210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 126
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 191
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 223

(80)10 = (1010000)2
(103)10= ()2
(200)10 = ()2
(320)10 = ()2
(100101)2= ()10
(111001)2= ()10

2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
 Hexadecimal Binary Decimal
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15
(C21)H= (3105) 10
(35)H= (53) 10
211 210 29 28 .27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
2048 1024 512 256 .128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2048+1024+32+1=3105
32+16+4+1=53
00.09.7C.91.E2.B5
00000000000001001.0111110010010001.1110001010110101
Company ID Device ID
 No of bit
 192.168.38.1
IP address 32
11000000.10101000.00100110.00000001
255.255.255.0
Subnet mask
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Physical 00-50-56-CB-00-01
Address 00000000-01010000-01010110-11001011- 48
(MAC) 0000000-00000001

OCTET=8bits
Byte=8bits
2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2=256

 IP Classes:
Network
st 1st No of
Class 1 Octet ID/Host CIDR Subnet Mask No of Hosts
Octet Networks
ID
A 1-126 0 N.H.H.H /8 255.0.0.0 126(27-2) 16,777,214(224-2)
B 128-191 10 N.N.H.H /16 255.255.0.0 16,384(214) 65,534(216-2)
C 192-223 110 N.N.N.H /24 255.255.255.0 2,097,152(221) 254(28-2)
D 224-239 1110 Multicasting
E 240-254 1111 Research
127.0.0.1-127.255.255.254 reserved for loop back (NIC)
CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing 192.168.50.8/27
  Private IP Addresses: (IANA)

Class Private Network Subnet Mask Address Range

A 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0-172.31.0.0 255.240.0.0 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255

 Subnetting:
Used for:
1. Reduced network traffic (Reduced Broadcast).
2. Optimized network performance (Increase Seucrity).
3. Simplified management.
Borrowing bits form Host ID and give it to NID.
No SM
of Binary Decimal CIDR
bits
0 00000000 0 /24 255.255.255.0 Classfull
1 10000000 128 /25 255.255.255.128 Classless(VLSM)
2 11000000 192 /26 255.255.255.192 Classless(VLSM)
3 11100000 224 /27 255.255.255.224 Classless(VLSM)
4 11110000 240 /28 255.255.255.240 Classless(VLSM)
5 11111000 248 /29 255.255.255.248 Classless(VLSM)
6 11111100 252 /30 255.255.255.252 Classless(VLSM)
7 11111110 254 /31 255.255.255.254 Classless(VLSM)
8 11111111 255 /32 255.255.255.255
VLSM: Variable Length Subnet Mask
IP address (Host ID)=Network ID + Host ID
192.168.10.50 /24
255.255.255.0
Class: C Network ID: 192.168.10.0
Host ID: 192.168.10.50
ANDing Logic:
A B AND
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

11000000.10101000.00001010.00110010
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000 192.168.10.0 (NID)
150.10.20.54 /16
255.255.0.0
NID: 150.10.0.0
HID: 20.54
119.80.66.73 /8
255.0.0.0
NID: 119.0.0.0
HID: 80.66.73
  192.168.10.50/25
NID: 192.168.10.0
SM: 255.255.255.128
No of subnet bits: 1
No of Host bits: 7
No of Subnets: 21=2
No of Hosts: 27-2=126
Block Size=256-128=128
First subnet=0
Second Subnet=128

First Subnet Second Subnet

NID 192.168.10.0(00000000) 192.168.10.128(10000000)
First IP 192.168.10.1(00000001) 192.168.10.129(10000001)
Last IP 192.168.10.126(01111110) 192.168.10.254(11111110)
Broadcast ID 192.168.10.127(01111111) 192.168.10.255(11111111)
  192.168.10.50/26
NID: 192.168.10.0
SM: 255.255.255.192
No of subnet bits: 2
No of Host bits: 6
No of Subnets: 22=4
No of Hosts: 26-2=62
Block Size=256-192=64
First subnet=0
Second Subnet=64
Third Subnet=128
Fourth Subnet=192
First Subnet Second Subnet Third Subnet Fourth Subnet
NID .0(00000000) .64(01000000) .128(10000000) .192(11000000)
First IP .1(00000001) .65(01000001) .129(10000001) .193(11000001)
Last IP .62(00111110) .126(01111110) .190(10111110) .254(11111110)
Broadcast .191(10111111) .255(11111111)
.63(00111111) .127(01111111)
ID
  200.141.75.75/27
 NID: 200.141.75.0
 SM: 255.255.255.224
 No of subnet bits: 3
 No of Host bits: 5
 No of Subnets: 23=8
 No of Hosts: 25-2=30
 Block Size=256-224=32
 First subnet=0
 Second Subnet=32
 Third Subnet=64
 Fourth Subnet=96
 Fifth Subnet=128
 Sixth Subnet=160
 Seventh Subnet=192
 Eighth Subnet=224
First Subnet Second Subnet Third Subnet Fourth Subnet
NID .0(00000000) .32(00100000) .64(01000000) .96(01100000)
First IP .1(00000001) .33(00100001) .65(01000001) .97(01100001)
Last IP .30(00011110) .62(00111110) .94(01011110) .126(01111110)
Broadcast ID .31(00011111) .63(00111111) .95(01011111) .127(01111111)
Fifth Subnet Sixth Subnet Seventh Subnet Eighth Subnet
NID .128(10000000) .160(10100000) .192(11000000) .224(11100000)
First IP .129(10000001) .161(10100001) .193(11000001) .225(11100001)
Last IP .158(10011110) .190(10111110) .222(11011110) .254(11111110)
Broadcast ID .159(10011111) .191(10111111) .223(11011111) .255(11111111)
VLSM:
Subnet Mask Subnets Hosts Block Size
/25 128 2 126 128
/26 192 4 62 64
/27 224 8 30 32
/28 240 16 14 16
/29 248 32 6 8
/30 252 64 2 4

Ex1: Company and you need 60 IP address, what is the suitable

SM?
NID 192.168.1.0

211 210 29 28 .27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

2048 1024 512 256 .128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

NID: 192.168.1.0
SM: 255.255.255.?
No of Host bits: ?
No of Hosts: 2Hb-2 ≥ 60 IP >> 2Hb-2 +2 ≥ 60+2
2Hb≥ 62 >>> Hb = 6 bits
>>> SM :255.255.255.192
>>> HID:192.168.1.0/26
Ex2: Two Hosts, A) what is the SM, HID 201.2.10.3?

1 2

No of Hosts: 2Hb-2 ≥ 2 IP >> 2Hb-2 +2 ≥ 2+2

2Hb≥ 4 >>> Hb = 2 bits
>>> SM :255.255.255.252
>>> HID:201.5.10.3/30
B) What are the BID & NID for the first and 5th subnet?

NID .0 .4 .8 .12 .16 0.20 .24 .28

FIP 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.29
LIP 0.2 0.6 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30
BID 0.3 0.7 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31
Ex3: 4 WANs and 4
LANs connected
together. VLSM table
using Class C network
address 192.168.10.0?

Network VLSM
D 192.16.10.8/29
A 192.16.10.16/28
B 192.16.10.32/27
C 192.16.10.64/27
E 192.16.10.96/30
F 192.16.10.100/30
G 192.16.10.104/30
H 192.16.10.108/30

Ex 4: You've just been hired to work in Network Support for one of Netflix's regional divisions. One
of your first projects is to setup 7 new publicly addressable subnets for new server clusters scattered
around the region. To accomplish this task, you've been given the IP range:
203.52.32.1 - 203.52.32.254

Complete the questions below, show your work (it’s worth a point).

1. What is the original Class of the range you were given?

2. What is the default subnet mask of that class (Dotted Decimal Notation)?

3. How many bits must you borrow?

3 bit

4. Determine the new subnet mask (Dotted Decimal Notation).

255.255.255.224
11111111.11111111.11111111.111000000

5. Determine how many usable host addresses you have in each subnet.
25-2=30

6. Determine the network address of each subnet. Block Size = 256-224=32

Subnet 1: 203.52.32.0
Subnet 2: 203.52.32.32
Subnet 3: 203.52.32.64
………
Subnet 8: 203.52.32.224

7. Determine the usable host address range of each subnet.

Subnet 1: 203.52.32.1-30
Subnet 2: 203.52.32.33-62
Subnet 3: 203.52.32.65-94
………
Subnet 8: 203.52.32.225-254

8. Determine the broadcast address for each subnet.

Subnet 1: 203.52.32.31
Subnet 2: 203.52.32.63
Subnet 3: 203.52.32.95
………
Subnet 8: 203.52.32.255
Supernetting (Summarization): it’s also called route aggregation,
allows routing protocols to advertise many networks as one address.
Purpose:
1. To reduce the size of routing table on routers to save memory.
2. To shortens the amount of time for IP to parse the routing table
and the path to a remote network.

10.0.0.0/8

Exit Network
10.0.0.0/16
10.1.0.0/16
10.2.0.0./16
10.255.0.0/16

28 .27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
256 .128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ex:

.27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
.128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
.139 .1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
.140 .1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
.173 .1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
.208 .1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
192.168.4.0/22 200.10.8.0/21
200.10.128.0/17