MODULE IN RPH

Chapter I. INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY

• We study the past to understand the present; we understand the present to guide the future -
William Lund

HERODOTUS - the “father of history”

- he was an ancient greek writer, historian and geographer born in the city of
Halicarnassus, part of Persian empire.
- he is also known for his written accounts, Greco-Persian Wars

ETYMOLOGY AND DEFINITION OF HISTORY

• HISTORIA - a greek word of history which means “learning, inquiry and inverstigation”.
• HISTORY - a branch of Social Sciences that deals with the systematic study of signi cant
past.

HISTORIOGRAPHY - refers to the study of history itself.

Historiography analyzes
✔ who is the history writer
✔ the motives of the writer,
✔ the sources of the writer
✔ theories applied and other historical methods.
✔ the context when the history was written.

ELEMENTS OF HISTORY
1. The Historian - This refers to the person writing the history.
2. Place - The location where the history was written
3. Period - Refers to the context of the time when the history
was written.
4. Sources - Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the
historian such as documents, written or oral accounts.

NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

A. History has no subject matter of its own.
B. History synthesizes knowledge from other
elds.
C. History illuminates pieces of the past.
D. History is constantly changing.
E. History sheds light to truth.

HISTORY IN RELATION WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

• Archaeology - the study of material remains of past human life and activities.
- the study of “ancient things” like artifacts and fossils.
fi
fi
 ARTIFACT - an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical
interest.
FOSSIL - the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism such as human remains
and animal remains.
RADIOCARBON DATING - a device use to de ne the age of an artifact or fossil.

• Anthropology - is the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and
in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture.

SOURCES OF HISTORY
- Historical evidences are important proof of the truthfulness of the past.
• PRIMARY SOURCES - these are the “ rsthand evidences” about an object, person, or work
of art.
- These are the evidences byeyewitnesses or created by people who experienced the
said event or phenomena.
• SECONDARY SOURCES - these are the interpretation of history.
- They describe, discuss, interpret,comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and
process primary sources.
• TERTIARY SOURCES - these are the combination of primary and secondary sources.

HISTORICAL CRITICISM

• External Criticism
a. Authorship - the name of the author of the document usually provides credence in the
establishment of validity of a certain document.
b. Date and place of publication - the date of the document including the time and place
of publication should be properly analyzed in order to establish its authenticity.
c. Textual Errors. The historian should always be in the lookout for errors in the text of
documents and manuscripts.
d. Meaning of Words Used - the meaning of words used usually changes from
generation to generation, therefore the historian has to interpret the words used based on the
time when the document was made.

• Internal Criticism - refers to understanding of both literal and real meaning of words. A
historian therefore must be able to analyze and interpret the contents of documents in their
real meaning.

Chapter II. ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY

• Philippine Historiography has underwent several changes since the pre-colonial period until
present.
• The history of the Philippines was originally documented by foreign historians.

HISTORICAL REVISIONISM - refers to the practice in writing history in which historians

reinterpret the views considering the causes and e ects, decisions, explanations and
evidences.

HISTORY AS A WESTERN CONCEPT

- it is based on the perspective of western countries, especially Spain.
- Gender-biased towards male
- they believe in the context of “no document, no history”.
KASAYSAYAN AS A FILIPINO CONCEPT
- a lipino point of view of kasaysayan or history.
fi
fi
ff
fi
 - a belief that history is not only bound by written documents but as well as oral traditions like
communal songs, legends, epics, cultures and traditions of the ancient lipinos.
- “History from below” or “Peoples history” - history refers to the common people.
BIPARTITE VIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
- Spanish perspective regarding the history of the Philippines wherein they believed that
lipinos owe their civilization to them.
- In this view, it can only be viewed into two epochs; 1. Pre-Hispanic and 2. Hispanic Period.
- “dilim-liwanag”

TRIPARTITE VIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

- Filipino perspective wherein lipinos believed that the Philippines was already civilized even
before the Spanish colonization.
- It was divided into three epochs; 1. Pre-hispanic 2. Hispanic 3. Post-hispanic Period
- “liwanag-dilim-liwanag”
The educated Filipinos during the Spanish era, known as the ilustrados cannot accept the
bipartite view of Philippine history presented by the Spaniards.

ILUSTRADOS
• JOSE RIZAL
• GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
• MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

ZEUS SALAZAR’S PANTAYONG PANANAW AND OTHER PANANAW PANGKASAYSAYAN

• Pantayong Pananaw - a perspective where the history was written by lipinos in lipino
language and intended to be read by fellow lipinos.
* PILIPINO - FILIPINO - PILIPINO
• Pangkaming Pananaw - historical perspective in which Philippine history is written by
Filipinos in foreign language and intended for to be read by foreigners to understand our
history in our point of view.
*Pilipino- Espanyol- Espanyol
• Pangkayong Pananaw - historical perspective in which Philippine history is written by
foreigner in a foreign language as well but it is meant to be addressed or directed to Filipinos
as audience.
*Kastila- Espanyol- Pilipino
• Pansilang Pananaw - historical perspective in which Philippine history is written by foreigners
in a foreign language as well and is intended to be read and understood by their fellow
foreigners
*Kastila-Espanyol- Kastila

Chapter III: The First Voyage Around The World by Antonio Pigafetta

PRIMARY GOAL OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FOR THEIR EXPLORATION

• GOD
• GOLD
• GLORY

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS - an Italian explorer who rst to discover “new world” or also
known today as “America”.
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 AMERIGO VESPUCCI - an Italian explorer where the name of America was derived because he
has written documents and accounts about his expedition in America.

MARTIN WALDSEEMULLER - A German Cartographer who named America in honor of

Amerigo Vespucci. He also draw the map of the new world.

LEIF ERIKSON or THE VIKINGS - the rst to explored America according to the myth, but still
not proven.

INTER CAETERA - A papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 3, 1493 that gave
permission to Spain and Portugal to explore the entire America.

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS - an agreement between Spain and Portugal wherein they will
explore a particular region. The eastern part went to Portugal, while the west went to Spain.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN
• Ferñao de Magalhães - his real name.
• He is a Portuguese explorer who aimed to nd the Spice Island by sailing west.
• Spice Island - also known Moluccas, or “Maluku Islands” found in Indonesia.
• Magellan was allowed to explore the east which is under Portugal Zone of Exploration
because he sailed westward on the Paci c. Paci c was not strictly enforced by Portugal.

KING MANUEL I - the king of Portugal who declined Magellan’s proposal in exploring the Spice
Island.

KING CHARLES I - The king of Spain who supported and funded Magellan’s expedition.
- he sent ve ships and 270 men for their expedition.

MAGELLAN-EL CANO EXPEDITION

- Magellan left the port of San Lucar
de Barrameda, Spain on September
20, 1519 with ve ships namely;

• Trinidad - Ferdinand Magellan

• Concepcion - Gaspar de Quesada
• Santiago - Joao Serrao
• San Antonio - Juan de Cartegena
• Victoria - Luiz Mendoza

• Fr. Pedro de Valderrama- eet chaplain who’s conducting mass during their expedition.
• Antonio Pigafetta- chronicler of the expedition.
• Duarte Barbosa- Magellan’s brother-in-law.
• Enrique- Malay slave acting as interpreter.

PACIFIC OCEAN - Magellan called it “MAR PACIFICO”

STRAIT OF MAGELLAN - was rst discovered by Magellan.

REDISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES

• The rst group of people who discovered Philippines are the “Malayo-Indonesian”.

MARCH 16, 1521 - the Spaniards landed in the Philippines and saw a towering heights of
Samar and they named it “Islas de San Lazaro”.
fi
fi
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 MARCH 17, 1521 - they landed to Humunu (Homonhon), an islet found at the mouth of Leyte
Gulf. They named it “Watering Place of Good Signs”.

MARCH 18, 1521 - they met “nine” native lipinos who arrived with a boat.

MARCH 29, 1521 - Magellan had a blood compact or “kasi-kasi” with Rajah Kolambu, a Rajah
from Limasawa, Leyte.

MARCH 31, 1521 - the rst mass in the Philippines was held in Limasawa, Leyte and o ciated
by Fr. Valderrama. And they named the place “Islas de San Lazaro”.

APRIL 7, 1521 - Rajah Humabon of Sugbu (Cebu), had a blood compact with Magellan.

APRIL 14, 1521 - they introduced christianity to the people pf Cebu.

BATTLE OF MACTAN
- a bloody battle between the Spaniards and people of Mactan in leadership of Cali Pulacu or
also known as Lapu-lapu.
- The battle was initiated by the Spaniards in April 27, 1521 when Lapu-lapu declined
Magellan to introduce their political system and christianity.
- Magellan got wounded on the battle. A poisoned arrow hit his right leg and a bamboo spear
struck his face.

May 1, 1521- the natives of Cebu carried out

the plan to massacre them.

PHILIPPINES - derived from the name of King Philip II of Spain.

RUY LOPEZ DE VILLOBOS - He named Philippines as “Las Islas Filipinas” in honor of King
Philip II.

LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS - name of the Philippines during the Spanish Colonization.
PEARL OF THE ORIENT - name of the Philippines during American Colonization.

- The Spaniards didn’t give up in nding the Spice Island, so they left Philippines and
continued their expedition by the leadership of Juan Sebastian Elcano who handled Victoria
Ship.
- November 8, 1521 - they reached Tidore, Moluccas or the Spice Island.
Among the ve ships, only Victoria with 18 men out of 270 men successfully returned to Spain
on September 6, 1522.

THE LOST OR RUINED SHIP in Order

• SANTIAGO - ruined by the storm
• SAN ANTONIO - mutinied by the native people.
• CONCEPCION - ruined by lipino natives.
• TRINIDAD - captured by Portuguese and wrecked by the storm.
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
ffi