NAME : CHINMAY KULKARNI

ROLL NO : 41

PROGRAM :

clc;

clear all;

%----------Input Section---------------

Hbts = 40; %Height measured from the base of the BTS tower to the radiation centerline

Tbts = 350; %Terrain elevation at the location of the BTS

Htav = 300; %Height of the average terrain (from 3 Km to 15 km distance from the BTS)

Hm = 2; %Height of the mobile antenna in meters

f = 2100; %100:100:3000; %Range of frequencies in MHz

d = 0.5:0.5:15; %Range of Tx-Rx separation distances in Kilometers

Pt = 0.020; %Power transmitted by the BTS antenna in Watts

Gt = 10; %BTS antenna gain in dBi

%--------------------------------------

Hb = Hbts + Tbts - Htav; %Effective Height of the BTS antenna in meters

C = 0;

aHm = 3.2 * (log10(11.75 * Hm)) ^ 2 - 4.97;

A = 69.55 + 26.16 * log10(f) - 13.82 * log10(Hb) - aHm;

B = 44.9 - 6.55 * log10(Hb);

PL = A + B * log10(d) + C;

subplot(2, 1, 1)

plot(d, PL, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Hata-Okumura Path Loss Model', 'Fontsize',20);

xlabel('Distance - Kilometers', 'Fontsize',16);

ylabel('Path Loss (dB)', 'Fontsize',16);

%Compute Received Signal Level

Pr = 10 * log10(Pt * 1000) + Gt – PL
 subplot(2, 1, 2)

plot(d, Pr, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Hata-Okumura Model', 'Fontsize',20);

xlabel('Distance - Kilometers', 'Fontsize',16);

ylabel('Received Signal Level (dBm)', 'Fontsize',16);

OUTPUT:
NAME : CHINMAY KULKARNI

ROLL NO : 41

PROGRAM :-

% Demonstration of Eb/N0 Vs BER for BPSK modulation scheme

clc;

clear all;

N=1000000; %No. of bits within which error bits are to be calculated

SNRdb=0:1:50; %Given Data

SNR= 10.^(SNRdb/10); %SNR In dB

BER= qfunc((SNR).^0.5); % Use of Q in BPSK

BERdb=10*log10(BER); %Bit Error Rate In decibel

BERdb_perbit=BERdb/N; % Bit Error Rate per bit

plot(SNRdb,BERdb_perbit,'b');

xlabel('SNR in Decibel');

ylabel('BER in Decibel');

grid on;

OUTPUT:
NAME : CHINMAY KULKARNI

ROLL NO : 41

PROGRAM: Consider,
∞
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡_1 = ∫ 𝜙(𝜏) 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
∞
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡_2 = ∫ 𝜙(𝜏)(𝜏 − 𝜏̅)2 𝑑𝜏
−∞

Define new function, File→New Function→meas_continuous_PDP

%FunctiontocalculatemeanDelay,RMSdelayspread,maximumsymbol

%ratethatasignalcanbetransmittedwithoutISIandthecoherence

%BWforthePDPequationspecifiedasfunctionhandle(fun)

%example:fun=@(tau)exp(-tau/0.00001);%givenPDPequation

%lowerLim-lowerlimitforintegration

%upperLim-upperlimitforintegration

moment_1=@(x)x.*fun(x);

meanDelay=integral(moment_1,lowerLim,upperLim)/integral(fun,lowerLim,upperLim);

moment_2=@(y)((y-meanDelay).ˆ2).*fun(y);

rmsDelay=sqrt(integral(moment_2,lowerLim,upperLim)/integral(fun,lowerLim,upperLim));

symbolRate=1/(10*rmsDelay);%maximumsymbolratetoavoidISI

coherenceBW=1/(50*rmsDelay);%for0.9correlation

%coherenceBW=1/(5*rmsDelay);%for0.5correlation

Endfunction

Run following script after saving above function in a file.

fun = @(tau)2*exp(-tau/1e-6);

[meanDelay,rmsDelay,symbolRate,coherenceBW] = meas_continuous_PDP(fun,0,10e-6);

tau = [0:0.01e-6:5e-6];

fun1 = 2*exp(-tau/1e-6);

plot (tau, fun1, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);

title ('Power vs Delay', 'Fontsize',20);

xlabel ('Delay', 'Fontsize',16);

ylabel('Power(dBm)', 'Fontsize',16);
OUTPUT:
NAME : CHINMAY KULKARNI

ROLL NO : 41

PROGRAM:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
pt=input('enter the input power in watts:');
Pt=10*log10(pt) %calculating transmitted power in db
gt=input('enter the transmitting antenna gain in db:');
gs=input('enter the receiving antenna gain in db:');
EIRP=Pt+gt %calculating EIRP
d=input('enter the distance in km:');
f=input('enter the frequency in mhz:');
fsl=32.4+20*log10(d)+20*log10(f) %calculating path loss
rfl=input('enter the receiver feeder loss in db:');
aa=input('enter the atmospheric absorption in db:');
aml=input('enter the antenna misalignment loss in db:');
pl=input('enter the polarization loss in db:');
losses=fsl+rfl+aa+aml+pl; %calculating total losses
disp(sprintf('%s %f %s','total loss',losses,'db'));
P=EIRP+gs-losses; %calculating power recieved
P_watt = 10^(P/10);
disp(sprintf('%s %f %s','Total received power =',P_watt,'W'));
OUTPUT:
NAME : CHINMAY KULKARNI

ROLL NO : 41

PROGRAM:
clear

N = 10^6; % number of bits or symbols

Eb_N0_dB = [0:25]; % multiple Eb/N0 values

nTx = 2;

nRx = 2;

for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)

% Transmitter

ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability

s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0

sMod = kron(s,ones(nRx,1)); %

sMod = reshape(sMod,[nRx,nTx,N/nTx]); % grouping in [nRx,nTx,N/NTx ] matrix

h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx)]; % Rayleigh channel

n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,N/nTx)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance

% Channel and noise Noise addition

y = squeeze(sum(h.*sMod,2)) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;

% Receiver

% Forming the Zero Forcing equalization matrix W = inv(H^H*H)*H^H

% H^H*H is of dimension [nTx x nTx]. In this case [2 x 2]

% Inverse of a [2x2] matrix [a b; c d] = 1/(ad-bc)[d -b;-c a]

hCof = zeros(2,2,N/nTx) ;

hCof(1,1,:) = sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1); % d term

hCof(2,2,:) = sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1); % a term

hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1); % c term

hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1); % b term

hDen = reshape(kron(reshape(hDen,1,N/nTx),ones(2,2)),2,2,N/nTx); % formatting for division

hInv = hCof./hDen; % inv(H^H*H)

hMod= reshape(conj(h),nRx,N); % H^H operation

yMod = kron(y,ones(1,2)); % formatting the received symbol for equalization

yMod = sum(hMod.*yMod,1); % H^H * y

yMod= kron(reshape(yMod,2,N/nTx),ones(1,2)); % formatting

yHat = sum(reshape(hInv,2,N).*yMod,1); % inv(H^H*H)*H^H*y

% receiver - hard decision decoding

ipHat = real(yHat)>0;

% counting the errors

nErr(ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);

end

simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber

EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);

theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));

p = 1/2 - 1/2*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);

theoryBerMRC_nRx2 = p.^2.*(1+2*(1-p));

close all

figure

semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,'bp-','LineWidth',2);

hold on

semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerMRC_nRx2,'kd-','LineWidth',2);

semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mo-','LineWidth',2);

axis([02510^-50.5])

grid on

legend('theory (nTx=1,nRx=1)', 'theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)', 'sim (nTx=2, nRx=2, ZF)');

ROLL NO: 41

PROGRAM:

Nt = 2; % No. of transmit antennas

Nr = 2; % No. of receive antennas

No = 1; % Noise variance

y = input('Enter received signal coefficients at the detector = ');

s = 2*randi([0 1],Nt,1) - 1; % Binary transmitted symbols

%H = (randn(Nr,Nt) + 1*i*randn(Nr,Nt))/sqrt(2) % Channel coefficients

%disp ('Channel coefficients are:');

%disp(H);

noise = sqrt(No/2)*(randn(Nr, 1) + 1*i*randn(Nr,1 )); % AWGN noise

%y = H*s + noise; % Inputs to the detectors

H = (y - noise) / s ;

disp(' The channel coefficients are: ');

disp(H);

OUTPUT:
NAME: Chinmay Kulkarni

ROLL NO : 41

PROGRAM:-

clc;

clear all;

speed = input('Enter the moving vehicle speed in miles per hour: ');

theta = input ('Enter the angle of vehicle with the line joining the base station: ');

carrier = input ('frequency over which Doppler shift is to be observed (in Hz): ');

fprintf('1. mobile user is moving towards the base station \n2. mobile user is moving
away from the base station\n');

movement = input('Enter appropriate scenario: ');

speed_m = speed * 1.61 * 5 / 18;

speed_m

fd = speed_m * cosd(theta) * carrier / (3 * 10^8) ;

fprintf('The Doppler shift is fd = %d.\n', fd);

switch movement

case 1

fprintf ('Since the mobile user is moving towards the base station, the Doppler shift is
positive, i.e., the perceived frequency fr = %dHz + %dHz\n', carrier, fd);

case 2

fprintf ('Since the mobile user is moving away the base station, the Doppler shift is
positive, i.e., the perceived frequency fr = %dHz - %dHz\n', carrier, fd);

end
OUTPUT:
NAME : Chinmay Kulkarni

ROLL NO : 41

PROGRAM:
clc;

clear all;

A = 38.4;

ch = input('Enter number of channels = ');

pb = input('Enter the blocking probability = ');

city_area = input('Enter city area in km2 = ');

radius = input('Enter the multiple values of radius (in km) = ');

%38.4, supported traffic for 48 channels and pb = 0.02, from Erlang Traffic table

cell_users = A/pb ;

cell_area = radius .* (6 * (1/sqrt(3))) ;

cell_numbers = fix (city_area./cell_area) ;

supported_users = cell_numbers * cell_users ;

plot(radius,supported_users);

plot(radius,supported_users);

title('Number of Users with 2% Pb');

xlabel('Radius in km');

ylabel('supported Users');