LESSON OUTCOMES

• Use symbols and formulae to represent scientific

ideas.
• Describe trends and patterns in results, identifying
any anomalous results and suggesting why
results are anomalous.
• Decide what equipment is required to carry out
and investigation or experiment and use it
appropriately.
Previous Knowledge
Physical & Chemical Change
Physical change Chemical change
• Physical changes (such • In chemical
reactions, new chemical products
as melting or evaporating) do are formed that have very
not produce any new chemical different properties to the
substances. reactants.
• These changes are often easy • Most chemical reactions are
impossible to reverse.
to reverse and mixtures • Energy changes also accompany
produced are usually relatively chemical changes and energy can
easy to separate. be given out (exothermic) or
taken in (endothermic).
Try this Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Q4
 LESSON OUTCOMES
• Make risk assessment for practical work to identify and
control risk.
• Decide what equipment is required to carry out an
investigation or experiment and use it appropriately.
• Carry out practical work safely, supported by risk
assessments where appropriate.

• Collect, record and summarise sufficient observations and

measurements in an appropriate form.
Measuring the rate of a reaction [Page 277]
In this activity, you are going to measure the rate of reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

Using gas syringe

Collecting gas over water

Using top pan balance

Result of Practical Work

Time in Minutes Volume of CO2

produced
0 0
2 18
4 60
6 87
8 93
10 94
12 94
 What is rate of reaction?

•
 What is rate of reaction?
How do we measure the rate of these chemical reactions?

•
TRENDS: WHAT DO THESE GRAPHS SHOW YOU?
TRENDS: WHAT DO THESE GRAPHS SHOW YOU?
A

D
 LESSON OUTCOMES
• Describe the effects of concentration, surface
area and temperature on the rate of reaction, and
explain them using the particle model.
• Make risk assessment for practical work to
identify and control risk.
• Decide what equipment is required to carry out
and investigation or experiment and use it
appropriately.
Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions

• Concentration of reactant in solution

• Surface area (applies to solid)
• Temperature
Collision theory
For a chemical reaction to happen:
• reactant particles must collide with each other
• the particles must have enough energy for them to react
• A collision that produces a reaction is called a successful collision.

We can increase the rate of reaction by:

• Increasing the frequency of collision
• Increasing the energy of the reacting particles.
 Concentration
Effect of concentration
• The concentration of a solution is
the number of particles in a given
volume of the solution.
• If we increase the concentration of
the reactants, we have more
reactant particles per unit volume.
❖ the reactant particles are
closer together
❖ the frequency of collisions Note that the mean energy of the particles does not
change. However, since the frequency of collisions
between reactant particles increases (they happen more often) the frequency of
increases successful collisions also increases.
❖ therefore the rate of reaction
increases
 Effect of surface area
• Dividing lumps
• For a given mass of a solid, large
lumps have smaller surface
area to volume ratios than smaller
lumps or powders. If a large lump is
divided or ground into a powder:
• its total volume stays the same
• the area of exposed surface increases
• the surface area to volume ratio
increases
Lumps versus powders

• The greater the frequency of successful collisions, the

greater the rate of reaction. If the surface area to volume ratio of
a reacting solid is increased:
• more reactant particles are exposed at the surface
• the frequency of collisions between reactant particles increases
• therefore the rate of reaction increases
• Note that the mean energy of the particles does not change.
However, since the frequency of collisions increases (they
happen more often) the frequency of successful collisions
also increases.
 Temperature
• The greater the frequency of successful
collisions, the greater the rate of reaction. If
the temperature of the reaction mixture is
increased:
✔ Reactant particles move more quickly
✔ the energy of the particles increases
✔ the frequency of successful collisions between
reactant particles increases
✔ therefore the rate of reaction increases
• Note that the mean energy of the collisions
changes when the temperature changes:
the frequency of collisions increase
the proportion of collisions that are successful
also increases
Graphs

The gradient of the line is equal to the rate

of reaction. The faster reaction at the higher
concentration
•gives a steeper line
•finishes sooner
Graphs
The gradient of the line is equal to the rate
of reaction. The faster reaction at the higher
concentration or pressure:
•gives a steeper line
•finishes sooner
Graphs
The gradient of the line is equal to the rate of reaction.
The faster reaction at the higher temperature:
•gives a steeper line
•finishes sooner

The effect of temperature on the rate of

reaction is due to two factors - frequency of
collisions and energy of collisions. The
increase in energy is usually the more
important factor.
 LESSON OUTCOMES
• Make risk assessment for practical work to identify and
control risk.
• Decide what equipment is required to carry out and
investigation or experiment and use it appropriately.
• Carry out practical work safely, supported by risk
assessments where appropriate.
Q7
Graphs

The gradient of the line is equal to

the rate of reaction. The faster
reaction with the powder:
•gives a steeper line
•finishes sooner

The rates of two or more reactions can be compared

using a graph of mass or volume of product formed
against time. The graph shows this for two reactions.
Catalysts
A catalyst is a substance that:
• speeds up the rate of a reaction
• does not alter the products of the reaction
• is unchanged chemically and in mass at the end of the
reaction
• Only a very small mass of catalyst is needed to
increase the rate of a reaction. However, not all
reactions have suitable catalysts.
• Catalysts only affect the rate of reaction - they do not
affect the yield of the reaction. A catalysed reaction
produces the same amount of product as an
uncatalysed reaction but it produces the product at a
faster rate.
How catalysts work
• A catalyst provides an
alternative reaction pathway that has
a lower activation energy than the
uncatalysed reaction. This does not
change the frequency of collisions.
However, it does increase the
frequency of successful collisions
because a greater proportion of
collisions now exceeds this lower
activation energy.
• The effect of a catalyst on the
activation energy is shown on a chart
called a reaction profile. This shows
how the energy of the reactants and
products change during a reaction.
A reaction profile for a reaction with
and without a catalyst
Investigate the rate of a reaction by
observing a colour change
• Aims
• To investigate the effect of changing the temperature on the rate of a
reaction.
• Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid:
• Sodium thiosulfate + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride + water + sulfur
dioxide + sulfur
• Na2S2O3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
• The sulfur forms a cloudy yellow-white precipitate during the reaction. The
time taken for this to achieve a given cloudiness provides a way to measure
the reaction time.
•
Pressure

If we increase the pressure of the gasses:

❖the reactant particles are closer
together
❖the frequency of collisions between
reactant particles increases
❖therefore the rate of reaction increases