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Unit-II-Web-Technologies

The document provides an overview of web technologies, focusing on HTML, XML, CSS, and programming languages. It explains the structure and features of HTML, the differences between XML and HTML, the purpose of CSS, and the evolution of programming languages from machine code to high-level languages. Additionally, it discusses web servers, their architecture, and how they respond to client requests.

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Gauravi Xavier
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2 views

Unit-II-Web-Technologies

The document provides an overview of web technologies, focusing on HTML, XML, CSS, and programming languages. It explains the structure and features of HTML, the differences between XML and HTML, the purpose of CSS, and the evolution of programming languages from machine code to high-level languages. Additionally, it discusses web servers, their architecture, and how they respond to client requests.

Uploaded by

Gauravi Xavier
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Web Technologies: Introduction to HTML, XML, CSS

and programming languages -


HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design web pages using markup
language. HTML is the combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext defines the link
between the web pages. Markup language is used to define the text document within tag which defines the
structure of web pages. This language is used to annotate (make notes for the computer) text so that a
machine can understand it and manipulate text accordingly. Most of markup (e.g. HTML) languages are
human readable. Language uses tags to define what manipulation has to be done on the text.
HTML is a markup language which is used by the browser to manipulate text, images and other content to
display it in required format. HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. The first ever version of
HTML was HTML 1.0 but the first standard version was HTML 2.0 which was published in 1999.HTML
is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

HTML VERSION YEAR

HTML 1.0 1991

HTML 2.0 1995

HTML 3.2 1997

HTML 4.01 1999

XHTML 2000

HTML 5 2014

Elements and Tag: HTML uses predefined tags and elements which tells the browser about
content display property. If a tag is not closed then browser applies that effect till end of page.
HTML page structure: The Basic structure of HTML page is given below. It contain some
elements like head, title, body, … etc. These elements are used to build the blocks of web pages.
<DOCTYPE! html>: This tag is used to tells the HTML version. This currently tells that the
version is HTML 5.
<html>: This is called HTML root element and used to wrap all the code.
<head>: Head tag contains metadata, title, page CSS etc. All the HTML elements that can be
used inside the <head> element are:
 <style>
 <title>
 <base>
 <noscript>
 <script>
 <meta>
 <title>
<body>: Body tag is used to enclosed all the data which a web page has from texts to links. All
of the content that you see rendered in the browser is contained within this element.

Features of HTML:
 It is easy to learn and easy to use.
 It is platform independent.
 Images, video and audio can be added to a web page.
 Hypertext can be added to text.
 It is a markup language.
Why learn HTML?
 It is a simple markup language. Its implementation is easy.
 It is used to create a website.
 Helps in developing fundamentals about web programming.
 Boost professional career.
Advantages:
 HTML is used to build a websites.
 It is supported by all browsers.
 It can be integrated with other languages like CSS, JavaScript etc.
Disadvantages:
 HTML can create only static webpages so for dynamic web page other languages have to be used.
 Large amount of code has to be written to create a simple web page.
 Security feature is not good.

XML
 XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language
 XML is a markup language much like HTML
 XML was designed to store and transport data
 XML was designed to be self-descriptive
 XML is a W3C Recommendation

The Difference Between XML and HTML


XML and HTML were designed with different goals:
 XML was designed to carry data - with focus on what data
is
 HTML was designed to display data - with focus on how
data looks
 XML tags are not predefined like HTML tags are

XML Does Not Use Predefined Tags


The XML language has no predefined tags.
The tags in the example above (like <to> and <from>) are not
defined in anything XML standard. These tags are "invented" by
the author of the XML document.
HTML works with predefined tags like <p>, <h1>, <table>, etc.
With XML, the author must define both the tags and the
document structure.

XML is Extensible
Most XML applications will work as expected even if new data
is added (or removed).
Imagine an application designed to display the original version
of note.xml (<to> <from> <heading> <body>).
Then imagine a newer version of note.xml with added <date>
and <hour> elements, and a removed <heading>.
XML Simplifies Things
 It simplifies data sharing
 It simplifies data transport
 It simplifies platform changes
 It simplifies data availability
Many computer systems contain data in incompatible formats.
Exchanging data between incompatible systems (or upgraded
systems) is a time-consuming task for web developers. Large
amounts of data must be converted, and incompatible data is
often lost.
XML stores data in plain text format. This provides a software-
and hardware-independent way of storing, transporting, and
sharing data.
XML also makes it easier to expand or upgrade to new
operating systems, new applications, or new browsers, without
losing data.
With XML, data can be available to all kinds of "reading
machines" like people, computers, voice machines, news feeds,
etc.

INTRODUCTION OF CSS

Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simply


designed language intended to simplify the process of making
web pages presentable. CSS allows you to apply styles to web
pages. More importantly, CSS enables you to do this
independent of the HTML that makes up each web page.

CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and


content, including layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can
improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and
control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable
multiple web pagesto share formatting by specifying the relevant
CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition
in the structural content.

Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to


present the same markup page in different styles for different
rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via
speech-based browser or screen reader), and on Braille-based
tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the
content is accessed on a mobile device.
The name cascading comes from the specified priority scheme
to determine which style rule applies if more than one rule
matches a particular element. This cascading priority scheme is
predictable.
CSS is easy to learn and understood but it provides powerful
control over the presentation of an HTML document.

 CSS saves time : You can write CSS once and reuse same
sheet in multiple HTML pages.
 Easy Maintainence : To make a global change simply
change the style, and all elements in all the webpages will be
updated automatically.
 Search Engines : CSS is considered as clean coding
technique, which means search engines won’t have to struggle to
“read” its content.
 Superior styles to HTML : CSS has a much wider array of
attributes than HTML, so you can give a far better look to your
HTML page in comparison to HTML attributes.
 Offline Browsing : CSS can store web applications locally
with the help of offline catche.Using of this we can view offline
websites.

CSS Syntax
A CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the
browser and then applied to the corresponding elements in your
document.
A style rule set consists of a selector and declaration block.
The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
 The declaration block contains one or more
declarations separated by semicolons.
 Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a
value, separated by a colon.
For Example:
-> color is property and blue is value.
-> font size is property and 12px is value.
 A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and
declaration blocks are surrounded by curly braces.
 The CSS specifications are maintained by the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME
type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC
2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation
service for CSS documents.
In addition to HTML, other markup languages support the use of CSS including XHTML, plain XML,
SVG, and XUL.

Introduction to Programming Languages


It provides a linguistic framework for describing computations. A programming language is a notational
system for describing computation in a machine-readable and human-readable form. A programming
language is a tool for developing executable models for a class of problem domains. A programming
language is a set of rules for communicating an algorithm A programming language is a set of rules
that provides a way of telling a computer what operations to perform.
Each programming language has a different set of syntax rules. The grammatical rules are called
syntax. A programming language also has words, symbols and rules of grammar. English is a natural
language. It has words, symbols and grammatical rules.
Programming languages have evolved over time as better ways have been developed to design them.
First programming languages were developed in the 1950s. Since then thousands of languages have been
developed. Different programming languages are designed for different types of programs.
High-level program class Triangle
{ class Triangle { ... ... float surface() float surface() return b*h/2; return b*h/2; } }
Low-level program
LOAD r1,b LOAD r1,b LOAD r2,h LOAD r2,h MUL r1,r2 MUL r1,r2 DIV r1,#2 DIV r1,#2 RET
RET
Executable Machine code
0001001001000101 0001001001000101 0010010011101100 0010010011101100 10101101001...
10101101001...
Generateions of PL
 First Generation Languages
 Second Generation Languages
 Third Generation Languages
 Fourth Generation Languages
 Fifth Generation Languages

First Generation Languages


Machine language
 Operation code – such as addition or subtraction.
 Operands – that identify the data to be processed.
 Machine language is machine dependent as it is the only language the computer can understand.
 Very efficient code but very difficult to write.

Second Generation Languages


 Assembly languages
 Symbolic operation codes replaced binary operation codes.
 Assembly language programs needed to be “assembled” for execution by the computer.
 Each assembly language instruction is translated into one machine language instruction.
 Very efficient code and easier to write.

Third Generation Languages


 Closer to English but included simple mathematical notation.
 Programs written in source code which must be translated into machine language programs called
object code.
 The translation of source code to object code is accomplished by a machine language system
program called a compiler.
 Alternative to compilation is interpretation which is accomplished by a system program called an
interpreter.
 Common third generation languages: ◦ FORTRAN ◦ COBOL ◦ C and C++ ◦ Visual Basic

Fourth Generation Languages


 A high level language (4GL) that requires fewer instructions to accomplish a task than a third
generation language.
 Used with databases ◦ Query languages ◦ Report generators ◦ Forms designers ◦ Application
generators

Fifth Generation Languages


 Declarative languages
 Functional(?): Lisp, Scheme, SML ◦ Also called applicative ◦ Everything is a function
 Logic: Prolog ◦ Based on mathematical logic ◦ Rule- or Constraint-based
Beyond Fifth Generation Languages
Limited capabilities at present. Though no clear definition at present, natural language programs
generally can be interpreted and executed by the computer with no other action by the user than stating
their question.

PL have two broad groups


◦ Traditional programming languages
 Sequences of instructions
 First, second and some third generation languages
◦ Object-oriented languages
 Objects are created rather than sequences of instructions
 Some third generation, and fourth and fifth generation languages

Traditional Programming Language


FORTRAN
◦ FORmula TRANslation.
◦ Developed at IBM in the mid-1950s.
◦ Designed for scientific and mathematical applications by scientists and engineers.
COBOL
◦ Common Business Oriented Language.
◦ Developed in 1959.
◦ Designed to be common to many different computers.
◦ Typically used for business applications.
BASIC
◦ Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
◦ Developed at Dartmouth College in mid 1960s
◦ Developed as a simple language for students to write programs with which they could interact through
terminals.
C
◦ Developed by Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s
◦ Provides control and efficiency of assembly language while having third generation language features.
◦ Often used for system programs.
◦ UNIX is written in C.

Object Oriented Programming Language


Simula Smalltalk ◦ First purely object-oriented language. ◦ Developed by Xerox in mid-1970s. ◦ Still in
use on some computers.◦ First object-oriented language ◦ Developed by Ole Johan Dahl in the 1960s.
C++ ◦ It is C language with additional features. ◦ Widely used for developing system and application
software. ◦ Graphical user interfaces can be developed easily with visual programming tools.
 JAVA ◦ An object-oriented language similar to C++ that eliminates lots of C++’s problematic features ◦
Allows a web page developer to create programs for applications, called applets that can be used through
a browser. ◦ Objective of JAVA developers is that it be machine, platform and operating system
independent.

Special Programming Language


Scripting Languages: ◦ JavaScript and VBScript ◦ Php and ASP ◦ Perl and Python
Command Languages : ◦ sh, csh, bash
Text processing Languages: ◦ LaTex, PostScript
HTML ◦ HyperText Markup Language. ◦ Used on the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW). ◦ Web
page developer puts brief codes called tags in the page to indicate how the page should be formatted.
 XML ◦ Extensible Markup Language. ◦ A language for defining other languages.

And both kind of language require considerable practice to make perfect. In these languages you have to
learn new vocabulary, syntax and semantics (new words, sentence structure and meaning)
Programming languages comes to mechanics of the task, learning to speak and use a programming
language is in many ways like learning to speak a human language.
Introduction to Web servers & Server Products
Overview
Web server is a computer where the web content is stored.
Basically web server is used to host the web sites but there exists
other web servers also such as gaming, storage, FTP, email etc.
Web site is collection of web pages whileweb server is a
software that respond to the request for web resources.
Web Server Working
Web server respond to the client request in either of the
following two ways:
 Sending the file to the client associated with the requested
URL.
 Generating response by invoking a script and
communicating with database
Key Points
 When client sends request for a web page, the web server
search for the requested page if requested page is found then it
will send it to client with an HTTP response.
 If the requested web page is not found, web server will the
send an HTTP response:Error 404 Not found.
 If client has requested for some other resources then the
web server will contact to the application server and data store
to construct the HTTP response.
Architecture
Web Server Architecture follows the following two approaches:
1. Concurrent Approach
2. Single-Process-Event-Driven Approach.
Concurrent Approach
Concurrent approach allows the web server to handle multiple
client requests at the same time. It can be achieved by following
methods:
 Multi-process
 Multi-threaded
 Hybrid method.
Multi-processing
In this a single process (parent process) initiates several single-
threaded child processes and distribute incoming requests to
these child processes. Each of the child processes are
responsible for handling single request.
It is the responsibility of parent process to monitor the load and
decide if processes should be killed or forked.
Multi-threaded
Unlike Multi-process, it creates multiple single-threaded
process.
Hybrid
It is combination of above two approaches. In this approach
multiple process are created and each process initiates multiple
threads. Each of the threads handles one connection. Using
multiple threads in single process results in less load on system
resources.
Examples
Following table describes the most leading web servers available
today:
S.N. Web Server Descriptinon
1 Apache HTTP Server
This is the most popular web server in the world developed
by the Apache Software Foundation. Apache web server is
an open source software and can be installed on almost all
operating systems including Linux, UNIX, Windows,
FreeBSD, Mac OS X and more. About 60% of the web
server machines run the Apache Web Server.
2. Internet Information Services (IIS)
The Internet Information Server (IIS) is a high
performance Web Server from Microsoft. This web server
runs on Windows NT/2000 and 2003 platforms (and may
be on upcoming new Windows version also). IIS comes
bundled with Windows NT/2000 and 2003; Because IIS is
tightly integrated with the operating system so it is
relatively easy to administer it.
3. Lighttpd
The lighttpd, pronounced lighty is also a free web server
that is distributed with the FreeBSD operating system. This
open source web server is fast, secure and consumes much
less CPU power. Lighttpd can also run on Windows, Mac
OS X, Linux and Solaris operating systems.
4. Sun Java System Web Server
This web server from Sun Microsystems is suited for
medium and large web sites. Though the server is free it is
not open source. It however, runs on Windows, Linux and
UNIX platforms. The Sun Java System web server
supports various languages, scripts and technologies
required for Web 2.0 such as JSP, Java Servlets, PHP, Perl,
Python, and Ruby on Rails, ASP and Coldfusion etc.
5. Jigsaw Server
Jigsaw (W3C's Server) comes from the World Wide Web
Consortium. It is open source and free and can run on
various platforms like Linux, UNIX, Windows, and Mac
OS X Free BSD etc. Jigsaw has been written in Java and
can run CGI scripts and PHP programs.

Introduction to database: MYSQL, MS ACCESS,


Pharmacy Drug Database

Database refers to a collection of electronic records that could be


processed to produce useful information. A database is an organized
collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a
computer system. Where databases are more complex they are often
developed using formal design and modeling techniques. The data can
be accessed, modified, managed, controlled and organized to perform
various data-processing operations.

The data is typically indexed across rows, columns and tables that
make workload processing and data querying efficient. There are
different types of databases: Object-oriented, Relational, Distributed,
Hierarchical, Network and others. In enterprise applications, databases
involve mission-critical, security-sensitive and compliance-focused
record items that have complicated logical relationships with other
datasets and grow exponentially over time as the userbase increases. As
a result, these organizations require technology solutions to maintain,
secure, manage and process the data stored in databases. This is where
Database Management System come into play.

MS Access Database:
Microsoft Access is a database management system from Microsoft
that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a
graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member
of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional
and higher editions or sold separately.
Database objects are the main players in an Access database.
Altogether, we have six different types of database objects. From these
we'll use Table to create database Tables store information. Tables are
the heart of any database, and you can create as many tables as you need
to store different types of information. A fitness database could track
your daily running log, your inventory of exercise equipment, and the
number of high-protein whey milkshakes you down each day, as three
separate tables.
Important point to remember
You can customize a table in two ways:
 Design view lets you precisely define all aspects of a table before
you start using it.
 Datasheet view is where you enter data into a table. Datasheet view
also lets you build a table on the fly as you insert new information.

MySQL Database
MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and
big businesses. MySQL is developed, marketed and supported by
MySQL AB, which is a Swedish company. MySQL is becoming so
popular because of many good reasons −

 MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have


nothing to pay to use it.
 MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a
large subset of the functionality of the most expensive and powerful
database packages.
 MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data
language.
 MySQL works on many operating systems and with many
languages including PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.
 MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data
sets.
 MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for
web development.
 MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in
a table. The default file size limit for a table is 4GB, but you can
increase this (if your operating system can handle it) to a theoretical
limit of 8 million terabytes (TB).
 MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows
programmers to modify the MySQL software to fit their own specific
environments.
Pharmacy Drug Databases
Drug databases and web resources play a very important role in the
pharmaceutical field. Check out this lesson to learn all about these
databases and resources and how they can benefit a pharmacist.
Drug databases are sites where information about drugs and
medications are stored, and one of the largest (and most commonly
used) drug databases is compiled by the Food & Drug Administration
(FDA). The FDA is a federal agency that oversees and controls all
medications in the U.S., which includes:

 Over-the-counter (OTC) medications


 Prescription medications
 Dietary supplements
 Vaccines
The FDA drug database includes most of the drugs they have approved
in the U.S. since 1939. Best of all, this database is extremely easy to use.
To search this database, you simply need to go to the FDA drug
databases website. Once you get to this website, you are able to search
the database by typing in the name of the drug or by typing in any active
ingredient of a drug.
Additionally, the FDA drug database can be used to search drugs that
are currently going through clinical trials and/or the approval process.
The FDA must approve a drug before it is legally able to be sold and
used in the U.S. Therefore, drug companies must formally submit an
application to the FDA for the drug to be approved. The drugs that have
not been submitted to the FDA but not yet approved can be found in this
database.

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