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 Han Qiu · Cheng Zhang ·
Zongming Fei · Meikang Qiu ·
Sun-Yuan Kung (Eds.)

Knowledge Science,
LNAI 12816

Engineering
and Management
14th International Conference, KSEM 2021
Tokyo, Japan, August 14–16, 2021
Proceedings, Part II
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12816

Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Series Editors
Randy Goebel
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Yuzuru Tanaka
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Wolfgang Wahlster
DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

Founding Editor
Jörg Siekmann
DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/1244
Han Qiu Cheng Zhang
• •

Zongming Fei Meikang Qiu

• •

Sun-Yuan Kung (Eds.)

Knowledge Science,
Engineering
and Management
14th International Conference, KSEM 2021
Tokyo, Japan, August 14–16, 2021
Proceedings, Part II

123
Editors
Han Qiu Cheng Zhang
Tsinghua University Ibaraki University
Beijing, China Hitachi, Japan
Zongming Fei Meikang Qiu
University of Kentucky Texas A&M University – Commerce
Lexington, KY, USA Commerce, TX, USA
Sun-Yuan Kung
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ, USA

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence
ISBN 978-3-030-82146-3 ISBN 978-3-030-82147-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82147-0
LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artificial Intelligence

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 Preface

The three-volume set contains the papers presented at the 14th International Conference
on Knowledge Science, Engineering, and Management (KSEM 2021), held during
August 14–16, 2021, in Tokyo, Japan.
There were 492 submissions. Each submission was reviewed by at least 3 reviewers,
and on average 3.5 Program Committee members. The committee decided to accept
164 full papers, resulting in an acceptance rate of 33%. We have separated the
proceedings into three volumes: LNCS 12815, 12816, and 12817.
KSEM 2021 was the 14th edition in this conference series which started in 2006.
The aim of this interdisciplinary conference is to provide a forum for researchers in the
broad areas of knowledge science, knowledge engineering, and knowledge manage-
ment to exchange ideas and to report state-of-the-art research results. KSEM is in the
list of CCF (China Computer Federation) recommended conferences (C series,
Artificial Intelligence).
KSEM 2021 was held in Tokyo, Japan, following the traditions of the 13 previous
successful KSEM events in Guilin, China (KSEM 2006); Melbourne, Australia (KSEM
2007); Vienna, Austria (KSEM 2009); Belfast, UK (KSEM 2010); Irvine, USA
(KSEM 2011); Dalian, China (KSEM 2013); Sibiu, Romania (KSEM 2014);
Chongqing, China (KSEM 2015), Passau, Germany (KSEM 2016), Melbourne,
Australia (KSEM 2017), Changchun, China (KSEM 2018); Athens, Greece (KSEM
2019), and Hangzhou, China (KSEM 2020).
We would like to express our gratitude to the honorary general and Steering
Committee chairs, Ruqian Lu (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China), and Dimitris
Karagiannis (University of Vienna, Austria), and the members of the Steering
Committee, who provided insight and guidance at all stages. The KSEM 2021 general
co-chairs, Meikang Qiu (Texas A&M University-Commerce, USA), and Sun-Yuan
Kung (Princeton University, USA) were extremely supportive in the conference
organizing, call for papers, and paper review process, and played an important role in
the general success of the conference.
The objective of KSEM 2021 was to bring together researchers and practitioners
from academia, industry, and government to advance the theories and technologies in
knowledge science, engineering, and management. KSEM 2021 focused on three broad
areas: Knowledge Science with Learning and AI (KSLA), Knowledge Engineering
Research and Applications (KERA), and Knowledge Management with Optimization
and Security (KMOS).
vi Preface

We would like to thank the conference sponsors: Springer LNCS, Waseda

University, the North America Chinese Talents Association, and the Longxiang High
Tech Group Inc.

August 2021 Han Qiu

Cheng Zhang
Zongming Fei
Meikang Qiu
Sun-Yuan Kung
 Organization

Honorary General Chairs

Ruqian Lu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Dimitris Karagiannis University of Vienna, Austria
(Chair)

General Chairs
Meikang Qiu Texas A&M University-Commerce, USA
Sun-Yuan Kung Princeton University, USA

Program Chairs
Han Qiu Tsinghua University, China
Cheng Zhang Waseda University, Japan
Zongming Fei University of Kentucky, USA

Steering Committee
Ruqian Lu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
(Honorary Chair)
Dimitris Karagiannis University of Vienna, Austria
(Chair)
Hui Xiong The State University of New Jersey, USA
Yaxin Bi Ulster University, UK
Zhi Jin Peking University, China
Claudiu Kifor Sibiu University, Romania
Gang Li Deakin University, Australia
Yoshiteru Nakamori Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,
Japan
Jorg Siekmann German Research Centre of Artificial Intelligence,
Germany
Martin Wirsing Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
Bo Yang Jilin University, China
Chengqi Zhang University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Zili Zhang Southwest University, China
Christos Douligeris University of Piraeus, Greece
Xiaoyang Wang Zhejiang Gongshang University, China
viii Organization

Publicity Chair
Peng Zhang Stony Brook University, USA

Finance Chair
Hui Zhao Henan University, China

Technical Committee
Chao Feng National University of Defense Technology, China
Zhong Ming Shenzhen University, China
Hiroyuki Sato The University of Tokyo, Japan
Shuangyin Ren Chinese Academy of Military Science, China
Thomas Austin San Jose State University, USA
Zehua Guo Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Wei Yu Towson University, USA
Keke Gai Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Chunxia Zhang Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Hansi Jiang SAS Institute Inc., USA
Weiying Zhao University College London, UK
Shangwei Guo Chongqing University, China
Jianlong Tan Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Songmao Zhang Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Bo Ning Dalian Maritime University, China
Leilei Sun Beihang University, China
Tong Xu University of Science and Technology of China, China
Ye Zhu Monash University, Australia
Jianye Yang Hunan University, China
Lifei Chen Fujian Normal University, China
Fan Zhang Guangzhou University, China
Xiang Zhao National University of Defense Technology, China
Massimo Benerecetti University di Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
Knut Hinkelmann FHNW University of Applied Sciences
and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland
Shuang Li Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Yuliang Ma Northeastern University, China
Xin Bi Northeastern University, China
Cheng Li National University of Singapore, Singapore
Hechang Chen Jilin University, China
Chen Chen Zhejiang Gongshang University, China
Mouna Kamel IRIT, Paul Sabatier University, France
Yuan Li North China University of Technology, China
Shu Li Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Serge Autexier DFKI, Germany
Huawen Liu Zhejiang Normal University, China
 Organization ix

Bo Ma Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Zili Zhang Deakin University, Australia
Long Yuan Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
Shuiqiao Yang UTS, Australia
Robert Andrei Buchmann Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj Napoca, Romania
Yong Deng Southwest University, China
Dawei Cheng Tongji University, China
Jun-Jie Peng Shanghai University, China
Oleg Okun Cognizant Technology Solutions GmbH, USA
Jianxin Deakin University, Australia
Jiaojiao Jiang RMIT University, Australia
Guangyan Huang Deakin University, Australia
Li Li Southwest University, China
Ge Li Peking University, China
Ximing Li Jilin University, China
Daniel Volovici Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania
Zhenguang Liu Zhejiang Gongshang University, China
Yi Zhuang Zhejiang Gongshang University, China
Bo Yang Jilin University, China
Maheswari N. VIT University, India
Min Yu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Krzysztof Kluza AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Jia Xu Guangxi University, China
Jihe Wang Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Shaowu Liu University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Wei Luo Deakin University, Australia
Yong Lai Jilin University, China
Ulrich Reimer University of Applied Sciences St. Gallen, Switzerland
Klaus-Dieter Althoff DFKI/University of Hildesheim, Germany
Jiali Zuo Jiangxi Normal University, China
Hongtao Wang North China Electric Power University, China
Salem Benferhat University d’Artois, France
Xiaofei Zhou Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
Shiyu Yang East China Normal University, China
Zhisheng Huang Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Guilin Qi Southeast University, China
Qingtian Zeng Shandong University of Science and Technology,
China
Jing Wang The University of Tokyo, Japan
Jun Zheng New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, USA
Paolo Trunfio University of Calabria, Italy
Kewei Sha University of Houston-Clear Lake, USA
David Dampier University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
Richard Hill University of Huddersfield, UK
William Glisson University of South Alabama, USA
Petr Matousek Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
x Organization

Javier Lopez University of Malaga, Spain

Dong Dai Texas Tech University, USA
Ben Martini University of South Australia, Australia
Ding Wang Peking University, China
Xu Zheng Shanghai University, China
Nhien An Le Khac University College Dublin, Ireland
Tan Guo Chongqing University of Posts
and Telecommunications, China
Shadi Ibrahim Rennes Bretagne Atlantique Research Center, France
Neetesh Saxena Bournemouth University, UK
 Contents – Part II

Knowledge Engineering Research and Applications (KERA)

A Semantic Textual Similarity Calculation Model Based

on Pre-training Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Zhaoyun Ding, Kai Liu, Wenhao Wang, and Bin Liu

Representation Learning of Knowledge Graph with Semantic Vectors . . . . . . 16

Tianyu Gao, Yuanming Zhang, Mengni Li, Jiawei Lu, Zhenbo Cheng,
and Gang Xiao

Chinese Relation Extraction with Flat-Lattice Encoding

and Pretrain-Transfer Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Xiuyue Zeng, Jiang Zhong, Chen Wang, and Cong Hu

English Cloze Test Based on BERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Minjie Ding, Mingang Chen, Wenjie Chen, and Lizhi Cai

An Automatic Method for Understanding Political Polarization Through

Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Yihong Zhang, Masumi Shirakawa, and Takahiro Hara

An Improved Convolutional Neural Network Based on Noise Layer . . . . . . . 64

Zhaoyang Wang and Shaowei Pan

Syntactic Enhanced Projection Network for Few-Shot Chinese

Event Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Linhui Feng, Linbo Qiao, Yi Han, Zhigang Kan, Yifu Gao,
and Dongsheng Li

A Framework of Data Augmentation While Active Learning for Chinese

Named Entity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Qingqing Li, Zhen Huang, Yong Dou, and Ziwen Zhang

Traffic Route Planning in Partially Observable Environment Using Actions

Group Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Minzhong Luo and Shan Yu

Bayesian Belief Network Model Using Sematic Concept

for Expert Finding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Wei Zheng, Hongxu Hou, Nier Wu, and Shuo Sun
xii Contents – Part II

Towards Solving the Winograd Schema Challenge: Model-Free,

Model-Based and a Spectrum in Between . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Weinan He and Zhanhao Xiao

The Novel Efficient Transformer for NLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Benjamin Mensa-Bonsu, Tao Cai, Tresor Y. Koffi, and Dejiao Niu

Joint Entity and Relation Extraction for Long Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Dong Cheng, Hui Song, Xianglong He, and Bo Xu

Evaluating Dataset Creation Heuristics for Concept Detection in Web Pages

Using BERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Michael Paris and Robert Jäschke

Panoptic-DLA: Document Layout Analysis of Historical Newspapers

Based on Proposal-Free Panoptic Segmentation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Min Lu, Feilong Bao, and Guanglai Gao

Improving Answer Type Classification Quality Through Combined

Question Answering Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Aleksandr Perevalov and Andreas Both

FOBA: Flight Operation Behavior Analysis Based on Hierarchical

Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Tongyu Zhu and Zhiwei Tong

An Event Detection Method Combining Temporal Dimension

and Position Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Zehao Yu

Local Feature Normalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Ning Jiang, Jialiang Tang, Wenxin Yu, and Jinjia Zhou

Combining Knowledge with Attention Neural Networks for Short

Text Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Wei Li and Li Li

A Dialogue Contextual Flow Model for Utterance Intent Recognition

in Multi-turn Online Conversation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Zhenyu Zhang, Tao Guo, Ling Jiang, and Manchang Gu

An Empirical Study on Effect of Semantic Measures in Cross-Domain

Recommender System in User Cold-Start Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Yuhan Wang, Qing Xie, Lin Li, and Yongjian Liu

Community Enhanced Course Concept Recommendation in MOOCs

with Multiple Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Binglong Ye, Shengyu Mao, Pengyi Hao, Wei Chen, and Cong Bai
 Contents – Part II xiii

AABC:ALBERT-BiLSTM-CRF Combining with Adapters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

JiaYan Wang, ZiAng Chen, JuChuan Niu, and YongGang Zhang

Q-Learning with Fisher Score for Feature Selection of Large-Scale

Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Min Gan and Li Zhang

The Modularity of Inconsistent Knowledge Bases with Application

to Measuring Inconsistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Kedian Mu

Collaborative Embedding for Knowledge Tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Jianwen Sun, Jianpeng Zhou, Kai Zhang, Qing Li, and Zijian Lu

Construction and Analysis of Cross-Regional Emergency Collaboration

Network Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Yunlei Zhang, Xiangyao Ma, Huayu Guan, and Ling Wang

Residual Gated Recurrent Unit-Based Stacked Network for Stock Trend

Prediction from Limit Order Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Xuerui Lv and Li Zhang

A Social Attribute Inferred Model Based on Spatio-Temporal Data . . . . . . . . 364

Tongyu Zhu, Peng Ling, Zhiyuan Chen, Dongdong Wu,
and Ruyan Zhang

Chinese Judicial Summarising Based on Short Sentence Extraction

and GPT-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Jie Liu, Jiaye Wu, and Xudong Luo

Extracting Anomalous Pre-earthquake Signatures from Swarm Satellite

Data Using EOF and PC Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Maja Pavlovic, Yaxin Bi, and Peter Nicholl

Hierarchical Multi-label Text Classification: Self-adaption Semantic

Awareness Network Integrating Text Topic and Label Level Information . . . . 406
Rui Zhao, Xiao Wei, Cong Ding, and Yongqi Chen

Sememes-Based Framework for Knowledge Graph Embedding

with Comprehensive-Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Qingyao Cui, Yanquan Zhou, and Mingming Zheng

Domain-Specific Sentence Encoder for Intention Recognition

in Large-Scale Shopping Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Chong Zhang, Zhiyuan Wang, Liuqing Yang, Xiao-Yang Liu,
and Ling Jiang
xiv Contents – Part II

Chinese Event Detection Based on Event Ontology and Siamese Network . . . 439
Chang Ni, Wei Liu, Weimin Li, Jinliang Wu, and Haiyang Ren

Alzheimer’s Disease Prediction Using EfficientNet and Fastai . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Rahma Kadri, Mohamed Tmar, and Bassem Bouaziz

Interval Occlusion Calculus with Size Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Juan Chen, Ang Gao, Haiyang Jia, Yuanteng Xu, and Xianglu Zhou

Adaptive Entity Alignment for Cross-Lingual Knowledge Graph. . . . . . . . . . 474

Yuanming Zhang, Tianyu Gao, Jiawei Lu, Zhenbo Cheng,
and Gang Xiao

Similarity-Based Heterogeneous Graph Attention Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Fan Zhang, Rui Li, Ke Xu, and Hongguang Xu

Accurate and Robust RGB-D Visual Odometry Based on Point

and Line Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Guojie Zhao, Yupeng Zhang, Peichu Liu, Haoen Wu, and Mingyang Cui

Sentence Extraction-Based Machine Reading Comprehension

for Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Phong Nguyen-Thuan Do, Nhat Duy Nguyen, Tin Van Huynh,
Kiet Van Nguyen, Anh Gia-Tuan Nguyen, and Ngan Luu-Thuy Nguyen

Analyzing and Recommending Development Order Based on Design

Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Wenhan Wu, Yongxin Zhao, Chao Peng, Yongjian Li, and Qin Li

HCapsNet: A Text Classification Model Based on Hierarchical

Capsule Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Ying Li, Ming Ye, and Qian Hu

Sentence Matching with Deep Self-attention and Co-attention Features . . . . . 550

Zhipeng Wang and Danfeng Yan

Not Only the Contextual Semantic Information: A Deep Fusion Sentimental

Analysis Model Towards Extremely Short Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Liping Hua, Qinhui Chen, Zelin Huang, Hui Zhao, and Gang Zhao

A Label Noise Robust Cross-Modal Hashing Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Runmin Wang, Yuanlin Yang, and Guangyang Han

Acoustic Modeling for Indoor Spaces Using Ray-Tracing Method. . . . . . . . . 590

Andreea Bianca Lixandru, Sebastian Gorobievschi,
and Alexandra Baicoianu
Other documents randomly have
different content
 the report she had become suddenly somnolent, with most of the peculiarities
in her sleep which have been already alluded to. She was fed partly by
nutrient enemata, and for some days by a tube passed through the nostrils
into the stomach. The resemblance is noted between this case and that of
‘the famous Welsh fasting girl,’ then attracting much attention in newspapers
and otherwise. There being no further reference to this case in the journal, I
wrote to Dr. Langdon Down, who kindly furnished me with the following
additional particulars, which will, no doubt, be read even now with interest:
—‘My patient, who was in a state of trance, recovered somewhat suddenly
after about four weeks, and left the hospital. The first indication of returning
consciousness was observed when I was reading to my class at her bedside
one of the numerous letters that I had received entreating me not to have her
buried until something which the writers recommended had been done. The
paragraph of the medical journal got into some Welsh paper, and then went
the round of the provincial press, hence the number of letters I received. This
special one was from an old gentleman of eighty-four years, who, when he
was twenty-four, was thought to be dead, and whose friends had assembled
to follow him to the grave, when he heard the undertaker say, “Would anyone
like to see the corpse before I screw him down?” The undertaker at the same
time moved the head a little and struck it against the coffin, on which he
aroused and sat up. On reading this aloud a visible smile passed over the face
of my patient, and she returned to obvious consciousness soon after. She has
not come under observation since she left the hospital.’

“Although this case is probably only one among many, I mention it

here because the receipt of the letter just given led me to investigate
more particularly the state of the hearing in Mrs. M’I.’s case, and also to
try the experiment of reading aloud Dr. Down’s letter in her presence
and that of the class. I had often remarked to bystanders that, although
the subjects of these apparently unconscious states appeared
inaccessible to the ordinary tests of sensibility, it was on record as
regards some, even of those regarded as cases of ‘apparent death,’ that
after recovery they affirm to have heard everything that passed,
although unable to lift hand or foot to save themselves from premature
burial. Neither the reading of the letter nor a violent shout into her ear
produced any visible effects.”
Thomas More Madden, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Edin.), in an article on
“Death’s Counterfeit,” in the Medical Press and Circular, vol. i., April 27,
1887, pp. 386-8, relates the following case “of so-called hysteric
trance”:—
 “A young lady, Miss R——, apparently in perfect health, went to her room
after luncheon to make some change in her dress. A few minutes afterwards
she was found lying on her bed in a profound sleep, from which she could not
be awakened. When I first saw her, twenty-four hours later, she was sleeping
tranquilly; the decubitus being dorsal, respiration scarcely perceptible, pulse
seventy, and extremely small; her face was pallid, lips motionless, and the
extremities very cold. At this moment, so death-
like was her aspect, that a casual observer DEATH’S COUNTERFEIT.
might have doubted the possibility of the vital
spark still lingering in that apparently inanimate frame, on which no external
stimulus seemed to produce any sensorial impression, with the exception that
the pupils were normal and responded to light. Sinapisms were applied over
the heart and to the legs, where they were left on until vesication was
occasioned without causing any evidence of pain. Faradisation was also
resorted to without effect. In this state she remained from the evening of
December 31 until the afternoon of January 3, when the pulse became
completely imperceptible; the surface of the body was icy cold, the respiratory
movements apparently ceased, and her condition was to all outward
appearance undistinguishable from death. Under the influence of repeated
hypodermic injections of sulphuric ether and other remedies, however, she
rallied somewhat, and her pulse and temperature improved. But she still slept
on until the morning of the 9th, when she suddenly woke up, and, to the
great astonishment of those about her, called for her clothes, which had been
removed from their ordinary place, and wanted to come down to breakfast,
without the least consciousness of what had occurred. Her recovery, I may
add, was rapid and complete.
“The next case of lethargy that came under my notice was that of a boy,
who, after an attack of fever, fell into a state of complete lethargic coma, in
which he lay insensible between life and death for forty-seven days, and
ultimately recovered perfectly.
“In a third instance of the same kind, in a lady under my care, the patient,
after a lethargic sleep of twenty-seven days, recovered consciousness for a
few hours, and then relapsed into her former comatose condition, in which
she died.
“The fourth case of lethargy which I have seen was, like the first, a case
of trance, which lasted for seventy hours, during which the flickering vital
spark was only preserved from extinction by the involuntary action of the
spinal and nervous centres. In this instance the patient finally recovered.
“The fifth and last instance of profound lethargy that has come within my
own observation occurred last autumn in the Mater Misericordiæ Hospital in a
young woman.... In that instance, despite all that medical skill could suggest
or unremitting attention could do, it was found impossible to arouse the
patient from the apparently hysterical lethargic sleep in which she ultimately
sank and died.”
 I have referred to the foregoing cases, occurring in one physician’s
experience, as disproving the general opinion that lethargy or trance is
so rarely met with as to be of little medical importance. For my own
part, I have no doubt that these conditions are of far more frequent
occurrence than is generally supposed. Moreover, I have had reason to
know that death is occasionally so exactly thus counterfeited that there
is good cause for fearing the probability of living interment in some
cases of hasty burial.
Referring to death-trance, Dr. Madden DR. MORE MADDEN’S OPINION
observes, ib., p. 388—“Death-trance, or that
profound degree of lethargy which closely counterfeits death, deserves
greater attention than is generally paid to it as a pathological condition,
as well as a possible cause of premature interment. For, unless we
reject every statement, however well authenticated, of those who have
witnessed such cases, merely because their experience does not tally
with our preconceived opinions and wishes, neither the frequent
occurrence of death-trance nor the fearful results of its non-recognition
can be questioned.”
Mr. John Chippendale, F.R.C.S., writing to the Lancet, 1889, vol. i., p.
1173, on “Catalepsy.—Post-mortem Sweating,” says:—
“I may mention that there is a record of a man who during an illness was
seized with trance, though, as he lay in what Claudio calls ‘cold abstraction,’
he was aware of all that was passing. At last, as he was about to be covered
in his coffin, his mental condition was such that he broke into a profuse
sweat, which was fortunately perceived, and he recovered and was able to
recount his experiences.”

It would appear from the following telegram through Reuter’s

Agency that trance is occasionally epidemic:—
[From Daily Telegraph, March 17, 1890.]
“A NEW DISEASE.
“Vienna, March 15, 1890.
“Several cases of a new disease, which originally appeared in Mantua
immediately after the subsidence of the recent influenza epidemic, and to
which the people of that city gave the name of ‘La nonna’—Anglice, ‘Falling
asleep’—have occurred in the Comitat of Pressburg.
“Persons suffering from this complaint fall into a death-like trance, lasting
about four days, out of which the patient wakes in a state of intense
 exhaustion. Recovery is very slow, but, so far, no fatal case has been
reported.”

A correspondent writing to the English Mechanic September 13,

1895, says:—“I know one lady who has been three times prepared for
burial, and very narrowly escaped it on the first occasion.” The author
wrote to the writer for further details, and received a reply, dated
September 19, 1895, from which it appears that the lady had married
into a political family of considerable note, who would not care to have
her identity disclosed. My correspondent says:—“ I know that she lay
several days in a state not to be distinguished from death; that she was
in her coffin, and, I believe, showed signs of life just as the coffin was
about to be closed. On two subsequent occasions she passed into
similar trances; but though believed to be dead, and treated as such,
the previous experience prevented any idea of burial being entertained”
until clear evidence of dissolution should appear.
The New York Weekly Witness of January 15, 1896, reports
“A LONG CATALEPTIC SLEEP
“Information was received at Milford, Pa., last Friday, that William Depue,
a prominent citizen of Bushkill, Pike County, whose mind for seven years has
been a blank, had suddenly returned to consciousness.
“Seven years ago, while at work, Mr. Depue
became ill. Doctors were summoned, but they A SEVEN YEARS’ TRANCE.
could find no possible ailment. The sick man sank into a cataleptic sleep, from
which medical science could not arouse him.
“At no time during the long period did he recognise any one, and food was
given him through a tube inserted in his mouth. He lost no flesh, and was
apparently as healthy as any man. Although the best medical men in the
country were called to his bedside, his case baffled them all.
“Upon recovering his senses he set about his usual labours as if he had
been asleep but the ordinary time. He remembers nothing that has taken
place during his seven years’ trance.”

The following case appeared in the Middlesbrough Daily Gazette,

February 9, 1896, and in a number of English papers:—
“The young Dutch maiden, Maria Cvetskens, who now lies asleep at
Stevensworth, has beaten the record in the annals of somnolence. At the
beginning of last month she had been asleep for nearly three hundred days.
The doctors, who visit her in great numbers, are agreed that there is no
deception in the case. Her parents are of excellent repute, and it has never
occurred to them to make any financial profit out of the abnormal state of
their daughter. As to the cause of the prolonged sleep, the doctors differ.”
 CHAPTER II.

CATALEPSY.

Catalepsy differs in some of its characteristics from trance, but the

one is often mistaken for the other. It is not so much a disease as a
symptom of certain nervous disorders, and to which women and
children are more particularly liable. Catalepsy can be produced
artificially by hypnotisation. Like trance, it has often been mistaken for
death, and its subjects buried alive.
Dr. Franz Hartmann differentiates the two disorders as follows:
—“There seems hardly any limit to the time during which a person may
remain in a trance; but catalepsy is due to some obstruction in the
organic mechanism of the body, on account of its exhausted nervous
power. In the last case the activity of life begins again as soon as the
impediment is removed, or the nervous energy has recuperated its
strength.”
Dr. Gowers, in Quain’s “Dictionary of Medicine,” ed. 1894, vol. i., pp.
284-5, describes catalepsy as belonging to both sexes, at all ages from
six to sixty. It is a nervous affection, commonly associated with distinct
evidence of hysteria, but said sometimes to occur as an early symptom
of epilepsy. It is attended commonly with loss of consciousness. The
limbs remain in the position they occupied at the onset, as if petrified.
The whole or part of the muscles pass into a state of rigidity. In
profound conditions sensibility is lost to touch, pain, and electricity; and
no reflex movements can be induced even by touching the conjunctiva,
a state of mental trance being associated.
 Cassell’s Family Physician (by Physicians NATURE OF CATALEPSY.
and Surgeons of the principal London
Hospitals) describes this singular affection, as follows:—“Catalepsy is
one of the strangest diseases possible. It is of rare occurrence, and
some very sceptical people have even gone so far as to deny its
existence. That is all nonsense, for catalepsy is just as much a reality
as gout or bronchitis. A fit of catalepsy—for it is a paroxysmal disease—
consists essentially in the sudden suspension of thought, feeling, and
the power of moving. The patient remains in any position in which she
—we say she, for it occurs mostly in women—happens to be at the
moment of the seizure, and will, moreover, retain any posture in which
she may be placed during the continuance of the fit. For example, you
may stretch out the arms to their full length, and there they remain
stretched out without showing the slightest tendency to drop. It does
not matter how absurd or inconvenient or apparently fatiguing the
position may be, it is maintained until altered by some one or until the
fit is over. In these attacks there are no convulsions, but, on the
contrary, the patient remains perfectly immobile. She is just like a
waxen figure, or an inanimate statue, or a frozen corpse.
“Cataleptic fits vary very much, not only in their frequency, but in
their duration. Sometimes they are very short indeed, lasting only a few
minutes. In one case, that of a lady, they would sometimes come on
when she was reading aloud. She would stop suddenly in the middle of
a sentence, and a peculiar stiffness of the whole body would seize her,
fixing the limbs immovably for several minutes. Then it would pass off,
and the reading would be continued at the very word at which it had
been interrupted, the patient being quite unconscious that anything
had happened. But sometimes fits such as these may last for days and
days together, and it seems not improbable that people may have been
buried in this state in mistake for death.”
The following case, contributed by Dr. Gooch, will further illustrate
this malady:—
“A lady, who laboured habitually under melancholy, a few days after
parturition was seized with catalepsy, and presented the following
appearances:—She was lying in bed motionless and apparently senseless. It
was thought the pupils of her eyes were dilated, and some apprehensions
were entertained of effusion on the brain; but on examining them closely it
 was found they readily contracted when the light fell upon them. The only
signs of life were warmth, and a pulse which was one hundred and twenty,
and weak. In attempting to rouse her from this senseless state, the trunk of
the body was lifted up and placed so far back as to form an obtuse angle
with the lower extremities, and in this posture, with nothing to support her,
she continued sitting for many minutes. One arm was now raised, and then
the other, and in the posture they were placed they remained. It was a
curious sight to see her sitting up staring lifelessly, her arms outstretched,
yet without any visible signs of animation. She was very thin and pallid, and
looked like a corpse that had been propped up and stiffened in that attitude.
She was now taken out of bed and placed upright, and attempts were made
to rouse her by calling loudly in her ears, but in vain; she stood up, indeed,
but as inanimate as a statue. The slightest push put her off her balance, and
she made no exertion to retain it, and would have fallen had she not been
caught. She went into this state three times; the first lasted fourteen hours,
the second twelve hours, and the third nine hours, with waking intervals of
three days after the first fit, and of one day after the second; after this time
the disease assumed the ordinary form of melancholia.—The Science and
Practice of Medicine, by Sir W. Aitken, p. 357.
CASES BY DRS. JEBB AND KING
Dr. John Jebb, F.R.S., cited in Reynolds’ CHAMBERS.
“System of Medicine,” vol. ii., pp. 99-102, has
recorded the following graphic case:—
“In the latter end of last year (viz., 1781), I was desired to visit a young
lady who, for nine months, had been afflicted with that singular disorder
termed a catalepsy. Although she was prepared for my visit, she was seized
with the disorder as soon as my arrival was announced. She was employed in
netting, and was passing the needle through the mesh, in which position she
immediately became rigid, exhibiting, in a very pleasing form, a figure of
death-like sleep, beyond the power of art to imitate or the imagination to
conceive. Her forehead was serene, her features perfectly composed. The
paleness of her colour, her breathing at a distance being also scarcely
perceptible, operated in rendering the similitude to marble more exact and
striking. The positions of her fingers, hands, and arms were altered with
difficulty, but they preserved every form of flexure they acquired: nor were
the muscles of the neck exempted from this law, her head maintaining every
situation in which the hand could place it as firmly as her limbs,” etc.

Dr. King Chambers, after citing the above case in full, continues:—
“The most common exciting cause of catalepsy seems to be strong
mental emotion. When Covent Garden Theatre was last burnt down, the
blaze flashed in at the uncurtained windows of St. Mary’s Hospital. One of my
 patients, a girl of twenty, recovering from low fever, was woke up by it, and
exclaimed that the day of judgment was come. She remained in an excited
state all night, and the next morning grew gradually stiff, like a corpse,
whispering (before she became quite insensible) that she was dead. If her
arm was raised, it remained extended in the position in which it was placed
for several minutes, and then slowly subsided. The inelastic kind of way in
which it retained its position for a time, and then gradually yielded to the
force of gravity, reminded one more of a wax figure than of the marble to
which Dr. Jebb compares it. A strange effect was produced by opening the
eyelid of one eye; the other eye remained closed, and the raised lid after a
time fell very slowly like the arm. A better superficial representation of death
it is difficult to conceive.... In both these cases I convinced myself carefully
that there was no deception.
“Other cases are of much longer duration.... The death-like state may last
for days. It may be mistaken for real death, and treated as such....
“Any cases of apparent death that did occur (in former days) were burnt,
or buried, or otherwise put out of the way, and were never more heard of.
But after the establishment of Christianity, tenderness, sometimes excessive,
for the remains of departed friends took the place of the hard, heathen
selfishness. The dead were kept closer to the congregations of the living, as
if to represent in material form the dogma of the Communion of Saints. This
led to the discovery that some persons, indeed some persons of note
(amongst others, Duns Scotus the theologian, at Cologne), had got out of
their coffins, and died in a vain attempt to open the doors of their vaults.”

The author relates several other remarkable cases. Here is one:—

“I lighted accidently on another case, communicated to the same scientific
body (Acad. Royale des Sciences), by M. Imbert in 1713. It is that of the
driver of the Rouen diligence, aged forty-five, who fell into a kind of soporific
catalepsy on hearing of the sudden death of a man he had quarrelled with. It
appears that ‘M. Burette, under whose care he was at La Charité, made use
of the most powerful assistances of art—bleeding in the arms, the foot, the
neck, emetics, purgatives, blisters, leeches,’ etc. At last somebody ‘threw him
naked into cold water to surprise him.’ The effect surprised the doctors as
much as the patient. It is related with evident wonder how that ‘he opened
his eyes, looked steadfastly, but did not speak.’ His wife seems to have been
a prudent woman, for a week afterwards she ‘carried him home, where he is
at present: they gave him no medicine; he speaks sensibly enough, and
mends every day.’”
CASES FROM THE MEDICAL
The Lancet, 1870, vol. i., p. 1044, in its JOURNALS.
Paris correspondence says:—
 “The following curious case is related as having occurred at Dunkirk, on
April 14, and as ‘showing the utility of catalepsy.’ A young girl of seventeen
years was seized with a violent attack of epilepsy, and fell, on the above
date, into a canal. A boatman immediately jumped into the water to save her,
and brought her to the shore after twenty minutes. The most singular
circumstance connected with the accident is that, when the young girl was
taken out of the water, she presented all the symptoms of catalepsy.
Notwithstanding this long immersion, she was resuscitated, and nothing
afterwards transpired to cause any anxiety.”

Mr. James Braid, M.R.C.S., in the Medical Times, 1850, vol. xxi., p.
402, narrates a case of a cataleptic woman in the Manchester Royal
Infirmary under the care of Dr. John Mitchell, and writes:—
“Every variety of contrivance and torture was resorted to by various
parties who saw her, for the purpose of testing the degree of her insensibility,
and for determining whether she might not be an impostor, but without
eliciting the slightest indication of activity of any of the senses; ...
nevertheless she heard and understood all that was said and proposed to be
done, and suffered the most exquisite torture from various tests applied to
her!! A fact so important as this ought to be published in every journal
throughout the civilised world; so that in future professional men might be
thereby led to exercise greater discretion and mercy in their modes of
applying tests to such patients.”

The Somerset County Herald (Taunton) of October 12 1895, has the

following:—
“EXTRAORDINARY CASE OF TRANCE NEAR WEYMOUTH.
“The wedding nuptials of a sailor from H.M.S. Alexandra and a young
woman residing at Broadwey, who were recently married, have been
interrupted in a most unusual manner by the newly-made bride falling into a
trance. On the day following the wedding Mr. and Mrs. Mortimer, for such is
the name of the newly-espoused pair, went for a drive, and on returning in
the evening the bride, remarking that she did not feel very well, went
upstairs, and before long was in a sound sleep, which continued throughout
the night and far into the following day. The relatives of the bride,
remembering symptoms which she had previously developed, then sent for
Dr. Pridham, who at once pronounced that the unfortunate young woman
had fallen into a trance. Dr. Colmer, of Weymouth, was likewise called; but
nothing that these two medical gentlemen could do had the slightest effect in
arousing their patient from the state of lethargy into which she had so
suddenly and unexpectedly relapsed. In this condition she remained for a
space of five days, when she gradually showed signs of returning animation,
 and in the course of a few hours regained consciousness, though she was
then in a very exhausted condition. After her awakening the young woman
developed inflammation of the legs, which was regarded as a very serious
condition for her to be in. In an interview on Saturday, Dr. Pridham described
the trance as being exceedingly death-like in character, and added that, in
such trances as the one in question, in the past people have no doubt been
actually buried.”

A report of this case appears in the St. James’s Gazette.

A less experienced practitioner would probably have made out a
death certificate, as in numerous similar cases.
After burial we hear no more of them; they may have been buried
in a death-like trance, but the medical certificate, no matter how
inconsiderately given, consigns them to perpetual silence beyond
appeal or escape. Family remonstrance is then unavailing, for, except in
cases of strong suspicion of poisoning, no Home Secretary or Coroner
would grant an order for exhumation.
The existence of trance, catalepsy, and APATHY OF THE PUBLIC.
other death counterfeits, followed by hasty
burial, has been alluded to by reputable writers from time immemorial;
and while the veracity of these writers has remained unchallenged, and
their narratives are confirmed by hundreds of cases of modern
experience, the effect on the public mind has been only of a transitory
character, and nothing has been done either in England or America to
safeguard the people from such dreadful mistakes.
 CHAPTER III.

ANIMAL AND SO-CALLED HUMAN HIBERNATION.

The following case of the jerboa, or jumping mouse, recorded last

century by Major-General Thomas Davies, F.R.S., in the “Transactions of
the Linnæan Society,”[3] will show how far a torpid mammal may be
removed from the opportunity of breathing, and how imperceptibly, to
the eyes of an observer, its torpid life passed into actual death:—
“With respect to the figure given of it in its dormant state (plate
viii., fig. 6), I have to observe that the specimen was found by some
workmen in digging the foundation for a summer house in a
gentleman’s garden, about two miles from Quebec, in the latter end of
May, 1787. It was discovered enclosed in a ball of clay, about the size
of a cricket ball, nearly an inch in thickness, perfectly smooth within,
and about twenty inches under ground. The man who first discovered
it, not knowing what it was, struck the ball with his spade, by which
means it was broken to pieces, or the ball also would have been
presented to me. The drawing will perfectly show how the animal is laid
during its dormant state [a tawny mouse, with long hind legs and long
tail, coiled up into a perfect ovoid, of which the two poles are the
crown of the head and the rump.] How long it had been under ground
it is impossible to say; but as I never could observe these animals in
any parts of the country after the beginning of September, I conceive
that they lay themselves up some time in that month, or beginning of
October, when the frost becomes sharp; nor did I ever see them again
before the last week of May, or beginning of June. From their being
enveloped in balls of clay, without any appearance of food, I conceive
they sleep during the winter, and remain for that time without
sustenance. As soon as I conveyed this specimen to my house, I
deposited it, as it was, in a small chip box, in some cotton, waiting with
great anxiety for its waking; but that not taking place at the season
they generally appear, I kept it until I found it began to smell: I then
stuffed it, and preserved it in its torpid position. I am led to believe its
not recovering from that state arose from the heat of my room during
the time it was in the box, a fire having been constantly burning in the
stove, and which in all probability was too great for respiration....”
Mr. Braid, after citing facts as to higher INSTANCES OF ANIMAL
animals, proceeds:—“There are other HIBERNATION.
creatures which have not the power of
migrating from climes too intensely hot for the normal exercise of their
physical functions, and the lives of these animals are preserved through
a state of torpor superinduced by the want of sufficient moisture, their
bodies being dried up from excessive heat. This is the case with snails,
which are said to have been revived by a little cold water being thrown
on them, after having remained in a dry and torpid state for fifteen
years. The vibrio tritici has also been restored, after perfect torpidity
and apparent death for five years and eight months, by merely soaking
it in water. Some small, microscopic animals have been apparently
killed and revived again a dozen times by drying and then applying
moisture to them. This is remarkably verified in the case of the wheel-
animalcule. And Spallanzani states that some animalcules have been
recovered by moisture after a torpor of twenty-seven years. According
to Humboldt, again, some large animals are thrown into a similar state
from want of moisture. Such he states to be the case with the alligator
and boa-constrictor during the dry season in the plains of Venezuela,
and with other animals elsewhere.”—On Trance and Human
Hibernation, p. 47.
Dr. Moore Russell Fletcher, in his treatise on “Suspended Animation,”
pp. 7, 8, observes:—“Snakes and toads live for a long time without air
or food. The following experiment was made by a Mr. Tower, of
Gardiner (Maine). An adder, upwards of two feet in length, was got into
a glass jar, which was tightly sealed. He was kept there for sixteen
months without any apparent change, and when let out, looked as well
as when put in, and crawled away.
“The common pond trout, when thrown into snow, will soon freeze,
remain so for days, and when put into cold water to remove the frost
become lively as ever.
“When residing in New Brunswick, in 1842, we went to a lake to
secure some trout, which were frozen in the snow and kept for use.
While there we saw men with long wooden tongs catching frost fish
from the salt water at the entrance of a brook. The fish were thrown
upon the ice in great quantities. We had a barrel of them put up with
snow and kept frozen, and in a cool place. For six or seven weeks they
were taken out and used as wanted, and might be kept frozen for an
indefinite time, and be alive when thawed in cold water. The two pieces
of a fish, cut in two when frozen, would move and try to swim when
thawed in cold water.”

SO-CALLED HUMAN HIBERNATION.

Dr. George Moore observes that “A state of the body is certainly
sometimes produced (in man) which is nearly analogous to the torpor
of the lower animals—a condition utterly inexplicable to any principle
taught in the schools. Who, for instance, can inform us how it happens
that certain fishes may be suddenly frozen in the Polar Sea, and so
remain during the long winter and yet be requickened into full activity
by returning summer?”—Use of the Body in Relation to the Mind, p. 31.
Hufeland, in his “Uncertainty of Death,” UNCERTAINTY OF DEATH.
1824, p. 12, observes that it is easier for
mankind to fall into a state of trance than the lower creatures, on
account of their complicated anatomy. It is a transitory state between
life and death, into which anyone may pass and return from. Trance
was common among the Greeks and Romans, who, just before
cremation, had the custom of cutting off a finger-joint, most probably
to discover if there was any trace of life. Death does not come
suddenly; it is a gradual process from actual life into apparent death,
and from that to actual death. It is a mistake to take outward
appearances for inner death.
“It often happens a person is buried in a trance knowing all the
preparations for the interment, and this affects him so much that it
prolongs the trance by its depressing influence. How long can a man
exist in a state of trance? Is there no sign by which the remaining spark
of life may be recognised? Do no means exist to prevent awakening in
the grave? Nothing can be said as to its duration; but we do know that
differences in the cause and circumstances will cause a difference in
duration. The amount of strength of the person would have great effect
in this. Weak persons, broken down by excesses, would die sooner
than the strong. The nature of the disease would make a difference.
Old age is less liable to trance than the young. Long sickness destroys
the sources of life, and shortens the process of death. Sorrow and
trouble, and numerous diseases, seem to bring on death; yet ofttimes
the source of life in them exists to its full extent, and what seems in
them to be death may be only a fainting fit, or cramp, which
temporarily interrupts the action of life. Women are more liable to
trance than men: most cases have happened in them. Trance may exist
in the new-born; give them time, and many of them revive. The smell
of the earth is at times sufficient to wake up a case of trance. Six or
seven days, or longer, are often required to restore such cases.”
(Extracted from pp. 10-24.)
Mr. Chunder Sen, municipal secretary to the Maharajah of Jeypore,
introduced the author, during his visit to India, March 8, 1896, to a
venerable and learned fakir, who was seated on a couch Buddhist
fashion, the feet turned towards the stomach, in the attitude of
meditation, in a small but comfortable house near the entrance to the
beautiful public gardens of that city. The fakir possesses the power of
self-induced trance, which really amounts to a suspension of life, being
indistinguishable from death. In the month of December, 1895, he
passed into and remained in this condition for twenty days. On several
occasions the experiment has been conducted under test conditions. In
1889, Dr. Hem Chunder Sen, of Delhi, and his brother, Mr. Chunder
Sen, had the opportunity of examining the
SELF-INDUCED HIBERNATION.
fakir while passing into a state of hibernation,
and found that the pulse beat slower and slower until it ceased to beat
at all. The stethoscope was applied to the heart by the doctor, who
failed to detect the slightest motion. The fakir, covered with a white
shroud, was placed in a small subterraneous cell built of masonry,
measuring about six feet by six feet, of rotund structure. The door was
closed and locked, and the lock sealed with Dr. Sen’s private seal and
with that of Mr. Dhanna Tal, the magistrate of the city; the flap door
leading to the vault was also carefully fastened. At the expiration of
thirty-three days the cell was opened, and the fakir was found just
where he was placed, but with a death-like appearance, the limbs
having become stiff as in rigor mortis. He was brought from the vault,
and the mouth was rubbed with honey and milk, and the body and
joints massaged with oil. In the evening, manifestations of life were
exhibited, and the fakir was fed with a spoonful of milk. The next day
he was given a little juice of pulses known as dal, and in three days he
was able to eat bread and milk, his normal diet. These cases are well
known both at Delhi and at Jeypore, and the facts have never been
disputed. The fakir is a Sanscrit scholar, and is said to be endowed with
much wisdom, and is consulted by those who are interested in Hindu
learning and religion. He has never received money from visitors, and
the mention of it distresses him.
The Medical Times of May 11, 1850, contains a communication from
Mr. Braid, who says he has “lost no opportunity of accumulating
evidence on this subject, and that while many alleged feats of this kind
are probably of a deceptive character, still there are others which admit
of no such explanation; and that it becomes the duty of scientific men
fairly to admit the difficulty.” He then refers to two documents by eye-
witnesses of these feats, and which, he says, “with the previous
evidence on the subject, must set the point at rest for ever, as to the
fact of the feats referred to being genuine phenomena, deception being
impossible.” In one of these instances, the fakir was buried in the
ground for six weeks, and was, consequently, deprived not only of food
and drink, but also of light and air; when he was disinterred, his legs
and arms were shrivelled and stiff, but his face was full; no pulse could
be discovered in the heart, temples, or arms. “About three years since I
spent some time with a General C——, a highly respectable and
intelligent man, who had been a long time in the Indian service, and
who was himself an eye-witness of one of these feats. A fakir was
buried several feet in the earth, under vigilant inspection, and a watch
was set, so that no one could communicate with him; and to make the
matter doubly sure, corn was sown upon the grave, and during the
time the man was buried, it vegetated and grew to the height of
several inches. He lay there forty-two days. The gentleman referred to
passed the place many times during his burial, saw the growing corn,
was also present at his disinterment, and when he questioned the man,
and intimated to him that he thought deception had been practised,
the fakir offered, for a sum of money, to be buried again, for the same
length of time, by the General himself, and in his own garden. This
challenge, of course, closed the argument.”
Cases of this kind might be multiplied on CASES REPORTED BY MR. BRAI
evidence which cannot be doubted, and, in
Mr. Braid’s book, entitled “Human Hibernation,” there are cases fully
stated. Sir Claude Wade, who was an eye-witness of these feats when
acting as political agent at the Court of Runjeet Singh, at Lahore, and
from whom Mr. Braid derived his information, makes the following
observations:—“I share entirely in the apparent incredibility of the fact
of a man being buried alive and surviving the trial for various periods of
duration; but however incompatible with our knowledge of physiology,
in the absence of any visible proof to the contrary, I am bound to
declare my belief in the facts which I have represented, however
impossible their existence may appear to others.” Upon this Mr. Braid
observes:—“Such then is the narrative of Sir C. M. Wade, and when we
consider the high character of the author as a gentleman of honour,
talents, and attainments of the highest order, and the searching,
painstaking efforts displayed by him throughout the whole
investigation, and his close proximity to the body of the fakir, and
opportunity of observing minutely every point for himself, as well as the
facilities, by his personal intercourse with Runjeet Singh and the whole
of his Court, of gaining the most accurate information on every point, I
conceive it is impossible to have had a more valuable or conclusive
document for determining the fact that no collusion or deception
existed.”
A case of this kind was exhibited at the Westminster Aquarium in
the autumn of 1895, which was carefully watched and tested by
medical experts, without detection of any appearance of fraud or
simulation. The hypnotised man, Walter Johnson, an ex-soldier, twenty-
nine years of age, was in a trance which lasted thirty days, during
which time he was absolutely unconscious, as shown by the various
experiments to which he was subjected.
A case of induced trance and experimental burial, not unlike that of
the Indian fakirs referred to, was reported in the London Daily
Chronicle, March 14, 1896. The experiment was carried out under test
conditions.
“‘BURIED ALIVE’ AT THE ROYAL AQUARIUM.
“After being entombed for six days in a hypnotic trance, Alfred Wootton
was dug up and awakened at the Royal Aquarium (Westminster), on
Saturday night in the presence of a crowd of interested spectators. Wootton
was hypnotised on Monday by Professor Fricker, and consigned to his
voluntary grave, nine feet deep, in view of the audience, who sealed the
stout casket or coffin in which the subject was immured. Seven or eight feet
of earth were then shovelled upon the body, a shaft being left open for the
necessary respiration, and in order that the public might be able to see the
man’s face during the week. The experiment was a novel one in this country,
and was intended to illustrate the extraordinary effect produced by the
Indian fakirs, and to demonstrate the connection between hypnotism and
psychology, while also showing the value of the former art as a curative
agent. Wootton is a man thirty-eight years of age; he is a lead-worker, and
on Monday weighed 10st. 2-1/2 lbs. He had previously been in a trance for a
week in Glasgow, under Professor Fricker’s experienced hands, so was not
altogether new to the business; but he is the first to be ‘buried alive’ by way
of amusement. To the uninitiated the whole thing was gruesome in the
extreme, and this particular form of entertainment certainly cannot be
commended. Before being covered in, Wootton’s nose and ears were stopped
with wax, which was removed before he was revived on Saturday. The theory
of the burial is to secure an equable temperature day and night—which is
impossible when the subject is above ground in the ordinary way—and
therefore to induce a deeper trance. Of course, too, the patient was out of
reach of the operator, and no suspicion of continuous hypnotising could rest
upon the professor. No nourishment could be supplied for the same reason,
though the man’s lips were occasionally moistened by means of a damp
sponge on the end of a rod, and no record of temperature or respiration
could be kept. A good many people witnessed the digging up process, and
the awakening took place in the concert room, whither the casket and its
burden were conveyed. The professor was not long in arousing his subject,
after electric and other tests had been applied to convince the audience that
the man was perfectly insensible to pain and everything else. Indeed, a large
needle was run through the flesh on the back of the hand without any effect
 whatever. The first thing on regaining consciousness that Wootton said was
that he could not see, and then he asked for drink—milk, and subsequently a
little brandy, being supplied. As soon as possible the patient was lifted out of
his box, and with help was quickly able to walk about the platform. He
complained of considerable stiffness of the limbs, and was undoubtedly
weak, but otherwise seemed none the worse for his remarkable retirement
from active life, and abstention from food for nearly a week. He was swathed
in flannel, and soon found the heat of the room very oppressive, though at
first he appeared to be particularly anxious to have his overcoat and his
boots. It is anticipated that in a day or two at most Wootton will have
regained his usual vigorous health.”

Dr. Hartmann in “Premature Burial,” page EXPERIMENTAL BURIAL.

23, relates an account of a similar experiment with a fakir, differing
from the above, however, in so far as it was made by some English
residents, who did not put the coffin into the earth, but hung it up in
the air, so as to protect it from the danger of being eaten up by white
ants. There seems to be hardly any limitation in regard to the time
during which such a body may be preserved and become reanimated
again, provided that it is well protected, although modern ignorance
may smile at this statement.
Those of our readers who wish to pursue this subject will find ample
material in “Observations on Trance or Human Hibernation,” 1850, by
James Braid, M.R.C.S.; Dr. Kuhn’s report of his investigations of the
Indian fakirs to the Anthropological Society of Munich, in 1895; the
researches of Dr. J. M. Honigberger, a German physician long resident
in India; and in the India Journal of Medical and Physical Science,
1836, vol. i., p. 389, etc.
 CHAPTER IV.

PREMATURE BURIAL.

At the sitting of the Paris Academy of Medicine, on April 10, 1827, a

paper was read by M. Chantourelle, on the danger of hasty burial. This
led to a discussion, in which M. Desgenettes stated that he had been
told by Dr. Thouret, who presided at the destruction of the vaults of Les
Innocens, that many skeletons had been found in positions seeming to
show that they had turned in their coffins. Dr. Thouret was so much
impressed by the circumstance that he had a special clause inserted in
his will relating to his own burial.[4]
Similar revelations, according to Kempner, have followed the
examinations of grave-yards in Holland, and in New York and other
parts of the United States.
On July 2, 1896, the author visited the grave of Madam Blunden, in
the Cemetery, Basingstoke, Hants, who, according to the inscription
(now obliterated), was buried alive. The following narrative appears in
“The Uncertainty of the Signs of Death,” by Surgeon M. Cooper, London,
1746, pp. 78, 79:—
“At Basingstoke, in Hampshire, not many years ago, a gentlewoman
of character and fortune was taken ill, and, to all appearance, died,
while her husband was on a journey to London. A messenger was
forthwith despatched to the gentleman, who returned immediately, and
ordered everything for her decent interment. Accordingly, on the third
day after her supposed decease, she was buried in Holy Ghost Chapel,
at the outside of the town, in a vault belonging to the family, over which
there is a school for poor children endowed by a charitable gentleman in
the reign of Edward VI. It happened the next day that the boys, while
they were at play, heard a noise in the vault, and one of them ran and
told his master, who, not crediting what he said, gave him a box on the
ear and sent him about his business; but, upon the other boys coming
with the same story, his curiosity was awakened, so that he sent
immediately for the sexton, and opened the vault and the lady’s coffin,
where they found her just expiring. All possible means were used to
recover her to life, but to no purpose, for she, in her agony, had bit the
nails off her fingers, and tore her face and head to that degree, that,
notwithstanding all the care that was taken of her, she died in a few
hours in inexpressible torment.”
The Sunday Times, London, December 30, 1838, contains the
following:—
“A frightful case of premature interment occurred not long since, at
Tonneins, in the Lower Garonne. The victim, a man in the prime of life, had
only a few shovelfuls of earth thrown into his grave, when an indistinct noise
was heard to proceed from his coffin. The grave-digger, terrified beyond
description, instantly fled to seek assistance, and some time elapsed before
his return, when the crowd, which had by this time collected in considerable
numbers round the grave, insisted on the coffin being opened. As soon as the
first boards had been removed, it was ascertained, beyond a doubt, that the
occupant had been interred alive. His countenance was frightfully contracted
with the agony he had undergone; and, in his struggles, the unhappy man
had forced his arms completely out of the winding sheet, in which they had
been securely enveloped. A physician, who was on the spot, opened a vein,
but no blood followed. The sufferer was beyond the reach of art.”
RESUSCITATION IN
Mr. Oscar F. Shaw, Attorney-at-Law, 145 GREENWOOD CEMETERY.
Broadway, New York, furnished the author
with particulars of the following case, of which he had personal
knowledge:—“In or about the year 1851, Virginia M’Donald, who, up to
that time had lived with her father on Catharine Street, in the City of
New York, apparently died, and was buried in Greenwood Cemetery,
Brooklyn, N.Y.
“After the burial her mother declared her belief that the daughter
was not dead when buried, and persistently asserted her belief. The
family tried in various ways to assure the mother of the death of her
daughter, and even resorted to ridicule for that purpose; but the mother