commentators of vedas are tought to us and few of them are ravana and
laxmanacharya. It includes upanishad and bhagavath gita.Vedas not only florushed in india
but also in westerners.Example is Max Muller express about the Rig Veda to his wife in his
letter.Completed are commentaries are Sayancharya,Swami Dayanand Saraswathi and
Ubbata.Sri Aurobindo composed two great commentaries on Isha Upanishad and Kena
Upanishad and translated eight upanishad.Mantras are the carries of spiritual
truth.Aurobindo gives us the angiras rsis.

Thus,the conclusion Vedas stand as a timeless source of wisdom,guiding humanity with their
spiritual and philosophical insights.They continue to inspite generations,emphasizing the
pursuit of knowledge and harmony with the universe.
 Vedas and Yajnas
Module 11

The lecture explores the philosophical, symbolic, and practical significance of Vedic rituals
(Yajnas), their cosmic connections, and their role in human understanding of life, nature, and
spirituality. Below are the key points explained in simple terms:

1. Rituals and Legends in the Vedas

Interdependence: Rituals and legends are symbolic and interconnected. They reflect lived
experiences and provide a deeper understanding of human life and the universe.

Role of Mantras: No Vedic ritual can occur without mantras, which give meaning and structure
to the ritual. The Aitareya Brahmana calls mantras "the eye of the ritual."

2. The Concept of Yajna

Definition: "Yajna" (sacrifice) signifies coordinated and creative activities involving divine forces
and the cosmic order.

Cosmic Symbiosis: Yajna represents the harmony and balance within the universe. It’s likened
to a grand symphony where every element of the cosmos synchronizes under the principle of
Rita (cosmic order).

3. The Cosmic Order – Rita

Rita as a Governing Force: It is the universal truth governing the cosmic operation, connecting
the "truth of becoming" to the "truth of being."

Role of Devatas (Divine Forces): These forces follow Rita and contribute to the cosmic Yajna,
ensuring balance in the universe.
4. Symbolism of Sacrifice

The act of sacrifice is central to both the physical and metaphysical realms.

Rituals and Society: Yajnas serve societal welfare, ensuring the distribution of resources,
balance in life, and spiritual growth.

Building of Monuments: Ancient rituals placed humans at the "center of the universe" (navel of
the earth), symbolizing alignment with cosmic order.

5. Expanded Meaning of Yajna

The term "Yajna" evolved beyond simple sacrificial offerings:

1. Non-violence: Yajna is seen as an act free of harm (अध्वरा).

2. Reverence: Respect and salutation to others are also forms of Yajna.

3. Ethics and Virtue: Qualities like wisdom, knowledge, and ethical living are considered Yajna.

4. Sacrificer as Yajna: The individual performing the ritual becomes an embodiment of it.

6. Relationships Highlighted in Yajna

Yajna emphasizes understanding three relationships:

1. With Nature: Our connection to the environment, time, and space.

2. With Others: Interaction within families, communities, and societies.

3. With Oneself: Self-discovery, introspection, and answering the question, "Who am I?"

7. Symbolism in Ritual Components

Tools and Objects: Each object in a ritual (e.g., 13 symbolic pots) represents human faculties or
cosmic elements.

Agnihotra (Fire Offering): Fire symbolizes energy, will, and truth. Without faith and a quest for
truth, rituals lose their meaning.

8. Broader Vision of the Vedas

Rituals as Knowledge: The Vedas treat rituals as a means of acquiring selfless and coordinated
knowledge.

Yajna as a Way of Life: It reflects harmony, creativity, and dynamism, applicable across all
spheres of life.

Key Takeaways

● Selfless Giving: Fulfillment arises from giving rather than receiving.

● Balance and Coordination: The principles of Yajna emphasize synchronization between

all elements of life.

● Universal Significance: The Vedic rituals and philosophies guide individuals to

understand cosmic truths, maintain societal balance, and achieve both inner and outer
prosperity.

This lecture presents Yajna as much more than a ritual—it's a profound framework for
understanding existence, fostering harmony, and achieving both spiritual and material
well-being.
 Classification of Yajnas
Module 12

1. Introduction to Karma and Diversity

The lecture explores the law of karma and its role in explaining the diversity of life experiences,
including wealth, health, and happiness.

Key Idea: Diversity in life is not arbitrary but a result of past and present actions governed by
karma.

2. Understanding Karma

Definition: Karma is more than just cause and effect; it represents moral causality and spiritual
growth.

Forms:

Phala (Results): Immediate, visible effects.

Samskara (Impressions): Invisible, long-lasting effects that shape one's character.

3. Karma, Rebirth, and Merit

Rebirth: Explains life's continuity and the opportunity for moral and spiritual improvement.

Merit (Punya): Recognition of good deeds, with Hinduism emphasizing individual merit while
Buddhism and Jainism allow for its transfer.

4. Types of Karma

1. Nitya Karma: Daily duties for purification (e.g., gratitude for resources).
2. Naimittika Karma: Obligatory acts during special occasions.
3. Kamya Karma: Actions for fulfilling desires.
4. Nishiddha Karma: Prohibited actions to avoid.
5. Prayaschitta Karma: Expiatory actions to atone for sins.
5. Yajnas (Sacrifices)

Types:Paka Yajnas: Cooked food offerings.

Haviri Yajnas: Offerings of uncooked food to fire.

Soma Yajnas: Elaborate rituals involving Soma juice and Vedic hymns.

Modern Relevance: Acts of devotion and meditation embody the essence of Yajna.

6. Panchamahayagya (Five Duties)

1. Devarina: Duty towards gods (rituals and worship).

2. Rishirina: Duty to sages (learning and sharing knowledge).

3. Pitrrina: Duty to ancestors (ancestral offerings).

4. Bhootaruna: Duty to other beings (compassion to animals).

5. Athiti Runa: Duty to fellow humans (hospitality and care).

7. Contemporary Relevance of Karma and Yajna

These ancient principles guide modern lives, reminding us of ethical responsibilities,

interconnectedness, and harmony.

Core Message: Turn everyday actions into sacred endeavors and contribute to a more just and
compassionate world.

Contributions:
Module 1: Moksha D 2413711034042
Module 2: Hrithvi 2413711034028
Module 3: Tanvi 2413711034066
Module 4: Yashi S 2413711034070
Module 5: Diya D 2413711034021
Module 6: Niveditha Doraiswamy 2413711034046
Module 7: Ranjani Radha 2413711034052
Module 8: Namaratha A More 2413711034044
Module 9: Kashish 2413711034031
Module 10: Dharshini R 2413711034017
Module 11 & 12: Kajol 2413711034030, Parishi 2413711034071, Diyaa 2413711034022
 INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
UNIT 2
FOUNDATIONS & CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF INDIC AUXILIARY SCIENCES

MODULE 13: AN INTRODUCTION TO VEDANGAS

This module highlights the intricate relationship between the Vedas and the Vedangas. It
presents the Vedas as a holistic entity, symbolically represented as the Puruša, with each
Vedanga corresponding to a specific organ, thereby emphasizing their interconnectedness in
the pursuit of knowledge.
1. Structure of Vedas:

The Vedas are depicted as a living organism, with six limbs (Vedangas) that facilitate a
comprehensive understanding of Vedic literature.
2. Functions of Vedangas:
i) Vyakarana (Grammar) ensures clarity in speech, essential for accurate recitation and
understanding of mantras.

ii) Jyotisha (Astronomy) provides the timing for rituals, linking celestial movements to Vedic
practices.
iii)Nirukta (Etymology) aids in understanding the meanings of words, enhancing
comprehension of texts.
iv)Chanda (Metrics) focuses on the structure of verses, crucial for proper chanting and
rhythm.
v) Shiksha (Phonetics) addresses pronunciation, ensuring the correct articulation of sacred
sounds.
vi)Kalpa (Rituals) guides the performance of rituals, connecting theory to practice.

3. Benefits:
The study of Vedangas aims for Vak-śuddhi (clarity in speech), Artha-śuddhi (clarity in
meaning), and Dharma-pracāra (promotion of dharma), which are essential for spiritual and
intellectual growth.
4. Scholarly Perspective:
The insights provided by Basava highlight the necessity of engaging with these texts for
anyone seeking a deeper understanding of Vedic philosophy and practices.
MODULE 14:
INTRODUCTION TO SIKSHA
1.Focus Areas of Phonetics
Acoustic Phonetics: Studies physical sound properties like pitch, tone, and intensity.
Articulatory Phonetics: Explores how speech sounds are formed using human anatomy.
2. Importance of Siksa (Sanskrit Phonetics)
Phoneme Classification: Siksa defines 64 unique sounds, including vowels, consonants, stops,
nasalization, aspiration, and lengthened vowels.
Articulation and Accent: Emphasizes the place and method of sound production to preserve
phonetic precision and linguistic accents.
3. Applications in Language Preservation
Provides a scientific framework to document and revive endangered languages. Safeguards
cultural and linguistic heritage by maintaining phonetic accuracy.
4. Contributions to Speech Therapy
Enhances articulation by analyzing speech mechanics. Assists in correcting pronunciation
and training accents for clearer communication.
5. Broader Impact
Integrates phonetics into linguistics, cultural studies, and therapy. Ensures the legacy of
ancient phonetic systems like Sanskrit while addressing modern speech challenges.

MODULE 15:
INTRODUCTION TO CHANDAS SHASTRA
1. Chhanda (Vedic Prosody)
Definition: Chhandaucial s to the science of poetic meters, crucial for composing and reciting

Vedic hymns.
Importance: Maintains rhythm and harmony in Vedic chants.
Ensures proper pronunciation and spiritual impact of hymns.
Types of Chhanda: Various meters used in Vedic compositions, such as Gayatri, Anushtubh,
Trishtubh, and Jagati.
Each meter is defined by the number of syllables in a verse.
2. Laghu and Guru (Syllables)
Laghu (Light): A syllable that is short and pronounced quickly.
Guru (Heavy): A syllable that is long and pronounced with more emphasis.
Usage in Chhanda: The arrangement of Laghu and Guru syllables determines the structure
of a poetic meter.
3. Role of Acharyas (Scholars)
Pioneers in Chhanda Shastra:
Pingala - Author of Chhanda Shastra, a seminal work on Vedic prosody.

Other Acharyas: Scholars who contributed to preserving and developing the science of
Chhanda.
4. Applications of Chhanda
Vedic Recitation: Ensures precision and spiritual efficacy in chanting.
Literature and Poetry: Foundation for Sanskrit and regional poetry.
Mathematics: Pingala's binary system laid the groundwork for combinatorics and modern
algorithms.
5. Significance
Preserves the oral tradition of the Vedas.
Enhances understanding of the spiritual and aesthetic dimensions of Vedic texts.
Reflects the scientific and mathematical sophistication of ancient India.

MODULE 16:
INTRODUCTION TO VYAKARANA
1.Kalidasa on Language
Vāk (speech) and Artha (meaning) are inseparable, likened to the parents of the universe.
2.Philosophy of Language
Speech is divine and illuminates understanding, rooted in Vyākaraṇa (grammar) and
Mīmāṁsā (interpretation).
3.Vyākaraṇa: Grammar's Role
Originates from the Vedas, focusing on analyzing and refining language.
Upholds dharma through disciplined language use (śabdanūśāsanam).
4.Language Evolution
Expresses material and subtle realities; yogis connect to cosmic vibrations.
5.Nine Vyākaraṇa Systems
Passed from Brahma to Indra and others; Pāṇini’s grammar is the pinnacle.
6.Metaphysics of Language
Explores the connection between words, reality, and divine creation (śabda brahman).
7.Aṣṭādhyāyī by Pāṇini
Covers Vedic and common words; combines technical and metaphysical analysis.
Benefits of Vyākaraṇa
Preserves Vedas (Rakṣā), adapts mantras (Ūha), simplifies study (Laghu), ensures clarity
(Asandeha).

MODULE 17:
NIRUKTA – THE SCIENCE OF ETYMOLOGY
1.Introduction - Nirukta is one of the Vedangas, an ancient Indian text that deals with the
science of etymology. It explains the reason for the usage and meaning of words, making it
essential for accurate representation and understanding of language.
2.Authoritative Text - Yaska, a Sanskrit grammarian and etymologist, is the principal
authority on Nirukta. His text provides etymological interpretations of obscure Vedic words,
helping to uncover the hidden content and linguistic significance of the Vedas.
3.Key Concepts
- Semantics and Syntactics: Nirukta facilitates word formation based on abstract ideas and
highlights the flexibility of words depending on syntactic usage.
- Ontological Categories: Nirukta classifies words into categories like bhāva (processes) and
sattva (entities), connecting ontology and semantics.
- Debate on Ontological Status: The debate on the primary ontological status of nouns vs.
verb roots in Nirukta illustrates the philosophical depth of language and its parallels with
Vedic ritualistic practices.
4.Importance - Nirukta is essential for understanding the Vedas and the Sanskrit language. It
provides a deeper grasp of the Vedas' hidden meanings and linguistic nuances, and
highlights the importance of etymology in interpreting Vedic texts.
MODULE 18 KALPA VEDANGA – THE HANDS OF VEDAPURUSHA
Kalpa Vedanga is a key part of the Vedas, focused on organizing and guiding Vedic rituals,
both public and domestic, including Shrauta yajnas, Grhya yajnas, and Samskaras.
Kalpasutras Overview
Kalpasutras are human-authored texts that provide detailed instructions for rituals not
mentioned in the Vedas. Unlike the Vedas, which are divinely revealed, Kalpasutras are
"pauruseya."
Purpose of Kalpasutras
Kalpasutras offer practical guidelines for Vedic rituals and help preserve traditions through
oral transmission, ensuring their continuity.
Four Types of Sutras
1. Dharmasutras: Address the principles of Dharma.
2. Sulbhasutras: Focus on the design of sacrificial altars.
3. Srautasutras: Detail Vedic sacrifices and rituals.
4. Grhyasutras: Concern domestic rituals.

Extant Kalpasutras
Each Veda has its own Kalpasutras, with Yajurveda having the most and Atharvaveda the
least. Available Kalpasutras come from Baudhayana, Apastamba, and Hiranyakesi.
Preserving Cultural Heritage
Kalpasutras were passed down orally by different communities, but many original texts are
lost, leaving only a small part of the cultural heritage.
Sulbhasutras and Chitis
Sulbhasutras guided altar construction, and Chitis were brick platforms used in rituals, with
altars shaped in various forms like triangles and chariot wheels.
Secular Topics in Sutras
Kalpasutras also discuss social organization, agriculture, cattle breeding, and arts, showing
the progress of Vedic society.
Archaeological Evidence
Excavations at Kausambi and Sunauli reveal evidence of Vedic life, including advanced
chariots, showing the continuity of Vedic civilization.
Economic Expansion
The sutras describe growing economic activities beyond agriculture and cattle rearing, with
specific occupations for each varna.
Conclusion
Kalpa Vedanga and Kalpasutras are crucial for preserving Vedic traditions and offer valuable
insights into ancient Indian society, ensuring the continuity of rituals and understanding of
ancient sciences.

MODULE 19:
VEDANGA JYOTISHA
Definition and Importance
1. Jyotisha, known as the “science of light,” includes astronomy and is often referred to
as Nakshatra Vidya (science of stars).
2. It is metaphorically described as the “gems on snake hoods and peacock crests”
among the Vedangas.
3. It focuses on timekeeping as a practical handbook rather than astrology.
4. 2. Distinction from Astrology
5. Vedanga Jyotisha is not astrology and contains no astrological content.
6. It serves as a foundational system for Indic timekeeping, rather than being the sole or
final authority on it.
Recensions (Versions)
1. Rigveda Jyotisha: 36 verses.
2. Yajurveda Jyotisha: 43 verses.
3. Atharva Jyotisha: 162 verses

Indic Timekeeping and the Calendar

1. Early Vedic calendars supported daily activities, including agricultural planning.
2. Six-season calendar (as in the Yajurveda) was significant for Indian agriculture.
3. Accurate timekeeping was essential for:
4. Performing Yajnas (rituals).
5. Agricultural planning.
6. Predicting natural phenomena like monsoons.

Integration of Knowledge
1. Vedanga Jyotisha reflects the trinity of:
2. Adhidaiva (celestial).
3. Adhibhuta (material).
4. Adhyatma (spiritual).
 5. Timekeeping aligns with yagna rituals like Darshapurnamasa and Chaturmasya.
6. The five-year Yuga is symbolically linked to the five-layered Agnichayana altar.
7. 396 bricks represent 360 days of the year, with an additional 36 for the intercalary
month.

DONE BY-
AKSHAYA. R - 2413711034004
ANJU. B - 2413711034008
ANANYA.K - 2413711024007
DARSHNI.S.A - 2413711034014
MADUMITHA- 2413711034038
MEGALA DEVI M- 2413711034041
GAYATHRI. S.R - 2413711034023
SAINDHAVI- 2413711034057
SHREEYA LAKSHMI S - 2413711034061
MAHEK DAYALANI - 2413711034040
THARINI S - 2413711034067
 UNIT 3 - INTERPRETATIVE FRAMEWORKS AND
PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEMS IN INDIC KNOWLEDGE
MODULE 20 - VEDANGA DARSHANAS –THE INDIAN SYSTEMS
OF PHILOSOPHY

Introduction to Darsanas:
Darsanas are profound branches of Indic Knowledge systems shaped
profoundly by literary and conceptual outpourings by great minds..
Each Darsana begins with the necessity of spiritual temperament to
understand life in a deep manner.

Meaning & Origin:

The word Darsana is derived from the Sanskrit word 'drs' which means 'to see,
look or view'. Seeing or viewing the realities and facts of experience forms the
basis of this philosophy. The main aim is usually "moksha" or "liberation from
the cycle of rebirth".

Scientific Approaches:
Each Darsana adopts a scientific approach based on logic, reasoning and
critical arguments. Western philosophy also addresses various aspects of life
but often leans towards more of abstract reasoning and critical thinking, and
does not always provide guidance on religious, ethical and practical manners.

The Six Astika Darsanas:

The word Astika is often mistranslated as orthodox or theistic. Today, it refers
to the belief in the supreme being, and Nastika, the opposite of Astika,
Atheist. But the true meaning of Astika is affirming the authority of vedas.
Nastika Darsanas reject Vedic authority, and emphasize other worldliness and
virtues.
Among various perspectives, the main ones accepted in the popular
classification are the six Astika Darsanas or six disciplines.
Shaddarshanas/Six Astika Systems:

1.Samkhya 4.Vaiseshika
2.Yoga 5.Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa)
3.Nyaya 6.Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa)

Darshanas like Buddhist systems, Jainism and Lokayatha/Charvaka that do

not affirm the authority of vedas are left out.

The six important philosophical texts are Samkhya Sutra (of Kapila), Yoga
Sutra (of Patanjali), Nyaya Sutra (of Gautama), Vaisesika Sutra (of Kannada),
Mimamsa Sutra (of Jaimini) and Brahma Sutra or Vedanta of (Badrayana
Vyasa).

Sutras:
The literal meaning of "Sutra" is thread or string, implying that the Vedas
which are written in leaves, bind together in writing, which were previously
oral traditions.
Sutras contains thought, ideas, statements or arguments expressed in a brief
phrase and dense with meaning.

Specializations of each category:

Sankhya - Cosmology or evolution
Yoga - Psychology
Nyaya - Reasoning methods
Vaisesika - Study of materials or matter
Mimamsa - Current performance of vedic rituals and
Vendatha - Understanding the spiritual self

Many Views, One Vision (Conclusion):

The six Darsanas are categorised as three pairs:
Samkhya with Yoga, Nyaya with Vaisesika, and Mimamsa with Vedartha.
Samkhya and Yoga share a common view with minor differences.
Nyaya and Vaisesika had so much in common that they soon fused into a
single system called Nyaya Vaiseshika.
Samkhya and Nyaya are theoretical, Yoga and Vaisesika are considered their
applications respectively.
Mimamsa and Vedanta both focus on the interpretation of vedas.
Mimamsa focuses more on karmakanda (rituals) and Vedanta is focused on
nyanakanda (upanishads).

Keywords:-
Darsana, Vedas, Astika Darsanas, Nastika Darsanas, Sutra, Samkhya, Yoga,
Nyaya, Vaiseshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta.

MODULE 21 – INTRODUCTION TO MIMAMSA

Mimamsa refers to the school of Darshana which involves interpretation of

Vedic texts, correct understanding of darma and karma
Veda has 2 aspects - ritualistic, speculative
These are named purva Mimamsa and uttara Mimamsa based on its emphasis
on karmakanda and jnanakanda

Mimansa sutra of jaimini - rules / Gnyaya for Vedic interpretation

12 chapters - Dwadasha Lakshani (name)
1st chapter - philosophical value
Commentaries by bhartrmitra, Bhavadasa, Hari, Upavarsa - no longer extant
Sabarasvamin's is the first commentator whose work is available. His bhasya
forms basis for later Mimamsa works

Kumarila / Bhatta's school of Mimamsa:

Kumarila Bhatta's commentary is both on the Sutra and the Sabarabhashya
and consists of Slokavarttika, Tantravarttika, Tuptika
Other contributors:
Sucarita Misra (Kashika), Somesvara Bhatta (gnyayasudha), Parthasarathi
Misra (Gnyayaratnakara)

Another school:
Prabhakara Vishra - Brihati on nishabara Bashya
Independent treatises - Salikanatha (Prakaranapanchika), Vedanta Desika's
Seshwara Mimamsa - to combine views of Mimamsa and Vedanta schools),
Apadeva wrote Mimamsa Gnyaya Prakasha / Apadevi
Arthasamgraha of Laugaksi Bhaskara (based on Apadevi) - last 2 texts used
as intro of Mimamsa study

MIMAMSA THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE:

- concerned with nature and validity of knowledge (Swataph pramanyavada)
- criteria of truth and falsity
- sources of valid knowledge - arises for conditions that generate it and is
self-evident
- defines 2 kinda of valid knowledge - immediate, mediate.

NATURE AND SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE:

Condition that generates knowledge - free of defect, beyond doubt.
Validity arises from very condition that gives rise to that.
Validity is known as soon as knowledge arises.
Belief doesn't wait for verification
Above is theory of intrinsic validity of knowledge (Swataphpramanyavadha)
Immediate knowledge arises in 2 stages - indeterminate, determinate
perception
Non perceptual sources include inference, comparison, verbal testimony,
postulation, non-perception
Perception gives valid knowledge when object is in direct contact with mind
and sense organs. (Eg. Heat from sun)
Indeterminate perception (Nirvikalpaka Prathyaksha) leads to determinate
perception(savikalpaka Prathyaksha) resulting in valid knowledge
(Eg. This is a table)

NON PERCEPTUAL SOURCES:

5 more - inference (anumana) (conclusions based on observed facts),
comparison (upamana) (recognising similarities between something familiar
and new and understanding), verbal testimony (Shabda) (accepting from
reliable sources), postulation (when no other source of knowledge can
explain), non-perception (Anupalathi) (unique concept, supported by Kumarila
school, perceiving from the absence of something )
Kumarila Bhatta's school accepts non - perception, but not Prabhakara's
school.
MIMAMSA UNDERSTANDING OF SABDA:
sabda - knowledge obtained from verbal authority
2 types - Personal (individual speech), impersonal (vedas)

INJUNCTIONS - import of Vedas

Mimamsa - interested only in knowledge from vedas and INJUNCTIONS
regarding performance of some actions
Vedic sentences - 2 categories:
Vidi or injunction - spiritual matters, taken literally
Artavada or statements explained - matters of everyday experience, no
significance by itself.
Gunavada - type of Artavada - similar to advertisements
Anuvada - another type - fact check / repetition
Bhootharthavaga - another type - recounting historical events
Vedas - apauruseya, impersonal and eternal, not authored by any individual

Eternal nature of words:

Sounds by speaker and heard by listener.
Words - like letters which are partless and uncaused
Letter sounds may vary, but we recognise it is the same sound. That
unchanged aspect is word/ sabda
Vedas - not subject to defects produced by imperfect beings.
Not product of particular time, place, individual.

Applicability of its principles of interpretation:

Principles - used in many fields, esp authors of Smrithi texts, nibandhas and
grodapathras.
Even judiciary refers to it
Example:
Sarthakya (every word has meaning, used by Acharya Jaivini himself. More
words, more meaning
Atidesa (transfer of one rule to another, can be changed from the case used)
Has been indicated by Maxwell.
Patent (passages are discarded) and latent (circumstances are resorted to)
ambiguity: (found in Mimamsa Sastra)
PATENT AND LATENT AMBIGUITY:
patent - self-contradictory and is visible in contact (unclear portions are void)
Latent - requires extrinsic evidence (looking beyond written text)
Patent - obvious inconsistency
Latent - text appears clear, but becomes uncertain when applied to specific
circumstances. (No word or sentence is taken as self contradictory)
Both concepts - essential

Many applicants of Mimamsa principles remain unexplored.

Benefits:
- reasoning and apply methodolgy in various fields for precise and effective
results.

Module 22 - Introduction to Advaita Vedanta

Advaita Vedānta, a prominent school within Indian philosophy, offers a

non-dualistic interpretation of reality, asserting that the individual self (Ātman)
and the ultimate reality (Brahman) are fundamentally identical.
This perspective is encapsulated in the Mahāvākya (great saying) "Tat Tvam
Asi" (Thou art That), emphasizing the unity of Ātman and Brahman.

Within Advaita Vedānta, the concept of Sāmānādhikaraṇya is significant. It

refers to the grammatical and philosophical principle where multiple terms
denote the same underlying reality, highlighting the non-dual nature of
existence.
For instance, in the statement "Tat Tvam Asi," both "Tat" (That) and "Tvam"
(Thou) point to the same ultimate reality, Brahman, despite appearing as
distinct entities.

Another critical aspect is the theory of Khyātivāda, which addresses the

nature of perceptual errors.
Advaita Vedānta proposes the Anirvacanīya-khyāti theory, suggesting that
illusions arise when something indescribable (neither real nor unreal) is
superimposed upon reality due to ignorance (Avidyā).
This underscores the Advaitic view that the empirical world is a product of
ignorance, and true knowledge (Vidya) leads to the realization of non-duality.
Advaita Vedānta also delineates three levels of reality:

1. Pāramārthika (Absolute Reality): The ultimate, unchanging truth, which is

Brahman.

2. Vyāvahārika (Empirical Reality):The practical, everyday reality where

distinctions and dualities are experienced.

3. Prātibhāsika (Apparent Reality): The illusory reality, such as dreams or

mirages, which are perceived but not real.

Understanding these levels aids in comprehending how the world is perceived

and the journey towards realizing the non-dual nature of Brahman.

In summary, Advaita Vedānta provides a comprehensive framework that

integrates interpretative methodologies and philosophical doctrines to guide
individuals toward the realization of non-duality, emphasizing the essential
oneness of Ātman and Brahman.

Module-23 Introduction of Vedanta

Vedanta is one of the six classical schools of Indian philosophy, and it

represents a system of thought based on the teachings of the Vedas—the
oldest sacred texts of India. The term "Vedanta" comes from the words Veda
(knowledge) and Anta (end or conclusion), implying the ultimate knowledge or
the conclusion of the Vedic teachings.

Main Philosophical Branches:

Vedanta has different philosophical schools, each interpreting the relationship

between the Atman and Brahman in different ways.

The main schools are:

Advaita Vedanta (Non-duality): The most well-known school, popularized by

philosopher Adi Shankaracharya, asserts that there is no distinction between
the Atman and Brahman. They are one and the same, and the perceived
differences in the world are mere illusions.

Vishishtadvaita (Qualified Non-duality): Founded by Ramanuja, this school

argues that the Atman and Brahman are distinct but interconnected, with
Brahman being the supreme reality, and Atman existing as an attribute of
Brahman.

Dvaita (Dualism): Founded by Madhvacharya, this school emphasizes the

difference between the individual soul (Atman) and Brahman, asserting that
the two are eternally distinct and different.

Shuddhadvaita (Pure Non-duality): A variation of Vishishtadvaita, this

philosophy, associated with Nimbarka, teaches that Brahman and Atman are
both distinct and non-different at the same time, with a focus on devotion
(Bhakti).

Vedanta's Influence:
Vedanta has greatly influenced Indian spirituality, including Hinduism, and it
has inspired thinkers, mystics, and spiritual leaders around the world. Its
philosophical depth has been a source of contemplation and practice for
centuries, and its ideas have influenced major figures such as Swami
Vivekananda, Ramana Maharshi, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

MODULE – 24 NYAYA DARSHANA

Nyaya Darshana is one of the six classical schools of Indian philosophy,

focusing on logic, reasoning, and the systematic study of knowledge. The
term "Nyaya" literally means "rules" or "principles," and the word "Darshana"
means "philosophy" or "viewpoint." Therefore, Nyaya Darshana is the
philosophical tradition of logic and epistemology in Hindu philosophy.

Key Aspects of Nyaya Darshana:

Focus on Logic (Nyaya): Nyaya Darshana is primarily concerned with the

theory of valid knowledge (Pramana) and logical reasoning (Tarka). It aims to
establish the means by which we can ascertain truth and reach conclusions. It
emphasizes rigorous argumentation and the identification of logical fallacies.
Epistemology: The school investigates the sources of valid knowledge, which
are considered to be:
Perception (Pratyaksha): Direct sensory experience.
Inference (Anumana): Logical deduction based on observation.
Comparison (Upamana): Knowledge through analogy.
Testimony (Shabda): Knowledge derived from the word of experts or sacred
texts.

Nyaya Sutras: The foundational text of Nyaya Darshana is the Nyaya Sutras,
attributed to Gautama (also called Akshapada), who systematized the
principles of logic and reasoning. The Nyaya Sutras provide a detailed
framework for argumentation, classification of fallacies, and the methods to
establish valid knowledge.

Debate and Dialectics: Nyaya promotes the method of logical debate (Vada)
and dialectical reasoning to uncover truth. This involves questioning,
answering, and analyzing arguments to reach valid conclusions.

Metaphysics: Nyaya philosophy also addresses metaphysical issues, such as

the nature of reality and the self (Atman), and the concepts of causality and
existence. While it is rooted in logic, it does not shy away from addressing
ontological questions.

Classification of Valid Knowledge:

Nyaya Darshana classifies knowledge into two types:

Direct Knowledge (knowledge gained directly through perception, inference,

etc.)
Indirect Knowledge (knowledge derived through reasoning and testimony).

MODULE 25 – VAISHESHIKA DHARSHANA

This module focuses on Vaisheshika Darshana, a profound philosophical

system of the ancient India. It explores metaphysical principles and atomic
theory for the understanding of the fundamental constituents of the universe.
It helps to analyze the nature of reality, causation and the classification of
diverse entities
.
The key concepts of Vaisheshika Darshana are as follows :
• Vaishesika : An ancient Indian philosophy focusing on metaphysics and
atomic theory, found by Sage Kanada, its key concepts are Atomic theory,
Nature of reality and Law of Karma.
• Paka theory in vaishesika relates to Ayurveda, concepts of Jatharagni,
Bhutagni, Dhatvagni in digestion and tissue (dhatu) transformation.
• Parispanda: Vibratory motion within atoms, fundamental to all physical
actions, yet distinct from consciousness.
• The cosmological cycle explores creation, dissolution at the atomic level in
the universe and process is governed by the law of Karma.

• Vaishesika laws of motion :

1. Change of motion due to impressed force
2. Proportional change of motion
3. Action and Reaction

• Invisible atoms combine to form visible substances in binary structures.

• Types of Conjunction: Motion-induced, mutual motion and physical contact.
• Atoms (Anu) is central, eternal, imperceptible directly, there are four types of
Atom, namely, prithvi (earth), Apa(water), Tejas(fire), Vayu(Air), atoms form
everything except Akasara(space).

• Nyaya and Vaishesika as complementary schools; Nyaya logical rigor and

Vaishesika empirical focus on physical reality.
• Introduction to ‘Rta' in the Rgvaveda a pivotal concept embodying the
cosmic law and ‘Rta' as a foundational principle illustrating the
interconnection.

• Two prominent philosophers, Kanada and Prashastapada, other notable

thinkers of this school, Sridhara, Vyomashiva and Udayanacharya.

Conclusion :
Within the Nyaya-vaishesika framework, conciousness emerges as an active
force shaping the phenomena of the universe. This dynamic interplay
between consciousness and physical world offers holistic view that aligning
with the intricate nature of existence.
 Module 26 - Yoga Darshana

The main focus of this module was about yoga. It talks about the principles
and practices that lead to the integration of Mind, body, and spirit for spiritual
realization and self-transformation. It gives better understanding of the
practical aspects of Yoga, enabling them to apply yogic principles for mental
and physical well-being.

The key concepts which are learnt from this module are :

➢ Yoga is an ancient tradition, transcends mere physical Exercise, delving into

universal and spiritual dimensions.

➢ Reverence in yoga is key to sincerely appreciating and understanding its

teachings. It elevates yoga from a physical practice to a spiritual journey.

➢ It also talks about the sat darshan, or six philosophical perspectives, which
provides a Comprehensive view of the universe from a yogic lens ,Offering
insights into the nature of existence.

➢ The yoga sutra of maharsi Patanjal -Maharsi patanjali yoga Sutra was a
foundational text, which was very essential for any serious yoga practitioner.
By studying these sutra we require an attitude of respect and Reverence for
profound spiritual insights.

➢ Classical yoga referred to as raja yoga, includes asanas , Pranayama and

meditation. It offers understanding and interacting with the Universe.

➢ According to Patanjali, yoga is the complete control of mind and

consciousness, extending beyond ordinary mental activities. The practice
includes mastery over the body, senses, prana and external aspects of
personal and social life.

➢ The Eight Limbs of yoga-

• SAMADHI
• AMAS
• NIYAMAS
• DHYANA
• DHARANA
• PRATYAHARA
• ASANAS
• PDANAYAMA

➢ Yama and Niyama forms the ethical foundation of yoga. Yamas include
principles
like non-violence. Niyamas focus on personal practices.

➢ The journey through yoga’s leads to greater self-awareness ,a deeper

understanding of life’s Purpose, fosters a balanced lifestyle, enhancing
physical health and emotional stability.

➢ Yoga encourages emotional balance, mental clarity and cognitive

improvement.

Conclusion:
Yoga offers a holistic path to well-being, harmonizing body, mind and spirit
and leads to a deeper understanding of oneself and the universe. When you
engage yourself in yoga, you start transformative journey towards health
happiness, and enlightenment.
 Module -27 SANKHYA DARSHANA

The primary focus is on the Samkhya system of philosophy, one of the oldest
and most influential schools in Indian thought. Samkhya, traditionally
attributed to the sage Kapila, outlines a dualistic cosmology and
epistemology.

The core concepts discussed in this module include:

1. The Dualistic Nature of Samkhya: It presents a clear distinction between

“Purusha”(consciousness, the eternal, passive observer) and “Prakriti”
(nature, the material world, which is active and mutable). The interplay
between these two elements is key to understanding the world and human
experience.\

2. “The Three Gunas”: Samkhya describes the three fundamental qualities or

"gunas"—**Sattva** (goodness, harmony), **Rajas** (activity, passion), and
**Tamas** (inertia, ignorance)—which govern the behavior of all elements in
the universe, including the mind and body.

3. “Evolution of the Universe”: According to Samkhya, the entire universe

evolves from the interaction of Purusha and Prakriti. This is a non-theistic
view of creation, as it doesn’t require a divine creator but instead relies on the
dynamic process of nature.

4. The Path to Liberation”: Liberation (Moksha) in Samkhya is achieved by

discerning the distinction between Purusha and Prakriti. Realizing that the
self (Purusha) is separate from the material world (Prakriti) leads to the
cessation of suffering and ignorance.

5. Epistemology and Methods of Knowledge: Samkhya outlines three main

sources of
knowledge (Pramanas): **Perception** (Pratyaksha), **Inference** (Anumana),
and **Verbal Testimony** (Shabda). It emphasizes the importance of direct
experience and logical reasoning in understanding the nature of reality.
This unit provides a deep dive into the metaphysical, epistemological, and
ethical dimensions of the Samkhya system, while also offering insight into its
broader influence on other Indian philosophical traditions such as Yoga and
Vedanta.

MODULE – 28 -AGAMAS AND TANTRAS

Agamic traditions and significance in social anthropology

Agamas refers to mankind text revealed by lord shiva. Agamas crucial body of
secret text, traditionally understood as guiding individuals. It provides road
map to traditional ritual. Vedas and agamas shows a symbiotic relationships,
catalyst for bhakti art and plays a crucial role in creating expression of Bhakti.

The most significant contribution of agamas is transformation of vedic rituals.

These rituals include the elements of yoga and bhakti. Inclusivity of agamas is
the testament of timeless and universal teachings.

Tripartite classification within agamas tradition saiva, sakta or tantras,

Vaisnava agamas. Agamas is treated as shastra or scripture in Vaisnava
agamas. Vaishnava agamas is classified in two pancatantra and vaikhanasa.
Pancatantra emphasizes bhakti and surrender to divine whereas Vaikhanasa
focuses on asceticism, discipline and strict ritual adherence. Lord shiva as five
faces. Divine origine is categorized in two, Sivagamas -10 and Rudragamas- 18
based on 1st propagator.

These 28 texts serves as a corner- stone in India in guiding devotees of

spiritual environment. Heart of saivagamas lies in the profound triad of pati
,pasu and pasa.

While some expound non - dualistic philosophies the unity of individual soul
namely the pasu - supreme Siva who is the pati other include the concept of
multiple real entity and pasa is what binds pasu to the world. Some agamas
contain numerous verses with examples like kamika, suksma and many others
were lost in history.
Despite these challenges agamas continued to explore a profound influence
on religious practices. Agamas characterised by seven essential marks which
include creation, dissolution, sustenance, workship, spiritual practice, mantras
and contemplative techniques.

There are four glorious part of agama tantras

1. Caryapada, 2.kriyapada, 3.yogapada, 4.jnanapada.

Kasmira shaivism is based on bhairavagamanas emerged in Kashmir in

ancient India.
In Bharat, philosophy is not based on academic aspect but way of life. Deeply
interviewed with spirituality, Agamas deeply rooted in culture and philosophy
of life- treasure of wisdom.

Key words:

→Traditions and significance.

→Bhakti and Vedic rituals

→Tripartite classifications

→Divine origin

→Kamika, Suksma, Pasu, Pati, Pasa.

→Saivagamas

→Caryapada.

→Kriyapanda.

→Yogapanda.

→Jnanapanda.

→Kasmira Shaivism.
 MODULE 29 – ADMINISTRATION OF HINDU TEMPLES

This module talks about the administration of Hindu temples which serves as
economic entities, employing diverse professionals. This has been deep dive
into the preservation and application of Indian knowledge systems, with a
special focus on temple management through Agamas principles.

Agamas also serves as comprehensive corporate handbooks for temple

management. It effectively conveys the historical significance of temples,
showcasing them as not just spiritual centers but also cultural and economic
hubs that supported diverse professions and fostered artistic growth.

Temples is also viewed as “knowledge industries”. The content emphasizes

the relevance of Agamas as comprehensive guides, detailing rituals, logistics,
and human resource management akin to modern corporate handbooks. It
thoughtfully addresses challenges like the shift toward revenue-driven
governance and the decline of traditional holistic practices, urging a return to
foundational principles for more balanced and meaningful management.

It also highlights the career opportunities in temple administration and

cultural preservation, offering a practical pathway for revitalizing traditional
systems in a modern society. The study of Agamas opens doors to meaningful
careers and contributes to cultural preservation. While the insights are rich,
incorporating real-life examples or case studies would enhance its practical
utility and appeal.

Lastly, it’s a compelling resource for those interested in blending tradition

with modernity to address contemporary challenges in temple management.
MODULE 31 – INTRODUCTION AND INSIGHT TO PURANAS
1. Significance -
● They hold a sacred place in Sanatan Dharma commonly known as Hinduism.
● They act as cultural unifiers and unite people across the country.
● Wisdom is imparted in the form of dialogues between the sages and divine
beings.

2. Purpose -
● They are also known as Suhrt Samhita and they popularize the teachings of
Vedas through narratives.
● They nurture devotion through stories by inculcating Vedic teachings.
● The puranas are accessible to all and cater to people from all walks of life.

3. Origin and compilation -

● According to Matsya, Skanda and Padma puranas, puranas are known to have
originated from Brahma.
● The puranas are timeless and ancient and are known to have been
remembered at the beginning of Kalpa.

4. Sage Vyasa - architect of Puranas

● Sage Vyasa is the author of Ashtadasa Mahapuranas, the eighteen great
puranas.
● This compilation of sage Vyasa made it accessible to all through Vrats, Kathas
and tirthas.

5. Vedic recognition of Puranas -

● Puranas are referred in Vedic scriptures such as Taittarya Aranyakas in Krishna
Yajurveda and Saptaha Brahmana which highlights the importance of Puranas in
Svadhyaya - self awareness.
● Some scholars also believe it to be equal to Vedas and call it Panchamaveda.
● Atharva Veda mentions that Puranas originated from sacred Yajna,
emphasizing their importance in sacred traditions.

6. Role in religious rites -

● Puranas are recited at social and religious congregations.
● Manusmriti highlights the importance of Puranas at Sraddha rites showcasing
their recitation in honour of forefathers.
● The Puranas propagate Dharma to the deity through public recital.

7. Classification of Ashtadasa Mahapuranas -

I. Starting with ‘Ma’ -
● Matsya
● Markanda

II. Starting with ‘Bha’ -

● Bhavishya
● Bhagavata

III. Starting with ‘Bra’ -

● Brahma
● Brahmanda
● Brahmavaivarta

IV. Starting with ‘Va’ -

● Vayu
● Vamana
● Vishnu
● Varsha

V. Starting with ‘A’ -

● Agni

VI. Starting with ‘Na’ -

● Narada

VII. Starting with ‘Pa’ -

● Padma

VIII. Starting with ‘Lim’

● Linga

IX. Starting with ‘Ga’ -

● Garuda

X. Starting with ‘Ku’ -

● Kurma

XI. Starting with ‘Ska’ -

●Skanda

8. Influence on Indian arts -

● Puranas have significant impact on classical and folk arts, inspiring various
forms of expression.
● Puranic stories have also inspired different forms of songs and dances like
Oddysi, Kathakali,etc and folk dance forms like Raas lila and Garba.

9. Five features -
● Sarga (creation) - Theories of creation from primary creator, Brahma.
● Pratisarga (secondary creation) - continuation of creation.
● Vamsa (Lineages) - Provides insight into linkages of devtas, rishis and rulers.
● Manvantara (Cosmic cycles) - exploration of cosmic cycles at the time of one
Manu.
● Vamsanucharita (Legends) - narratives of various Maharajas, rulers and
Chakravartis.

CONTRIBUTIONS :-

MODULE 1 – SAI VAISHNAVI J (2413711034056)

MODULE 2 – SRITHIKA SRINIVASAN (2413711034065)
MODULE 3 – JYOTHI G (2413711034029)
MODULE 4 – MORNI SHRIYA BOSE (2413711034043)
MODULE 5 – AISHWARYA S (2413711034001)
MODULE 6 – RAMAN HARINI (2413711034051)
MODULE 7 – SAMIKSHA S (2413711034058)
MODULE 8 – KHUSHBOO GUPTA A (2413711034035)
MODULE 9 – AKSHAYA LAKSHMI T D (2413711034003) & HEMA SRI V
(2413711034027)
MODULE 10 – AKSHAYAA K B (2413711034005)
MODULE 11 – SRINIDHI S (2413711034064)
MODULE 12 – SUPRIYA M (2413711034072)
INDIA KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM

Unit 4
Module 32- Knowledge aspects of kavya
◦ Kavya – Various forms of artistic expressions like drama, music, dance, poetry and more
◦ It had significant role in cultural evolution.
◦ Originated from the word Rsi
◦ Rig veda says it has profound connection between eternal and transient aspects of
existence
◦ Essence of poetry – connects readers on emotional level
◦ Fundamentals of Kavya
Pratibha – poet’s creative inspiration
Kavyasarira – Form of poem (words and meaning)
Rasa – Asthetic taste of the reader
◦ Abinavagupta – Shared delight between poet and reader
◦ Kavya as an universal art form

Panchamakavyas – notable works

➢Kumarasambhavam – Kalidasa
➢Raghuvamsham – Kalidasa
➢Kiratarjuniya – Bharavi
➢Shishupalavadha – Maagha
➢Naishadiya Charitam – Sri Harsha
 MODULE 33- BHARATIYA
PERFORMING ARTS
◦ Definition: Bharatiya Performing Arts refer to music, dance, and drama that embody the cultural,
spiritual, and aesthetic traditions of India.
◦ Forms of Performing Arts:
◦ Sangeet (Music): Vocal and instrumental music.
◦ Nritya (Dance): A harmonious blend of rhythm, expression, and grace.
◦ Natya (Drama): The art of storytelling through acting and dialogue.
◦ Philosophical Foundation:
◦ Rooted in Natya Shastra by Bharat Muni, which codifies the principles of drama, dance, and
music.
◦ Emphasis on Rasa theory—invoking emotions like love, valor, and serenity to create transcendental
experiences.
◦ Cultural Connection: These arts reflect India's deep spiritual ethos and its understanding of life as a
balance between material and divine realms.
 KEY ART FORMS AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
◦ Music:
◦ Based on the principles of Shruti (microtones) and Swara (notes).
◦ Ragas are melodic frameworks that evoke specific moods, while Talas provide rhythmic cycles.
◦ Two major traditions:
◦ Carnatic music: Predominantly South Indian, devotional themes, intricate compositions.
◦ Hindustani music: North Indian, evolved through cultural syncretism, focus on improvisation
Dance:
◦ Classical forms: Rooted in mythology and spirituality, performed in temples and courts.
◦ Bharatanatyam: Graceful movements, storytelling with Mudras.
◦ Kathak: Expressive storytelling with rhythmic footwork.
◦ Kathakali: Dramatic performances with elaborate costumes and facial expressions.
◦ Odissi: Intricate movements reflecting temple sculpture poses.

◦ Drama:
◦ Originated from the Natya Shastra, considered the fifth Veda.
◦ Themes often derived from epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
 Philosophical and Cultural
Significance
◦ Philosophy of Rasa:
◦ Performing arts aim to evoke the Navarasas (nine emotions): love, humor, compassion, anger,
courage, fear, disgust, wonder, and peace.
◦ This creates a transformative experience for both performers and audiences.
◦ Preservation of Heritage:
◦ Oral traditions and the Guru-Shishya (teacher-student) lineage ensure the continuity of these arts.
◦ Dance forms like Bharatanatyam were revived as a means of worship and cultural identity.
◦ Role in Society:
◦ Integral to religious rituals and festivals, such as temple dances during Navaratri or folk
performances in harvest celebrations.
◦ Educates and entertains while transmitting moral values and life lessons.
◦ Global Influence: Bharatiya performing arts have gained worldwide recognition, enriching global
artistic practices and fostering cultural diplomacy.
 Module 34 – Significance of Upavedas
Upavedas are branches of knowledge within vedic tradition which provides wisdom in various domains.
The Upavedas enrich civilization by offering guidance that complements the teaching of vedas.
• DHANURVEDA: SCIENCE OF ARCHERY OF WAREFARE
Dhanurveda which is derived from dhanush(bow) and veda(knowledge), encompases a
comprehensive understanding of military science. It includes archery, warfare, politics, defense,
highlighting the strategic knowledge and skills for defense and offense. Dharma in warfare acted as
moral compass guiding the actions of warriors.
Astravidhya- the fusion of Spirituality and Warfare
It exemplifies the profound connection between warfare and spiritual practices. Astravidhya are not
ordinary wepons, they are fused with mystical power, often names after natural powers.
• STHAPATYAVEDA: SCIENCE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS
Sthapatyaveda also known as Siepaveda, is associated with the deity Vishwakarma, emphasizing the
connection in craftsmanship. It recogonizes the significance of architectural design in fostering positive
energies, balancing harmony in construction. This branch focuses on architecture, arts and crafts.
• AYURVEDA: SCIENCE OF LONGEVITY
Ayurveda is a holistic system of traditional vedic medicine. It addresses both preventive and curative
aspects of well being prerequisite for experiencing divinity. It emphasizes the importance of balance in
all aspects of life. It includes herbal medicine, surgical techniques based on doshas(vata, pitta, kapha)
• ARTHASASTRA: SCIENCE OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS
Arthasastra enriched by words of great rishis and scholars like Kautilya, Sukra, Brhaspati, deals with
economics, politics, and governance. It covers diplomacy, revenue management, legal disputes,
military strategy, etc. It lays down principles necessary for maintaing just and prosperous society.
• GANDHARVAVEDA: SCIENCE OF MUSIC AND ASTHETICS
Gandharvaveda finds root in Sama veda, presenting the sacredness of art and literature in relation
to vedas. It includes music, literature, dance, etc. This veda values music and art for their potential to
lead to spiritual transcendence.
IS MUSIC A VIDYA OR KALA ?
There has been a historical debate on whether music is a vidya or kala? Western theories categorise
music as a fine art rather than a science. In western culture, the classification of art, craft and
science are well established. Science, such as biology, physics are grounded in a systematic
observation pf natural phenomenon and governed by laws. Art includes various forms of adthetic
ecpression including paintind, sclupture, etc. Crafts is a practical skill that help individual earn a
living. In Bharatiya outlook, vidya and kala classification provides an idea about human knowledge
and culture. According to yhis classification, all human activities fall under any of these two
categories. Vidya primarily means knowledge and kala encompases broder range of intellectual
achievements.
MUSICIANS IN BHARATIYA FRAMEWORK
Vaggeyakarnas- The highest order of musicians, Vaggeyakarnas are Gods infused musicians who
sing in a state of devotion to the devine.
Ethical Standards: the framework classifies musicians bsed on their moral standing, distinguishing
between those who evaluate emotional and those who imitate for sensuous delight.
UPAVEDAS: GUIDING WISDOM IN VEDIC TRADITION
➢ Upavedas remain valuable sources of wisdom, offering inspiration and guidance for exploring the
profound knowledge.
➢ They inspire those who seek a much deeper understanding of vedic knowledge and encouraging
on a holistic life.
➢ Upavedas encourages balance, harmony and pursuit of both material and spiritual well being.
They are a timeless guide in the rich heritage of vedic knowledge.
 Module 35 – The Significance of Arthasastra

Structure: 15 Books ,150 chapters, 180 sections and over 6000 shlokas

Canakya's Role: Canakya also known as kautilya was a professor of

arthasastra in taksasila .He laid the foundation for the concept of the Indian
Nation .

Kautilya's definition artha as prajarvati bhumih – encompassing land,natural and

human resources.

Arthasastra deals in economy and polity.

Canakya's wisdom Today :

❖ Comparison with western model

❖ Realism in international relations
❖ Military strategy and national security
❖ Leadership and governance
❖ Incorporation into modern military thinking

Benefits of Ancient Wisdom:

❖ Adaptability
❖ Ethical Foundation
❖ Strategy sovereignity

Incorporating Ancient Indian Knowledge into contemporary strategic thinking for a richer
intellectual heritage is crucial for national development
 Module 36 - Chitra Sutra: An Exploration of Bharatiya Art

◦ Introduction to Chitra Sutra

What is Chitra Sutra?
◦ A part of the Vishnudharmottara Purana, an ancient Sanskrit text.
◦ Acts as a guide to Indian (Bharatiya) art and aesthetics.
◦ Focuses on the philosophy, principles, and technicalities of painting, sculpture, and other art forms.
Significance:
◦ Connects art to spirituality and cultural expression.
◦ Highlights the integral role of harmony, proportion, and symbolism in Bharatiya art.
Key Concepts:
◦ Art as a reflection of cosmic order and divine beauty.
◦ Emphasis on imagination, skill, and devotion.
Core Principles of Chitra Sutra

1. Art as Sadhana (Spiritual Practice):

◦ Creation of art is a form of meditation and devotion.
2. Importance of Proportion and Balance:
◦ Detailed guidelines for symmetry, perspective, and aesthetics.
3. Symbolism in Art:
◦ Use of colors, shapes, and motifs to convey deeper meanings.
4. Role of the Artist:
◦ The artist as a seeker of truth and a communicator of divine energy.
Legacy:
◦ Influence on traditional Indian art forms like Tanjore paintings, temple sculptures, and more.
◦ Continues to inspire contemporary interpretations of Bharatiya art.
Module 37- Introduction to the 64
Arts
◦ •The 64 arts (Chausath Kalas) are a comprehensive list of skills mentioned in ancient texts like
the Kamasutra and Vatsyayana's works.
◦ •These arts reflect holistic development, encompassing intellectual, creative, and practical
skills.
◦ •Examples include music, dance, painting, culinary arts, storytelling, and more.
◦ •Importance: They emphasize a balanced and cultured lifestyle.
 Categories of the Arts Modern Applications of the 64 Arts

◦ •Creative Arts: Painting, sculpting, floral ◦ •Promotes creativity, critical thinking, and
arrangement, jewelry design. versatility.
◦ •Performance Arts: Singing, dancing, ◦ •Encourages interdisciplinary learning and
playing musical instruments. self-expression.
◦ •Practical Skills: Culinary arts, tailoring, ◦ •Reflects values of a holistic education
carpentry, weaving. system.
◦ •Cognitive Skills: Riddles, strategy ◦ •Influences modern arts, culture, and
games, poetry composition, problem- lifestyle practices globally.
solving.
◦ •Interpersonal Skills: Conversational
charm, mimicry, and storytelling.
Module – 38 Sthapatya Kala – The Principles
Introduction to Indian Architecture
• Shows India's social and cultural changes and artistic styles.
• Represents the diversity and traditions of various cultures.
Cultural Foundations
• Developed from simple shelters to beautiful designs, shaped by local customs and
economic growth.
Vedic Influence
• Architectural rules (Vāstu śāstra) focus on balance with nature and cosmic forces,
guiding building layouts and designs.
Agni Worship
• The central role of fire in city planning; aligning buildings with cardinal directions is
important for spiritual meaning.
Auspicious Design
• Designs include good luck symbols and layouts for Yajña rituals, emphasizing air
flow and safety.
Water Management
• Water is vital for rituals and everyday life; city designs incorporate water
bodies for both practical use and spiritual importance.
Sacred Geometry
• Shapes and patterns affect design proportions, representing cosmic
balance.
Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization
• Known for advanced water management skills, influencing architectural
practices.
Architectural Legacy
• Laid the groundwork for sacred design practices, stressing community and
natural balance, offering lessons for modern sustainable design.
 Module – 39 Sthapatya Kala – The Principles
Key Principles and Practices
• Integration with Nature: Holistic designs incorporating natural elements for harmony and balance.
• Vastu Shastra Principles:
• Site selection and orientation for spiritual and environmental harmony.
• Use of local materials to ensure sustainability.
• Sophisticated City Planning:
• Water supply systems with wells, canals, and advanced drainage.
• Hydraulic engineering to prevent flooding and ensure water availability.
• Temple Architecture Evolution:
• Transition from rock-cut to free-standing structures.
• Regional styles reflecting cultural and spiritual values.
• Architectural Texts:
• Guidance from Vishwakarma Vastu Shastra and Agamas on land assessment and sacred
construction.
Relevance to Modern Architecture
Legacy of Ancient Practices
• Sustainability Focus:
• Ecological balance and environmental harmony in design.
• Inspiration for modern green architecture.
• Cultural Integration:
• Preservation of heritage through sacred and artistic detailing.
• Urban Planning Insights:
• Impeccable planning principles for cities, including water management systems.
• Balance of functionality, aesthetics, and spirituality.
• Modern Applications:
• Influences contemporary urban planning and construction with holistic, sustainable
approaches.
• Integration of cultural and spiritual principles in modern designs.
 Module 40 – Introduction to Ancient
Indian Rock Engineering
◦ It is a Fusion of Science and Art – Harmonious us convergence of scientific principles
and artistic creativity in ancient Indian rock engineering.
◦ The foundational guidance is provided by Sage Bhrgu’s Bhrgusamhita and the
valuable insights can be seen in silpa manuals.
◦ It has diverse application – architectural planning and surface transport to dwellings,
forts , and temples .
◦ Importance of stones in construction – Right selection of rocks played a pivotal role
.Temples and monuments like the Kailashanatha Temple of Kancheepuram stands as a
timeless example. The choice of stones also significantly contribute to both the
aesthetic appeal and structural integrity of the temple
◦ Sources and classification of building stones – The techniques used by the ancient
builders to extract stones from hills and mines , showcases the resourcefulness and skill
in obtaining construction materials. They classified stones based on hierarchical factors
like age , colour and gender .
◦ Defects in building stones – There was a meticulous documentation of defects in building
stones , including lines ( curvilinear , parallel, straight ) and categorised spots. There should
be assurance in quality by taking small detail into consideration.
◦ Stone selection criteria – Suitability hinged on factors such as colour , the presence of lines
and spots and the absence of defects, disintegration , mineral quality and overall
suitability .
◦ Detection of defects and stone selection – Ingenious techniques were employed by
ancient craftsman to detect microscopic defects in rocks . There prevailed the use of
herbal paints to softened stones and revealing hidden faults.
◦ Tools and Techniques – Astabandha – the Adamantine glue . The Vajralepa was used in
temple construction for affixing idols , joineries and walls in the absence of modern
materials like cement . Clever techniques are outlined in Brhat Samhita for stone blocks,
emphasizing the principle of “heat and cool” . Tool tempering has three steps for
specialized tools , ensuring durability and precision in stone work.
◦ Rock – Engineering in forts – Ancient Indian forts strategically placed rocks to optimise
stability and load bearing capacity . Raigad Fort in Maharashtra highlights how this rock
engineering enhanced the defensive capabilities of forts , ensuring longevity and
resistance to external forces .
◦ India’s Architectural heritage – Intricate designs of Suranga , showcases horizontal tunnels
for clean drinking water. The Kallanai Dam exemplifies meticulous stone selection and
alignment .
Key Words
◦ Sage Bhrgu’s Bhrgusamhita.
◦ Silpa manuals.
◦ Meticulous documentation.
◦ Quality assurance .
◦ Ingenious techniques .
◦ Stone softening .
◦ Kailashanatha Temple of Kancheepuram.
◦ Astabandha.
◦ Vajralepa.
◦ Clever techniques .
◦ Brhat Samhita.
◦ Tool tempering .
◦ Raigad Fort ( Maharashtra ).
 Thank you!!!
1. Harini S
2. Sreenidhi Narayanan
3. Sandhya N
4. Rohini G
5. Varshini
6. Priti Vardhini
7. Mahek Khadloya
8. Bhuwaneshwari
9. Pooja
10.Akshaya KP
 UNIT V: CONTEMPORARY AND TRADITIONAL
CLASSIFICATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE

MODULE 1: Vedic Personality Development Model

✓ Four Purusharthas (Goals of Life): Dharma (righteousness), Artha
(prosperity), Kama (pleasure), and Moksha (liberation) guide personal
development.

✓ Self-Awareness and Realization: Understanding one’s true nature and

aligning actions with higher purpose through practices like meditation.

✓ Mind and Emotions: Managing the mind through discipline, meditation,

and emotional control for inner peace.

✓ Ethics and Values: Developing virtues like Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satya
(truthfulness) for moral behavior.

✓ Physical and Mental Discipline: Emphasizing health through yoga,

breathing exercises, and self-care.

✓ Purpose (Dharma): Discovering one’s life purpose to guide actions and

achieve balance.
This model integrates these elements for holistic development, focusing on inner
transformation and well-being.

MODULE 2: Introduction to Bharatiya Sciences

✓ Holistic Knowledge: Bharatiya sciences integrate physical, mental, and
spiritual aspects of life.

✓ Vedic Foundations: Many scientific principles are rooted in the Vedas,

covering areas like astronomy, medicine, and architecture.
 ✓ Key Disciplines: Includes Ayurveda (medicine), Jyotisha (astrology), Vastu
Shastra (architecture), and ancient mathematics.

✓ Experiential Learning: Knowledge is gained through observation,

experience, and a deep connection with nature.

✓ Spiritual Integration: Science serves as a tool for both understanding the

universe and achieving spiritual growth.
The module highlights how Bharatiya sciences offer a balanced, ethical, and
interconnected view of the world.

MODULE 3: Challenging Assumptions in Modern Science

This module highlights the dynamic nature of science, emphasizing the
foundational role of assumptions like Naturalist Metaphysics, Materialist Ontology,
and Reductionist-Empiricist Methodology. It critiques the rigid mainstream
scientific worldview, advocating for integrating diverse perspectives, including
ancient wisdom and subjective human experiences. The need for a new framework
to study consciousness as an independent entity is discussed, with phenomena
like Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) challenging traditional views. Scientists are
encouraged to explore reality through both classical methods and introspection.

✓ Naturalist Metaphysics: The belief that the natural world is the only
fundamental reality.

✓ Materialist Ontology: The idea that everything, including thoughts, is

explainable through material interactions.

✓ Reductionist-Empiricist Methodology: Analyzing complex phenomena by

breaking them into simpler components.

✓ Consciousness: Awareness or perception, proposed here as independent

of physical matter.

✓ Near-Death Experiences (NDEs): Phenomena where individuals report

experiences near death, challenging the brain-consciousness link.
MODULE 4: Ayurveda – Vedic Science of Wellness
→ prevails over 5000 years
→ leads to holistic wellness
→ addresses the root cause, not just the symptoms

⇒ 4 pillars of Ayurveda

• Body (Sharira)
• Mind (manas)
• Self (atman)
• Energy (prana)

⇒ Doshas of body (vata, pitta, kapha)

• Vata (space, vayu) Cai - blood flow, waste eliminating, breathing

• Pitta (water, fire) - digestion & metabolism
• Kapha (water, earth) - lubrication, structural support & Stamina

→Immunization is a step to immune the people via vaccines

→ prevention is better than cure
→"ama" means toxins & "nirama" means free of toxins
→State of wellness - "Niramayata"
→ 3 pillars of health- diet, Sleep & celibacy collectively called "Trayopastambha"
→ special ayurvedic recipes for Immunisation- Suarna Prashana & Prakara Yogas.
→ Pancakarma - a cleansing therapy which involves detox, dietary changes, etc.

⇒ Ayurveda in daily life

• Strengthen digestive system

• prioritize rest
• meditation & Mindfulness
• Explore Nature's herbs & spices
MODULE 5: Vedic Linguistics
✓ Key Ideas of Bhartrhari
The two fundamentals of language :
o Word (sabda)
o Meaning (artha)
✓ His monumental work in the Vakyapadiya explores the theory of word and
meaning.

✓ Words and Meanings: Words are not random sounds; sound and meaning
form a complete idea to understand the world.
o Sabda Sphoṭa: Meaning is grasped holistically, not from individual
sounds or words alone.
o Dhvani: this is the actual sound we hear when a word is spoken.
o Sabda brahman: words are seen as connected to ultimate reality,
showing that language has a divine significance.
o Sound and Meaning: Both are inseparable and work together to
convey full understanding.
o Legacy in Linguistics: Bhartrhari influenced modern linguistic
theories like structuralism and holistic semantics.
o Cognitive Linguistics: Language and mind are deeply connected;
language shapes thought.
o Phonology: The system of sounds plays a vital role in understanding
meaning.
o Sound Symbolism: Bhartrhari believed that sound symbolism
studies how sound evoke meanings. His concept influences
lexicography and marketing.
o Pragmatics and Context: Context, speaker’s intention, and listener’s
understanding shape meaning.

✓ The Sphota : it is derived from the word “sphut” (“to reveal”) the deeper,
abstract meaning behind words.
Metaphysical view: language comes from a devine source,revealing deeper
truths.
Empirical view: in everyday communication, when we speak, the abstract
meaning of the word becomes audible
✓ Process of Cognition: Misinterpretations arise from focusing on details;
intuition guides understanding. He thought we learn from mistakes and
become certain over time.
✓ Bhartrhari’s Legacy: His theories bridge ancient philosophy and modern
cognitive science.
MODULE 6: Bharatiya Mathematical Legacy
Overview
o India’s mathematical heritage has significantly influenced global
development, from arithmetic to calculus, shaping science,
engineering, and various mathematical branches.
o Mathematics was integral to commerce, daily life, and rituals, evident
in ancient practices.

Mathematics in Daily Life

✓ Harappan Civilization: Precise measurements using ivory and shell rulers
in town planning.
✓ Geometry in Rituals: Practical geometry for constructing fire altars.
✓ Everyday Applications: Seen in Vedic rituals, drainage systems, and grid
layouts.

Mathematical Contributions by Bharat

Core Inventions:
o Decimal system, zero as a number, and numerical symbols (1-9) adapted by
Arab traders.
o Symbols for arithmetic operations.
o Early use of large numbers in Indian literature.
Key Contributions:
o Negative numbers, rules for arithmetic operations.
o Quadratic equation solutions, arithmetic and geometric progressions.
o Summation of finite series, permutations, and combinations.
Advanced Contributions:
o Approximation of pi, integral calculus.
o Trigonometric sign tables and planetary position estimation using analytic
trigonometry.

Prominent Scholars:
✓ Baudhayana, Apasthamba, Katyayana, Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta,
Bhaskaracharya.
✓ Pingala, Madhava, Nilakantha Somayaji, Virahanka, Halayudha.
Impact of Zero and Decimal System
✓ Revolutionized mathematics with efficient calculations and advanced
arithmetic.
✓ Enabled solutions to complex equations, laying the foundation for modern
algebra.

Conclusion
o The preservation of mathematical texts highlights the importance of
knowledge transfer in ancient Bharat.
o Bharat’s contributions advanced Indian society and profoundly influenced
global mathematics and science.

MODULE 7: Bharatiya Aesthetics

--> Soundarya Sastra (Essence of beauty in vedic philosophy)
--> Aesthetic (The science of understanding, appreciating beauty)

Subjectivism vs Objectivism
--> Subjectivist theory (Beauty resides only "IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER)
-->Objectivist Theory "Beauty is an objective FEATURE OF BEAUTIFUL THINGS"

Sensory Object
-->Sravva Music, Literature &poetry
-->Drsya Architecture, sculpture, painting etc

Three Streams of Indian Aesthetic:

✓ Literature and Poetics
✓ Drama and Dramaturgy
✓ Fine arts and Sculpture

Aesthetic Experiences in Indian Culture:

Central Tenet
-->Beauty is not a fixed notion
-->multifaceted modes&phases
o Rasasvada : all nature is considered beautiful when one can realise the
divine ideas inherent within it.

Sadharanikarana : Communication Theory of Arts -

Five Tenets
-> Sahrdaya - Shared compassion
-> Rasa Utpatti - Emotional arousal & Rasa-asvadana – Aesthetic pleasure
(narrating compelling stories)
-> Asymmetry - Viewers connect with trusted sources
-> Simplification - digestible forms
-> Universalization - creating universal experience

Harness power of aesthetic:

○ Enriched lives
○ Innovation
○ Success in career

MODULE 8: Vedic Science of Reasoning

✓ Siddhanta Knowledge Foundation (SKF) Overview:
o Objective: Promote pride in Indian Knowledge Systems by reinterpreting
traditional Vedic knowledge for modern times.
o Goal: Increase India’s intellectual capital while staying true to Indian
perspectives.

✓ Foundation Course in Indic Knowledge Studies:

o Focuses on Vedic sciences, especially Nyayasastra (Science of Reasoning).
o Helps learners understand knowledge from both modern and Vedic
viewpoints.
o Highlights Nyaya’s applications in education, ethics, and science.
o Explores Nyaya’s relevance in today’s world.
 ✓ Nyaya-Vaisesika Tradition:
o A major part of India’s logical reasoning tradition.
o Affects philosophy, law, debates, and rhetoric.
o Encourages critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving—skills often
missing in modern education.

✓ Purpose of Reasoning in Education:

o Helps learners make rational decisions and think analytically.
o Encourages informed decision-making using structured reasoning.

✓ Nyaya's Applications:
o The syllogistic method in Nyaya helps solve ethical issues (like in medical
research).
Identifies flaws in reasoning and clears confusion.
o Supports legal and scientific fields using reasonable assumptions and
hypothesis testing.
o Demonstrates global relevance, such as the "innocent until proven guilty"
principle in law.

MODULE 9: The Essence of Indian Philanthropy

1. Philosophical Foundations:

o Rooted in Dharma (duty), emphasizing responsibility toward family, society,

and nature.
o It emphasizes responsibility toward family, society, nature, and all living
beings.

2. Types of Giving (Bhagavad Gita):

o Sattvika Dana: Selfless and beneficial.

o Rajasika Dana: Reluctant, with expectations.
o Tamasika Dana: Careless, ignoring the recipient.

3. Stories of Compassion:

o King Rantideva: Selfless fasting to feed others.

o King Janasruti: Charity must be accompanied by wisdom.
4. Annadana (Sharing Food):

o Symbolizes interconnectedness.
o Rooted in Atithi Devo Bhava (The guest is God).

5. Charity in Pre-Colonial India:

o Wealth used for public welfare (e.g., Raja Serfoji's Chatrams).

o Colonialism disrupted these traditions.

6. Vedic Teachings:

o Minimize wants, align wealth with Dharma.

o True happiness comes from meeting needs and helping others.

7. Indian vs. Western Philanthropy:

o Indian: Responsibility owed from birth.

o Western: Responsibility begins after success.

8. Jain and Buddhist Dana:

o Jainism: Emphasis on proper giving (Danavrata).

o Buddhism: Material gifts, knowledge, and fearlessness.

9. Modern Applications:

o Balance personal, professional, and social duties.

o Focus on compassion, forgiveness, and sustainability.

10. Inspiring Example:

o Suhasini Mistry built a hospital through selfless action.

11. Core Values: Charity (Dana), compassion (Karuna), and environmental

care.
MODULE 10: Vedic Psychology
✓ Overview:
o Explores personality, consciousness, emotion, motivation, and mental states.
o Introduces unique concepts like "ahamkara" (between ego and self-
concept) and koshas (layers of consciousness).
o Explore consciousness to achieve more freedom, peace, pleasure, and
understanding.

✓ Cognition and Knowledge:

o Studies ordinary sense-based cognition through “ Pramana”
o Promotes deeper study of Indian contributions to psychology.

✓ Emotion and Motivation:

o "Sat, Chit, Ananda" (existence, consciousness, delight) as ultimate reality.
o Suggests that happiness is a natural part of existence but is hidden by
ignorance.
o Introduces Bharata Muni’s concept of "rasa" (delight in all experiences).

✓ Insights in Other Areas:

o Highlights the need to incorporate cultural factors in psychological
understanding.
o Contributions to:
- child development
- psychopathology
- psychodynamics, and
- psychopharmacology.

✓ Yoga and Mental Health:

o Yoga emphasizes inner peace, acceptance of emotions, and self-driven
conflict resolution.
o Encourages acceptance without judgment, reducing emotional pain
through mindfulness.

✓ Deconditioning and Schemas:

o Yoga helps challenge old beliefs and habits, similar to Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
o Reduces anxiety and depression through mindfulness and meditation.
 ✓ States of Mind in Yoga (Chitta Bhumikas):
o Kshipta (Scattered Mind): Restless mind; linked to anxiety disorders.
o Mudha (Dull Mind): Mental inertia; aligned with depressive states.
o Vikshipta (Partially Focused Mind): Distracted; resembles attention
disorders like ADHD.
o Ekagrata (One Pointed): Deep concentration; parallels CBT objectives.
o Niruddha (Controlled Mind): Complete control and inner peace; aligns
with mindfulness-based therapies.

✓ Applications in Modern Psychology:

o Anxiety and Depression: Practices like meditation and pranayama help
manage symptoms.
o Attention Disorders: Yoga techniques enhance concentration.
o Stress Management: Relaxation techniques derived from yoga reduce
stress.
o Mindfulness-Based Therapies: Yoga complements therapies for
depression, chronic pain, and stress.

✓ Integration of Traditions:
o Encourages blending ancient yogic wisdom with modern psychology.
o Aims to promote holistic well-being and enrich understanding of the human
mind.

MODULE 11: Ancient Indian Trade

Historical significance of Ancient Indian trade:
o Shaping the Global Economic Landscape.
o Far-reaching consequences.
o India was the primary source for a myriad of goods, sugar, drugs, precious
stone etc .

Factor for Trade Dominance:

o Entrepreneurial of spirit: renowned for its enterprising spirit, trustworthing
and resilience.
o Excellence of goods: The quality and diversity were unparalleled globally.
o Maritime Expertise: Advanced knowledge of sea routes, monsoon wind etc.
Role of Trade Fairs:
o Facilitating commerce: Facilitating commercial activities, national topics ,
fostering cultural exchange.
o Peaceful commerce:Inter-provincial and inter-state trade.

Infrastructure and Connectivity:

o Royal Roads and River
o Great Royal Highway
o Strategic Road links

Currency system:
o Gold and silver coins: Gold coins like Nishta and suvarna as well as silver
coins like purana and karshapana.
o Evolution of punch-marked coins: India evolved to use iconic punch-marked
coins.

Trade Impact:
o Roman Surge in Demand: Roman Demand for Indian commodities such as
spices, perfumes, precious stones, skills etc.
o Mauryan Period: Greek writers document the manufacture of chariots,
wagons, arms, ships etc.
o Gupta and Later periods: Crucial ports including Tamralipti in Bengal, and
Tondai in Tamil Nadu.

Merchant Guilds:
Autonomous Bodies:
o own rules and regulations
o maintaining Industry standards, training of apprentice and preventing
unhealthy competition.
o Financial Function: providing loan to their members and served as financial
institution.
South Indian Guilds:
o Stability and public confidence.
o Cultural contribution.
Legacy of Indian Entrepreneurship:
o Unique position in Global Trade .
o Honour and reflection.

MODULE 12: Bharatiya Contributions in Maritime History

✓ India’s maritime heritage - spanning over 5000 years, has left a lasting
mark on global history.
✓ Ancient visitors - admired India’s advanced shipbuilding, documented in
their travelogues.
✓ Early centres - Lothal hosted the world’s first tidal dock, while durable
Kerala teak and iron components, as seen in Dwarka (1800 BCE), showcased
India's expertise.
✓ Mauryan era - shipbuilding thrived under state incentives, overseen by a
shipping superintendent.
✓ Scholar-king Bhoja - cataloged ship designs, detailing types such as :
o Samanya
o Dirgha
o Unnata
o Sarvamandira
o Madhyamandira and
o Agramandira.

✓ Coastal hubs - Cochin and Bengal embraced innovations, driving domestic

and international trade through prominent ports like Lothal, Dwarka, and
Baruch.
✓ India’s maritime advancements fostered the exchange of goods, ideas, and
technologies, solidifying its enduring global influence.

MODULE 13: Sources of Hindu Law

✓ Hindu law - Vedic rules followed by the people.
✓ Application - Hindu, Jain, Buddist , Sikhs people by reli gion.
o ~Sc held various sub sects also hindus
o ~converts & re-converts of Hindu
✓ Source -
Ancient - Sruti (which includes vedas), Smrti (basis are Sruti, authored by
learned sages), Nibandhas, Vyavahan.
Smriti - Dharma shashtra Dharma Shutra.

Modern - justice,equity,good,conscience
 ~legislation
~precedents

✓ Two schools
o Dayabhaga - based on laws on the commentaries of jimutvahana
o Mitaksara - based on the commentary of vijnanesvara on the smriti of
yajnavalkya

✓ Colonial & post-colonial dark ages :

o Destruction of native educational system
o India was isolated from both masses of India and modern institutions
o the constitutional narrative of rights makes the fault lines deeper between
caste, community, religion.

✓ Requirements for a valid custom :

o Ancient - means belongs to antiquity.
o Continuous - only the custom is valid which has been observed without any
interruption.
o Reasonable - must be some reasonable &fairness in the custom
o Not against morality - custom should not be morally wrong.

✓ Three types of custom:

o Local - courts in a particular region or locality.
o Class - customs acted upon by a particular class.
o Family - customs for families.

✓ Dharma :
o Hindu sources doesn't make any distinct between rules of laws and rules of
morality
o the ethical , moral and legal principles are woven into one
o modern text book have no rights to lay down the law.
o the Hindu law doesn't only means the austinian sense of jurisprudence.

✓ Judiciary in ancient India :

o Four legs of law - Dharma(sacred
law),vvyavahara(evidence),charitra(history),rajasasana(edicts of kings)
o Adminstration of justice was done at - sangrahana(centre for 10
villages),karayatike(centre for 200 villages),dronamukha(centre for 400
villages),sthaniya(centre for 800 villages)

✓ Other centre of dispute resolution :

o Kula - local villages council with five or more members
 o Sreni - settle dispute amongst members of various guilds or association
o Puga - solves dispute among family members

✓ Important matters of Hindu law :

o Jury system
o judicial psychology
o law relating to witness
o classification of disputes
o representation by lawyer
o interpretation of legal documents.

MODULE 14: Indian Science of Ethics – exploration of ethical

roots
-->Ethical heritage, deeply rooted in religious and philosophy tradition
-->focuses on moral principle
-->encompassing aspects of character, conduct and cosmic order.
--> Two categories:
o Individual ethics
o Social ethics
--> Four asramas :
o Brahmacarya
o Grhastha
o Vanaprastha
o Samnyasa
--> Purusarthas ( life goals )
o dharma
o artha
o kama
o moksa

✓ Dharma : represents duty and righteousness in Indian philosophy, guiding

ethical behaviour.
✓ Karma yoga : focuses on selfless action for the well -being of society.

✓ Buddhish Pancasila - five precepts in Buddhism

o killing
o stealing
 o lying
o engaging in sexual misconduct
o comsuption of intoxicants

Jain Triratna and Ahimsa

Jain ethics is based on the three gems
o right vision
o right knowledge
o right conduct
Non-violence ( Ahimsa ) was a cornerstone of Jain ethics guiding every aspect of
a Jain's life.
o integrating courses on Indian culture, ethos, and ethics into management
education is strategic and would provide understanding, combination
technical skills, ethical and cultural sensitivities.

MODULE 15: Scope for Future Research in IKS

✓ NEURO- ASTHETICS and its impacts on Communication industry:
Neuro- Asthetics explore how the human brain perceives and responds to beauty,
a subject that has intrigued indian thinkers for centuries .
✓ Renowned neuroscientists :
o Semi Zeki
o V.S.Ramachandran
o Anjan chatterji

✓ Cross Cultural Neuro- Asthetics Studies:

The objective is to gain insights into how neuro - Asthetics responses to Indian art
differ across cultures.

✓ Impacts On The Communication Industry:

o Visual communications strategies
o Digital media and user experience
o Consumer behaviour and branding
 ✓ Ethnography In Indian Knowledge Studies:
Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves comprehensive study
of a specific cultural group.
o Ethnography in IKS
o Holistic understanding

✓ Intersection Of Sanskrit And Computational Linguistics:

o The intersection of Sanskrit and computational Linguistics presents
unique career prospects.
o Graduates can pursue roles like NLP specialists, computational
Linguists and Text Mining Analysts, etc.

✓ Ancient Indian Architectural Wisdom And Sustainable Green Buildings:

o Natural building materials.
o Natural climate control.
o Earthquake resistant techniques.
o Bamboo ( the sustainable wonder)

✓ Hydro-Engineering:
Examining the design and purpose of various water sources such as step-wells,
canals, etc.

✓ Indian Knowledge Systems For Sustainable Development

As `Sri Aurobindo 'said , the task ahead of Bharatiyas is :
o Recognising the value of ancient wisdom for sustainable living and
passing it on to future generations.
o Encouraging exploration and preservation efforts , celebrating India's
rich knowledge traditions.