IMPRESSION MATERIALS :

CLASSIFICATION OF
IMPRESSION COMPOUND

2nd year BDS Prosthodontics/Dental Material Assignment

AHMEDABAD DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL Bhadaj Ahmedabad, Gujarat
IMPRESSION
MATERIAL :
Classification of
Impression
compound
REFFERENCE

• BASIC DENTAL MATERIALS

Fourth Edition
-JOHN J MANAPPALLIL (MDS)
• And other sources
 Index

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AN IMPRESSION

MATERIAL
CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS

SUPPLIED AS

APPLICATIONS

REQUIREMENTS OF IMPRESSION COMPOUND

COMPOSITION

PROPERTIES OF IMPRESSION COMPOUND

MANIPULATION

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AN
IMPRESSION MATERIAL

1. Should be nontoxic and nonirritant to dentist and patient.

2. Acceptable to the patient.

a. Have a pleasant taste, odor, consistency and color.

b. Should set quickly once placed in the mouth.

3. Should be accurate.

a. Accurate surface detail.

b. Elastic properties with freedom from permanent deformation after strain.

c. Dimensionally stable.

4. Have adequate shelf life for storage and distribution.

5. Be economical.

6. Handling properties.

a. Sufficient working time.

b. Set quickly in mouth (saves chairside time).

c. Be easy to use with the minimum equipment.

d. Satisfactory consistency and texture.

7. Have adequate strength so that it will not break or tear while removing from the mouth.

8. Should be compatible with the die and cast materials.

9. Should be able to be electroplated.

CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS
There are several ways of classifying impression materials.
1. According to mode of setting and elasticity.
2. According to tissue displacement during impression procedure.
3. According to their uses in dentistry

According to mode of setting and elasticity

The terms thermoset, thermoplastic, rigid and elastic are used to describe these materials.

1. Mode of setting

Set by chemical reaction (irreversible of thermoplastic)

Set by temperature change (reversible / thermoplastic)
2. Rigid

Compound,waxes
Impression plaster zinc oxide eugenol
3. Elastic

Alginate hydrocolloid nonaquesos elastomers ..e.g polysulfide,silicone

Agar hydrocolloid

Mucostatic materials produce minimal displacement of the tissue during impression,

e.g. plaster, zinc oxide eugenol, low viscosity alginates, low viscosity elastomeric materials, etc.

Mucocompressive materials are more viscous and displace the tissues while recording them,

e.g. compound, high viscosity alginates, high viscosity elastomers, etc.

According to their uses in dentistry

Impression materials used for complete denture prosthesis Impression plaster, impression
compound and impression paste set to a hard rigid mass, and hence cannot be removed from undercuts
without the impression being fractured or distorted. Therefore these materials are best suited for
edentulous mouth.

Impression materials used for dentulous mouths On the other hand alginates and rubber base
impressions are sufficiently elastic to be withdrawn from undercut areas. Such elastic impression
materials are suitable for impressions for fabrication of removable and fixed partial denture prostheses,
where the impressions of the ridge and teeth are required.

RIGID IMPRESSION MATERIALS

As mentioned earlier the rigid impression materials are

1. Impression plaster

2. Impression compound

3. Zinc oxide eugenol impression paste

4. Impression waxes
 APPLICATION OF IMPRESSION COPOUND

Type 1 :
1. For making a preliminary impression in an edentulous mouth.

2. For impressions of full crown preparations where gingival tissues

must be displaced.

3. Peripheral tracing or border moulding.

5
Type 2 :
4
1.To check undercuts in inlay preparation.

2. To make a special tray.

3
2
Single tooth impression :

. The compound is softened and carried in a copper band.

1
. The filled band is pressed over the tooth and the compound flows into
the prepared cavity.
. It is referred to as a tube impression.
3
Complete denture impressions :
2
. In complete denture fabrication, it is common to make two sets of
1
impressions—the preliminary and the final impression.

. The preliminary impression is made in a stock tray.

. A study cast made from this is used to construct a custom tray or

special tray.

. The custom tray is used to make the final impression.

. The technique of making a preliminary and final impression greatly

improves the accuracy of the complete denture.
REQUIREMENTS OF
IMPRESSION COMPOUND

An ideal impression material should

1. Harden at or little above mouth temperature.
2. Be plastic at a temperature not injurious or harmful to oral
tissues.
3. Not contain irritating or toxic ingredients.
4. Harden uniformly when cooled without distortion.
5. Have a consistency when softened which will allow it to
reproduce fine details.
6. Be cohesive but not adhesive.
7. Not undergo permanent deformation or fracture while
withdrawing the impression from the mouth.
8. Be dimensionally stable after removal from the mouth and
during storage.
9. Exhibit a smooth glossy surface after flaming.
10. Withstand trimming with sharp knife without flaking or
chipping after hardening.
11. Should not boil and lose volatile components on flaming.
12. Should remain stable without losing soluble plasticizers
when immersed in water for long periods
Composition Of Impression Compound
❖ Impression Compound is a mixture of
-waxes
-Thermoplastic resins
-organic acids
-Fillers
-Colouring Reagents

INGREDIENT PARTS
1. RESIN 30
2. COPAL RESIN 30
3. CARNAUBA WAX 10
4. STEARIC ACID
5
5. TALC
6. COLORING AGENT 25
PLASTICISERS
DEFINATION

Compounds, such as shellac,

stearic acid and gutta-percha
are added to improve
plasticity and workability.
These substances are
referred to as plasticizers.

FILLERS
DEFINATION

These are small particles of

inert material which
strengthen or improve the
physical properties of many
materials. Fillers are
chemically different from the
principal ingredient.
PROPERTIES OF IMPRESSION COMPOUND

Glass Transition Temperature

• When impression compound is heated in a hot water bath the material looses its
hardness at approximately 39°C.
• However, at this stage, it is still not plastic or soft enough for making an
impression.
• This temperature at which the material looses its hardness or brittleness on
heating or forms a rigid mass upon cooling is referred to as temperature. glass
transition

Fusion Temperature

• On further heating at approximately 43.5°C, the material softens to a plastic

mass that can be manipulated. This is called the fusion temperature.
• It is the temperature at which the crystalline fatty acids melt (or solidify).

Significance of fusion temperature

1. Above this temperature, the fatty acids are liquid and lubricate the softened
material to form a smooth plastic mass, while the impression is being obtained.
2. Thus all impressions with compound should be made above this temperature.
Below this temperature an accurate impression cannot be expected.

Significance of glass transition temperature

1. Once the impression tray is seated, it should be held firmly in position until first
fusion temperature and later the glass transition temperature is reached.
2. Thus the impression is made above the fusion temperature whereas it is
removed from the mouth only after it cools down to its glass transition
temperature.

Thermal Properties

Thermal Conductivity

• Impression compound has very low thermal conductivity, i.e. they are poor
conductors of heat.

Significance

1. During softening of the material, the outside will soften first and the inside last.
So to ensure uniform softening the material should be kept immersed for a
sufficiently long time in a water bath. Kneading of the material ensures further
uniform softening.
 2. Due to poor thermal conductivity, the layer adjacent to the mouth tissues will
remain soft. Removal of the impression at this stage will cause serious
distortion. Thus it is important to cool the compound thoroughly before removing
if from the mouth.

Coefficient of Linear Expansion (CTE)

• The CTE of a compound is comparatively high because of the presence of resins

and waxes.
• The linear contraction from mouth temperature to room temperature is 0.3%.

This error can be reduced:

• by obtaining an impression as usual and then passing the impression over a

flame until the surface is softened and then obtaining a second impression.
During the second impression, the shrinkage is relatively slight, since only the
surface layer has been softened completely.
• another way of reducing the thermal contraction is by spraying cold water on the
metal tray just before it is inserted in the mouth. Thus the material adjacent to
the tray will be hardened, while the surface layer is still soft. In both techniques,
the impression is likely to be stressed considerably and so the stone cast should
be constructed at the earliest.

Flow

• Flow of the impression material could be advantageous as well as harmful.

• Good flow is desirable during impression making.
• The softened material should flow into all the details of the tissue contour.
• Once the compound hardens, it should have minimum flow, otherwise it will get
distorted.

According to ADA specification No. 4

• Type I : Flow not more than 3% at 37°C (Mouth temperature). Flow not less than
80% and not more than 85% at 45°C.
• Type II: Flow not more than 2% at 37°C. Flow not less than 70% and not more
than 85% at 45°C.

Dimensional Stability

• Since the release of strains is unavoidable, the safest way to prevent distortion is
to pour the cast immediately or at least within the hour.
• Another cause of warpage is removal of the impression too early before it is
thoroughly cooled in the mouth.
Reproduction of Detail

• Surface detail reproduction is comparatively less because of its high viscosity

and low flow.
• Because of the viscosity, pressure has to be used during impression, which
compresses the tissues. Thus, the tissue are recorded in a distorted state
MANIPULATION
OF IMPRESSION COMPOUND
 STICKS
Small amounts of compound (stick
compound) can be softened over a
flame (Fig. 14.2). When a direct flame is
used, the compound should not be
allowed to boil or ignite, otherwise, the
plasticizers are volatilized.

TYPES OF CAKES
IMPRESSION COMPUND Larger amounts of compound are
softened in warm water in a
thermostatically controlled water bath
(Fig. 14.3) usually in the range of 65 to
75 °C. After the compound is removed
from the water bath, it is usually
kneaded with the fingers in order to
obtain uniform plasticity throughout the
mass.
LOADING THE TRAY : STEPS
A slightly oversized tray is selected.

. The softened material is loaded onto the tray and quickly seated on to
the tissues to be recorded

Any delay can cause the impression to harden prematurely.

If the compound is too hot, it may be tempered by briefly immersing in

slightly cooler water.

The lips are manipulated to mold the borders of the impression while it is still soft.
Precautions
1. Prolonged immersion in a water bath causes the
compound to become brittle and grainy because
some of the ingredients may be leached out.

2. Overheating in water makes the compound sticky

and difficult to handle.

3. Avoid incorporating water while kneading.

4
REMOVAL OF IMPRESSION FROM
THE MOUTH
THE IMPRESSION IS REMOVED FROM THE MOUTH ONLY
AFTER IT HAS COMPLETELY COOLED AND HARDENED.
REQUIREMENTS OF IMPRESSION COMPOUND

Ideal impression compound should be –

 Harden or little more than the temperature of

mouth/oral cavity
 Should be plastic at a temperature and not injurious or
harmful to oral tissue
 Not contain toxic/harmful ingredients
 Should be cohesive but not adhesive
 A smooth glossy surface after flaming it
 Harden uniformly when cooled without distortion
 Not undergo permanent deformation or fracture while
withdrawing the impression from the mouth
 Dimensionally stable after removal from the mouth and
during storage
 Should not boil and lose volatile components on flaming
 Should remain stable without losing soluble plasticizers
when immersed in water for long periods
  ADVANTAGES
 It is cheap and reusable
 Does not produce irritation to patient
 Inaccurate portion can be remade without having to
remake the entire impression
OR
Can be remodify and resoften again till the accurate
 Has sufficient body to support itself as a tray and does
not collapse from the peripheral portion

 DISADVANTAGES
 Difficult to record details because of high viscosity
 Compresses soft tissues during impression
{Mucocompressive}
 Distortion due to poor dimensional stability
 Difficult to remove from severe undercuts
 Usually the impression is over extended{especially in
the peripheries}
 Does not have pleasant taste
Manav Mehta Aarti Mali

Utkarsh Mehta Prachi Panchal

Preet Modi Avdhesh Nimavat

Diya Mistry Ananya Mehta

Thank You…