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Contents
2. Psychological Issues and Evaluation for Patients 13. Big Data and Deep Brain Stimulation 137
Undergoing Implantable Technology 15 Pierre-Francois D’Haese, Peter E. Konrad and
Daniel M. Doleys and Jeffery J. Dolce Benoit M. Dawant
Joseph J. Pancrazio IV
6. Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation 71 TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES
John T. Mortimer and Narendra Bhadra
Kip A. Ludwig
7. The Safe Delivery of Electrical Currents and
Neuromodulation83 20. Electrodes for the Neural Interface 239
Stuart F. Cogan, Seth Hara and Kip A. Ludwig Dustin J. Tyler
vii
viii Contents
23. Designing Neuromodulation Devices for Feedback 33. Gaming for the Brain: Video Gaming to Rehabilitate
Control305 the Upper Extremity After Stroke 465
Christopher L. Pulliam, Erik J. Peterson, Jeffrey A. Herron Lynne V. Gauthier, Troy A. Richter, Lydia C. George
and Timothy Denison and Kathryn M. Schubauer
24. MRI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems 315 34. The Use of New Surgical Technologies for Deep
Steve G. Manker and Frank G. Shellock Brain Stimulation 477
Vibhor Krishna, Francesco Sammartino and Ali R. Rezai
D. Michael Ackermann Allergan, San Francisco, CA, Allison Foster ABI Rehabilitation, Auckland, New Zealand
United States Lynne V. Gauthier The Ohio State University, Columbus,
Abidemi B. Ajiboye Case Western Reserve University, OH, United States
Cleveland, Ohio, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland Lydia C. George The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, United States
OH, United States
Christy Gomez University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Brendan Z. Allison National Center for Adaptive IL, United States
Neurotechnologies, Albany, NY, United States; University
Amy M. Goodman University of California, San Francisco,
of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
CA, United States
Giancarlo Barolat Barolat Neuroscience, Denver, CO,
Warren M. Grill Duke University, Durham, NC,
United States
United States
Narendra Bhadra Case Western Reserve University,
Robert E. Gross Emory University School of Medicine,
Cleveland, OH, United States
Atlanta, GA, United States
Niloy Bhadra Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Yun Guan The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,
OH, United States
United States
Charles D. Blaha Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Seth Hara Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Chad E. Bouton Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at
James Harris ECS Federal, Arlington, VA, United States
Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
Bin He University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,
Kerry Bradley Clinical Science & Research, Nevro
United States
Corporation, Redwood City, CA, United States
Jeffrey A. Herron Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN,
Jeffrey R. Capadona Case Western Reserve University,
United States
Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland
VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States Harry A. Hoyen Case Western Reserve University,
MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio,
Stuart F. Cogan University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson,
United States
TX, United States
Michael G. Kaplitt Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY,
Jeffrey W. Cozzens Southern Illinois University School of
United States
Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
Michael W. Keith Case Western Reserve University,
William Cusack St Jude Medical, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio,
Pierre-Francois D’Haese Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
TN, United States
Alexander R. Kent St Jude Medical, Sunnyvale, CA,
Benoit M. Dawant Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
United States
Kevin L. Kilgore Case Western Reserve University,
William C. de Groat University of Pittsburgh School of Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland
Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH,
Dirk De Ridder University of Otago, Dunedin, United States; MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH,
New Zealand; St Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium United States
Timothy Denison Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN, Robert F. Kirsch Case Western Reserve University,
United States Cleveland, Ohio, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland
Jeffery J. Dolce Pain and Rehabilitation Institute, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland,
Birmingham, AL, United States OH, United States
Daniel M. Doleys Pain and Rehabilitation Institute, Gary Kocharian Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY,
Birmingham, AL, United States United States
John P. Donoghue Wyss Center for Bio and Peter E. Konrad Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,
Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland; Brown University United States
Providence, Rhode Island, USA Jeffery Kramer St Jude Medical, Sunnyvale, CA, United
Lars E. Larsen Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium States; University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, United States
Steven M. Falowski St. Luke’s Neurosurgical Associates, Elliot S. Krames Pacific Pain Treatment Center,
Bethlehem, PA, United States San Francisco, CA, United States
ix
x List of Contributors
Vibhor Krishna The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Kathryn M. Schubauer The Ohio State University,
United States Columbus, OH, United States
Kendall H. Lee Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States Ashwini D. Sharan Thomas Jefferson University,
Bengt Linderoth Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Philadelphia, PA, United States
Kip A. Ludwig Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States Frank G. Shellock University of Southern California,
Institute for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education, and
Andre G. Machado Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH,
Research, Los Angeles, CA, United States
United States
Jane Shipley The Neuromodulation Foundation, Baltimore,
Ravichandra Madineni Thomas Jefferson University,
MD, United States
Philadelphia, PA, United States
Andrew Shoffstall Case Western Reserve University,
Steve G. Manker Medtronic Restorative Therapies Group,
Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA
Minneapolis, MN, United States
Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
Cameron C. McIntyre Case Western Reserve University,
Brian Simpson Retired, Wales, United Kingdom
Cleveland, OH, United States
Konstantin V. Slavin University of Illinois at Chicago,
Alon Y. Mogilner NYU Langone Medical Center,
Chicago, IL, United States
New York, NY, United States
Michael Stanton-Hicks Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH,
John T. Mortimer Case Western Reserve University,
United States
Cleveland, OH, United States
Changfeng Tai University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Elizabeth M. Mosier Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
Pittsburgh, PA, United States
United States
Toacca Taylor The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
Richard B. North Retired, Johns Hopkins University
United States
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States;
The Neuromodulation Foundation, Baltimore, MD, Hilarie C. Tomasiewicz Weill Cornell Medicine, New York,
United States NY, United States
Joseph J. Pancrazio The University of Texas at Dallas, Dustin J. Tyler Case Western Reserve University,
Richardson, TX, United States Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis-Stokes Cleveland
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH,
John L. Parker Saluda Medical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
United States
P. Hunter Peckham Case Western Reserve University,
Tim Vancamp St Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
Cleveland, OH, United States
Sven Vanneste University of Otago, Dunedin,
Nigel P. Pedersen Emory University School of Medicine,
New Zealand; St Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium;
Atlanta, GA, United States
The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
Erik J. Peterson Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN,
Kristl E.J. Vonck Ghent University Hospital, Ghent,
United States
Belgium
Benjamin Pless Partners HealthCare Innovation,
Shannon W. Clark Thomas Jefferson University,
Cambridge, MA, United States
Philadelphia, PA, United States; Sentara Neurosurgery
Christopher L. Pulliam Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN, Specialists, Norfolk, VA, United States
United States
Doug Weber Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
Ali R. Rezai West Virginia University, Morgantown, Arlington, VA, United States; University of Pittsburgh,
WV, United States Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Troy A. Richter The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Richard L. Weiner THR Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas,
United States Dallas, TX, United States; University of Texas
Jonathan Riley Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
PA, United States Michael Wolfson National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
Joshua M. Rosenow Northwestern University Feinberg and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, United States
School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States Chengyuan Wu Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
Erika Ross Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States PA, United States
Francesco Sammartino The Ohio State University, Donald Y. Ye Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA,
Columbus, OH, United States United States
Gerwin Schalk National Center for Adaptive Dali Yin University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,
Neurotechnologies, Albany, NY, United States; United States
Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Hang Yin University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,
State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
United States
Foreword
Elliot S. Krames1, P. Hunter Peckham2, Ali R. Rezai3
1Pacific
Pain Treatment Center, San Francisco, CA, United States;
2CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States;
3West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
xi
xii Foreword
VOLUME 1
III
FUNDAMENTALS AND MECHANISMS IV
OF NEUROMODULATION TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES
Joseph Pancrazio Kip A. Ludwig
6. Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation 20. Electrodes for the Neural Interface
J. Thomas Mortimer and Narendra Bhadra Dustin J. Tyler
7. The Safe Delivery of Electrical Currents and 21. Implantable Neural Stimulators
Neuromodulation P. Hunter Peckham and D. Michael Ackermann Jr.
Stuart F. Cogan, Seth Hara and Kip A. Ludwig
22. Microstimulators: Minimally Invasive Implantable
8. Waveforms for Neural Stimulation Neuromodulatory Devices
Warren M. Grill Benjamin Pless and Amy M. Goodman
9. Neuromodulation and Neuronal Plasticity
Alon Y. Mogilner
Foreword xiii
23. Designing Neuromodulation Devices for Feedback Control 33. Gaming for the Brain: Video Gaming to Rehabilitate the
Christopher L. Pulliam, Erik J. Peterson, Jeffrey A. Herron Upper Extremity After Stroke
and Timothy Denison Lynne V. Gauthier, Troy A. Richter, Lydia C. George and
Kathryn M. Schubauer
24. MRI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems
Steve G. Manker and Frank G. Shellock 34. The Use of New Surgical Technologies for Deep Brain
Stimulation
Vibhor Krishna, Francesco Sammartino and Ali R. Rezai
27. Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Functional 36. Deep Brain Stimulation: Surgical Technique
Restoration Alon Y. Mogilner, Andre G. Machado and Ali R. Rezai
Abidemi B. Ajiboye and Robert F. Kirsch
37. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Placement of Surgical Leads via
28. Prospects for a Robust Cortical Recording Interface Laminotomy: Techniques and Benefits
Andrew Shoffstall and Jeffrey R. Capadona Donald Y. Ye, Jonathan Riley, Ravichandra Madineni,
Shannon W. Clark, Chengyuan Wu, Steven M. Falowski
29. Advances in Invasive Brain–Computer Interface Technology and Ashwini D. Sharan
and Decoding Methods for Restoring Movement and Future
Applications 38. Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for
Chad E. Bouton Intractable Pain
Konstantin V. Slavin, Dali Yin, Hang Yin and Christy Gomez
VOLUME 2
VIII VIII B
NEUROMODULATION FOR Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for
PAIN CONTROL Pain Control
Konstantin V. Slavin
52. Clinical Aspects of Burst Stimulation for Pain Control 64. Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Drug Delivery
Stefan Schulte and Tim Vancamp Mark N. Malinowski, Chong H. Kim and Timothy R. Deer
53. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Pain Control 65. Evolution of the Spinal Delivery of Opiate Analgesics
Paul Verrills Deepali Dhar, Lawrence Poree and Tony L. Yaksh
54. Ten Kilohertz (10 kHz) High-Frequency Spinal Cord 66. Pharmacology of Intrathecal Therapy
Stimulation Lucas W. Campos and Jason E. Pope
Kapural Leonardo and Adnan Al-Kaisy
67. Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Intrathecal Delivery
55. A Review of Spinal Cord Stimulation Cost Studies Kevin Tangen, Ankit I. Mehta and Andreas A. Linninger
Jane Shipley and Richard B. North
Foreword xv
68. Exploring Nonopioid Analgesic Agents for Intrathecal Use
Jason Kyung-soo Hong and Richard Rauck
X
NEUROSTIMULATION FOR EPILEPSY
69. Potent Neurotoxins for Cancer Pain Treatment:
Resiniferatoxin and Saporin Jonathan Riley, Ashwini D. Sharan
Michael S. Leong and David Copenhaver
81. Epilepsy: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology,
70. The Development of Guidelines for Intrathecal Therapies and Disorders
for Pain Control: History and Present Guidelines Robrecht Raedt, Dominique M. Durand, Paul Boon, Kristl Vonck
Mark N. Malinowski, Chong H. Kim and Timothy R. Deer and Elliot S. Krames
74. Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease 86. High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Surgery for the Treatment
Reversa Mills-Joseph, Vibhor Krishna, Milind Deogaonkar of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
and Ali R. Rezai Young Goo Kim, Na Young Jung and Jin Woo Chang
75. Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor 87. Deep Brain Stimulation for Highly Refractory Depression
Michael Pourfar, Michael Okun, Kelly Foote and Alon Y. Mogilner Darin D. Dougherty, Alik S. Widge and Benjamin D. Greenberg
77. Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome 89. Deep Brain Stimulation for Alcoholism
Pablo Andrade, Martin Klehr and Veerle Visser-Vandewalle Sina Kohl and Jens Kuhn
78. Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm and Meige 90. Surgical Treatment for Refractory Drug Addiction
Syndrome Chencheng Zhang, Tao Wang, Kristina Zeljic, Haiyan Jin,
Na Young Jung and Jin Woo Chang Shikun Zhan, Dianyou Li, Xuelian Wang and Bomin Sun
79. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental 91. Subgenual Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for
Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s Disease Treatment-Resistant Depression
Paolo Mazzone, Flora Vitale, Annamaria Capozzo, Fabio Viselli Yarema B. Bezchlibnyk, Jennifer Cheng, Kelly R. Bijanki,
and Eugenio Scarnati Helen S. Mayberg and Robert E. Gross
VOLUME 3
The clinical information presented in this second edition, how electrical, chemical, and mechanical interventions
as in the first, is balanced and up to date. We hope that you, can modulate or change central and peripheral nervous
the reader, enjoy the organization of and contributions to system functioning. It is a form of therapy in which neu-
this textbook. We also understand that we have attempted rophysiological signals are initiated or influenced with
to condense a very wide field of interest to various indi- the intention of achieving therapeutic effects by alter-
viduals from diverse backgrounds and focus into one book, ing the function and performance of the nervous sys-
so we hope this book will have something of interest for all tem. The term neuromodulation, in the opinion of these
who either work or have a primary interest in the field. We authors, should replace other terms that are relevant to
believe it is a comprehensive textbook that should and will and being used in the field, including neuroaugmenta-
define the field of neuromodulation for scientists, bioengi- tion, neurostimulation, neuroprosthetics, functional elec-
neers, clinicians, and members of the industry for years to trical stimulation (FES), assistive technologies, and neural
come, or at least until the publication of our third edition. engineering (Sakas et al., 2007). Neuroaugmentation is
This edition of Neuromodulation is dedicated to one of defined by the OnLine Medical Dictionary as the use of
the fastest-growing fields in medicine today, as was the electrical stimulation to supplement the activity of the
first edition in 2009 (Fig. 1). nervous system (http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/
This figure shows the growing neuromodulation mar- omd?neuroaugmentation). Neurostimulation is a process
ket between 2016 and 2020. By the year 2020 the market or technology that applies electrical currents, in varying
is expected to reach $3bn. parameters, by means of implanted electrodes to achieve
functional activation or inhibition of specific neuronal
groups, pathways, or networks. FES is defined as a tech-
WHAT IS NEUROMODULATION? nique that uses electrical currents to activate nerves inner-
vating extremities affected by paralysis resulting from
Neuromodulation is the process of inhibition, stimu- spinal cord injury, head injury, stroke, or other neurologic
lation, modification, or therapeutic alteration of activ- disorders, restoring function in people with disabilities
ity, electrically or chemically, in the central, peripheral, (Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_
or autonomic nervous systems. It is the science of how electrical_stimulation). FES is electrical stimulation of a
electrical, chemical, and mechanical interventions can muscle to provide normal control to produce a functional
modulate the nervous system, it is inherently nonde- useful contraction, thus electrical stimulation that pro-
structive, and its physiological effect is reversible. The duces only sensory response cannot be termed as FES and
INS defines neuromodulation as “the alteration of nerve electrical stimulation that reduces pain is also not FES.
activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus, such as Neuroprosthetics “is a discipline related to neuroscience
electrical stimulation or chemical agents, to specific neu- and biomedical engineering concerned with developing
rological sites in the body.” neural prostheses, artificial devices to replace or improve
the function of an impaired nervous system. The neuro-
prosthetic that has the most widespread use today is the
Other Neuromodulation Definitions and Terms cochlear implant with approximately 100,000 in world-
The term neuromodulation can be defined as a technol- wide use as of 2006” (Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.
ogy that affects neural interfaces and is the science of org/wiki/Neuroprosthetics). Neural engineering is an
Foreword xix
FIGURE 2 Neurostimulation addressable population (000s patients). US qualitative research with referrers and potential implanters; literature search;
internal discussion; analysis.
emerging interdisciplinary field of research that uses engi- Jan Holsheimer (2003) suggests that for a therapy to
neering techniques to investigate the function and manip- be considered neuromodulation, it must consist of the
ulate the behavior of the central or peripheral nervous following.
systems. It draws heavily on the fields of computational
1. T he therapy must be dynamic, ongoing (continuous
neuroscience, experimental neuroscience, clinical neu-
or intermittent) intervention, and not a short and
robiology, electrical engineering, and signal processing
nonrecurring procedure.
of living neural tissue, and encompasses elements from
2. The activity of specific neural networks of part of its
robotics, computer engineering, neural tissue engineering,
afferents is affected by ongoing electrical stimulation
materials science, and nanotechnology (Answers.Com,
or ongoing neuropharmacological stimulation,
http://www.answers.com/topic/neural-engineering).
which increases the concentration of a specific
In 2017 devices for neuromodulation are either neural
neurotransmitter.
stimulators, neural receivers/stimulators, a combination
3. The clinical effect is continuously controllable by
of neural receivers, computers, and machine actuators or
the varying one or more stimulation parameters to
micropumps (IDDS) that “target” deliver analgesic and
satisfy a patient’s need.
nonanalgesic medications. The major applications of these
devices are for the management of chronic pain, for disor- Neuromodulation is thus either electrical or chemi-
ders of pacing, ionotropy and chronotropy, movement dis- cal. Electrical neuromodulation is electrical stimula-
orders, mood disorders, dysmotility disorders, spasticity, tion of the brain, the retina, the cochlea, the spinal
epilepsy, hearing and seeing disorders, and brain–machine cord, peripheral nerves, plexuses of nerves, the auto-
interfacing for speech and functional recovery from paraly- nomic system, the gut, or the bladder and FES of the
sis. Newer applications of these devices include depression, muscles, while chemical neuromodulation places
disorders of cognition, recovery from stroke, and treatment chemical agents directly in contact with neural tis-
of inflammatory diseases such as type 2 diabetes, rheuma- sues using implantation technology such as epidural
toid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (see Fig. 2). or intrathecal delivery systems. Neuromodulation,
Fig. 2 shows some of the disorders and the numbers of paraphrasing Jan Holsheimer (2003), should be con-
persons affected by them who could be treated by neuro- cerned with long-term treatment of long-term, chronic
stimulation, a form of neuromodulation. conditions.
One of the purposes of this textbook is to provide our Because the nervous system controls body functions
readers with an improved awareness and understanding and disorders of body functions are ubiquitous, many
of the fundamental science of the field of neuromodula- clinical specialists, including anesthesiologists, cardiolo-
tion, the engineering design basics for neuromodulatory gists, gastroenterologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons,
technologies, the mechanisms of action of these devices ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists, pain physicians,
on the nervous system, and the clinical applications for psychiatrists, physiatrists, and urologists, to name a few,
their uses. In light of the fact that neuromodulation of use the therapies of neuromodulation.
the nervous system is capable of modulating all the func- This second edition of Neuromodulation reflects
tions of the human body, prospects for advancing our the ever-increasing knowledge base of the field. We,
field of neuromodulation are significant and growing. the editors, hope that you will enjoy the sections and
We, the authors, dedicate this second edition of this text- chapters of our offering, and find them interesting and
book to this ever-expanding field. informative.
xx Foreword
References Brookoff, D., 2000. Chronic pelvic pain. In: Abram, S.E., Haddox, J.D.
(Eds.), The Pain Clinic Manual. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,
Answers.Com. http://www.answers.com/topic/neural-engineering. Philadelphia, PA, pp. 239–247.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_electrical_stimulation. Burnett, T.A., Mann, E.A., Cornell, S.A., et al., 2003. Laryngeal elevation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprosthetics. achieved by neuromuscular stimulation at rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 94,
Holsheimer, J., 2003. Letters to the editor. Neuromodulation 6 (4), 128–134.
270–273. Chae, J., Triolo, R., Kilgore, K.L., Creasey, G., DeMarco, A., 2002.
OnLine Medical Dictionary. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgibin/ Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury. In:
omd?neuroaugmentation. Kirshblum, S., Campagnola, D., DeLisa, J. (Eds.), Spinal Cord Injury
Sakas, D.E., Panourias, I.G., Simpson, B.A., Krames, E.S., 2007. An intro- Medicine. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
duction to operative neuromodulation and functional neuropros- Cigaina, V., 2002. Gastric pacing as therapy for morbid obesity: pre-
thetics, the new frontiers of clinical neuroscience and biotechnology. liminary results. Obes. Surg. 12 (S1), S12–S16.
In: Sakas, Simpson, Krames (Eds.), Operative Neuromodulation, Cigaina, V., 2004. Long-term follow-up of gastric stimulation for obe-
vol. 1. Springer Verlag, Vienna, Austria, pp. 3–10. sity: the Mestre 8-year experience. Obes. Surg. 14 (S1), S14–S22.
Clinical trials.gov. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00194870;js
essionid=A35DECE1BFFC751F2818DF233494E4C8?order=9.
Further Reading Coffey, R.J., Cahill, D., Steers, W., et al., 1993. Intrathecal baclofen for
intractable spaqsticity of spinal origin: results of a long-term multi-
Abel, N.A., Smith, R.A., 1994. Intrathecal baclofen for treatment of center study. J. Neurosurg. 78, 226–232.
intractable spinal spasticity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 75, 54–58. Creasey, G., Elefteriades, J., Dimarco, A., et al., 1996. Electrical stimula-
About.Com. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcardiac. tion to restore respiration. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 33, 123–132.
htm. Dewald, J.P.A., Given, J.D., Rymer, W.Z., 1996. Long-lasting reductions
Albright, A.L., Barron, W.B., Fasick, M.P., et al., 1993. Continuous intra- of spasticity induced by skin electrical stimulation. IEEE Trans.
thecal baclofen infusion for spasticity of cerebral origin. JAMA 270, Rehabil. Eng. 4, 231–242.
2474–2477. Dhawan, V., Healy, D.G., Pal, S., Chaudhuri, K.R., 2006. Sleep-related
Albright, A.L., Barry, M.K., Shafton, D.H., Ferson, S.S., October 2001. problems of Parkinson’s disease. Age Ageing 35 (3), 220–228.
Intrathecal baclofen for generalized dystonia. Dev. Med. Child Dinning, P.G., Fuentealba, S.E., Kennedy, M.L., Lubowski, D.Z., Cook,
Neurol. 43 (10), 652–657. I.J., 2007. Sacral nerve stimulation induces pan-colonic propagating
American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Mood Disorders: Diagnostic pressure waves and increases defecation frequency in patients with
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth ed. American slow-transit constipation. Colorectal Dis. 9 (2), 123–132.
Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p. 320. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Hopps.
American Psychiatric Association, 2000. A Quick Reference to the Fiame, D., Palombi, M., Sciacca, V., Tamori, M., 1989. SCS in peripheral
Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric ischemia pain. PACE 12, 698–704.
Association, Arlington, VA. Fogel, W., Krause, M., Tonnier, V., 2000. Globus pallidus stimulation in
Avellino, A.M., Loeser, J.D., 2000. Intrathecal baclofe for the treat- generalized dystonia: clinical data. Mov. Disord. 15 (S3), 725.
ment of intractable spasticity of thespine or brain etiology. Forster, J., Sarosiek, I., Delcore, R., Lin, Z., et al., 2001. Gastric pacing is a
Neuromodulation 3 (2), 75–81. new surgical treatment for gastroparesis. Am. J. Surg. 182, 676–681.
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S E C T I O N I
DEFINING NEUROMODULATION
Elliot S. Krames1, Ali R. Rezai2, P. Hunter Peckham3
1Pacific Pain Treatment Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; 2West Virginia University, Morgantown,
WV, United States; 3Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Peckham, is a foreword to the rest of the textbook. In this These introductory chapters are intended to set the
chapter, the authors define neuromodulation as distinct but stage for the rest of this second edition.
inclusive of prior terms which include neurostimulation,
1
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