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Other documents randomly have
different content
 similar in plant and animal, 294.
Protozoa, 247;
behaviour of, 293.
Pterodactyls, 274.

R
Races (in specific groups), 194.
Radiation, 355;
of sun, 51;
transformation of energy of, 57.
Radio-activity, 56, 359.
Reality, objective, 43.
Reception, 3;
organs of, 271;
by specialised sense-organs, 11.
Recessiveness, Mendelian, 196.
Reflex action, 4, 272;
concatenated, 150;
a complex series of actions, 6;
not necessarily accompanied by perception, 155;
the basis of instincts, 150;
a schematic description, 5;
in decapitated frog, 6;
frictionless cerebral activity, 8;
involves a limited part of the environment, 50.
Reflex arcs, 272.
Regeneration, 142;
in Hydra, 164;
in sea-urchin embryo, 164;
in Planaria, 164.
Regression, 189.
Reinke, and structure of protoplasm, 106.
Reintegration in development, 171.
Rejuvenescence, 175.
Releasing agencies, 157.
Reproduction, 167;
asexual, 175;
by brood-formation, 173;
by conjugation, 173;
sexual, 174;
by division, 172;
compared with minting machine, 242;
of the tissues, 180.
Responses of organisms, 217;
directed, 269;
of magnet, 279;
of green plant, 279.
Reversibility, physical, 369.
Rodewald, chemical nature of protoplasm, 106.
Roux, experimental embryology, 131;
development the production of a visible manifoldness, 307.

S
Saliva, secretion of, 96.
Salivary glands, metabolism of, 96.
Salivary secretion, not a purely mechanistic process, 112.
Sea, not really rich in life, 306.
Sea-urchin gastrula, 170.
Secretion described mechanistically, 98.
Secretion, psychical, 99.
Segmentation of the ovum, 129.
Selection, natural, 228;
from fluctuating variations, 189;
from mutations, 190.
Semon, mnemic hypothesis of heredity, 181.
Senescence, 175.
Sensation, 2;
analysis of, 13.
Sense-receptors and the idea of matter, 352.
Sensori-motor system, 270;
dominant in animals, 271, 273;
specialisation of, 271, 273;
essentially the same in all animals, 294;
absent in plants, 269;
vestigial in some parasites, 290.
Sexuality, 174.
Siphonophores, regeneration in, 163.
Size of animals, 274.
Skeleton of vertebrates, 276;
of arthropods, 276;
and mobility, 276.
Soddy, and chemical energy, 361.
Soma, 179;
evolution of, 223.
Space, form of, 18;
3-dimensional, 18;
3-dimensional space an intuition, 19;
2-dimensional, 19;
the form of, depends on modes of activity, 21, 25.
Species, are categories of structure, 201;
comparison with Platonic ideas, 204;
criteria of, 202;
elementary, 193;
are intellectual constructions, 203;
individuality of, 203;
Linnean, 201, 289;
are phases in an evolutionary flux, 206;
are families in the human sense, 208;
systematic, 201.
Specific organisation, stability of, 186.
Stahl, and the phlogistic hypothesis, 126;
and vitalism, 126.
Stimuli, elemental, 151;
physico-chemical, 151;
formative, 176;
complex auditory, 152;
integration of, 152;
individualised, 152, 270;
contractile, 103.
Stimulus and response, functionality of, 152.
Substantia physica, 46, 355.
Surface tension, 105, 106.
Suspensoids, 108.
Sylvius, the organism a chemical mechanism, 125.
Symbiosis, 77.
Symbiotic organisms, 88.
Synapses, in central nervous system, 158, 272.
Synthetic chemistry, 236, 317.
System, isolated, 63.
Systems in development
equipotential, 139;
harmonious equipotential, 139;
complex equipotential, 140.

T
Taxis, 144;
no perception in, 155.
Telegraphy, wireless, 355.
Temperature of sun, 56;
of space, 57.
Thermodynamics, 51;
1st law of, 51;
 2nd law of, 54, 63, 309, 316;
and Maxwell’s demons, 118;
laws of subject to limitations, 115.
Thermodynamical mechanism, the organism not a, 69.
Thomson, W., dissipation of energy, 113.
Time a series of standard events, 28;
astronomical, 34;
time differentials, 34.
Tissues, evolution of, 223.
Tools, nature of, 285;
use of must be learned, 285;
bodily, 285.
Toxins, 36.
Transformism, 213.
Trematodes, larval stages of, 165.
Trial and error, 293;
in reasoning, 293;
a hypothesis of animal movements, 150.
Trigger reactions, 87.
Trilobites, an ancient group, 261.
Tropisms, 144;
in plants, 269, 279;
in moths, 280;
and natural selection, 147;
and movements of caterpillars, 146;
an inadequate basis for a theory of animal movements, 147.
Tunicates, suppressed notochord of, 250.

U
Unavailable energy and entropy, 375;
tendency to increase of, 375.
Unicellular organisms, energy-transformations in, 177.
Unit-characters, 230.
V
Van’t Hoff’s law, 218.
Variability, 172, 186;
continuous, 188;
discontinuous, 188;
examples of, 187;
and the environment, 189;
independent of the environment, 239;
and growth, 188;
tendencies of, 235.
Variation, rate of (mathematical), 344;
in biology, 186;
atavistic, 195;
direction of, 233;
fluctuating, 189;
must be co-ordinated, 231;
mathematical probability of co-ordination of 233;
the material for selection, 229;
origin of, 230;
selected by the organism, 237;
cause of, a pseudo-problem, 242;
arise de novo, 244.
Variables (mathematical), 343.
Varieties, specific, 194.
Vegetable life, 265.
Vertebrates, 249;
adaptations securing mobility, 275;
ancestry of, 253;
morphology of, 249;
a dominant group, 259;
distribution of, 260.
Verworn, and mechanism in life, 127.
Vesalius, anatomical school of, 121.
Vital activities, integration of, 128;
co-ordination of, 171.
de Vries and mutations, 191;
fluctuating variations inherited, 220.
Vital force, 318.
Van der Waal’s equation, 308.

W
Weber’s law, 16;
a quasi-mathematical relation, 17.
Weismann, hypothesis of heredity, 182;
hypothesis of germinal selection, 241;
hypothesis of development, 132;
mosaic-theory, 131;
preformation hypothesis, 133;
hypothesis of the germ-plasm, continuity of the germ-plasm, 181;
germinal changes inconceivable, 224;
size of biophors, 183;
origin of life, 339;
spontaneous generation a logical necessity, 339.
Weismannism, a series of logical hypotheses, 320;
physico-chemical analogies, and subsidiary hypotheses, 223.
Whales, an unsuccessful line of evolution, 274.
Whitehead, and mathematical reasoning, 347.
Wilson, mosaic-theory of development, 139.

Y
Yerkes, and behaviour of crustacea, 293.

Z
Zymogens, 92.
Zymoids, 94.
 PRINTED BY
TURNBULL AND SPEARS,
EDINBURGH

FOOTNOTES:
1 All this is, of course, the argument of Bergson’s
earlier books, Matière et Mémoire and Données
immédiates de la Conscience.
2 See appendix, p. 350.
3 See appendix, p. 346.
4 Except that, of course, the reactions that are
supposed to occur are very complex ones.
5 The reader may recognise in this argument that of
Driesch’s Three Windows into the Absolute.
6 See appendix, p. 356.
7 The principal reason why we do not believe in
phantasms is that these appearances are not
conserved.
8 See appendix, p. 369. Entropy is a shadowy kind of
concept, difficult to grasp. But again we may point out
that the reader who would extend the notion of
mechanism into life simply must grasp it.
9 Meteorites, cosmic dust, and other small particles
moving in the solar system within influence of the
sun’s gravity.
10 Not entirely, of course, but whatever be the
transformation it ends in heat production.
11 Absolute temperature is Centigrade temperature
+273. This is, of course not a full definition, but it is
sufficient for our present discussion.
12 It is really necessary to lay stress on the distinction
between available and unavailable energy, as it is one
which many biologists appear to ignore. Thus, a
popular book on the making of the earth attempts to
argue that essential distinctions between living and
inorganic matter are non-existent. One of these
distinctions is that organisms absorb energy, and this
author points to the absorption of “latent heat” by
melting ice as an example of the absorption of energy
in a purely physical process. Consider a system
consisting of a block of ice and a small steam boiler.
We can obtain work from this by the melting of the ice
—that is, its “absorption of latent heat.” The system,
ice at 0° C. + steam at 100° C., possesses available
energy, but the system, melted ice + condensed
steam, both at the same temperature, contains none.
The molecules of water at 0° C. “absorb energy,” that
is to say, their kinetic energy becomes greater, but
their available energy in the system has disappeared.
In saying that the organism absorbs energy, we mean,
of course, that it accumulates available energy, that is,
the power of producing physical transformations. (See
further, appendix, p. 366.)
13 Bryan, Thermodynamics: Teubner, Leipzig, 1907,
p. 40.
14 Bryan, Thermodynamics, p. 195.
15 See appendix, p. 363.
16 This is, of course, the argument of part of Chapter
II. of Bergson’s Creative Evolution. The reader will not
find the essential differences between plants and
animals stated so clearly anywhere else in biological
literature.
17 It is no use saying that apart from the electric spark
the combination would not take place, for we do not
know that the O and H of the mixture do not combine
very slowly, molecule by molecule, so to speak. At all
events there is no functionality between the
infinitesimal quantity of energy supplied by the spark,
and the energy which becomes kinetic in the
explosion.
18 A statement of interest in view of the enormous
number of “ferments” or enzymes discovered by
physiologists. It would appear that any tissue in any
organism is capable of yielding an enzyme to modern
investigation.
19 We have not referred to “psychical secretion.” If we
smell some very savoury substance our “mouth
waters,” that is, secretion of saliva occurs. If we even
see some such substance the same secretion occurs.
All this is clear and can be “explained” mechanistically:
the stimulation of the olfactory or visual organs begins
a kind of reflex process. But if we even think about
some very savoury morsel saliva may be secreted. We
must suppose now that our consciousness, something
which has nothing to do, it must be noted, with
energy-changes in the body, can react on the body. If
we show a dog an attractive bone it will secrete saliva;
if we show it again and again, the same thing occurs.
But after certain such trials the dog will realise that he
is being played with, and the exhibition of the bone no
longer evokes a flow of secretion. Why is this? The
whole process has now become more mysterious than
ever.
20 Impossible, in the sense that while we are unable to
“abrogate” a physical law, Maxwell’s finite demon
could, although his faculties were similar in nature to
ours.
21 Many of Jacques Loeb’s remarkable investigations
point in this direction.
22 Thus to the ordinary woman the sight of a cow in
the middle of a country road produces a certain
definite feeling of apprehension, which is always the
same although the optical image of the animal differs
remarkably in different adventures.
23 We do not find this explicitly stated in this way in
mechanistic biological writings. None the less it is
implied, and is the legitimate conclusion from the
arguments used.
24 A visual image may, of course, be something that
has never been actually seen. But then its elements
have had actual perceptual existence in the past.
25 Or more generally effector mechanism. This enables
us to include reactions, such as secretory ones, which
are not motor.
26The description is, of course, only a convenient one.
The notion of individuality, as it is expressed in the
earlier part of this paragraph, is an intuitively felt, or
subjective, one. It is best called personality.
27 Societies and civilisations, the associations of bees
and ants, or the Modern State, obviously exhibit this
differentiation. It is morphological and functional in the
case of the Arthropods, since individuals performing
different duties are modified in form. It is functional
only in the case of human societies. Integration of the
activities of the individuals in both kinds of societies is
effected by inter-communication: articulate symbols in
the case of the lower animals, language in the case of
man. If the concept of “orders of individuality” were
anything more than a convenient, though artificial,
analysis of naturally integral entities, we might speak
of the ideal state or the insect society as a “fourth
order of individuality.”
28 “But,” says Weismann, referring to an objection of
this nature, “it should rather be asked whether the size
of the atoms and molecules is a fact, and not rather
the very questionable result of an uncertain method of
investigation.”
29 See Appendix, p. 350.
30 See Appendix, p. 351.
31 We know now that this statement is not quite
accurate.
32 It is assumed that the universe is a finite one. If it
were infinite the whole discussion becomes
meaningless, and we must give up this and other
problems.
 1
33 Its density would be th that of our
58 × 108
atmosphere.
34 This description is largely an expansion of Driesch’s
“Analytical definition of the individual living organism.”
The reader should note also that it includes the
Bergsonian idea of duration, and that of the organism
as a typical phase in an evolutionary flux, as parts of
the description.
35 It must be understood that some of the things dealt
with in these appendices are very hard to understand
by the reader acquainted only with the results of
biological science. We urge, however, that they are all
relevant if biological results are to be employed
speculatively.
36 If the reader does not understand this, he should
read Whitehead’s “Introduction to Mathematics.” He
should read this book in any case.
Return to transcriber’s notes
Spelling corrections:
animo-acids → amino-acids
animo-substances → amino-substances
differen tkinds → different kinds
algae → algæ
organsim → organism (x2)
diffusbility → diffusibility
marjoity → majority
hythothesis → hypothesis
execretory → excretory
conconsidered → considered
Return to transcriber’s notes
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